Unum Group

The Unum US segment is comprised of the group disability, group life and accidental death and dismemberment, and supplemental and voluntary lines of business. The group disability line of business includes long-term and short-term disability, medical stop-loss, and fee-based service products. The supplemental and voluntary line of business includes voluntary benefits, individual disability, and dental and vision products. These products, excluding medical stop-loss which is no longer actively marketed as of the third quarter of 2024, are marketed through our field sales personnel who work in conjunction with independent brokers and consultants.

Unum US Operating Results

Shown below are financial results for the Unum US segment. In the sections following, financial results and key ratios are also presented for the major lines of business within the segment.

Unum US Group Disability Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for Unum US group disability.

Premium income decreased in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to the expected run off in medical stop-loss premium and lower persistency, partially offset by an increase in premium income due to sales. Net investment income was lower in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to a decrease in the level of invested assets. Other income, which primarily relates to fee-based service products, was generally consistent in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024.

The benefit ratio, excluding the impacts of the reserve assumption updates, was less favorable in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to lower recoveries in our long-term disability product line and higher average claim size in our short-term disability product line. Also contributing to the unfavorable benefit ratio in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 was higher incidence in our long-term disability product line.

Commissions were higher in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due primarily to sales. The deferral of acquisition costs in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 were generally consistent. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs decreased in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to the composition of lapses across cohorts. The other expense ratio, which includes other income that is primarily related to fee-based service products, was generally consistent in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024.

Unum US Group Life and Accidental Death and Dismemberment Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for Unum US group life and accidental death and dismemberment.

Premium income increased in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to sales and in-force block growth, partially offset by lower persistency. Net investment income was lower in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to a lower level of invested assets. Also impacting the comparison for the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 is a decrease in the yield on invested assets.

The benefit ratio, excluding the impacts of the reserve assumption updates, was less favorable in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to higher average claim size in our group life product line. Also impacting the comparison for the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 is lower incidence in our accidental death and dismemberment product line.

Commissions and the deferral of acquisition costs were higher in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to sales. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs changed in the third quarter and the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to the composition of lapses across cohorts. The other expense ratio was generally consistent in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024.

Unum US Supplemental and Voluntary Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for Unum US supplemental and voluntary product lines.

Premium income was higher in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to the continued impacts from the recapture of a previously ceded block of business in the individual disability product line, higher prior period sales in the voluntary benefits product line, and favorable persistency in the voluntary benefits and dental and vision product lines, partially offset by the impact of ceding a portion of the individual disability product line as a part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Net investment income was lower in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 primarily due to a lower level of invested assets and a decrease in the yield on invested assets.

Other income, excluding the impact of the amortization of the deferred gain on reinsurance, was generally consistent in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024. Other income, excluding the impact of the amortization of the deferred gain on reinsurance, was higher in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 due primarily to a gain on the recapture of a previously ceded block of business in the individual disability product line in the first quarter of 2025.

The benefit ratio, excluding the impacts of the reserve assumption updates, for voluntary benefits was unfavorable in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due primarily to unfavorable benefit experience in the accident product. Also impacting the comparison of the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 is unfavorable benefit experience in the hospital indemnity and critical illness products. The benefit ratio, excluding the impacts of non-contemporaneous reinsurance and the reserve assumption updates, for the individual disability product line was favorable in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to higher claim resolutions resulting from higher recoveries and mortality. Also impacting the comparison for the individual disability product line for the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 is higher claim incidence. The benefit ratio for the dental and vision product line was unfavorable in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to higher claim incidence.

Commissions were higher in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due primarily to the continued impacts from the recapture of a previously ceded block of business in the individual disability product line, partially offset by the impacts from the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. The deferral of acquisition costs was higher in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due primarily to higher sales in the individual disability product line. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs was lower in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due primarily to a reduction in the level of the deferred asset as a result of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. The other expense ratio was unfavorable in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 primarily due to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction.

Sales

Group sales increased during the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 due primarily to higher sales to new customers in the large case market, which we define as employee groups with greater than 2,000 employees. Group sales decreased during the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 due to the impact of no sales of our medical stop-loss product in the first nine months of 2025 as it was no longer actively marketed as of the third quarter of 2024, as well as lower sales to existing customers in the large case market and lower sales to new and existing customers in the core market, partially offset by higher sales to new customers in the large case market. The sales mix in the group market sector for the first nine months of 2025 was approximately 59 percent core market and 41 percent large case market.

Voluntary benefits sales increased during the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period of 2024 due primarily to higher sales to new and existing customers in the large case market, partially offset by lower sales to new customers in the core market. Voluntary benefits sales decreased during the first nine months of 2025 due primarily to lower sales to new and existing customers in the large case market, partially offset by higher sales to new and existing customers in the core market. Individual disability sales, which are primarily concentrated in the multi-life market, increased during the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to higher sales to new and existing customers. Dental and vision sales decreased during the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to lower sales to new customers.

We remain committed to offering consumers a broad set of financial protection benefit products at the worksite. During 2025, we will continue to invest in a unique customer experience defined by simplicity, empathy, and deep industry expertise through the increased utilization of digital capabilities and technology to enhance enrollment, underwriting, the client administration experience, and claims processing. In addition, we will focus on strategically driven sales by enhancing the connectivity, alignment, and support for brokers and technology partners, including integration with human capital management systems. With respect to smaller employers, we will continue to provide a comprehensive set of consumer-focused products, enhance our distribution model, and utilize our digital tools to bring industry leading enrollment capabilities and a fully integrated customer experience. Our differentiated offerings and market leading leave management services provide substantial growth opportunities, particularly with larger employers, and stronger persistency in our core products. We believe our active client management, integrated customer experience across our product lines, and strong risk management, will enable us to continue to grow our market over the long-term.

We expect strong adjusted operating income in 2025 with premium growth driven by new sales and persistency. We expect the group disability market to remain competitive which may impact our pricing and renewal premium levels. We expect strong group disability claim experience to continue in 2025, driven by operational performance. We also expect group life claim experience to be mostly stable, but may experience some quarterly claims volatility. We expect a decline in our supplemental and voluntary line of business adjusted operating income following the closing of the reinsurance transaction with Fortitude Re. We expect a slight increase in our operating expense ratio as we continue to invest in our people and capabilities.

A rising interest rate environment could positively impact our yields on new investments, but could also increase unrealized losses in our current holdings. Alternatively, a declining interest rate environment could negatively impact yields on new investments, but could also reduce unrealized losses in our current holdings. Our net investment income may continue to be impacted by volatility in miscellaneous investment income.

As part of our discipline in pricing and reserving, we continuously monitor emerging claim trends and interest rates. We will continue to take appropriate pricing actions on new business and renewals that are reflective of the current environment.

We continuously monitor key indicators to assess our risks and adjust our business plans accordingly.

As previously discussed, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re to cede a portion of our individual disability business. For further discussion, see “Executive Summary" contained herein in Item 2 and Note 14 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1.