Nautilus Biotechnology, Inc.

Previous wording

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information in this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations and involves risk and uncertainties. For example, statements regarding our expectations as to our plans and strategy for our business, future financial performance, expense levels and liquidity sources are forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under the “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Please also see the section entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Current wording

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information in this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risk and uncertainties. Nautilus’s actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Please also see the section entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Previous wording

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section to “Nautilus,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar terms refer to the business and operations of Legacy Nautilus prior to the Business Combination and to New Nautilus and its consolidated subsidiary following the Business Combination.

Current wording

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section to “Nautilus,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar terms refer to the business and operations of Nautilus and its consolidated subsidiary.

Previous wording

Since our incorporation in 2016, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development activities, including with respect to our proteomics platform, or Nautilus platform, business planning, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We do not have any products available for commercial sale, and we have not generated any revenue from our Nautilus platform or other sources since inception. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, if ever, will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our Nautilus platform, which we expect, if it ever occurs, will take a number of years. Our Nautilus platform, which includes our end-to-end solution comprised of instruments, consumables, and software analysis, is currently under development and will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive testing prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital and adequate personnel infrastructure. There can be no assurance that our research and development activities will be successfully completed, or that our Nautilus platform will be commercially viable.

Current wording

Since our incorporation in 2016, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development activities, including with respect to our proteomics platform, or Nautilus Voyager platform, business planning, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We do not have any products available for commercial sale, and we have not generated any revenue from our Nautilus platform or other sources since inception. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, if ever, will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our Nautilus platform, which we expect, if it ever occurs, will take a number of years. Our Nautilus Voyager platform, which includes our end-to-end solution comprised of instruments, consumables, and software analysis, is currently under development and will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive testing prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital and adequate personnel infrastructure. There can be no assurance that our research and development activities will be successfully completed, or that our Nautilus platform will be commercially viable.

Previous wording

In order to commercialize our Nautilus platform in volume, we will need to establish internal manufacturing capacity or to contract with one or more manufacturing partners, or both. Our technology is complex, and the manufacturing process for our products will be similarly complex, involving a large number of unique precision parts in addition to the production of various reagents and antibodies. We may encounter unexpected difficulties in manufacturing our Nautilus platform, instruments, and related consumables. Among other factors, we will need to develop reliable supply chains for the various components in our Nautilus platform, instruments, and consumables to support large-scale commercial production. In connection with our Nautilus platform, we intend to utilize over 300 complex reagents and various antibodies in order to generate deep proteomic information at the speed and scale which we expect our Nautilus platform to perform. Such reagents and antibodies are expected to be more difficult to manufacture and more expensive to procure. There is no assurance that we will be able to build manufacturing or consumable production capacity internally or find one or more suitable manufacturing or production partners, or both, to meet the volume and quality requirements necessary to be successful in the proteomics market.

Current wording

In order to commercialize our Nautilus Voyager platform in volume, we will need to establish internal manufacturing capacity or to contract with one or more manufacturing partners, or both. Our technology is complex, and the manufacturing process for our products will be similarly complex, involving a large number of unique precision parts in addition to the production of various reagents and antibodies. We may encounter unexpected difficulties in manufacturing our Nautilus Voyager platform, instruments, and related consumables. Among other factors, we will need to develop reliable supply chains for the various components in our Nautilus Voyager platform, instruments, and consumables to support large-scale commercial production. In connection with our Nautilus platform, we intend to utilize approximately 300 unique multi-affinity reagents and various antibodies in order to generate deep proteomic information at the speed and scale which we expect our Nautilus Voyager platform to perform. Such reagents and antibodies are expected to be more difficult to manufacture and more expensive to procure. There is no assurance that we will be able to build manufacturing or consumable production capacity internally or find one or more suitable manufacturing or production partners, or both, to meet the volume and quality requirements necessary to be successful in the proteomics market.

Previous wording

Given our stage of development, we have not yet established a commercial organization or distribution capabilities. We do intend to build a commercial infrastructure to support sales of our products. We expect to manage sales, marketing and distribution through both internal resources and third-party relationships. We plan to commercialize our proteomics platform using a three-phase plan that has been shown to be effective and optimal for introducing disruptive products in numerous life sciences technology markets. The first phase is expected to involve research collaborations with biopharmaceutical companies and key academic opinion leaders exploring utility of pre-commercial versions of the platform, during which we do not expect to recognize significant revenue, if any. The second phase will include an early access limited release in which we expect to engage with customers using a service model to generate pilot data on the platform in our facilities, or through on-site installation and testing to evaluate the platform at the customers’ facilities. Finally, the third phase is anticipated to include a broader commercial launch. We are currently in the collaboration phase during which we have entered into collaborations with a small number of research customers, including with biopharmaceutical companies and key academic opinion leaders in proteomics whose assessment and validation of our products can significantly influence other researchers in their respective markets and/or fields. During the early access limited release phase, we plan to leverage our publications to drive awareness and customer demand to pre-sell instruments and reagents to select customers performing large-scale proteomics research. During the second phase, we expect to work closely with early access collaborators to demonstrate a unique value proposition for our Nautilus platform. During this phase, we plan to provide early access to our collaborators with broad-scale and targeted analyses and profiling of samples analyzed in our facility and shared via a cloud platform. We believe there is significant interest in our platform for targeted proteoform analysis. As such, we expect to be working with our initial early access collaborators in this area, and to leverage our learnings from those collaborations for the benefit of both our broad-scale and targeted products and services. We do not anticipate that these activities will result in any material revenue. We expect this second phase to lead into the third phase of launch of our proteome analysis platform in late 2026 and subsequent broad commercialization thereafter. Voice of customer studies have suggested that there is market demand for a proteomics platform with specifications that are initially lower than what we have previously disclosed, for example, around characteristics such as sample input and proteome coverage. Consequently, as we balance our time to market goals with our evolving view of customer requirement…

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Current wording

Given our stage of development, we have not yet established a commercial organization or distribution capabilities. We do intend to build a commercial infrastructure to support sales of our products. We expect to manage sales, marketing and distribution through both internal resources and third-party relationships. We anticipate commercializing our Nautilus Voyager platform in phases that began with research collaborations with leading biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, and research organizations exploring utility of pre-commercial versions of the platform. The next phases of our strategy involve a land-and-expand strategy in which we provide customers with access to the Iterative Mapping method on the Nautilus Voyager platform for an initial application, and over time, add additional applications in both targeted proteoform analysis and broadscale proteomics, which customers would access depending upon their specific proteomics needs. Initial customer access to the Nautilus Voyager platform is expected to be through our Early Access Program in which Nautilus will perform analysis and profiling of samples analyzed in our facility and shared via a cloud platform. We expect to work closely with early access collaborators to demonstrate the unique value proposition of our Nautilus Voyager platform. With data gained from our Early Access Program customers, we plan to leverage publications to drive awareness and customer demand and later sell instruments and reagents to select customers performing targeted proteoform and broadscale proteomics research.We announced the launch of our Iterative Mapping Early Access Program starting with target specific service offerings in January 2026 for the analysis of the microtubule-associated protein tau (or “Tau” for short), which has been broadly associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease in human patients. Over time, we plan to extend this early access framework to include additional proteoforms in new disease areas like oncology and into a dual model that supports both targeted assays, and broadscale workflows, which are designed to offer broader proteome coverage. We do not anticipate that these early access activities will result in any material revenue. We expect to initiate our commercial launch in late 2026 by opening the Nautilus Voyager TM platform for pre-orders, with instrument installations at customer sites beginning in early 2027. At launch, we expect general availability to include the Voyager instrument, our Tau proteoform assay, and a second proteoform assay. We anticipate general availability of Broadscale proteomics capabilities in the first half of 2027, as we continue expanding the platform’s assay portfolio. Our first generally available broadscale consumable kits are designed to deliver strong initial performance, with subsequent releases expected to further expand capabilities and enable the platform to meet or exceed our previously announced product …

Excerpt shortened here; the source contains the full paragraph.

Previous wording

We intend to commercialize our Nautilus platform through a direct sales channel in the United States, and through both direct and distributor sales channels in regions outside the United States. Given our stage of development, we currently have limited marketing, sales, commercial product distribution or service and support capabilities. We intend to build the necessary infrastructure for these activities in the United States, European Union, the United Kingdom, and potentially other countries and regions, including Asia-Pacific, as we execute on our three phase commercial launch strategy for our Nautilus platform.

Current wording

We intend to commercialize our Nautilus platform through a direct sales channel in the United States, and through both direct and distributor sales channels in regions outside the United States. Given our stage of development, we currently have limited marketing, sales, commercial product distribution or service and support capabilities. We intend to build the necessary infrastructure for these activities in the United States, European Union, the United Kingdom, and potentially other countries and regions, including Asia-Pacific, as we execute on our phased commercial launch strategy for our Nautilus Voyager platform.

Previous wording

Prior to the Business Combination, we financed our operations primarily through private placements of convertible preferred stock and had raised aggregate net proceeds of $108.4 million from these private placements. In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination and PIPE Financing, we received additional gross proceeds of approximately $345.5 million from PIPE Investors and the Business Combination, offset by approximately $18.2 million of transaction costs and underwriters’ fees relating to the closing of the Business Combination. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $129.9 million. As of the the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments will enable us to fund our planned operating expenses and capital expenditures through at least the next 12 months.

Current wording

Prior to the Business Combination, we financed our operations primarily through private placements of convertible preferred stock and had raised aggregate net proceeds of $108.4 million from these private placements. In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination and PIPE Financing, we received additional gross proceeds of approximately $345.5 million from PIPE Investors and the Business Combination, offset by approximately $18.2 million of transaction costs and underwriters’ fees relating to the closing of the Business Combination. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $103.4 million. As of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments will enable us to fund our planned operating expenses and capital expenditures through at least the next 12 months.

Previous wording

We have incurred significant losses since the commencement of our operations. Our net loss was $70.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, and we expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future as we continue our research and development activities and planned commercialization of our Nautilus platform. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $273.0 million. These losses have resulted primarily from costs incurred in connection with research and development activities and to a lesser extent from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur significant and increasing expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from period to period, depending on the timing of and expenditures on our planned commercialization and research and development activities.

Current wording

We have incurred significant losses since the commencement of our operations. Our net loss was $59.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, and we expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future as we continue our research and development activities and planned commercialization of our Nautilus Voyager platform. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $332.0 million. These losses have resulted primarily from costs incurred in connection with research and development activities and to a lesser extent from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur significant and increasing expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from period to period, depending on the timing of and expenditures on our planned commercialization and research and development activities.

Previous wording

•continue our research and development activities, including with respect to our Nautilus platform;

Current wording

•continue our research and development activities, including with respect to our Nautilus Voyager platform;

Previous wording

•undertake activities to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our Nautilus platform;

Current wording

•undertake activities to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our Nautilus Voyager platform;

Previous wording

As a result, we will require substantial additional funding to develop our products and support our continuing operations. Until such time that we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, which could include income from collaborations, strategic partnerships or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties or from grants. We may be unable to raise additional funds or to enter into such agreements or arrangements on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the COVID‑19 pandemic, recent and any potential future financial institution failures, the conflicts in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and in other countries, and otherwise. Our failure to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition, and could force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development or future commercialization efforts. We may also be required to grant rights to develop and market products that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our development efforts. We cannot assure you that we will ever be profitable or generate positive cash flow from operating activities.

Current wording

As a result, we will require substantial additional funding to develop our products and support our continuing operations. Until such time that we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, which could include income from collaborations, strategic partnerships or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties or from grants. We may be unable to raise additional funds or to enter into such agreements or arrangements on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide, recent and any potential future financial institution failures, the conflicts in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and in other countries, and otherwise. Our failure to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition, and could force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development or future commercialization efforts. We may also be required to grant rights to develop and market products that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our development efforts. We cannot assure you that we will ever be profitable or generate positive cash flow from operating activities.

Previous wording

Businesses have been and will continue to be impacted by a number of challenging global and national events and circumstances that continue to evolve, including extreme weather conditions, economic uncertainty, inflation, changing interest rates, recent and any potential future financial institution failures, and conflicts in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and in other countries. The extent of the impact of these events and circumstances on our business, operations and development timelines and plans remains uncertain, and will depend on certain developments, including the duration and scope of the events and their impact on our development activities, third-party manufacturers, and other third parties with whom we do business, as well as its impact on regulatory authorities and our key scientific and management personnel. We have been and continue to actively monitor the potential impacts that these various events and circumstances may have on our business and we take steps, where warranted, to minimize any potential negative impacts on our business resulting from these events and circumstances.

Current wording

Businesses have been and will continue to be impacted by a number of challenging global and national events and circumstances that continue to evolve, including extreme weather conditions, economic uncertainty, increased tariffs, inflation, changing interest rates, any potential future financial institution failures, and conflicts in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and in other countries. The extent of the impact of these events and circumstances on our business, operations and development timelines and plans remains uncertain, and will depend on certain developments, including the duration and scope of the events and their impact on our development activities, third-party manufacturers, and other third parties with whom we do business, as well as its impact on regulatory authorities and our key scientific and management personnel. We have been and continue to actively monitor the potential impacts that these various events and circumstances may have on our business and we take steps, where warranted, to minimize any potential negative impacts on our business resulting from these events and circumstances.

Previous wording

We have been and continue to actively monitor our supply chain in light of these challenging global and national events and circumstances, including our third-party materials suppliers. We have, in the past, experienced some supply disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including closures at certain chip manufacturers, which led to extended lead times for certain chips; diversion of certain lab materials needed to support COVID-19 relief efforts; and lower availability of certain reagents. While certain of these disruptions have been resolved since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are continuing to monitor our supply chain and contingency planning is ongoing with our partners to reduce the possibility of an interruption to our development activities or the availability of necessary materials.

Current wording

We have been and continue to actively monitor our supply chain in light of these challenging global and national events and circumstances, including our third-party materials suppliers. We have, in the past, experienced some supply disruptions, including closures at certain chip manufacturers, which led to extended lead times for certain chips; and lower availability of certain reagents. While certain of these disruptions have been resolved, we are continuing to monitor our supply chain and contingency planning is ongoing with our partners to reduce the possibility of an interruption to our development activities or the availability of necessary materials.

Previous wording

We plan to continue to invest in our research and development efforts and to increase our investment in research and development efforts related to our product development. While we anticipate certain cost-savings associated with our recently announced workforce reductions, in the future, we continue to expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to advance our product development, hire additional personnel and retain existing personnel, purchase supplies and materials and allocate expense to our research and development facilities.

Current wording

We plan to continue to invest in our research and development efforts and to increase our investment in research and development efforts related to our product development. While we experienced certain cost-savings associated with our workforce reductions implemented in the first quarter of 2025, in the future, we continue to expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to advance our product development, hire additional personnel and retain existing personnel, purchase supplies and materials and allocate expense to our research and development facilities.

Previous wording

General and administrative expenses consist of salaries, related benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for personnel in executive, operations, legal, human resources, finance, marketing, commercial, IT personnel and administrative functions, professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, accounting and audit services, directors and officers insurance, allocated expenses for technology and facilities, legal settlement expenses, and marketing expenses. We expense general and administrative expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.

Current wording

General and administrative expenses consist of salaries, related benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for personnel in executive, operations, legal, human resources, finance, marketing, commercial, IT personnel and administrative functions, professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, accounting and audit services, directors and officers insurance, allocated expenses for technology and facilities, loss contingency accruals, and marketing expenses. We expense general and administrative expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.

Previous wording

While we anticipate certain cost-savings associated with our recently announced workforce reductions, in the future, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase substantially over the next several years as we hire additional personnel to support the growth in research and development activities for our products and commercial activities supporting the growth of our business, including sales, marketing, service, support, and distribution infrastructure. We also anticipate that we will incur higher expenses related to accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, insurance, compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, Sarbanes-Oxley Act and those of any national securities exchange on which our securities are traded, investor and public relations, and other administrative and professional services.

Current wording

While we experienced certain cost-savings associated with our workforce reductions implemented in the first quarter of 2025, in the future, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase substantially over the next several years as we hire additional personnel to support the growth in research and development activities for our products and commercial activities supporting the growth of our business, including sales, marketing, service, support, and distribution infrastructure. We also anticipate that we will incur higher expenses related to accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, insurance, compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, Sarbanes-Oxley Act and those of any national securities exchange on which our securities are traded, investor and public relations, and other administrative and professional services.

Previous wording

General and administrative expenses were $31.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $28.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $2.1 million, or 7%. The increase was primarily due to a $0.8 increase in professional services attributable to legal and consulting fees, $0.5 million increase in professional services from fees related to the shelf registration statement filed during the period, a $0.5 million increase in salaries, related benefits, and stock-based compensation driven by annual merit increases and stock-option awards, and a $0.4 million increase in facilities costs driven by new leases that commenced during the year ended December 31, 2023. These increases were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in insurance costs.

Current wording

General and administrative expenses were $25.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $31.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $5.3 million, or 17%. The decrease was primarily due to a $3.9 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense. The decrease in stock-based compensation expense is driven by stock options granted at the time of the Merger becoming fully expensed in 2025 and lower expense associated with stock options granted since the Merger. Also contributing to the decrease was a $1.3 million decrease in professional services attributable to legal and consulting fees, primarily driven by professional services fees for the shelf registration statement filed in February 2024 and the resolution of the Standard Biotools legal matter. These decreases were partially offset by a $0.5 million increase in facilities expenses.

Previous wording

Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. Our net loss was $70.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $273.0 million. Prior to the Business Combination, we funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of convertible preferred stock. Prior to the Business Combination, we had raised net proceeds of $108.4 million from these private placements of our convertible preferred stock. In June 2021, in conjunction with the consummation of the Business Combination with ARYA, we received additional gross proceeds of approximately $345.5 million from PIPE Investors and the Business Combination, offset by approximately $18.2 million of transaction costs and underwriters’ fees relating to the closing of the Business Combination. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $206.3 million.

Current wording

Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. Our net loss was $59.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $332.0 million. Prior to the Business Combination, we funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of convertible preferred stock. Prior to the Business Combination, we had raised net proceeds of $108.4 million from these private placements of our convertible preferred stock. In June 2021, in conjunction with the consummation of the Business Combination with ARYA, we received additional gross proceeds of approximately $345.5 million from PIPE Investors and the Business Combination, offset by approximately $18.2 million of transaction costs and underwriters’ fees relating to the closing of the Business Combination. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $156.1 million.

Previous wording

•undertake activities to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our Nautilus platform;

Current wording

•undertake activities to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our Nautilus Voyager platform;

Previous wording

Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from commercialization of our products, if ever, we will continue to require substantial additional capital to develop our Nautilus platform and fund operations for the foreseeable future. We intend to obtain such capital through public or private equity offerings or debt financings (including potential sales under the Sales Agreement), credit or loan facilities or a combination of one or more of these funding sources. We may also seek additional financing opportunistically. We may be unable to raise additional funds on favorable terms or at all. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the COVID‑19 pandemic, recent and any potential future financial institution failures, the conflicts in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and in other countries, and otherwise. Our failure to raise additional capital, if needed, would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to execute our business plan.

Current wording

Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from commercialization of our products, if ever, we will continue to require substantial additional capital to develop our Nautilus Voyager platform and fund operations for the foreseeable future. We intend to obtain such capital through public or private equity offerings or debt financings (including potential sales under the Sales Agreement), credit or loan facilities or a combination of one or more of these funding sources. We may also seek additional financing opportunistically. We may be unable to raise additional funds on favorable terms or at all. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide, any potential future financial institution failures, the conflicts in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and in other countries, and otherwise. Our failure to raise additional capital, if needed, would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to execute our business plan.

Previous wording

Our expected future capital requirements depend on many factors including expansion of our product portfolio and the timing and extent of spending on sales and marketing and the development of our technology. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, including any issuances pursuant to our “at the market” equity offering program under our Sales Agreement with TD Cowen, our stockholders will experience dilution. Any future debt financing into which we enter may impose upon us additional covenants that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, make certain investments and engage in certain merger, consolidation or asset sale transactions. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders.

Current wording

Our expected future capital requirements depend on many factors including expansion of our product portfolio and the timing and extent of spending on sales and marketing and the development of our technology. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, including any issuances pursuant to our “at the market” equity offering program under our Sales Agreement with TD Cowen or our Shelf Registration Statement, our stockholders will experience dilution. Any future debt financing into which we enter may impose upon us additional covenants that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, make certain investments and engage in certain merger, consolidation or asset sale transactions. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $51.7 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $63.7 million and a decrease in the changes in assets and liabilities aggregating $3.2 million. The net loss and decrease in net changes in assets and liabilities was partially offset by $15.2 million of non-cash expenses. The non-cash expenses included $12.1 million of stock-based compensation, $3.9 million of amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets, $1.8 million of depreciation, partially offset by $2.7 million of accretion of discounts of investments.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was $50.7 million, resulting from our net loss of $59.0 million and a decrease in net changes in assets and liabilities aggregating $3.6 million. Net cash used in operating activities includes non-cash charges aggregating $11.9 million, which is driven by $6.8 million of stock-based compensation expense, $4.7 million amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets, and $1.8 million in depreciation expense. These non-cash charges were partially offset by $1.4 million in net accretion of discounts on securities.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was $59.1 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $70.8 million and a decrease in the net changes in assets and liabilities aggregating $5.5 million. The net loss and decrease in net changes in assets and liabilities was partially offset by $17.1 million of non-cash expenses. The non-cash expenses included $12.7 million of stock-based compensation, $4.4 million amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets, $2.0 million in depreciation, and $0.8 million in non-cash adjustments related to in-process research and development, partially offset by $2.8 million in accretion of discounts of investments.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was $59.1 million, resulting from our net loss of $70.8 million and a decrease in net changes in assets and liabilities aggregating $5.5 million. Net cash used in operating activities includes non-cash charges aggregating $17.1 million, which is driven by $12.7 million of stock-based compensation expense, $4.4 million of amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets, $2.1 million of depreciation expense, and $0.8 million in non-cash adjustments related to in-process research and development. These non-cash charges were partially offset by $2.8 million in net accretion of discounts on securities.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $43.7 million, resulting from $112.9 million in purchases of securities and $2.4 million in purchases of property and equipment, partially offset by $71.6 million in proceeds from the maturities of securities.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash provided by investing activities was $35.2 million, resulting from $109.0 million in proceeds from the maturities of securities, partially offset by $72.5 million in purchases of securities, and $1.3 million in purchases of property and equipment.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities was $66.3 million, resulting from $155.4 million in proceeds from the maturities of securities, partially offset by $86.3 million in purchases of securities, $2.1 million in purchases of property and equipment, and 0.8 million in cash paid in connection with an asset acquisition.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities was $66.3 million, resulting from $155.4 million in proceeds from the maturities of securities, partially offset by $86.3 million in purchases of securities, $2.1 million in purchases of property and equipment, and $0.8 million in cash paid in connection with an asset acquisition.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $0.4 million, primarily from proceeds from the exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was comprised of $0.2 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $1.1 million, primarily from proceeds from the exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was comprised of $1.1 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan.

Previous wording

Costs for research and development activities are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, employee benefits for product development personnel, laboratory supplies and equipment, depreciation and amortization, external costs of vendors engaged to conduct research and development activities, acquired in-process research and development, and allocated expenses for technology and facilities.

Current wording

Costs for research and development activities are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries, related benefits and stock-based compensation expense for product development personnel, laboratory supplies and equipment, depreciation and amortization, external costs of vendors engaged to conduct research and development activities, acquired in-process research and development, and allocated expenses for technology and facilities.

Previous wording

Further, even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares and our share price may be more volatile.

Current wording

We are currently still a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements, as well as reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in periodic reports and proxy statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $250 million as of the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or (ii) our annual revenue exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. We cannot predict if investors will find our common shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares and our share price may be more volatile.