Melco Resorts & Entertainment LTD

Overview

We are a developer, owner and operator of integrated resort facilities in Asia and Europe. We currently have three major casino-based operations in Macau, namely, City of Dreams, Altira Macau and Studio City, and non-casino based operations in Macau at our Mocha Clubs. We also have a casino-based operation in the Philippines, City of Dreams Manila. In 2019, we expanded our footprint outside of Asia and into Europe following our acquisition of a 75% equity interest in ICR Cyprus, which owns and operates City of Dreams Mediterranean and three satellite casinos in Cyprus. We expect to commence operations of both the casino and the Nüwa-branded hotel at City of Dreams Sri Lanka in the third quarter of 2025.

Our current and future operations are designed to cater to a broad spectrum of gaming patrons, from high-stakes rolling chip gaming patrons to gaming patrons seeking a broader entertainment experience. We currently own and operate six Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star hotels in Asia — Altira Macau, Studio City’s Epic Tower and Star Tower, Morpheus, and Nüwa in both Macau and Manila — and received 19 Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star and three Forbes Travel Guide Four-Star recognitions across our properties in 2025. We seek to attract patrons throughout Asia, Europe and, in particular, from China.

In the Philippines, Melco Resorts Leisure, a subsidiary of MRP, currently operates and manages City of Dreams Manila, an integrated resort in the Entertainment City complex in Manila.

In Cyprus, Integrated Casino Resorts, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ICR Cyprus, currently operates and manages City of Dreams Mediterranean in Limassol and our three satellite casinos in Cyprus.

We have earned multiple international accolades recognizing our excellence in operations, corporate social responsibility and contributions towards sustainability. These awards include:

We generated a significant majority of our total revenues for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 from our operations in Macau, the principal market in which we compete. For further information on the Macau gaming market, see “— Market and Competition — Macau Gaming Market.”

Our Major Existing Operations

City of Dreams is an integrated resort in Cotai, Macau, which opened in June 2009. City of Dreams is a premium-focused property, targeting high-end customers and rolling chip patrons from regional markets across Asia. City of Dreams had an average of approximately 430 gaming tables and approximately 613 gaming machines in 2024, compared to an average of approximately 430 gaming tables and approximately 628 gaming machines in 2023 and an average of approximately 447 gaming tables and approximately 677 gaming machines in 2022.

The resort brings together a collection of brands to create an experience that appeals to a broad spectrum of visitors from around Asia. Morpheus offers approximately 783 rooms, suites and villas, Nüwa offers approximately 286 guest rooms, suites and villas, and the Grand Hyatt Macau hotel offers approximately 763 guest rooms and suites. The Countdown is currently undergoing renovations as part of its rebranding. In addition, City of Dreams includes approximately 41 restaurants and bars, approximately 149 retail outlets, a wet stage performance theater, recreation and leisure facilities, including health and fitness clubs, swimming pools, spas and salons and banquet and meeting facilities. The Para nightclub offers approximately 2,232 square meters (equivalent to approximately 24,025 square feet) of live entertainment space. SOHO, a lifestyle entertainment and dining precinct located on the second floor of City of Dreams, offers customers a wide selection of food and beverage andother non-gaming offerings. The wet stage performance theater with approximately 2,000 seats features House of Dancing Water (temporarily closed since June 2020) which is currently expected tore-open in May 2025.

City of Dreams has garnered numerous awards in recognition of its high level of customer service and diverse range of entertainment experiences. Below are some of these accolades:

was recommended by MICHELIN Guide Hong Kong Macau 2025. It garnered the Platinum award at the Trip.Best Gourmet Awards 2024 and was recognized as one of the top 20 restaurants in Macau in the Tatler Dining Awards 2024, and

The Dancing Water Theater, a wet stage performance theater with approximately 2,000 seats, features the internationally acclaimed and award-winning water-based extravaganza, House of Dancing Water. House of Dancing Water is the live entertainment centerpiece of the overall leisure and entertainment offering at City of Dreams and highlights City of Dreams as an innovative entertainment-focused destination, strengthening the overall diversity of Macauas a multi-day stay market and one of Asia’s premier leisure and entertainment destinations. House of Dancing Water incorporates costumes, sets and audio-visual special effects and showcases an international cast of performance artists. House of Dancing Water has been temporarily closed since June 2020 and is currently expected tore-open in May 2025.

Since the third quarter of 2021, Altira Macau has strategically repositioned to cater to the premium mass and mass segments and has shut down VIP rolling chip operations. Prior to that, Altira Macau was designed to provide a casino and hotel experience that catered to Asian rolling chip customers. Altira Macau had an average of approximately 39 gaming tables and 134 gaming machines operated under the brand Mocha at Altira Macau in 2024, compared to an average of approximately 44 gaming tables and 141 gaming machines operated under the brand Mocha at Altira Macau in 2023 and an average of approximately 93 gaming tables and 146 gaming machines operated under the brand Mocha at Altira Macau in 2022. Altira Macau has a multi-floor layout comprising various gaming areas. Our multi-floor layout allows us the flexibility to reconfigure Altira Macau’s gaming areas to meet the changing demands of our patrons and target specific customer segments.

We consider Altira hotel, located within the 38-story Altira Macau, to be one of the leading hotels in Macau as evidenced by its long-standing Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star recognition. The top floor of the Altira hotel serves as the hotel lobby and reception area, providing guests with views of the surrounding area. The Altira hotel comprises approximately 216 guest rooms, including suites and villas, as of December 31, 2024. A number of restaurants and dining facilities are available at Altira Macau, including a leading Italian restaurant, Aurora, several Chinese and international restaurants and a bar/karaoke. Altira hotel also offers severalnon-gaming amenities, including a spa, gymnasium, outdoor garden podium and sky terrace lounge.

Altira Macau offers a luxurious hotel experience with its internationally acclaimed accommodation and guest services. Below are some of the awards Altira Macau has received:

Studio City is a large-scale cinematically-themed integrated resort which opened in October 2015. The gaming operations of Studio City are focused on the mass market and target all ranges of mass market patrons. Studio City Casino has strategically repositioned itself to focus on the premium mass and mass segments, and VIP rolling chip operations at Studio City Casino were transferred to City of Dreams in late October 2024. Melco Resorts Macau currently has 259 mass gaming tables and 602 gaming machines available for operation at the Studio City Casino pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement. Studio City Casino had an average of approximately 251 gaming tables and 709 gaming machines in operation in 2024, compared to an average of approximately 246 gaming tables and 661 gaming machines in operation in 2023 and an average of approximately 277 gaming tables and 700 gaming machines in operation in 2022.

Studio City also includes luxury hotel offerings and various entertainment, retail and food and beverage outlets to attract a diverse range of customers. Designed to focus on the mass market segment, Studio City offers cinematically-themed, unique and innovative interactive attractions, including the world’s first figure-8 Ferris wheel, a deluxe night club and karaoke, a 5,000-seat live performance arena, an outdoor and indoor water park, as well as 2,493 luxury hotel rooms, suites and villas, diverse food and beverage establishments, a cinema and approximately 38,500 square meters of complementary retail space.

Studio City has received numerous awards and accolades, including:

In addition to its diverse range of gaming andnon-gaming offerings, Studio City is strategically located in the Cotai region of Macau.

Our subsidiary Melco Resorts Macau operates the gaming areas of Studio City pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement. Melco Resorts Macau is reimbursed for the costs incurred in connection with its operation of Studio City’s gaming areas.

Mocha Clubs

Mocha Clubs comprisethe largest non-casino based operations of electronic gaming machines in Macau. Mocha Clubs had an average of approximately 882 gaming machines in operation (excluding approximately 134 gaming machines at Altira Macau) in 2024, compared to an average of approximately 874 gaming machines in operation (excluding approximately 141 gaming machines at Altira Macau) in 2023 and an average of approximately 935 gaming machines in operation (excluding approximately 146 gaming machines at Altira Macau) in 2022. According to the DICJ, there were a total of 12,000 slot machines in the Macau market as of December 31, 2024. Mocha Clubs focus on general mass market patrons, including day trip customers, outside the conventional casino setting. We operate Mocha Clubs at leased orsub-leased premisesor under right-to-use agreements.

The Mocha Club gaming facilities offer both electronic gaming machines, including stand-alone machines, stand-alone progressive jackpot machines and linked progressive jackpot machines with a variety of games, and electronic table games which feature fully-automated multi-player machines with roulette, baccaratand sic-bo, a traditional Chinese dice game.

In addition to the Mocha Clubs, we also operate the Grand Dragon Casino, which focuses on mass market table games. Grand Dragon Casino had an average of approximately 16 gaming tables in 2024.

Under the Macau Gaming Operations Law, concessionaires, such as Melco Resorts Macau, may continue to operate games of chance in casinos in properties that are not owned by them for a period of three years from January 1, 2023 under authorization of the Chief Executive of Macau. Such three-year period ends on December 31, 2025, following which the concessionaires may only continue to operate games of chance in properties that are not owned by them by engaging a managing company, with any such engagement subject to approval of the Chief Executive of Macau. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Macau — We may be required to cease our operations at Mocha Clubs and Grand Dragon Casino” and “— Regulations — Macau Regulations — Gaming Operation Regulations.”

City of Dreams Manila is one of the leading integrated tourism resorts in the Philippines. The property is located onan approximately 6.2-hectare site at the gateway of Entertainment City’s Manila Bay area in the city of Paranaque and is part of the Aseana City township development. It is close to Metro Manila’s international airport terminals and central business districts. City of Dreams Manila opened in December 2014 and represented our first entry into an entertainment and gaming market outside of Macau and an incremental source of earnings and cash flow outside of Macau.

The property’s total gross floor area is approximately 313,000 square meters (equivalent to approximately 3.4 million square feet). We are authorized by PAGCOR to operate up to approximately 2,300 slot machines, 1,200 electronic gaming tables and 380 gaming tables. City of Dreams Manila had an average of approximately 2,278 gaming machines and 267 gaming tables in 2024, compared to an average of approximately 2,297 gaming machines and 267 gaming tables in 2023, and an average of approximately 2,266 gaming machines and 274 gaming tables in 2022.

City of Dreams Manila has three hotels: Nüwa Manila, Nobu Hotel and Hyatt Regency Manila, City of Dreams Manila, with 939 rooms in aggregate. Exciting entertainment venues characterize the luxurious integrated resort: DreamPlay, the world’s first DreamWorks-inspired family entertainment center, which officially opened in June 2015; and CenterPlay, a lounge at the center of the main gaming floor which features live band performances from late afternoons. City of Dreams Manila also features The Shops at the Boulevard, a spacious retail strip where luxury retail shops that provide a broad range of choices are juxtaposed with exciting food and beverage outlets. Impressive regional and international specialty restaurants and bars, spas, gyms, and a multi-level car park are also available for guests.

City of Dreams Manila has been recognized for its hospitality and service, impressive dining options and luxurious spaces:

Integrated Resort

Luxury Hotels and Spa

Restaurants

Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility

Talent Excellence and Development

Responsible Gaming

Melco Resorts Leisure operates the casino business of City of Dreams Manila in accordance with the terms of the Philippine License and the operating agreement between Melco Resorts Leisure and the Philippine Parties dated March 13, 2013. Under the operating agreement, PremiumLeisure and Amusement, Inc. (a member of the Philippine Parties) has the right to receive monthly payments from Melco Resorts Leisure, based on the performance of gaming operations of City of Dreams Manila, and Melco Resorts Leisure has the right to retain allrevenues from non-gaming operations of City of Dreams Manila. The operating agreement was amended on March 22, 2021 where the monthly payments paid or payable by Melco Resorts Leisure from 2019 to 2022 have been adjusted to recognize the suspension of operations of City of Dreams Manila in 2020 due to COVID-19 outbreaks and the related disruptions to its operations since COVID-19 outbreaks.

Having met the minimum investment levels and other requirements under our Provisional License, the Philippine License dated April 29, 2015 was issued by PAGCOR to the Philippine Licensees. The Philippine License has the same terms and conditions as the Provisional License and is valid until July 11, 2033.

For a breakdown of total revenues by category of activity and geographic market for each of the last three financial years, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — A. Operating Results.”

City of Dreams Mediterranean is a large premier destination resort located in Limassol, Cyprus. It features a fourteen-story luxury hotel with 500 guest rooms and suites, over 8,000 square meters of MICE space, an outdoor amphitheater, a family adventure park, tennis academy and a variety of premium dining outlets and luxury retail. The total gross floor area of City of Dreams Mediterranean is approximately 86,000 square meters (equivalent to approximately 925,700 square feet). In addition, we currently operate three satellite casinos in Nicosia, Ayia Napa and Paphos in Cyprus in conjunction with City of Dreams Mediterranean.

Under the terms of the Cyprus License, we have been granted the right to develop, operate and maintain an integrated casino resort in Limassol, Cyprus (and until the operation of such integrated casino resort, the operation of a temporary casino in Limassol) and up to four satellite casino premises in Cyprus, for a term of 30 years from the date of grant on June 26, 2017 and with the right for exclusivity in Cyprus for the first 15 years of the term. We ceased operations of the temporary casino in June 2023 and City of Dreams Mediterranean opened to the public in July 2023. Our satellite casino premises in Cyprus had an average of approximately 4 gaming tables and 161 gaming machines in 2024 and City of Dreams Mediterranean had an average of approximately 100 gaming tables and 733 gaming machines in 2024, compared to an average of approximately 35 gaming tables and 453 gaming machines before the closure of the temporary casino and the City of Dreams Mediterranean opening and an average of approximately 103 gaming tables and 902 gaming machines in 2023, with an average of approximately 99 gaming tables and 744 gaming machines being operated under City of Dreams Mediterranean in the second half of 2023, and an average of approximately 35 gaming tables and 454 gaming machines in 2022.

We acquired a 75% equity interest in ICR Cyprus from Melco International, our parent company, in July 2019. The remaining 25% equity interest in ICR Cyprus is owned by The Cyprus Phassouri (Zakaki) Limited. On July 31, 2019, we entered into a shareholders’ agreement with The Cyprus Phassouri (Zakaki) Limited regarding certain commercial and financial arrangements pursuant to which we will, as more fully set out in additional management and service contracts, (i) provide certain corporate-level management services to ICR Cyprus and its subsidiaries for a fixed amount of EUR2 million (equivalent to approximately US$2.1 million) per annum and (ii) have the right to receive an allotment of preference shares in the gaming license-holding subsidiary of ICR Cyprus which will provide the right to a preferential dividend, among other terms.

City of Dreams Mediterranean has received numerous accolades, highlighting its exceptional offerings. It was honored with the titles of “Luxury Casino Hotel – Europe”, “Luxury Lifestyle Hotel – Cyprus” and “Luxury Sustainable Resort – Cyprus” at the Luxury Travel Awards 2024. It was also named “Best New Luxury Casino Resort – World” at the 2023 Seven Stars Luxury Hospitality and Lifestyle Awards. It received The European Property Awards 2023 for achievements in three categories, “Best Hotel Architecture Cyprus”, “Best Sustainable Commercial Development Cyprus” and “Best New Hotel Construction & Design Cyprus”, and was named “Best International Sustainable Commercial Development” and “Best Sustainable Commercial Development Europe” at the International Property Awards 2023.

The integrated resort’s Asian restaurant Amber Dragon was awarded a Golden Chef Hat at the Athinorama Golden Chef Hats Cyprus 2024 Awards, while its French gastro club Anaïs received the Top-Notch Award.

In recognition of our continuous efforts in human resources management, we were honored with the Gold Award for “Best Employee Engagement Strategy/Initiative” and the Bronze Award for “Most innovative use of Technology in HR” at the Cyprus HR Awards 2022.

Our Pipeline Projects

We have cooperated with John Keells in their integrated resort development in central Colombo. As part of the cooperation, the integrated resort, which had previously been branded “Cinnamon Life Integrated Resort,” is to be rebranded as “City of Dreams Sri Lanka.” City of Dreams Sri Lanka will be the first integrated resort in Sri Lanka and South Asia and is expected to include 800 hotel rooms, retail, food & beverage outlets and MICE facilities. Our subsidiary, Bluehaven Services, has entered into a casino lease agreement with a subsidiary of John Keells, Waterfront Properties, under which Bluehaven Services has leased an area within City of Dreams Sri Lanka to operate a casino business. In addition, we are negotiating with Waterfront Properties on a hotel management agreement pursuant to which we will manage the top five floors of the hotel tower at City of Dreams Sri Lanka under our Nüwa brand. We expect to commence operations of both the casino and the Nüwa-branded hotel in the third quarter of 2025.

Further, we continually seek new opportunities for additional gaming or related businesses in Macau and in other countries and will continue to target the development of a project pipeline in order to expand our footprint in countries which offer legalized casino gaming. In defining and setting the timing, form and structure for any future project, we focus on evaluating alternative available financing, market conditions and market demand. In order to pursue these opportunities, we have incurred and will continue to incur capital expenditures at our properties and for our projects.

Our Land and Premises

We operate our gaming business in Macau at the properties leased from the Macau government in accordance with the terms and conditions of our gaming concession, or, with respect to the Mocha Clubs and Grand Dragon Casino, in third party-owned properties. In addition, properties leased from the Macau government are subject to the terms and conditions of land concession contracts. See “— Regulations — Macau Regulations — Land Regulations.” Through MRP, we operate our gaming business in the Philippines through the Philippine License issued by PAGCOR on a property which Melco Resorts Leisure leases from Belle Corporation under the Lease Agreement. In Cyprus, we operate our gaming business at a site owned by us at Zakaki in western Limassol and three satellite casinos at our leased premises pursuant to the Cyprus License. In Sri Lanka, Bluehaven Services has entered into a casino lease agreement to lease an area within City of Dreams Sri Lanka to operate a casino business and we are negotiating on a hotel management agreement to manage the top five floors of the hotel tower at City of Dreams Sri Lanka under our Nüwa brand.

City of Dreams is located in Cotai, Macau, with a land area of 113,325 square meters (equivalent to approximately 1.2 million square feet). In August 2008, the Macau government granted the land on which City of Dreams is located to COD Resorts and Melco Resorts Macau for a period of 25 years, renewable for further consecutive periods of ten years, subject to applicable legislation in Macau. Total land premium required for the land is in the amount of approximately MOP1,286.6 million (equivalent to approximately US$160.9 million), which was paid in full in January 2016. As of December 31, 2024, the total gross floor area at City of Dreams is 641,431.70 square meters (equivalent to approximately 6.9 million square feet), of which approximately 31,227.3 square meters, or 4.87% comprises gaming and gaming support area and is owned by the Macau SAR. Effective January 1, 2023, the Macau government has transferred this area to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract for a fee of MOP750.00 (equivalent to approximately US$94) per square meter for years 1 to 3 of the Concession Contract, subject to consumer price index increase in years 2 and 3 of the concession. The fee will increase to MOP2,500.00 (equivalent to approximately US$313) per square meter for years 4 to 10 of the concession, subject to consumer price index increase in years 5 to 10 of the concession.

Under the current terms of the land concession, the annual land use fees payable to the Macau government range from approximately MOP3.4 million (equivalent to approximately US$0.4 million) during development up to approximately MOP9.9 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.2 million) after completion of development. The land use fee amounts may be adjusted every five years as agreed between the Macau government and the land concessionaire using the applicable rates in effect at the time of the rent adjustment.

Certain gaming and gaming support equipment utilized by the City of Dreams casino on or before December 31, 2022 is owned by the Macau SAR and has been transferred to us and held for use at City of Dreams during the duration of the Concession Contract, including the main gaming equipment to support our table games and gaming machine operations, cage equipment, security and surveillance equipment, casino fittings and equipment. We own the remaining gaming and gaming support equipment utilized by the City of Dreams casino and equipment utilized in the hotels at City of Dreams.

Altira Macau is located in Taipa, Macau with a land area of approximately 5,230 square meters (equivalent to approximately 56,295 square feet). In March 2006, Macau government granted the land on which the Altira is built to Altira Resorts for 25 years, renewable for further consecutive periods of ten years, subject to applicable legislation in Macau. The land grant was amended in December 2013. As of December 31, 2024, the total gross floor area of Altira Macau is approximately 104,583.39 square meters (equivalent to approximately 1.1 million square feet), of which approximately 17,128.8 square meters or 16.38% comprises the gaming and gaming support area and is owned by the Macau SAR. Effective from January 1, 2023, the Macau government has transferred this area to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract for the same fee set for the usage of the City of Dreams casino. Total land premium required is in the amount of MOP169.3 million (equivalent to approximately US$21 million) which was paid in full in 2013. According to the current terms of the land concession, the annual land use fees payable to the Macau government are approximately MOP1.5 million (equivalent to approximately US$0.2 million). This amount may be adjusted every five years as agreed between the Macau government and the land concessionaire using the applicable rates in effect at the time of the rent adjustment.

Certain gaming and gaming support equipment utilized by Altira Macau in the casino on or before December 31, 2022 is owned by the Macau SAR and has been transferred to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract and held for use at Altira Macau, including the main gaming equipment to support our table games and gaming machine operations, cage equipment, security and surveillance equipment and casino fittings and equipment. We own the remaining gaming and gaming support equipment utilized by the Altira casino and equipment utilized at the Altira hotel.

Mocha Clubs

Mocha Clubs operate at premises with a total floor area of approximately 68,800 square feet at the following locations in Macau as of December 31, 2024:

Premises are being operated under leases, subleases or right to use agreements that expire at various dates through December 2032, which are renewable upon reaching agreements with the owners.

The leasehold improvements to Mocha Club premises and the onsite equipment utilized at the Mocha Clubs are owned and held for use to support the gaming machine operations. In addition, the gaming machines at Altira are operated under the Mocha Club brand.

In addition to the Mocha Clubs, we also operate the Grand Dragon Casino, which focuses on mass market table games. Grand Dragon Casino premises, including thefit-out and gaming-related equipment, are located on the ground floor and level one within Grand Dragon Hotel in Macau and occupy a floor area of approximately 10,700 square feet as of December 31, 2024. The gaming equipment operated at the Grand Dragon Casino on or before December 31, 2022 is owned by the Macau SAR and has been transferred to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract. We own the remaining gaming and gaming support equipment at the Grand Dragon Casino.

Studio City is located in Cotai, Macau and has a land area of 130,789 square meters (equivalent to approximately 1.4 million square feet) held under a 25-year land lease agreement with the Macau government that is renewable for further consecutive periods of ten years, subject to applicable legislation in Macau. In October 2001, the Macau government granted the land on which Studio City is located to Studio City Developments Limited, which is a company incorporated in Macau with limited liability and which is also an indirect subsidiary of SCI. The Studio City land concession contract was amended in July 2012 and September 2015 to permit Studio City Developments Limited to build a complex comprising a four-star hotel, a facility for cinematographic industry, including supporting facilities for entertainment and tourism, parking and free area.

The gross construction area of the Studio City site is approximately 657,879.4 square meters (equivalent to approximately 7.1 million square feet) of which approximately 28,784.3 square meters or 4.38% comprises the gaming and gaming support area and is owned by the Macau SAR. Effective from January 1, 2023, the Macau government has transferred this area to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract for the same fee set for the usage of the City of Dreams casino. As of December 31, 2024, the gross floor area of Studio City is approximately 657,879.4 square meters (equivalent to approximately 7.1 million square feet). The land premium of approximately MOP1,402.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$175 million) was paid in full in January 2015. Land use fees of approximately MOP3.9 million (equivalent to approximately US$487,718) per annum were paid to the Macau government during the development stage. The annual land use fees payable to the Macau government after completion of development are MOP9.1 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.1 million). The amounts may be adjusted every five years as agreed between the Macau government and the land concessionaire using the applicable rates in effect at the time of the rent adjustment.

Certain gaming and gaming support equipment utilized at the Studio City Casino on or before December 31, 2022 is owned by the Macau SAR and has been transferred to us and held for use at the Studio City Casino during the duration of the Concession Contract, including the main gaming equipment to support our table games and gaming machines operations, cage equipment, security and surveillance equipment, casino fittings and equipment. We own the remaining gaming and gaming support equipment utilized at the Studio City Casino and the equipment utilized in the Studio City Hotel.

As part of the security provided in relation to the 2027 Studio City Notes and the 2016 Studio City Senior Secured Credit Facility, we assigned certain leases and right to use agreements and granted a mortgage over our rights under the Studio City land concession. Such security remains in place under the 2021 Studio City Senior Secured Credit Facility and the 2024 Studio City Senior Secured Credit Facility.

The City of Dreams Manila site is located on reclaimed land (“Project Reclaimed Land”). The Project Reclaimed Land was originally acquired by an entity known as R 1 Consortium from the Philippine Public Estates Authority. R 1 Consortium conveyed all its interest to the Project Reclaimed Land in favor of two entities which later merged with Belle Bay City Corporation, which is 34.9% owned by Belle Corporation, one of the Philippine Parties, with Belle Bay City Corporation becoming the surviving entity and owner of the Project Reclaimed Land. Belle Bay City Corporation was, however, dissolved in 2005 and is still undergoing liquidation. The Project Reclaimed Land was allocated to Belle Corporation as part of Belle Bay City Corporation’s plan of dissolution. Belle Corporation has since exercised possession and other rights over the Project Reclaimed Land. In 2005, Belle Corporation transferred a portion of the Project Reclaimed Land to the Philippine Social Security System. In 2010, Belle Corporation and the Philippine Social Security System entered into a lease agreement for that part of the land.

Melco Resorts Leisure does not own the land or the buildings comprising the site for City of Dreams Manila. Rather, Melco Resorts Leisure leases the Project Reclaimed Land and buildings from Belle Corporation under a Contract of Lease dated October 25, 2012 (“Lease Agreement”). Under the Lease Agreement, Melco Resorts Leisure leases from Belle Corporation the land upon which City of Dreams Manila is located with a total area of 61,141 square meters, as well as the buildings erected thereon, which are classified into Phase 1 and Phase 2

Buildings (collectively, “Leased Premises”). The Lease Agreement commenced upon the handover of the Leased Premises to Melco Resorts Leisure in 2013 and will continue during the term of the Philippine License, subject to certain termination events. The Lease Premises shall be used exclusively as a hotel, casino and resort complex, with retail, entertainment, convention exhibition, food and beverage services as well as other related activities. In August 2022 and October 2022, we entered into amendment agreements to the Lease Agreement with Belle Corporation, under which the parties revised the rent payable (i) for the year ended December 31, 2022; and (ii) for the year ended December 31, 2022 through the year ending December 31, 2033, respectively, subject to adjustments based on the annual headline inflation and bonus rent pursuant to the terms thereof.

The City of Dreams Mediterranean site is located at Zakaki, in western Limassol, Cyprus (“Cyprus Project Land”) and has a land area of 367,000 square meters (equivalent to approximately 3.95 million square feet). Prior to our acquisition of Melco International’s 75% equity interest in ICR Cyprus on July 31, 2019, The Cyprus Phassouri (Zakaki) Limited, the current owner of a 25% equity interest in ICR Cyprus, acquired such 25% equity interest in ICR Cyprus by contributing its freehold interest over the Cyprus Project Land and as a result, a subsidiary of ICR Cyprus became owner of the freehold interest over the Cyprus Project Land. As of December 31, 2024, the total gross floor area of City of Dreams Mediterranean is 86,000 square meters (equivalent to approximately 925,700 square feet), of which approximately 6,549 square meters or 7.62% comprises the gaming and gaming support area.

In addition to City of Dreams Mediterranean, we also have the following satellite casinos in operation with the total floor area of approximately 21,452 square feet (equivalent to approximately 1,993 square meters) at various locations in Cyprus as of December 31, 2024:

The leases for our three satellite casinos run up to March 31, 2028 for Nicosia, June 15, 2028 for Ayia Napa and February 14, 2029 for Paphos and are renewable for a further five-year term unless we elect not to renew those leases by giving at least six months’ notice prior to the expiration of the term.

City of Dreams Sri Lanka

The site for City of Dreams Sri Lanka is located in Colombo, Sri Lanka with a land area of approximately 2.7937 hectares (equivalent to approximately 301,838.24 square feet) and is owned by Waterfront Properties, a subsidiary of John Keells. The total gross floor area of the gaming and gaming support area at City of Dreams Sri Lanka is expected to be approximately 180,828.29 square feet.

Pursuant to a casino lease agreement dated July 10, 2024 entered into between Bluehaven Services and Waterfront Properties, Bluehaven Services leases from Waterfront Properties an area with a total gross floor area of approximately 180,828.29 square feet within City of Dreams Sri Lanka. Such casino lease agreement commenced upon execution and will continue during the term of the Sri Lanka License, subject to certain termination events.

Other Premises

Apart from the aforesaid property sites, we maintain various offices and storage locations in Macau, Hong Kong, Cyprus, Singapore, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. We lease all of our office and storage premises.

Advertising and Marketing

We seek to attract customers to our properties and to grow our customer base over time by undertaking several forms of advertising, sales and marketing activities and plans. We utilize local and regional media to publicize and promote our brands, projects and operations across a wide range of online and offline channels. We have built public relations and marketing and branding teams that cultivate media relationships, promote our brands and explore media opportunities in various markets. We use a variety of media platforms that include social media, digital, print, television, online, outdoor, on collaterals and direct mail pieces. A resorts marketing team has been established that directly liaises with current and potential customers within Asian, European, Middle Eastern and other countries to grow andretain high-end customers. We organize various targeted and seasonal promotions and special events, concerts and other forms of entertainment, and operate loyalty programs with our patrons to increase spending and repeat visitation. In Macau, the Philippines and Cyprus, we employ a tiered loyalty program at our properties to ensure that each customer segment is specifically recognized and incentivized. Dedicated customer hosting programs provide personalized service to our most valuable customers. In addition, we utilize sophisticated analytical programs and capabilities to track the behavior and spending patterns of our patrons. We believe these tools help deepen our understanding of our customers to optimize yields and make continued improvements to our properties. As our advertising and marketing activities occur in various jurisdictions, we aim to ensure we comply with all applicable laws in relation to our advertising and marketing activities.

Customers

We seek to cater to a broad range of customers through our diverse gaming andnon-gaming facilities and amenities across our operating properties.

Non-Gaming Patrons

City of Dreams offers visitors to Macau an array of multi-dimensional entertainment amenities, four hotels (one currently under renovation), as well as a selection of restaurants, bars and retail outlets. Since the third quarter of 2021, Altira Macau has strategically repositioned to cater to the premium mass and mass segments. Mocha Clubs are targeted to deliver arelaxed, café-style non-casino based electronic gaming experience. Studio City is designated to primarily target mass market guests through its vast arrayof non-gaming amenities and entertainment attractions.

City of Dreams Manila features different entertainment venues: DreamPlay, a family entertainment center which features activities catering to children aged four and above, and CenterPlay, a live performance central lounge within the casino. With these diverse entertainment venues and attractions, we believe City of Dreams Manila will be able to leverage on the experiences of City of Dreams in Macau, which has developed world-class attractions such as House of Dancing Water.

City of Dreams Mediterranean features a five-star hotel tower with 500 luxury hotel rooms, MICE facilities, an outdoor amphitheater, a family adventure park, tennis academy, spa, fitness center and a variety of fine-dining restaurants and luxury retail. Entertainment attractions, family amenities andnon-gaming recreational activities attract both local and international visitors alike. The Cyprus Casinos do not specifically targetnon-gaming patrons but do offer a selection of food and beverage options at the premises.

Gaming Patrons

Our gaming patrons include table game rolling chip patrons, table game mass market patrons and gaming machine players.

Mass market patrons arenon-rolling chip patrons who come to our properties for a variety of reasons, including our high-quality hotel brands, our broad dining options and a variety of othernon-gaming attractions and activities.

Rolling chip patrons at our casinos are patrons who participatein our in-house rolling chip programs or, in some cases, in the rolling chip programs of gaming promoters. Our rolling chip patrons or premium direct players play mostly in our VIP rooms or designated gaming areas and can earn a variety of gaming-related rebates, such as cash, rooms, food and beverage and other complimentary products or services.

Gaming Promoters

A portion of our rolling chip play in Macau is brought to us by gaming promoters, also known as junket operators. Gaming promoters in Macau are independent third-party corporate entities, all of which are officially required to be licensed by the DICJ.

We continue to work with gaming promoters in Cyprus and the Philippines. In Cyprus, there are currently four licensed gaming promoters. Gaming promoters in the Philippines are not subject to licensing requirements, but gaming operators are subject to certain notice requirements related to the engagement of gaming promoters and need to demonstrate the fitness and propriety of gaming promoters.

We have procedures to screen prospective gaming promoters prior to their engagement and conduct periodic checks that are designed to ensure that the gaming promoters with whom we associate meet suitability standards. Where licensing requirements apply, we only engage gaming promoters who have been licensed by the relevant authority.

In the Philippines and Macau, our gaming promoters are compensated through commission arrangements that are calculated on a monthly or a per trip basis. In the Philippines, we generally offer commission payment structures that are calculated by reference to revenue share or monthly rolling chip volume. In Macau, we offer commission payment structures that are calculated by reference to the monthly rolling chip volume. Under the revenue share-based arrangements, the gaming promoter participates in our gaming wins or losses from the rolling chip patrons brought in by the gaming promoter. In Cyprus, our gaming promoters are compensated through a profit sharing scheme. Our gaming promoters in the Philippines, Macau and Cyprus may also receive complimentary allowances for food and beverage, hotel accommodation and transportation.

We conduct, and expect to continue to conduct, our table gaming activities at our casinos on a credit basis as well as a cash basis. In the Philippines, we grant interest-free credit to gaming promoters for short-term, renewable periods. The credit we extend is typically unsecured. The gaming promoters bear the responsibility for issuing credit to and, subsequently collecting, from their players. Gaming promoters’ rolling chip programs are currently not implemented in Cyprus due to a lack of demand. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations —We depend upon gaming promoters for a portion of our gaming revenues. If we are unable to establish or maintain the number of successful relationships with gaming promoters, the financial resources of our gaming promoters are insufficient to allow them to continue doing business or we are unable to find alternative means to attract VIP rolling chip patrons in markets such as Macau where gaming promoters have become subject to restrictions on doing business due to legal and regulatory requirements, our results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted” and “— Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations — We extend credit to a portion of our customers, and we may not be able to collect gaming receivables from our credit customers.”

Market and Competition

We believe that the gaming markets in Macau and the Philippines are and will continue to be intensely competitive. Our competitors in Macau and elsewhere in Asia include all the current concession holders, other PAGCOR license holders and many of the largest gaming, hospitality, leisure and property development companies in the world. Some of these current and future competitors are larger than us and have significantly longer track records in the operation of major hotel casino resort properties. Compared to Macau and the Philippines, the competitive environment in Cyprus is more favorable with our exclusive license to operate casinos in the Republic of Cyprus until 2032, but we may face competition from casinos in the occupied part of Cyprus or from casinos in nearby parts of Europe and the Middle East. The gaming market in Sri Lanka is becoming more competitive with the upcoming commencement of operations of Majestic Pride Colombo, in addition to the four existing casinos licensed to operate in Colombo.

Macau Gaming Market

In 2024, 2023 and 2022, Macau generated approximately US$28.4 billion, US$22.9 billion and US$5.3 billion of gross gaming revenue, respectively, according to the DICJ. Macau is currently the only market in China, and one of only several in Asia, to offer legalized casino gaming.

We believe COVID-19 outbreaks and the related policies implemented globally, especially the travel or visa restrictions imposed by mainland China resulted in a significant decline in inbound tourism, among other things. While travel restrictions globally have eased and travel restrictions between Macau and mainland China have been significantly relaxed in 2023, the disruptions to our business caused by COVID-19 outbreaks have had an adverse effect on our operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, our operating revenues generated amounted to US$4.64 billion, US$3.78 billion and US$1.35 billion. Lower operating revenues in 2022 were mainly due to the effects of COVID-19.

Macau continues to be impacted by a range of external factors, including uneven growth in the mainland China economy and government policies that may adversely affect the Macau gaming market. For example, the mainland China government has taken measures to deter marketing of gaming activities to mainland China residents by offshore casinos and to reduce capital outflow. Such measures include reducing the amount that mainland China-issued ATM cardholders can withdraw in each withdrawal, setting a limit for annual withdrawals and the launch of facial recognition and identity card checks with respect to certain ATM users.

The mass market table games segment accounted for 70.2% of market-wide gross gaming revenues in 2024, compared to 69.4% of market-wide gross gaming revenues in 2023 and 68.5% in 2022, according to the DICJ. With our strategic focus on the premium mass market in the Cotai region, we believe we are well positioned to cater to this increasingly important, and more profitable, segment of the market. Moreover, we believe the long-term growth in gaming andnon-gaming revenues in Macau are supported by, among other things, the continuing emergence of a wealthier demographic in mainland China, a robust regulatory framework and significant new infrastructure developments in Macau and mainland China, as well as by the anticipated new supply ofgaming and non-gaming facilities in Macau, which is predominantly focused on the Cotai region. According to the DSEC, visitation to Macau totaled more than 34.9 million in 2024, an increase of 23.8% compared to 2023 but below the 39.4 million visitors in 2019. Visitors from mainland China represented 70.1% of all visitors to Macau in 2024, compared to 67.5% in 2023, and visitors from Hong Kong and Taiwan represented 20.6% and 2.4%, of all visitors to Macau in 2024, respectively.

In terms of competition, gaming in Macau is administered through concessions awarded by the Macau government to six different concessionaires: Melco Resorts Macau; SJM, in which family members of Mr. Lawrence Ho, our chairman and chief executive officer, have shareholding interests; Wynn Macau, a subsidiary of Wynn Resorts Ltd.; Galaxy; MGM Grand Paradise, which was originally formed as a joint venture by MGM-Mirage and Ms. Pansy Ho, sister of Mr. Lawrence Ho; and VML, a subsidiary of Sands China Ltd and Las Vegas Sands Corporation.

SJM currently operates multiple casinos throughout Macau. SJM (through its predecessor, Tourism and Entertainment Company of Macau Limited) commenced its gaming operations in Macau in 1962. In July 2021, SJM opened Grand Lisboa Palace, in Cotai. SJM opened The Karl Lagerfeld and Palazzo Versace Macau, respectively, in June and November 2023.

Wynn Macau opened the Wynn Macau in September 2006 on the Macau peninsula and an extension called Encore in 2010. In August 2016, Wynn Macau opened Wynn Palace, in Cotai.

Galaxy currently operates multiple casinos in Macau, including StarWorld, a hotel and casino resort in Macau’s central business and tourism district. The Galaxy Macau Resort opened in Cotai in May 2011 and the opening of Phase 2 of the Galaxy Macau Resort took place in May 2015. Galaxy progressively opened Phase 3 of the Galaxy Macau Resort from the second quarter 2023, while Phase 4 is currently under development and is expected to open in 2027.

VML operates Sands Macao on the Macau peninsula, The Venetian Macao, the Plaza Casino at The Four Seasons Hotel Macao and the Parisian Macao. VML also operated Sands Cotai Central in Cotai in the past, which has been rebranded and redeveloped as The Londoner Macao, which opened in February 2021.

MGM Grand Paradise opened its MGM Macau facilities in December 2007, which are located next to Wynn Macau on the Macau peninsula, and its MGM Cotai resort in February 2018.

In addition to facing competition from existing operations of these concessionaires, we will face increased competition when any of them constructs new, or renovatespre-existing, hotels and casinos in Macau or enters into leasing, services or other arrangements with hotel owners, developers or other parties for the operation of casinos and gaming activities in new or renovated properties.

The existing concessions do not place any limits on the number of gaming facilities that may be operated. The Macau government does, however, limit the aggregate number of gaming tables and gaming machines in Macau and the opening of a new facility is subject to Macau government approval. The current cap of gaming tables and gaming machines are 6,000 and 12,000 respectively.

Law no. 7/2022 which amends the Macau Gaming Operations Law (Law no. 16/2001) came into force in June 2022. Principal changes under the amended Macau Gaming Operations Law include, among others, the following:

See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Macau Regulations — Gaming Operation Regulations” for a discussion of the amendments made to the gaming law in Macau.

Philippine Gaming Market

The Philippine economy has been one of the faster growing economies in the region, with favorable demographics and consumer spending that are beneficial to the Philippine gaming market. City of Dreams Manila, however, presently faces stronger competition in the Philippine market from hotels and resorts owned by both Philippine nationals and foreigners, including many of the largest gaming, hospitality, leisure and resort companies in the world, such as Travellers International Hotel Group, Inc., Bloomberry Resorts Corporation and Tiger Resorts Leisure and Entertainment Inc. as well as the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation, an entity owned and controlled by the government of the Philippines, which operates certain gaming facilities across the Philippines.

Cyprus Gaming Market

We currently operate City of Dreams Mediterranean and three satellite casinos in Cyprus. In June 2023, we ceased operations of the temporary casino, which was opened in Limassol in June 2018 as the first licensed casino in Cyprus. We opened two satellite casinos in Nicosia and Larnaca in December 2018, one satellite casino in Ayia Napa in July 2019 and one satellite casino in Paphos in February 2020. In June 2020, we ceased operations of the satellite casino in Larnaca. In July 2023, City of Dreams Mediterranean was opened to the public. Although we have an exclusive license to operate casinos in the Republic of Cyprus until 2032, we may face competition from casinos in the occupied part of Cyprus or from casinos in nearby parts of Europe and the Middle East.

Sri Lanka Gaming Market

The gaming market in Sri Lanka is evolving, with a mix of established players and new entrants. Currently, there are four casinos in Colombo, three of which cater primarily to international clients with the fourth catering to the local market. The market is characterized by a focus on table games and high-stakes gambling. The upcoming Majestic Pride Colombo is expected to increase competition and target international clients.

Other Regional Markets

We may also face competition from casinos and gaming resorts located in other Asian or European destinations together with cruise ships. Casinos and integrated gaming resorts are becoming increasingly popular in Asia, giving rise to more opportunities for industry participants and increasing regional competition. In the Philippines, there are four major gaming facilities in metro Manila, including City of Dreams Manila, with a fifth gaming facility scheduled to open in late 2025. There are two major gaming facilities in Singapore located on Sentosa and at Marina Bay and an international gaming resort in Malaysia located approximately a one-hour drive from Kuala Lumpur. South Korea has allowed gaming for some time but these offerings are available primarily to foreign visitors. There are also casinos in Vietnam and Cambodia, although they are relatively small compared to those in Macau, and major gaming facilities in Australia located in Melbourne, Perth, Sydney and the Gold Coast.

In Japan, a proposed project in Osaka was awarded to MGM Resorts International and its joint venture partner Orix Corporation which is currently scheduled to open in 2030. In addition, several other Asian countries are considering or are in the process of legalizing gambling and establishing casino-based entertainment complexes, including Thailand and Sri Lanka.

Seasonality

Macau, our principal market of operation, experiences many peaks and seasonal effects. The “Golden Week” and “Chinese New Year” holidays are in general the key periods where business and visitation increase considerably in Macau. In the Philippines, business considerably slows down during the “Holy Week,” as well as during the “Chinese New Year” and the “Chinese Ghost Month.” In Cyprus, summer is generally the key period where business and visitation experience significant increase, while business considerably slows down during winter. While we may experience fluctuations in revenues and cash flows from month to month, we do not believe that our business is materially impacted by seasonality.

Intellectual Property

We have applied for, registered or have the right to use certain trademarks, including “Melco,” “Altira,” “Mocha Club,” “City of Dreams,” “Nüwa,” “The Countdown,” “Morpheus,” “House of Dancing Water,” “City of Dreams Manila,” “Studio City,” “Melco Resorts Philippines,” “C2”, “Melco Resorts & Entertainment,” “City of Dreams Mediterranean” and “City of Dreams Sri Lanka” in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus, Sri Lanka and/or other jurisdictions. We have also applied for or registered in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus and other jurisdictions certain other trademarks and service marks used in connection with the operations of our hotel casino projects in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus and Sri Lanka.

For our license or hotel management agreements that are required for our operations, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.”

Regulations

Macau Regulations

Gaming Operation Regulations

The ownership and operation of casino gaming facilities in Macau are subject to the general civil and commercial laws and specific gaming laws, in particular, Law no. 16/2001, as amended in June 2022 pursuant Law no. 7/2022, or the Macau Gaming Operations Law. Macau’s gaming operations are also subject to the grant of a concession by, and regulatory control of, the Macau government. See “— Gaming Licenses” below for more details.

The DICJ is the supervisory authority and regulator of the gaming industry in Macau. The core functions of the DICJ are:

Below are the main features of the Macau Gaming Operations Law, including amended provisions, as supplemented by Administrative Regulation no. 26/2001 (as amended in July 2022 pursuant to Administrative Regulation no. 28/2022), that are currently applicable to our business.

between a concessionaire and a managing company pursuant to which the company assumes or may assume management powers relating to the concessionaire is prohibited and any such contract will be deemed null and void. Notwithstanding, the Chief Executive of Macau may authorize and approve the engagement of a management company by a concessionaire provided that under such engagement, a concessionaire may only pay to the managing company management fees, with casino revenue sharing or payment of commissions not being permitted by any means. Members of the corporate bodies of a management company may not be members of a corporate body of a concessionaire or gaming promoter.

gaming tables and gaming machines to be installed, added or reduced in each casino by the concessionaires is subject to authorization of the Secretary for Economy and Finance. The Secretary for Economy and Finance may reduce the number of gaming tables or gaming machines if the gross gaming revenue from gaming tables or gaming machines fails, for two consecutive years, to reach the minimum limit of the annual gross revenue determined by dispatch from the Chief Executive of Macau or if the authorized gaming tables or gaming machines are not fully utilized without just cause, by the concessionaires, within the deadline set out by the Secretary for Economy and Finance. Currently the maximum number of gaming tables that may be operated in Macau is 6,000 and the maximum number of gaming machines is 12,000 and Melco Resorts Macau has been authorized to operate 750 gaming tables and 2,100 gaming machines.

Non-compliance with these obligations could lead to the revocation of Melco Resorts Macau’s Concession Contract and could materially and adversely affect our gaming operations.

The Macau government has also enacted other gaming legislation, rules and policies. Further, it imposed policies, regulations and restrictions that affect the minimum age required for entrance into casinos in Macau, location requirements for sites with gaming machine lounges, supply and requirements of gaming machines, equipment and systems, instructions on promoting responsible gaming, restrictions on the reallocation of gaming tables between properties and other matters. In addition, the Macau government may consider enacting new regulations that may adversely affect our gaming operations. Our inability to address the requirements or restrictions imposed by the Macau government under such legislation or rules could adversely affect our gaming operations.

Gaming Activities Regulations

Macau Law no. 16/2022 regulates, among other things, the exercise of the gaming promotion activity. Such activity is subject to a gaming promoter license. Licenses are subject to annual renewal and a list of licensed gaming promoters is published in the DICJ’s website and is subject to regular updates. The issuance, renewal and cancelation of gaming promoter licenses are the responsibility of the Secretary for Economy and Finance, who also determines the maximum annual number of gaming promoters which each concessionaire may engage as published on the DICJ’s website.

The granting or renewal of a gaming promoter license may be requested by a commercial company that fulfills certain cumulative requirements, such as having its registered office in Macau, being a limited liability company by shares with the activity of gaming promotion as its exclusive business purpose, having a registered capital of not less than MOP10 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.3 million) fully paid up in cash, and net assets of not less than such amount during the license period, having as shareholders individuals only, having 50% or more of its registered capital being held by permanent residents of Macau who are at least 21 years of age, having agreed with one concessionaire the provision of gaming promotion services to the same, having provided a security deposit, not having any debts or fines imposed for breach of legal provisions relating to gaming under tax enforcement proceedings, having adequate financial capacity, not having the company and its shareholders, directors and key employees previously being declared insolvent or bankrupt, nor being responsible for debts arising from the insolvency or bankruptcy of third parties, and the company and its shareholders, directors and key employees being deemed suitable.

Each gaming promoter can only conduct the gaming promotion activity with one concessionaire, and only for a commission. Gaming promoters are prohibited from resorting to the support of entities that are not their directors, employees or collaborators, in the exercise of the gaming promotion activity; from sharing, by any means, the revenues from the casinos with the concessionaire; from making, through the sharing of revenues from the casinos, the payment of commissions to any entity with which it cooperates; from cooperating with those who are prohibited from carrying out the activity of gaming promotion or of collaborator; and from depositing, by themselves or through third parties, chips or funds from third parties. The DICJ and the Macau Financial Services Bureau monitor each gaming promoter and its staff and collaborators. In October 2015, the DICJ issued specific accounting related instructions applicable to gaming promoters and their operations. Any failure by the gaming promoters to comply with such instructions may impact their license and ability to operate in Macau.

In addition, concessionaires are jointly and severally liable for administrative fines and civil liability arising from the exercise in their casinos of the authorized gaming promotion activity by gaming promoters, their directors and key employees, as well as their collaborators. Such joint and several liability may be excluded when it is proved that the concessionaire has responsibly fulfilled its supervision duty. Law no. 16/2022 also clarified that under Macau Administrative Regulation no. 6/2002, concessionaires may only be jointly and severally liable for the acceptance, in their casinos, of the deposit of funds or chips from third parties, by gaming promoters, their directors and their collaborators, as well as by the employees of the gaming promoters who exercise duties in the casinos, if such funds or chips were used in games of chance in their casino or were earned in these games. When assessing whether the funds or chips deposited were used in games of chance in casino or were earned in these games, the law provides that it shall be taken into account, in particular, the concessionaire’s records.

Furthermore, gaming promoters, including their shareholders, directors, and key employees, are subject to verification of suitability based on criteria such as reputation, tendency to take on excessive risks in view of how they usually conduct business or the nature of their professional activities, their economic and financial situation, existence of well-founded suspicions on the legality of the origin of the funds to be used in the gaming promotion activity or regarding the true identity of the holder of such funds, existence of improper transactions with criminal groups, and indictment or conviction for crime punishable by imprisonment of three years or more.

In addition to the licensing and suitability assessment process performed by the DICJ, all of our gaming promoters (if any) undergo thorough internal vetting procedures. We conduct background checks and also conduct periodic reviews of the activities of each gaming promoter (if any), its employees and its collaboratorsfor possible non-compliance with Macau legal and regulatory requirements. Such reviews generally include investigations into compliance with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations as well as tax withholding requirements.

Concessionaires are required to report periodically on commissions paid to their gaming promoters. A 5% tax must be withheld on commissions paid by a concessionaire to its gaming promoters. Under Law no. 16/2022 and in accordance with the Secretary for Economy and Finance Dispatch no. 90/2022, a commission cap of 1.25% of net rolling has been in effect. Such commission cap was confirmed by the Macau government in 2022. Any advantages or liberalities offered or provided, in Macau or abroad, directly or indirectly, to the gaming promoter by the concessionaire, a company in which the concession holds participation, or others with which the concessionaire is in a group relationship, shall be considered and calculated as commission and be within such commission cap. The commission cap regulations impose fines, ranging from MOP2,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$250,112) up to MOP5,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$625,280) on concessionaires that do not comply with the cap and other fines, ranging from MOP600,000 (equivalent to approximately US$75,034) up to MOP1,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$187,584) on concessionaires that do not comply with their reporting obligations regarding commission payments. If breached by the concessionaire, the legislation on commission caps has a sanction enabling the relevant government authority to determine the closure, in whole or in part, of the areas for games of chance, for a period of one month to one year, and/or to make public a government decision imposing a fine on a concessionaire, by publishing such decision on the DICJ website and in two Macau newspapers (in Chinese and Portuguese, respectively). We believe we have implemented the necessary internal control systems to ensure compliance with the commission cap and reporting obligations in accordance with applicable rules and regulations.

The exercise of the activity of collaborators and managing companies is also governed under Macau Law no. 16/2022. Collaborators, managing companies, as well as managing companies’ shareholders holding an amount equal to or greater than 5% of their registered capital, directors, and key employees are subject to suitability assessment process performed by the DICJ.

The issuance and renewal of the authorization of collaborator are the responsibility of the DICJ and may be requested by those who fulfill certain requirements, including having completed 21 years of age, being deemed suitable, having agreed to collaborate with, at least, one gaming promoter, and having provided a security deposit. The maximum annual total number of collaborators is set out by the DICJ and published on its website. Collaborators shall not perform operations of credit concession for gaming or betting in casino, on behalf of any person, and shall be prohibited from depositing, by itself or through third parties, chips or funds from third parties.

A concessionaire that intends to engage a managing company to provide casino management services must obtain authorization from the Chief Executive of Macau and submit the draft management agreement for approval. The business purpose of the managing company is limited to the management of the concessionaires’ casinos. A managing company can only enter into a managing agreement with one concessionaire, and can only receive management fees from the concessionaire, with casino revenue sharing or payment of commissions not being permitted. Managing companies are prohibited from managing the financial activities of casinos, including in matters of accounting or settlement of chips and gaming funds, as well as from depositing, by themselves or through third parties, chips or funds from third parties.

Macau Law no. 16/2022 further established the crime of unlawful deposit and the crime of disobedience. The crime of unlawful deposit is applicable to concessionaires, gaming promoters or managing companies, their directors or representatives, or persons under their authority, in the exercise of their duties, or collaborators, in the exercise of their activity, who deposit funds from third parties not intended for gaming, and is punishable by imprisonment from 2 to 5 years in case of individuals, or fines up to MOP18 million (equivalent to approximately US$2.3 million) or judicial dissolution in case of legal persons. The crime of disobedience is applicable to whoever refuses to fulfill the access and presence of the DICJ and Macau Financial Services Bureau supervisory personnel in the areas subject to supervision until the conclusion of the supervisory action, or the presentation or provision of the documents, data and assets required under the terms of the law by the supervisory personnel, or to whoever does not comply with the measure of preventive suspension of activity, with individuals being subject to imprisonment from 1 to 2 years and legal persons being punishable by fines up to MOP9 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.1 million) or judicial dissolution. In addition to such penalties, certain accessory penalties may be applied, including closure of gaming areas, prohibition of the exercise of the activity of gaming promotion, collaborator or management of casinos, for a period of 1 month to 2 years, interdiction on applying for a gaming promoter license or collaborator authorization for a period of 1 to 2 years, judicial injunction or publication of the decision in two Macau newspapers (in Chinese and Portuguese, respectively) and through public notice.

Gaming Credit Regulations

Macau Law no. 7/2024, which came into effect on August 1, 2024, and replaced the previous Gaming Credit Regulation (Macau Law no. 5/2004), regulates the granting of credit for gaming activities in Macau. This law defines gaming credit granting as the transfer of casino gaming chips by concessionaires to patrons without immediate payment. Only gaming concessionaires can grant gaming credit, and they cannot delegate this activity to other entities. In particular, the new law restricts the role of gaming promoters to acting solely as agents of concessionaires in credit granting activities, eliminating their previous ability to extend credit independently. However, concessionaires can enter into representation contracts with gaming promoters allowing them to perform legal acts related to credit granting on behalf of and in the interest of the concessionaire. The law also mandates that concessionaires implement a credit risk management system, conduct credit assessments of patrons, and ensure compliance with these duties by gaming promoters.

Members of concessionaires’ corporate bodies and employees must perform their duties with integrity and in accordance with laws and professional conduct rules. Confidentiality regarding credit activities and relationships must be maintained, except under specific circumstances. The DICJ oversees compliance, and concessionaires must cooperate with inspections and provide necessary documents and information. Administrative penalties for violations include fines, suspension of credit granting activities, and public disclosure of sanctions. The law also allows the DICJ to process personal data necessary for enforcing the law and grants DICJ personnel public authority powers to request assistance from police and administrative authorities during inspections.

Illegal Gambling Crimes Regulations

Macau Law no. 20/2024, which came into effect on October 29, 2024, establishes the legal framework for combating illegal gaming crimes and replaced the previous Illegal Gaming Law (Law no. 8/96/M). This law clarifies that illegal gaming crimes include side betting activities and increased the penalties applicable to illegal gaming crimes, with imprisonment of up to eight years and fines calculated in days, with each day corresponding to an amount between MOP250 (equivalent to approximately US$31) and MOP15,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,876). It prohibits the operation, promotion, and organization of online gaming in Macau, even if the servers or IT equipment are located outside Macau. The law also introduces several measures to enhance investigations, such as the use of undercover agents and the protection of informants’ identities.

In addition to natural persons, legal entities are also subject to this law and may face penalties including judicial dissolution or daily fines ranging from MOP250 (equivalent to approximately US$31) to MOP15,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,876) for a period of 100 to 1,200 days (i.e., up to MOP18,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$2.3 million)). Representatives of legal entities may be jointly and severally responsible for paying such fines. Other sanctions include prohibition from attending certain establishments, prohibition or suspension from exercising certain professions or activities, deportation or prohibition from entering Macau fornon-residents, and prohibition from entering casinos.

The law addresses gaming related crimes such as illegal granting of credit for gaming, fraudulent gaming, falsification of gaming chips, the operation of illegal currency exchange for gaming purposes, or the illegal operation ofmah-jong games. It grants the DICJ the authority to oversee compliance and apply penalties, including the ability to request assistance from police and administrative authorities.

Access to Casinos and Gaming Areas Regulations

Under Law no. 10/2012, as amended pursuant to Law no. 17/2018, the minimum age required for entrance into casinos in Macau is 21 years of age. The director of the DICJ may authorize employees under

21 years of age to temporarily enter casinos or gaming areas, after considering their special technical qualifications. In addition, off-duty gaming related employees of concessionaires and gaming promoters may not, starting from December 2019, access any casinos or gaming areas, except during the Chinese New Year festive season or under specific circumstances.

Smoking Regulations

Under the Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Law, as amended pursuant to Law no. 9/2017, smoking on casino premises is only permitted in authorized segregated smoking lounges with no gaming activities and such smoking lounges are required to meet certain standards determined by the Macau government.

Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Regulations

In conjunction with current gaming laws and regulations, we are required to comply with the laws and regulations relating to anti-money laundering activities in Macau. Law no. 2/2006 (as amended pursuant to Law no. 3/2017), the Administrative Regulation no. 7/2006 (as amended pursuant to Administrative Regulation no. 17/2017) and the DICJ Instruction no. 1/2016 in effect from May 13, 2016 (as amended pursuant to DICJ Instruction no. 1/2019), govern our compliance requirements with respect to identifying, reporting and preventing anti-money laundering and terrorism financing crimes at our casinos in Macau. Under these laws and regulations, we are required to:

Under Article 2 of Administrative Regulation no. 7/2006 (as amended pursuant to Administrative Regulation no. 17/2017) and the DICJ Instruction no. 1/2016 (as amended pursuant to DICJ Instruction no.1/2019), we are required to track and report transactions and granting of credit that are of MOP500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$62,528) or above. Pursuant to the legal requirements above, if the customer provides all required information, after submitting the reports, we may continue to deal with those customers that were reported to the DICJ and, in case of suspicious transactions, to the Macau Finance Information Bureau.

We employ internal controls and procedures designed to help ensure that our gaming and other operations are conducted in a professional manner and in compliance with internal control requirements issued by the DICJ set forth in its instruction on anti-money laundering, the applicable laws and regulations in Macau, as well as the requirements set forth in the Concession Contract.

We have developed a comprehensive anti-money laundering policy and related procedures covering our anti-money laundering responsibilities, which have been approved by the DICJ, and has training programs in place to ensure that all relevant employees understand such anti-money laundering policy and procedures. We also use an integrated IT system to track and automatically generate significant cash transaction reports and, as permitted by the DICJ and the Macau Finance Information Bureau, submit those reports electronically.

Responsible Gambling Regulations

On October 18, 2019, the DICJ issued Instruction no. 4/2019, which came into effect on December 27, 2019, setting out measures for the implementation of responsible gambling principles, which was amended by Instruction no. 3/2024 issued by the DICJ, which came into effect on May 28, 2024. Under this instruction, concessionaires are required to implement certain measures to promote responsible gambling, including making information available on the risks of gambling, responsible gambling and odds, both inside and outside the casinos and gaming areas and through electronic means; creation of information and counseling kiosks and a hotline; adequate regulation of lighting inside casinos and gaming areas; self-exclusion and exclusion at third party request procedures, off-duty gaming related employees entry restriction procedures, physical entry requirements, preventive measures for restricted access by persons under 21 years of age; public exhibition of time; creation and training of teams and a coordinator responsible for promoting responsible gambling.

Law no. 16/2001, as amended in June 2022 pursuant to Law no. 7/2022, or the Macau Gaming Operations Law, also sets out responsible gambling obligations, including the obligation of the concessionaires to prepare a plan for the promotion of responsible gambling, as well as to adopt measures that allow the public, including tourists, to have sufficient information to assume a responsible, moderate and controlled posture towards gaming. These measures include providing players with information about responsible gambling behaviors, as well as about gaming dependency and addiction issues, including the information on responsible gambling; adequate measures to ensure the prohibition of entry into casinos of those to whom access is prohibited; information on the dissemination of the measure of interdiction of entry in casino upon request, as well as the means of submitting such request; creation of a specialized gaming group to provide adequate assistance and counseling services to those in need; and training and recycling actions on responsible gambling aimed at employees, as well as counseling services. Furthermore, the concessionaires must annually submit to the DICJ a report on the execution of the plan for the promotion of responsible gambling of such year, as well as a plan for the promotion of responsible gambling for the subsequent year.

Control of Cross-border Transportation of Cash Regulations

On June 12, 2017, Law no. 6/2017 with respect to the control of cross-border transportation of cash and other negotiable instruments to the bearer, was enacted. Such law came into effect on November 1, 2017. In accordance with such law, all individuals entering Macau with an amount in cash or negotiable instrument to the bearer equal to or higher than the amount determined by the order of the Chief Executive of Macau at MOP120,000 (equivalent to approximately US$15,007) will be required to declare such amount to the customs authorities. The customs authorities may also request an individual exiting Macau to declare if such individual is carrying an amount in cash or negotiable instruments to the bearer equal to or higher to such amount. Individuals that fail to duly complete the required declaration may be subject to a fine (ranging from 1% to 5% of the amount that exceeds the amount determined by the order of the Chief Executive of Macau for declaration purposes, such fine being at least MOP1,000 (equivalent to approximately US$125) and not exceeding MOP500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$62,528)). In the event the relevant customs authorities find that the cash or negotiable instrument to the bearer carried by an individual while entering or exiting Macau may be associated with or result from any criminal activity, such incident shall be notified to the relevant criminal authorities and the relevant amounts shall be seized pending investigation. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Macau — Our gaming operations in Macau could be adversely affected by restrictions on the export of the Renminbi and any unfavorable fluctuations in the currency exchange rates of the Renminbi.”

Prevention and Suppression of Corruption in External Trade Regulations

In addition to the general criminal laws regarding corrupt practices in the public and private sector that are in force in Macau, on January 1, 2015, Law no. 10/2014, criminalizing corruption acts in external trade and providing for a system for prevention and suppression of such criminal acts came into effect in Macau. Our internal policies, address this issue.

Asset Freezing Enforcement Regulations

On August 29, 2016, Law no. 6/2016 with respect to the framework for the enforcement of asset freezing orders, which comprised of United Nations Security Council sanctions resolutions for the fight against terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, was enacted. Under this law, the Chief Executive of Macau is the competent authority to enforce freezing orders and the Asset Freeze Coordination Commission must assist the Chief Executive in all technical aspects of such enforcement. Among other entities, concessionaires are subject to certain obligations and duties regarding the freezing of assets ordered by the United Nations Security Council sanctions resolutions, including reporting and cooperation obligations.

Foreign Exchange Regulations

Concessionaires in Macau may be authorized to open foreign exchange counters at their casinos and gaming areas subject to compliance with the Foreign Exchange Agencies Constitution and Operation Law(Decree-Law no. 38/97/M), the Exchange Rate Regime (Decree-Law no. 39/97/M) and the specific requirements determined by the Monetary Authority of Macau. The transaction permitted to be performed in such counters is limited to buying and selling bank bills and coins in foreign currency, and to buying travelers checks.

Intellectual Property Rights Regulations

Our subsidiaries incorporated in Macau are subject to local intellectual property regulations. Intellectual property protection in Macau is supervised by the Intellectual Property Department of the Economic and Technological Development Bureau of the Macau government.

The applicable regime in Macau with regard to intellectual property rights is defined by two main laws. The Industrial Property Code (Decree-Law no. 97/99/M, as amended pursuant to Law no. 11/2001), covers (i) inventions meeting the patentability requirements; (ii) semiconductor topography products; (iii) trademarks; (iv) designations of origin and geographical indications; and (v) awards. The Regime of Copyright and Related Rights (Decree-Law no. 43/99/M, as amended by Law no. 5/2012), protects intellectual works and creations in the literary, scientific and artistic fields, by copyright and related rights. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations — A failure to establish and protect our intellectual property rights could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

Personal Information Regulations

Processing of personal information by our subsidiaries in Macau is subject to compliance with the Personal Data Protection Act (Law no. 8/2005), and, in the case of Melco Resorts Macau, any instructions issued by DICJ from time to time. The Personal Data Protection Bureau, or DSPDP, is the regulatory authority in Macau specially in charge of supervising and enforcing the Personal Data Protection Act. The DSPDP, which is an official public department operating under the authority of the Chief Executive of Macau was established under the Administrative Regulation no. 42/2023, and, with effect from February 1, 2024, replaced the Office for Personal Data Protection, which was the previous regulatory authority for personal data protection matters, Breaches are subject to civil liability, administrative and criminal sanctions.

The legal framework and the instructions issued by DICJ require that certain procedures must be adopted before collecting, processing and/or transferring personal information, including obtaining consent from the data subject and/or notifying or requesting authorization from the DSPDP and/or DICJ, as applicable, prior to processing personal information.

Cybersecurity Regulations

Law no. 13/2019, the Cybersecurity Law came into effect on December 21, 2019 and is intended to protect networks, systems and data of public and private operators of critical infra-structures, among which operators of games of chance in casino are included.

The cybersecurity system is composed of a Cybersecurity Commission, a Cybersecurity Alert and Response Incident Centre (“CARIC”) and cybersecurity supervisory entities.

Among other duties, private infrastructure operators are required to appoint a suitable and experienced person to be responsible for handling its cybersecurity and to be permanently reachable by CARIC, create a cybersecurity department, implement adequate internal cybersecurity procedures, conduct evaluations of its networks’ security and risks, submit annual reports to their supervisory entity and inform CARIC and the respective supervisory entity of any cybersecurity incidents.

Additional regulations have been enacted to further determine and detail how the above-mentioned obligations are to be fulfilled.

Labor Quotas Regulations

All businesses in Macau must apply to the Labor Affairs Bureau for labor quotas to importnon-resident unskilled workers from mainland China and other regions or countries. Non-resident skilled workers are also subject to the issuance of a work permit by the Macau government, which is given individually on acase-by-case basis. Businesses are free to employ Macau residents in any position, as by definition all Macau residents have the right to work in Macau. We have, through our subsidiaries, two main groups of labor quotas in Macau, one to importnon-skilled workers from mainland China and the other toimport non-skilled workers from all other countries. Melco Resorts Macau is not currently allowed to hirenon-Macau resident dealers and supervisors under the Macau government’s policy.

Pursuant to Macau social security laws, Macau employers must register their employees under a mandatory social security fund and make social security contributions for each of its resident employees and pay a special duty for each ofits non-resident employees on a quarterly basis. Employers must also buy insurance to cover employment accidents and occupational illnesses for all employees.

Minimum Salary Regulations

On April 27, 2020, Law no. 5/2020, with respect to minimum salary, was enacted. Such law came into effect on November 1, 2020. In accordance with such law, as amended pursuant to Law no. 19/2023, effective from January 1, 2024, the monthly minimum salary in Macau is MOP7,072 (equivalent to approximately US$884) per month (excluding overtime, night and shift allowances and regular bonus related payments). The minimum salary requirement applies to all workers in Macau, except domestic helpers and special needs workers.

Land Regulations

Land in Macau is legally divided into plots. In most cases, private interests in real property located in Macau are obtained through long-term leases from the Macau government.

Our subsidiaries have entered into land concession contracts for the land on which our Altira Macau, City of Dreams and Studio City properties are located. Each contract has a term of 25 years and is renewable for further consecutive periods of ten years and imposes, among other conditions, a development period, a land premium payment, a nominal annual government land use fee, which may be adjusted every five years, and a guarantee deposit upon acceptance of the land lease terms, which are subject to adjustments from time to time in line with the amounts paid as annual land use fees.

The land is initially granted on a provisional basis and registered as such with the Macau Real Property Registry and only upon completion of the development is the land concession converted into definitive status and so registered with the Macau Real Property Registry.

Restrictions on Distribution of Profits Regulations

Subsidiaries incorporated in Macau are required to set aside a minimum between 10% to 25% of the entity’s profit after tax to the legal reserve until the balance of the legal reserve reaches a level equivalent to between 25% to 50% of the entity’s share capital, in accordance with the provisions of the Macau Commercial Code. The legal reserve is not available for distribution to the shareholders of the subsidiaries. The appropriation of legal reserve is recorded in the subsidiaries’ financial statements in the year in which it is approved by the board of directors or the shareholders (as applicable) of the relevant subsidiaries. Melco Resorts Macau must notify the Chief Executive of Macau five business days in advance of any decision related to dividend distribution in an amount greater than MOP500 million (equivalent to approximately US$62.5 million).

As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate balance of the legal reserves of all of our Macau subsidiaries amounted to US$36.8 million.

Macau Tax Code

The new Macau Tax Code, approved by Law no. 24/2024, will have the majority of its provisions take effect on January 1, 2026. This legislation aims to modernize and consolidate Macau’s tax regulations, covering various aspects such as legal relationships, administrative procedures, judicial proceedings, and enforcement related to tax matters. Two key changes include the introduction of transfer pricing rules and a shift from a worldwide tax basis to a territorial basis. However, this shift excludes dividends, interest, royalties, and gains from disposal of properties earned outside Macau by multinational entities that qualify as tax residents in Macau which still fall within the scope of the complementary tax. The new Macau Tax Code also includes mechanisms for double taxation relief and promotes the use of electronic tax platforms to streamline administrative processes.

Philippines Regulations

Gaming Regulations

Melco Philippine Parties and Philippine Parties are co-licensees of the Philippine License dated April 29, 2015 issued by PAGCOR (previously the Provisional License) for the development of an integrated casino, hotel, retail and entertainment complex within the Entertainment City, Manila. As one of the Philippine Licensees, Melco Resorts Leisure has been named as the special purpose entity to operate the casino business and act as the sole and exclusive representative of the Philippine Licensees for the purposes of the Philippine License. The Philippine License is one of the four licenses granted to various parties to develop integrated tourism resorts and establish and operate casinos in Entertainment City.

The Casino Regulatory Manual (CRM) was originally issued in January 2013 by PAGCOR for the guidance of the Entertainment City licensees. It was developed to meet the following objectives of PAGCOR: (a) to ensure a level playing field among industry proponents; (b) maintain the orderly and predictable environment; (c) enforce license terms and conditions; (d) promote fairness and integrity in the conduct of games; (e) provide an underlying platform for responsible gaming; (f) disallow access to gaming venues by minors and financially vulnerable persons; and (g) prevent licensed gaming venues from being used for illegal activities.

The CRM contains regulations and standards that the Entertainment City licensees, including City of Dreams Manila, should adhere to and observe. It should be read in conjunction with the Philippine License. It contains regulations on areas such as, but not limited to: casino layout, table games and electronic gaming machines, casino management systems, surveillance, gaming chips and plaques, procurement of gaming equipment and gaming paraphernalia as well as the accreditation of suppliers thereof, casino operational rules and guidelines, conduct of gaming, casino player incentives, marketing and promotions, chipwashing and junket operations, banned personalities, determination of gross gaming revenues for table games, electronic gaming machines and other fees; and determination, collection and remittance of PAGCOR license fees. The CRM is revised from time to time to incorporate changes and revisions to the CRM proposed by any of the Entertainment City licensees and approved by PAGCOR. To date, the CRM is now on its fourth (4 th) version.

The ownership and operation of casino gaming facilities in the Philippines are subject to the regulatory supervision of PAGCOR. See “— Gaming Licenses — PAGCOR Licenses in the Philippines” below for more details.

Anti-Money Laundering Regulations in the Philippines

The Philippine AMLA criminalized money laundering and imposed certain requirements on customer identification, record keeping, and reporting of covered and suspicious transactions by covered persons as defined under the law.

Previously, City of Dreams Manila was covered by the Philippine AMLA only to a limited extent and was only required to report its foreign exchange transactions/money changer activities. However, with the new amendment to the existing Philippine AMLA, casinos are now included as covered persons subject to reporting and other requirements. Therefore, City of Dreams Manila is required to report single casino cash transaction involving an amount in excess of PHP5,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$86,185) or its equivalent in any other currency, with respect to its casino operations. Suspicious transactions, regardless of amount, are also required to be reported in connection with casino operations.

The Anti-Money Laundering Council and PAGCOR have also released regulations and guidelines on compliance and we have adjusted our anti-money laundering policies for our Philippine operations to these new rules and regulations.

Environmental Laws

Development projects that are classified by law as Environmentally Critical Projects within statutorily defined Environmentally Critical Areas are required to obtain an Environmental Compliance Certificate (“ECC”) prior to commencement.

The Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources issued an ECC to Belle Corporation for City of Dreams Manila. Under the terms of its Philippine Economic Zone Authority registration, Melco Resorts Leisure is required, prior to the start of commercial operations of City of Dreams Manila, to either: (a) apply for an ECC with the Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and submit an approved copy of the ECC to the Philippine Economic Zone Authority within 15 days from its issuance, or (b) submit the ECC issued to Belle Corporation, as the same may be amended to reflect any changes made to City of Dreams Manila, for the review and approval by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority. Accordingly, Belle Corporation applied for an Amended ECC to reflect the changes made to City of Dreams Manila. The Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources issued the Amended ECC to Belle Corporation on July 31, 2014.

Cyprus Regulations

Gaming Law and Regulations

The Cyprus Casino Operations and Control Laws of 2015-2022 (as amended from time to time) (“the Law”) and Casino Operations and Control Law (General) Regulations 2016 provide the main regulatory framework for the establishment, operation, function, supervision and control of casinos operating in Cyprus. The Law established The Cyprus Gaming and Casino Supervision Commission, known as the CGC, in 2015. The Law also provided for a gaming license to be granted to a single operator, which was granted to Integrated Casino Resorts on June 26, 2017, to develop, operate and maintain an integrated casino resort in Limassol, Cyprus (and until the operation of such integrated casino resort, the operation of a temporary casino in Limassol) and up to four satellite casino premises in Cyprus, for a term of 30 years from the date of grant and with the right for exclusivity in Cyprus for the first 15 years of the term. These are the only lawful and regulated casino operations in Cyprus. The CGC also issues binding directions to Integrated Casino Resorts concerning its operations from time to time. Such directions issued by the CGC in the past cover casino advertising and promotions, anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism, casino layout, casino surveillance, conduct of casino games and rules for games, use of agents for referrals of casino customers and the gaming equipment technical standards and others.

Anti-Money Laundering Law and Regulations

The principal objectives of the Prevention and Suppression of Money Laundering Activities Laws of 2007 to 2022 (188(I)/2007) N. 98 (I)/2023 (“Cyprus AML Law”) as amended in March 2021 are to prevent the laundering of proceeds of serious criminal offenses (“predicate offenses”) and related activities, to detect and prosecute money laundering activities and to provide for the restraint and confiscation of illicit funds. In addition, the Cyprus AML Law covers matters pertaining to the prevention of terrorist financing. Under the Cyprus AML Law, both money laundering as well as assisting in it are deemed criminal offenses. The CGC’s anti-money laundering Direction requires the Company to implement compliance measures to meet obligations relating to the Company’s monitoring and control obligations and CGC reporting requirements.

Casino operators are an obliged entity under the Cyprus AML Law. Integrated Casino Resorts is therefore required to have procedures in place for customer due diligence, recordkeeping and internal reporting and to appoint an appropriate person as money laundering compliance officer. The Cyprus AML Law provides for the establishment and operation of the Financial Intelligence Unit (“FIU”) MOKAS and outlines the powers of MOKAS to confiscate the assets of persons who are convicted of a predicate offense and to restrain the assets of such persons and of persons who are reasonably suspected of involvement in money laundering activities. In addition, there are a number of regulations related to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and sanctions. The CGC also has supervisory powers for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism.

On June 19, 2024, the European Union’s New Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”) Single Rulebook Regulation was published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The package covers:

EU’s General Data Protection Regulation

The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (“GDPR”), which came into force on May 25, 2018, is the EU’s data protection regulation which aims primarily to give control to individuals over their personal data and imposes strict requirements on organizations’ processing individuals’ personal data. It places a strong emphasis on the protection of personal data during international transfers outside the EU and European Economic Area (“EEA”), requiring organizations to employ adequate safeguards or relying on other GDPR-approved transfer mechanisms to ensure that the transferred data receives a level of protection equivalent to that within the EU or EEA. Established within the EU, our operations in Cyprus are subject to the GDPR requirements. We have therefore developed and implemented a strategy that encompasses regular staff training, data protection impact assessments and the establishment of policies and procedures which regulate the organization’s activities and aim to protect all personal data that is collected, processed and maintained by all business units.

An external Data Protection Officer has been appointed for our Cyprus operations, in line with the GDPR. In addition to the implementation of various policies and procedures, a number of physical and technical safeguards have been adopted, in an effort to ensure the protection of all personal data our Cyprus operations maintain. There are open channels for communication with data subjects, allowing them to exercise their rights under the GDPR. Additionally, we have put in place processes in our Cyprus operations to facilitate compliance with the GDPR requirements governing international data transfers, in an effort to ensure that any cross-border data transfer incorporates the necessary safeguards and mechanisms.

Environmental Laws

The European Union’s Directive on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes on the Environment provides for a high level of protection of the environment with a view to contributing to the integration of environmental considerations for the preparation and adoption of plans and programs promoting sustainable development. This aims to ensure that an Environmental Impact Assessment is conducted on certain plans and programs which are likely to have significant effects on the environment., including those in the tourism sector. The Directive was transposed into Cyprus law in 2005 by the Environmental Impact Assessment from Certain Plans and/or Programmes Law 102(I)/2005, which is enforced by the Cyprus Department of Environment. To comply with the requirements of the environmental law, an Environmental Impact Assessment was conducted for the development of the City of Dreams Mediterranean project which, inter alia, includes the study of impacts on the nearby environment.

Sri Lanka Regulations

Gaming Law and Regulations

The Sri Lanka License provides the main regulatory framework to conduct and operate a casino business in Sri Lanka. A valid license must be obtained from the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization &

National Policies of Sri Lanka to engage in casino business, with applications and renewals submitted to the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization & National Policies of Sri Lanka, and renewals required at least six months before expiry. License fees may be revised every five years, up to a maximum of 20%. Our Sri Lanka License is valid for a period of 20 years commencing from April 1, 2024.

There are limited operational requirements prescribed under the licensing regulations, which include appointing a compliance officer to ensure adherence to laws and license terms, prohibiting certain activities such as unlicensed money lending, disorderly or illegal activities and preventing minors (under 21) from entering or gambling in casinos. Operators must maintain separate accounts with a Sri Lankan commercial bank, adhere to Sri Lanka Accounting Standards, submit audited financial statements within six months of the financial year-end, and retain financial records for six years. Key employees involved in gaming operations, money handling, security and surveillance must be properly trained and fit for their roles.

License terms provide that licensees must comply with regulations published in relevant Gazette Notifications and orders issued by the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization & National Policies of Sri Lanka. Changes in ownership, membership of the board of directors, or the address of the casino business require prior approval from the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization & National Policies of Sri Lanka. Any changes to the games offered or details provided in the license application must be approved by the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization & National Policies of Sri Lanka. The license does not permit online casino operations and cannot be transferred to another person.

Anti-Money Laundering Law and Regulations

Sri Lanka’s anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing regulations, particularly the Designated Non-Finance Business (Customer Due Diligence) Rules, No. 1 of 2018, impose stringent requirements on casinos and gambling houses. These rules mandate customer due diligence for transactions equal to or above US$3,000, including verifying customer identities and collecting detailed information. Enhanced due diligence is required for high-risk customers, such as politically exposed persons. Casinos must appoint a senior management-level compliance officer to oversee anti-money laundering compliance, report suspicious transactions, and ensure adherence to record-keeping and reporting obligations. The compliance framework also emphasizes a risk-based approach, ongoing monitoring, and training programs to mitigate money laundering and terrorist financing risks. Non-compliance with these regulations can result in significant penalties and imposition of punitive regulatory measures.

Data Privacy

Sri Lanka’s Personal Data Protection Act, No. 9 of 2022 (the “PDPA”) is a comprehensive data protection law designed to regulate the processing of personal data. Enacted to safeguard the privacy of individuals, the PDPA establishes rights for data subjects and imposes obligations on data controllers and processors.

The PDPA applies to both public and private entities involved in processing personal data. Key provisions include the requirement for entities to obtain explicit consent from individuals before processing their data, ensuring data accuracy, and implementing appropriate security measures to protect data from unauthorized access or breaches. The PDPA also mandates the appointment of data protection officers for organizations that process large volumes of personal data.

The Data Protection Authority of Sri Lanka has been established under the PDPA and the substantive provisions of the PDPA are expected to come into effect in 2025. The Data Protection Authority of Sri Lanka is responsible for regulating personal data processing, protecting individuals’ privacy and ensuring that entities adhere to the legal obligations set out in the PDPA. The Data Protection Authority of Sri Lanka also has the power to conduct audits, investigate complaints, and impose penalties fornon-compliance.

Other Applicable Laws

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The FCPA prohibits our Company and our employees and agents from offering or giving money or any other item of value to win or retain business or to influence any act or decision of any foreign official. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics includes specific FCPA related provisions in Section IV and VIII B. To further supplement the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, our Company implemented a FCPA Compliance Program in 2007, which was revised and expanded in scope in December 2013 as the Ethical Business Practices Program. This covers the activities of the shareholders, directors, officers, employees and counterparties of our Company.

Gaming Licenses

The Concession Regime in Macau

The Macau government conducted an international tender process for gaming concessions in Macau in 2022, and granted six gaming concessions to SJM, MGM Grand Paradise, Galaxy, Venetian Macau Limited (“VML”), Wynn Macau and Melco Resorts Macau, respectively. Subconcessions are prohibited. Though there are no restrictions on the number of casinos or gaming areas that may be operated under each concession, Macau government approval is required for the commencement of operations of any casino or gaming area. Prior to the tendering process in 2022, the subconcessionaires that entered into subconcession contracts with Wynn Macau, SJM and Galaxy were Melco Resorts Macau, MGM Grand Paradise and VML, respectively. Our subsidiary, Melco Resorts Macau, executed the Subconcession Contract with Wynn Macau on September 8, 2006, which was extended until December 31, 2022 pursuant to the execution of an Amendment Agreement to the Subconcession Contract dated June 23, 2022, with Wynn Macau continuing to develop and run hotel operations and casino projects independent of ours. Upon the completion of the tender process for new concessions, Melco Resorts Macau was granted with a new gaming concession by the Macau government for a period of ten years, effective from January 1, 2023 until December 31, 2032, and entered into the respective Concession Contract on December 16, 2022.

A summary of the key terms of the Concession Contract is as follows.

All concessionaires must pay a special gaming tax of 35% of gross gaming revenues, defined as all gaming revenues derived from casino or gaming areas, plus an annual gaming premium of:

subject to a minimum annual payment of an amount required for the operation of 500 gaming tables and 1,000 electronic gaming machines.

A special premium may be due by Melco Resorts Macau in the event the average gross gaming revenue of Melco Resorts Macau’s gaming tables does not reach the annual minimum of MOP7,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$875,392) and the average gross gaming revenue of the gaming machines does not reach the annual minimum of MOP300,000 (equivalent to approximately US$37,517). The amount of the special premium is equivalent to the difference between the amount of the special gaming tax paid by Melco Resorts Macau and the amount that would be paid under the annual minimum set average gross gaming revenue for gaming tables and gaming machines.

The Concession Contract in Macau

The Concession Contract in Macau provides for the terms and conditions of the concession granted to Melco Resorts Macau with expiration on December 31, 2032. Melco Resorts Macau, pursuant to a legal restriction applicable to all concessionaires, does not have the right to grant a subconcession or transfer the operation to third parties.

On December 16, 2022, Melco Resorts Macau was granted the right to operate games of chance in casinos in Macau under a new gaming concession effective from January 1, 2023 until the expiration of the concession on December 31, 2032.

A summary of the key terms of the Concession Contract is as follows.

Gaming and Non-Gaming Investment Obligations. The Concession Contract requires us to make a minimum investment in Macau of MOP11,823.7 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.48 billion). The investment plan includes gaming andnon-gaming related projects in the expansion of foreign market patrons, conventions and exhibitions, entertainment shows, sports events, art and culture, health and well-being, thematic entertainment, gastronomy, community and maritime tourism and others. Of the total investment amount referred to above, MOP10,008.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.25 billion) will be applied tonon-gaming related projects, with the balance applied to gaming related projects. Melco Resorts Macau has undertaken to carry out incremental additionalnon-gaming investment in the amount of approximately 20% of its initialnon-gaming investment, or MOP2,003.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$250.5 million), in the event Macau’s annual gross gaming revenue reaches MOP180.0 billion (equivalent to approximately US$22.51 billion), which occurred in 2023.

The minimum investment includes investment projects related to gaming andnon-gaming in areas such as international visitors, conventions and exhibitions, entertainment shows, sports events, culture and art, health and well-being, thematic entertainment, city of gastronomy, community tourism, maritime tourism, and others. If, after the completion of the execution of the investment plan under the Concession Contract, the total amount of expenses made by the concessionaire, directly or, with approval from the Macau government, indirectly, is lower than the global committed amount, the concessionaire undertakes to use the remaining amount on projects correlated to its activity to be designated by the concessionaire and accepted by the Macau government and/or on projects that are designated by the Macau government with significant public benefit to Macau.

During the implementation of the investment plan under the Concession Contract, the Macau government may request the concessionaire to provide any document or to amend the implementation of projects contained in the investment plans to ensure compliance with current technical norms or rules and the required quality standard. However, the Macau government shall not impose any amendment that may result in an increase of the global investment amount.

The execution of the investment plan under the Concession Contract is subject to the supervision of the Macau government, with the concessionaire being required to submit to the Macau government’s approval on an annual basis the proposal for the execution of specific projects that it intends to execute in the subsequent year, which shall contain, at least, the content of such projects, the amount of the investment, and the deadline for execution. Furthermore, the concessionaire must submit to the Macau government on an annual basis a report on the execution, in the previous year, of the investment plan under the Concession Contract and of the approved proposal for the execution of the specific investment projects, which must contain, at least, an update on the execution of the specific investment projects, the invested amount, the deadline and the results of its execution. The concessionaire must also submit any other additional information as requested by the Macau government.

Payments. Concession premiums and taxes, computed in various ways depending upon the type of gaming or activity involved, are payable to the Macau government. The method for computing these fees and taxes may be changed from time to time by the Macau government. Depending upon the particular fee or tax involved, these fees and taxes are payable either monthly or annually and are based upon either a percentage of the gross revenues or the number and type of gaming devices operated. In addition to special gaming taxes of 35% of gross gaming revenues, we are also required to contribute to the Macau government an annual amount equivalent to 2% of the gross gaming revenues to a public fund that has as purposes the promotion, development or study of cultural, social, economic, educational, scientific, academic and philanthropic actions. Furthermore, we are also obligated to contribute to Macau an amount equivalent to 3% of the gross gaming revenues for urban development, tourism promotion and the social security of Macau. We are required to collect and pay, through withholding, statutory taxes on commissions or other remunerations paid to gaming promoters.

Termination Rights. The Macau government has the right to unilaterally terminate Melco Resorts Macau’s concession in the eventof non-compliance by us with our basic obligations under the concession and applicable Macau laws. Upon termination, all of our casino premises and gaming equipment, would revert or be transferred to the Macau government automatically without compensation to us and we would cease to generate any revenues from these operations. In many of these instances, the Concession Contract does not provide a specific cure period within which any such events may be cured and, instead, we may be dependent on consultations and negotiations with the Macau government to give us an opportunity to remedy any such default. Melco Resorts Macau is not granted with explicit rights of veto, or of prior consultation. The Macau government may be able to unilaterally rescind the Concession Contract upon the following termination events:

In addition, the Macau government may, from the eighth year of the Concession, redeem the Concession by notice to Melco Resorts Macau at least one year in advance. Pursuant to such redemption, the Macau government would assume all rights and obligations of Melco Resorts Macau resulting from business legally and validly conducted by Melco Resorts Macau before the date of the redemption notice and Melco Resorts Macau would have a right to obtain reasonable and fair compensation under applicable Macau law.

Ownership and Capitalization. Set out below are the key terms in relation to ownership and capitalization under the Concession Contract:

Others. In addition, the Concession Contract contains various general covenants and obligations and other provisions, including special duties of cooperation, special duties of information, and execution of our investment obligations.

Transfers of property and credit rights of Melco Resorts Macau exceeding MOP100,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$12,505,599) and loan agreements or similar arrangements executed by Melco Resorts Macau as borrower or creditor equal to or exceeding that amount are each subject to approval by the Macau SAR government, except for those loan agreements related to credit granted for gaming purposes. The issue of debt securities by Melco Resorts Macau is also subject to approval by the Macau government and the Concession prohibits Melco Resorts Macau from being listed on a stock exchange. The Concession requires that prior notice be given to the Macau government of financial decisions relating to the internal movement of funds of Melco Resorts Macau exceeding 50% of its registered capital, financial decisions relating to salaries, remuneration or benefits of employees, among others, exceeding 10% of its registered capital and other financial decisions exceeding 10% of its registered capital.

The Concession Contract provides for Melco Resorts Macau’s right to use the casino premises and related land for the purpose of operating games of chance under the Concession Contract during the term of the Concession Contract. On the termination or expiry of the Concession Contract, the casino premises operated by the concessionaire and the gaming equipment would revert or be transferred to the Macau SAR without compensation.

PAGCOR Licenses in the Philippines

The Philippine License issued by PAGCOR authorizes the Philippine Licensees, through Melco Resorts Leisure, to establish and operate a casino in the Philippines for both local and foreign patrons who are at least 21 years of age.

In general, the Philippine License imposes certain obligations such as, but not limited to, the following:

See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in the Philippines — MRP’s gaming operations are dependent on the Philippine License issued by PAGCOR.”

Gaming License in Cyprus

Under the Cyprus License, Integrated Casino Resorts is granted the right to develop, operate and maintain an integrated casino resort in Limassol, Cyprus (and until the operation of such integrated casino resort, the operation of a temporary casino in Limassol) and up to four satellite casino premises in Cyprus, for a term of 30 years from the date of grant and with the right for exclusivity in Cyprus for the first 15 years of the term. The Cyprus License imposes certain requirements on Integrated Casino Resorts and their service providers.

The Cyprus License is also subject to suspension or termination upon the occurrence of certain events. The requirements imposed by the Cyprus License include, among others:

See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Cyprus — Cyprus’ gaming operations are dependent on the Cyprus License issued by CGC and any failure to comply with the terms of the Cyprus License could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

Gaming License in Sri Lanka

The Sri Lanka License, which was issued on March 27, 2024, allows Bluehaven Services to conduct a casino business within City of Dreams Sri Lanka for a period of 20 years from April 1, 2024.

Key conditions of the Sri Lanka License include compliance with regulations published in specific Gazette Notifications and any orders issued by the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization & National Policies of Sri Lanka. Changes in ownership, board of directors, or the address of the casino business require prior approval from the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization & National Policies of Sri Lanka. Any changes to the games offered or details provided in the license application must also be approved by the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization & National Policies of Sri Lanka. The license does not permit online casino operations and cannot be transferred to another person. Additionally, the license holder must inform the Inland Revenue Department of Sri Lanka if a new compliance officer or casino manager is appointed.

Tax

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, we and our subsidiaries incorporated in the Cayman Islands are not subject to Cayman Islands income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands. However, we and certain subsidiaries are subject to Hong Kong profits tax of 16.5% on profits arising from our activities conducted in Hong Kong.

Our subsidiaries incorporated in the British Virgin Islands are not subject to tax in the British Virgin Islands, but certain subsidiaries incorporated in the British Virgin Islands are subject to Hong Kong profits tax of 16.5% on profits arising from our activities conducted in Hong Kong and Macau complementary tax of 12% on profits earned in or derived from its activities conducted in Macau.

Our subsidiaries incorporated in Macau are subject to Macau complementary tax of up to 12% on profits earned in or derived from their activities conducted in Macau. Melco Resorts Macau applied for and was granted the benefit of a complementary tax exemption on Macau complementary tax (but not gaming tax) from 2017 through 2022. Melco Resorts Macau continues to benefit from the Macau complementary tax exemption on gaming profits for the period from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2027 pursuant to a Dispatch of the Chief Executive of Macau dated January 29, 2024. Thenon-gaming profits of Melco Resorts Macau remain subject to the Macau complementary tax. In addition, the Macau government granted Studio City Entertainment the complementary tax exemption until 2021 on profits generated from income received from Melco Resorts Macau, to the extent that such income is derived from Studio City gaming operations and has been subject to gaming tax. The dividend distributions of Studio City Entertainment from tax exempted profits to its shareholders continue to be subject to complementary tax. Studio City Entertainment applied for an extension of the Macau complementary tax exemption for the period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 and further for the period from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2032. The application for 2023 to 2032 was rejected and an objection to such decision was denied in a notice dated September 4, 2024. We remain subject to Macau complementary taxon our non-gaming profits.

For the period from January 1, 2022 to June 26, 2022, a payment of MOP4 million (equivalent to approximately US$0.5 million) and MOP4.2 million (equivalent to approximately US$0.5 million), as payment for the period from June 27, 2022 to December 31, 2022, was paid by Melco Resorts Macau with respect to tax due for dividend distributions to the shareholders of Melco Resorts Macau from gaming profits, whether such dividends are actually distributed by Melco Resorts Macau or not, or whether Melco Resorts Macau has distributable profits in the relevant year. In February 2024, Melco Resorts Macau entered into an agreement with the Macau government for an annual payment for the period from 2023 through 2025. Upon the payment of such amount, the shareholders of Melco Resorts Macau will not be liable to pay any other tax in Macau for dividend distributions received from gaming profits. However, we cannot assure you that the same arrangement will be applied beyond such period or, in the event a similar arrangement is adopted, whether we will be required to pay a higher annual sum.

Melco Resorts Macau is subject to Macau gaming tax based on gross gaming revenue in Macau. These gaming taxes are an assessment on Melco Resorts Macau’s gaming revenue and are recorded as casino expense.

The Macau government granted to Altira Resorts in 2007, and COD Resorts, in 2011 and 2013, the declaration of utility purposes benefit in respect of Altira Macau, The Countdown, Nüwa and Grand Hyatt Macau hotel, pursuant to which they are entitled to a property tax holiday, for a period of 12 years, on any immovable property that they own or is operated by them. Under such declaration of utility purposes benefit, they will also be allowed to double the maximum rates applicable regarding depreciation and reintegration for the purposes of assessing the Macau complementary tax. The transfer of the declaration of utility purpose to COD Resorts and Altira Resorts was requested on November 8, 2017 and was duly approved by the Macau government.

In September 2017, the Macau government granted Studio City Hotels the declaration of touristic utility purpose pursuant to which Studio City Hotels is entitled to a property tax holiday for a period of twelve years on the immovable property to which the touristic utility was granted, owned or operated by Studio City Hotels. Under such tax holiday, Studio City Hotels is allowed to double the maximum rates applicable to depreciation and reintegration for the purposes of assessment of the Macau complementary tax. In August 2021, the hotel license of Studio City Hotels was transferred from Studio City Hotels to Studio City Developments Limited, the owner of the Studio City property. In July 2023, the Macau government granted the declaration of touristic utility purpose to Studio City Developments Limited pursuant to which Studio City Developments Limited is entitled to the property tax holiday and is allowed to double the maximum rates applicable to depreciation and reintegration for the purposes of assessment of the Macau complementary tax.

Our subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong profits tax of 16.5% on any profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong. One of our subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong is also subject to Macau complementary tax on profits earned in or derived from its activities conducted in Macau and another one is subject to corporate tax on profits in a number of other Asian jurisdictions through its activities conducted in these jurisdictions.

In the Philippines, on March 26, 2021, the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (“CREATE”) was signed and took effect on April 11, 2021. CREATE reduced the minimum corporate income tax rate from 2% to 1% for the period from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2023 and the corporate income tax rate from 30% to 25% starting July 1, 2020. Certain of our subsidiaries are liable for VAT on certain transactions. For gaming-related transactions in our Philippines operations, Melco Resorts Leisure currently enjoys exemptions from national, local, direct and indirect taxes, including VAT, in the Philippines pursuant to the PAGCOR charter, as a result of its payment of the 5% franchise tax directly payable to the BIR based on gross gaming revenue in the Philippines. Melco Resorts Leisure is also subject to license fees in accordance with the PAGCOR charter.

The franchise tax and license fees are an assessment on Melco Resorts Leisure’s gaming revenue and are recorded as casino expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Further, Melco Resorts Leisure, by virtue of its being registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority as a Tourism Economic Zone Enterprise, enjoys a tax and duty exemption on importation and VAT zero-rating on its local purchases of certain capital equipment used in registered activities.

In 2022, the BIR issued Revenue Memorandum Circular No. 32-2022, which sought to impose 12% VAT on gaming revenue. While Melco Resorts Leisure and the other integrated resorts submitted a joint letter to the BIR challenging the imposition of VAT on gaming transactions, there is no assurance that we will prevail on any challenge and any assessment of VAT on our gaming revenue could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In December 2024, the BIR issued Revenue Memorandum Circular No. 132-2024 clarifying and upholding that the 5% franchise tax on the income derived from the gaming operations of PAGCOR, its licensees and contractees shall be in lieu of all local and national taxes including indirect taxes such as VAT.

Our subsidiaries incorporated in Cyprus are subject to Cyprus corporate income tax of 12.5% on profit earned in or derived from Cyprus and abroad. Our gaming revenues in Cyprus are exempt from VAT while certain of our subsidiaries are subject to VAT on certainnon-gaming transactions. Pursuant to the Cyprus

License, a casino tax of 15% is imposed on gross gaming revenues in Cyprus. These casino taxes are recorded as a casino expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Our subsidiaries incorporated in Sri Lanka are subject to Sri Lanka corporate income tax of 40% on profits from betting and gaming activities while profits of other businesses are subject to tax of 30% on profit earned in or derived from Sri Lanka and abroad. Our gaming revenues in Sri Lanka are exempt from VAT while certain of our subsidiaries are subject to VAT on certainnon-gaming transactions. Pursuant to the Sri Lanka License, a monthly gross collection levy of 15% of the total collections from the business of gaming (exempted if monthly gross collections do not exceed LKR1 million (equivalent to approximately US$3,418)) is payable to the government of Sri Lanka on gross gaming revenues.