OCTAVE SPECIALTY GROUP INC

Previous wording

Unless otherwise noted, this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations relates solely to our continuing operations and does not include the operations of the Legacy Financial Guarantee business. See "Sale of AAC" below and "Sale of Ambac Assurance Corporation" in Note 5. Discontinued Operation of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for additional information about the divestiture of the Legacy Financial Guarantee business.

Current wording

Unless otherwise noted, this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations relates solely to our continuing operations and does not include the operations of the Legacy Financial Guarantee business. See "Sale of AAC" below and "Sale of Ambac Assurance Corporation" in Note 5. Discontinued Operations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 for additional information about the divestiture of the Legacy Financial Guarantee business.

Previous wording

•Expanding our Insurance Distribution business based on deep domain knowledge in specialty and niche classes of risk which generate attractive margins at scale. This will be achieved through acquisitions, strategic investments, establishing new businesses “de-novo,” and organic growth and diversification supported by a centralized technology led shared services offering

Current wording

•Growing and expanding our Insurance Distribution business based on deep domain knowledge in specialty and niche classes of risk which generate attractive margins at scale. This will be achieved through establishing new businesses “de-novo,” organic growth and diversification, and select acquisitions supported by a centralized technology-led shared services offering;

Previous wording

•Growing our Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance business to generate underwriting profits from a diversified portfolio of commercial and personal liability risks accessed primarily through program administrators.

Current wording

•Growing our Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance business to generate underwriting profits from a diversified portfolio of commercial and personal liability risks accessed primarily through affiliated and non-affiliated program administrators. In addition, we may seek strategic relationships and/or partnerships with unaffiliated parties in order to expand our product offerings, access to reinsurance capacity and other business or operational advantages.

Previous wording

Ambac continuously evaluates opportunities to acquire businesses and assets for its Insurance Distribution business. These acquisitions may be material to our business, financial condition and operations and may involve raising capital to finance the acquisition(s). There can be no assurance that we will agree to acquire any business or assets, or that we can obtain the necessary financing or complete any acquisition in a timely manner or at all.

Current wording

Octave continuously evaluates opportunities to acquire businesses and assets for its ID business, some of which may be material to our financial condition and operations and/or may involve raising capital to finance. There can be no assurance that we will agree to acquire any business or assets, or that we can obtain the necessary financing or complete any acquisition in a timely manner or at all.

Previous wording

On September 29, 2025 the Company completed the sale of AAC pursuant to the June 4, 2024, stock purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with American Acorn Corporation (the “Buyer”), a Delaware corporation owned by funds managed by Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., pursuant to which AFG sold all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of AAC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of AFG, to Buyer for $420,000 in cash (the "Sale"). The Buyer also made an additional payment to AFG in an amount of $4,300. In the Sale, Buyer acquired complete common equity ownership of AAC and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries, including Ambac Assurance UK Limited. In connection with and pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, AFG issued to Buyer a warrant exercisable for 5,092,707 shares of common stock, par value $0.01, of AFG. Refer to Note 3. Discontinued Operation of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Note 5. Discontinued Operation of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, for further details on the sale of AAC.

Current wording

On September 29, 2025 the Company completed the sale of AAC. Refer to Note 3. Discontinued Operations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Note 5. Discontinued Operations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, for further details on the sale of AAC.

Previous wording

For all periods leading up to the Sale, AAC's results of operations and AFG's loss on sale are reported within Net income (loss) from discontinued operations before tax on the Consolidated

Current wording

For all periods leading up to the sale, AAC's results of operations and OSG's loss on sale are reported within Net income (loss) from discontinued operations before tax on the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Previous wording

On October 31, 2025, the Company closed on the acquisition of ArmadaCare for a purchase price of $250,000. The Company purchased all of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interests in ArmadaCare from Sirius Re Holdings, Inc. and Sirius Acquisitions Holding Company, funded in part by $120,000 of loans obtained under new credit facilities. See Note 1. Business and Basis of Presentation to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report for further detail about the credit facility.

Current wording

On October 31, 2025, the Company closed on the acquisition of ArmadaCorp for a purchase price of $250,000. The Company purchased all of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interests in ArmadaCorp from Sirius Re Holdings, Inc. and Sirius Acquisitions Holding Company, funded in part by $120,000 of loans obtained under new credit facilities. Refer to Note 4. Business Combinations of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, for further details on the acquisition of ArmadaCorp.

Previous wording

ArmadaCare includes an MGA/U that focuses on supplemental health and benefit products for C-suite executives and other key talent. ArmadaCare creates and distributes supplemental benefit solutions and insurance products. ArmadaCare's differentiated product offering in the A&H market will provide both line of business and product diversification to the Company, while also increasing exposure to non-correlated A&H business lines. ArmadaCare also provides clients with tools to navigate the healthcare system and finds physicians to match personal needs,

Current wording

ArmadaCorp includes an MGA/U that focuses on supplemental health and benefit products for C-suite executives and other key talent. ArmadaCorp creates and distributes supplemental benefit solutions and insurance products. ArmadaCorp's differentiated product offering in the A&H market provides both line of business and product diversification to the Company, while also increasing exposure to non-correlated A&H business lines. ArmadaCorp also provides clients with tools to navigate the healthcare system, including services that help match individuals with physicians suited to their personal needs, and maintains a provider of third-party administration services for insurance carriers that distribute the benefit products and handle claims.

Previous wording

Effective September 1, 2025, AFG's wholly owned subsidiary, Cirrata Group, LLC ("Cirrata Group"), exercised its option to convert its $3,500 convertible note investment in Pivix Specialty Insurance Services ("Pivix"), an excess and surplus lines MGA/U, into common stock. As a result, Cirrata Group now has an approximately 74% controlling stake in Pivix when combined with its previous 17% minority equity interest and includes Pivix in its consolidated financial statements.

Current wording

Effective September 1, 2025, OSG's wholly owned subsidiary, Octave Partners, LLC ("Octave Partners"), exercised its option to convert its $3,500 convertible note investment in Pivix Specialty Insurance Services ("Pivix"), an excess and surplus lines MGA/U, into common stock. As a result, Octave Partners now has an approximately 74% controlling stake in Pivix when combined with its previous 17% minority equity interest, and includes Pivix in its consolidated financial statements.

Previous wording

On March 6, 2024, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors("Final Rule"), which will require registrants to disclose extensive climate-related information in their Form 10-K annual reports and registration statements. The Final Rule was scheduled to become effective May 28, 2024; however, the SEC has voluntarily stayed the rule’s effective date pending judicial review of legal challenges. In March 2025, the SEC ended its defense of the Final Rule, though judicial review of legal challenges continues.

Current wording

On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors("Final Rule"), which will require registrants to disclose extensive climate-related information in their Form 10-K annual reports and registration statements. The Final Rule was scheduled to become effective May 28, 2024; however, the SEC has voluntarily stayed the rule’s effective date pending judicial review of legal challenges. In March 2025, the SEC ended its defense of the Final Rule, and in September 2025, the Eighth Circuit ordered that the litigation would be held in abeyance until such time that the SEC reconsiders or renews its defense of the Final Rule.

Previous wording

Ambac’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which require the use of material estimates and assumptions. For a discussion of Ambac’s critical accounting policies and estimates, see “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Ambac’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Current wording

Octave's Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which require the use of material estimates and assumptions. For a discussion of Octave's critical accounting policies and estimates, see “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Octave's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.