Oncology Institute, Inc.

Previous wording

The Company is a leading value-based oncology company that manages community-based oncology practices for the Company and for independent oncology practices that together serve patients at 86 clinic locations across 16 markets andfive states throughout the United States. The Company commenced operations in Oregon in October 2024. As of December 31, 2024, our community-based oncology practices are staffed with 130 oncologists and advanced practice providers. 72 of these clinics are staffed with 119 providers employed by our affiliated physician-owned professional corporations, referred to as the "TOI PCs," which provided care for more than 72,000 patients in 2023 and 2024, respectively, and managed a population of approximately 1.9 million patients under value-based agreements as of December 31, 2024. The Company also provides management services to 14 clinic locations owned by independent oncology practices. The Company's mission is to heal and empower cancer patients through compassion, innovation, and state-of-the-art medical care.

Current wording

The Company is a leading value-based oncology company that manages community-based oncology practices for the Company and for independent oncology practices that together serve patients across 17 markets andfive states throughout the United States. As of December 31, 2025, we operate 65 community-based oncology practices, staffed with 116 oncologists and advanced practice providers employed by our affiliated physician-owned professional corporations, referred to as the "TOI PCs." In addition to our TOI-affiliated providers, we also manage a network of 207 providers in Florida under the Florida Oncology Network brand. Collectively across the provider base, we manage a population of approximately 2.0 million patients under value-based agreements as of December 31, 2025. The Company's mission is to heal and empower cancer patients through compassion, innovation, and state-of-the-art medical care.

Previous wording

Operationally, the Company’s medical centers provide a complete suite of medical oncology services including: physician services, in-house infusion and pharmacy, clinical trials, radiation, educational seminars, support groups, counseling, and 24/7 patient assistance. Many of our services, such as managing clinical trials and palliative care programs, are traditionally accessed through academic and tertiary care settings, while the TOI PCs bring these services to patients in a community setting. As scientific research progresses and more treatment options become available, cancer care is shifting from acute care episodes to chronic disease management. With this shift, it is increasingly important for high-quality, high-value cancer care to be available in a local community setting to all patients in need.

Current wording

Operationally, the Company’s medical centers provide a complete suite of medical oncology services including: physician services, in-house infusion, in-house specialty pharmacy, clinical trials, radiation therapy, educational seminars, support groups, counseling, and 24/7 patient assistance. Many of our services, such as managing clinical trials and palliative care programs, are traditionally accessed through academic and tertiary care settings, while the TOI PCs bring these services to patients in a community setting. As scientific research progresses and more treatment options become available, cancer care is shifting from acute care episodes to chronic disease management. With this shift, it is increasingly important for high-quality, high-value cancer care to be available in a local community setting to all patients in need.

Previous wording

Revenue primarily consists of capitation revenue, fee-for-service (“FFS”) revenue, dispensary revenue, and clinical trials revenue. Capitation and FFS revenue comprise the revenues within the Company’s patient services segment and are presented together in the results of operations. The following paragraphs provide a summary of the principal forms of our billing arrangements and how revenue is recognized for each type of revenue.

Current wording

Revenue primarily consists of capitation revenue, fee-for-service (“FFS”) revenue, specialty pharmacy revenue, and clinical trials revenue. Capitation and FFS revenue comprise the revenues within the Company’s patient services segment and are presented together in the results of operations. The following paragraphs provide a summary of the principal forms of our billing arrangements and how revenue is recognized for each type of revenue.

Previous wording

Capitation revenues consist primarily of fees for medical services provided by the TOI PCs to the Company's patients under a capitated arrangement with various managed care organizations. Capitation revenue is paid monthly based on the number of enrollees by the contracted managed care organization (per member per month or “PMPM”). Capitation contracts generally have a legal term of one year or longer. Payments in capitation contracts are variable since they primarily include PMPM fees associated with unspecified membership that fluctuates throughout the term of the contract; however, based on our experience, our total underlying membership generally increases over time as penetration of Medicare Advantage products grows. Certain contracts include terms for a capitation deduction where the cost of out-of-network referrals of members are deducted from the future payment. Revenue is recognized in the month services are rendered on the basis of the transaction price established at that time.

Current wording

Capitation revenues consist primarily of fees for medical services provided by the TOI PCs or network providers to the Company's patients under a capitated arrangement with various risk-bearing medical groups or managed care organizations. Capitation revenue is paid monthly based on the number of enrollees by the contracted payor (per member per month or “PMPM”). Capitation contracts generally have a legal term of one year or longer. Payments in capitation contracts are variable since they primarily include PMPM fees associated with unspecified membership that fluctuates throughout the term of the contract; however, based on our experience, our total underlying membership generally increases over time as penetration of Medicare Advantage products grows and our payor partners, who tend to be the larger and more sophisticated operators within the industry, consolidate. Certain contracts include terms for a capitation deduction where the cost of out-of-network referrals of members are deducted from the future payment. Revenue is recognized in the month services are rendered on the basis of the transaction price established at that time.

Previous wording

FFS revenue represents revenue earned under contracts in which we bill and collect for specific medical services rendered by the TOI PCs’ employed physicians. The terms for FFS contracts are short in duration and only last for the period over which services are rendered (typically, one day). FFS revenue consists of fees for medical services provided to patients. As specialist providers, our FFS revenue is dependent on referrals from other physicians, such as primary care physicians. The Company's affiliated providers build trusted, professional relationships with these physicians and their associated medical groups, which can lead to recurring FFS volume; however, this volume is subject to numerous factors the Company cannot control and can fluctuate over time. The Company also receives FFS revenue for capitated patients that receive medical services which are excluded from the Company's capitation contracts. Under the FFS arrangements, third-party payors and patients are billed for patient care services provided by the TOI PCs. Payments for services provided are generally less than billed charges. The Company records revenue net of an allowance for contractual adjustments, which represents the net revenue expected to be collected from third-party payors (including managed care, commercial, and governmental payors such as Medicare and Medicaid), and patients. These expected collections are based on fees and negotiated payment rates in the case of third-party payors, the specific benefits provided for under each patient’s healthcare plan, mandated payment rates in the case of Medicare and Medicaid programs, and historical cash collections (net of recoveries). The recognition of net revenue (gross charges less contractual allowances) from such services is dependent on certain factors, such as the proper completion of medical charts following a patient visit, the forwarding of such charts to our billing center for medical coding and entering into the Company's billing system, and the verification of each patient’s submission or representation at the time services are rendered as to the payor(s) responsible for payment of such services. Revenue is recorded on the date the services are rendered based on the information known at the time of entering of such information into the Company's billing systems as well as an estimate of the revenue associated with medical services.

Current wording

FFS revenue represents revenue earned under contracts in which we bill and collect for specific medical services rendered by the TOI PCs’ employed physicians. The terms for FFS contracts are short in duration and only last for the period over which services are rendered (typically, one day). FFS revenue consists of fees for medical services provided to patients. As specialist providers, our FFS revenue is dependent on referrals from other physicians, such as primary care physicians. The Company's affiliated providers build trusted, professional relationships with these physicians and their associated medical groups, which can lead to recurring FFS volume; however, this volume is subject to numerous factors the Company cannot control and can fluctuate over time. The Company also receives FFS revenue for capitated patients that receive medical services which are excluded from the Company's capitation contracts. Under the FFS arrangements, third-party payors and patients are billed for patient care services provided by the TOI PCs. Payments for services provided are generally less than billed charges. The Company records revenue net of an allowance for contractual adjustments, which represents the net revenue expected to be collected from third-party payors (including managed care, commercial, and governmental payors such as Medicare and Medicaid), and patients. These expected collections are based on fees and negotiated payment rates in the case of third-party payors, the specific benefits provided for under each patient’s healthcare plan, mandated payment rates in the case of Medicare and Medicaid programs, and historical gross charges and cash collections (net of recoveries). The recognition of net revenue (gross charges less contractual allowances) from such services is dependent on certain factors, such as the proper completion of medical charts following a patient visit, the forwarding of such charts to our billing center for medical coding and entering into the Company's billing system, and the verification of each patient’s submission or representation at the time services are rendered as to the payor(s) responsible for payment of such services. Revenue is recorded on the date the services are rendered based on the information known at the time of entering of such information into the Company's billing systems as well as an estimate of the revenue associated with medical services.

Previous wording

Oral prescription drugs prescribed by doctors to their patients are sold directly through the TOI PCs’ dispensaries and our newly-acquired pharmacy. Revenue for the prescriptions is based on fee schedules set by various PBMs and other third-party payors. The fee schedule is often subject to direct and indirect remuneration (“DIR”) fees, which are based primarily on pre-established metrics. DIR fees may be assessed in the periods after payments are received against future payments. The Company recognizes revenue, deducted by estimated DIR fees, at the time the patient takes possession of the oral drug.

Current wording

Oral prescription drugs prescribed by doctors to their patients are sold directly through the TOI PCs’ dispensaries and our retail pharmacies. Revenue for the prescriptions is based on fee schedules set by various PBMs and other third-party payors.

Previous wording

The TOI PCs also enter into contracts to perform clinical research trials. The terms for clinical trial contracts last many months as the clinical research is performed. Each contract represents a single, integrated set of research activities that are satisfied over time as the output of results from the trial is captured for the trial sponsor to review. Under the clinical trial contracts, the TOI PCs receive a fixed payment for administrative, set-up, and close-down fees; a fixed amount for each patient site visit; and certain expense reimbursements. The Company recognizes revenue for these arrangements on the fees earned to date based on the state of the trial, as established under contract with the customer.

Current wording

The TOI PCs also enter into contracts to perform clinical research trials. The terms for clinical trial contracts last many months as the clinical research is performed. Each contract represents a single, integrated set of research activities that are satisfied over time as the output of results from the trial is captured for the trial sponsor to review. Under the clinical trial contracts, the TOI PCs receive a fixed payment for administrative, set-up, and close-down fees; a fixed amount for each patient site visit; and certain expense reimbursements. The Company recognizes revenue for these arrangements on the fees earned to date based on the state of the trial, as established under contract with the customer. On March 31, 2025, the Company entered into a Research Services Agreement ("RSA") with Helios CR, Inc. ("Helios"), effective May 5, 2025, pursuant to which the Clinical Trials segment is operated by Helios in its entirety under a profit sharing arrangement with the Company. As part of the RSA, there is a Transition Services Agreement, in which certain administrative and professional services are provided by Helios for a certain period of time. Additionally, the Company pays a management fee to Helios on a periodic basis for certain shared services.

Previous wording

Direct costs - dispensary primarily includes the cost of oral medications dispensed in the TOI PCs’ clinic locations.

Current wording

Direct costs - specialty pharmacy primarily includes the cost of medications dispensed in the TOI PCs’ clinic locations.

Previous wording

The increase in dispensary revenue was primarily due to a 85.9% increase in the number of fills offset by 6.8% decrease in the average revenue per fill.

Current wording

The increase in specialty pharmacy revenue was primarily due to a 66.6% increase in the number of fills offset by 10.2% decrease in the average revenue per fill. This is driven by increases in pharmacy services provided to both our capitated and fee-for-service populations, due to higher underlying patient volumes as well as a higher rate of prescriptions written by TOI's affiliated physicians directed towards TOI's own internal pharmacy, as a result of active efforts to drive awareness and reduce 'leakage' to outside pharmacies.

Previous wording

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the increase in clinical trials and other revenue was primarily due to an increase in other revenue compared to the prior year.

Current wording

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the decrease in clinical trials and other revenue was due to the profit sharing agreement as described in Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements.

Previous wording

The increase in patient services cost was primarily due to a 13.9% increase in clinical payroll costs due to the expectation of growth from additional contracts, partially offset by a 0.4% decrease in intravenous drug costs, primarily driven by the Company's patient mix and volume.

Current wording

The increase in patient services cost during the year as compared to the prior year was primarily due to a 13.1% increase in intravenous drug costs, driven by the Company's patient mix and increased volume, offset by a 4.1% decrease in clinical payroll costs as the Company adjusts physician compensation to better match performance, as well as increased use of advanced practice providers which results in a more efficient labor mix.

Previous wording

The increase in dispensary cost was primarily due to a 85.9% increase in the number of prescriptions filled offset by a 2.1% decrease in the average cost of the prescriptions filled.

Current wording

The increase in specialty pharmacy cost was primarily due to a 66.6% increase in the number of prescriptions filled offset by a 12.5% decrease in the average cost of the prescriptions filled, reflecting both changing drug mix as well as improvement in drug procurement performance resulting from TOI's increasing purchasing scale in addition to the deployment of enhanced analytics and coordination within TOI's medical economics and procurement functions used to optimize drug formulary and rebate attainment.

Previous wording

The decrease in selling, general and administrative expense was primarily driven by a 5.6% decrease in share-based compensation expense, a 2.1% decrease in non-clinical payroll, a 2.2% decrease in insurance expense, and a 1.5% decrease in deferred purchase price expense offset by a 2.2% increase in professional fees, a 1.6% increase in real estate and equipment expenses and a 5.1% increase in office expenses and supplies due to the growth in the Company's management and corporate teams.

Current wording

The decrease in selling, general and administrative expense was primarily driven by a 59.2% decrease in share-based compensation expense, a 9.4% decrease in non-clinical payroll, partially offset by a 22.5% increase in professional fees and a 27.5% increase in support services and office expenses.

Previous wording

The decrease in non-operating (income) expense was primarily due to the decrease in gains of $803 and $1,819, respectively during the year ended December 31, 2024, as a result of decreases in the fair value of earnout liabilities and conversion option derivative liabilities, which were created as part of the Business Combination and the issuance of the Senior Secured Convertible Note, respectively.

Current wording

The increase in the fair value of liabilities was primarily due to an unfavorable increase in the fair value of conversion option derivative liabilities due to the stock price increasing year over year with the increased likelihood of redemption. The increase in the derivative warrant liability is due to the increase in the publicly traded warrant price. These measures are related to the derivative warrant liabilities and conversion option derivative liabilities, which were created as part of the Business Combination and the issuance of the Senior Secured Convertible Note, respectively.

Previous wording

(1)Includes independent oncology practices to which we provide limited management services, but do not bear the operating costs.

Current wording

(1)Clinics operated under the TOI PCs, whereby we receive a percentage of revenue under our management services agreements, or MSAs, and are consolidated. Additionally, includes independent oncology practices to which we provide limited management services and have network provider agreements, but do not bear the operating costs.

Previous wording

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2024, non-cash addbacks were primarily comprised of non-cash rent of $411 and $259 loss on disposal of fixed assets. During the year ended December 31, 2023, non-cash addbacks were primarily comprised of a $2,020 of net bad debt write-off.

Current wording

(1)During theyear ended December 31, 2025, non-cash addbacks was comprised of the write-off of the net assets of the Clinical Trials segment and certain expenses incurred through our shared services agreement with Helios of $2,398 and a bad debt write off of $2,594, offset by non-cash rent expense of $665. During the year ended December 31, 2024, non-cash addbacks were primarily comprised of non-cash rent of $411 and $259 loss on disposal of fixed assets.

Previous wording

(3)Deferred consideration payments for practice acquisitions that are contingent upon the seller’s future employment at the Company.

Current wording

(2)Deferred consideration payments for practice acquisitions that are contingent upon the seller’s future employment at the Company.

Previous wording

(4)Consulting and legal fees were comprised of a subset of the Company’s total consulting and legal fees during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and related to certain advisory projects, software implementations, and legal fees for debt financing and predecessor litigation matters.

Current wording

(3)Consulting fees were comprised of a subset of the Company’s total consulting fees, and related to certain non-recurring advisory projects during theyear ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Previous wording

(5) Infrastructure and workforce costs were primarily comprised of recruiting expenses to build out corporate infrastructure of $1,294 and $2,227, severance expenses resulting from cost rationalization programs of $343 and $979, temporary labor of $748 and $1,365, and lease terminations, settlements, and penalty addbacks of $3,921 and $1,289 during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Current wording

(4) Infrastructure and workforce costs were primarily comprised of non-recurring legal fees related to infrastructure build out and settlements of $2,256 and $3,656, recruiting expenses to build out corporate infrastructure of $1,338 and $1,294, severance expenses resulting from cost rationalization programs of $257 and $343, stop-loss contract timing of approximately $1,248 and $0, and temporary labor of $217 and $748 during theyear ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Previous wording

(6)Transaction costs were comprised of consulting and legal fees associated with non-recurring due diligence projects during the year ended December 31, 2024, and related to consulting, legal, administrative and regulatory fees associated with share repurchases and practice acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Current wording

(5)Transaction costs incurred during theyear ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were comprised of consulting, legal, administrative and regulatory fees associated with non-recurring due diligence projects.

Previous wording

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis of accounting, which contemplates continuity of operations, realization of assets and liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company conducted an evaluation as to whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance of such financial statements. The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $49,669 and an accumulated deficit of $210,813 at December 31, 2024, and a net loss of $64,663 and net cash used in operating and investing activities of $26,538 for the year ended December 31, 2024. In February 2025, the Company entered into an Amendment to the Facility Agreement (see Note 11 - Debt) in which the Company made a partial prepayment of approximately $20 million together with accrued and unpaid interest. Among other items, the Amendment provided for the removal of the financial covenant that required the Company to hold at least $40 million of cash and cash equivalents (see Note 22 — Subsequent Events). Additionally, in March 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement for a private placement that resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $16.5 million, before deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses. Additionally, the Company's lender and existing investor, entered into an exchange agreement, in which approximately $4.1 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's senior secured convertible notes would be exchanged for common-equivalent preferred stock and warrants for common stock.

Current wording

In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company conducted an evaluation as to whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance of such financial statements. The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $33,565 and an accumulated deficit of $271,419 at December 31, 2025, and a net loss of $60,606 and net cash used in operating activities of $24,587 for the year ended December 31, 2025. In February 2025, the Company entered into an Amendment to the Facility Agreement (see Note 11 - Debt) in which the Company made a partial prepayment of approximately $20 million together with accrued and unpaid interest. Among other items, the Amendment provided for the removal of the financial covenant that required the Company to hold at least $40 million of cash and cash equivalents. Additionally, in March 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement for a private placement that resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $16.5 million, before deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses. Also, the Company's lender and existing investor, entered into an exchange agreement, in which approximately $4.1 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's senior secured convertible notes would be exchanged for common-equivalent preferred stock and warrants for common stock. Additionally, from August 2025 through October 2025, the Company raised approximately $13.8 million in net proceeds from a at-the-market offering. The Company does not intend to further use the at-the-market sales agreement related to this offering program.

Previous wording

The Company has also taken a number of other actions to increase cash flow. As one of our strategic priorities in 2024 and beyond, the Company implemented an initiative to eliminate cash burn. Due to efforts towards working capital management that saw improvements across receivables, inventory, and payables, the Company was able to generate a positive cash flow from operations in Q4 2024 of approximately $4 million. Additionally, we generated an 11% reduction in SG&A expenses compared to the prior year directly as a result of our ongoing efforts to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and optimize our overhead resourcing.

Current wording

The Company has also taken a number of other actions to increase cash flow. As one of our strategic priorities in 2025 and beyond, the Company implemented an initiative to eliminate cash burn. Due to efforts towards working capital management, the Company was able to generate a positive cash flow from operations in Q4 2025 of $3,233. Additionally, we generated a 2.1% reduction in SG&A expenses compared to the prior year directly as a result of our ongoing efforts to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and optimize our overhead resourcing.

Previous wording

•Cash used by accounts receivable increased $1,411 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 due to new contract wins and therefore more services being provided and billed.

Current wording

•Cash impacted by accounts receivable decreased $6,333 for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 due to new contract wins and therefore more services being provided and billed;

Previous wording

•Cash provided by accounts payable and accrued expenses increased $10,527 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in vendor payables resulting from the growth in the Company's business and strategic cash management;

Current wording

•Cash impacted by accounts payable and accrued expenses increased $504 for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to an increase in vendor payables resulting from the growth in the Company's business and strategic cash management;

Previous wording

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe that the following accounting policies reflects the most critical judgments and estimation uncertainty used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Results.

Current wording

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe that the following accounting policies and estimates reflects the most critical judgments and estimation uncertainty used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Results.

Previous wording

The Company presents the financial statements by segment in accordance with the relevant accounting literature to provide investors with transparency into how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) manages the business. The Company's CODM is our Chief Executive Officer. The CODM reviews financial information and allocates resources across three operating segments: dispensary, patient services, and clinical trials & other.

Current wording

The Company presents the financial statements by segment in accordance with the relevant accounting literature to provide investors with transparency into how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) manages the business. The Company's CODM is our Chief Executive Officer. The CODM reviews financial information and allocates resources across three operating segments: specialty pharmacy, patient services, and clinical trials & other.

Previous wording

Consolidated revenue primarily consists of capitation revenue, fee-for-service (FFS) revenue, dispensary revenue, and clinical trials revenue. Revenue is recognized in the period in which services are rendered or the period in which the TOI PCs are obligated to provide services. The form of billing and related risk of collection for such services may vary by type of revenue and the payor. The following paragraphs provide a summary of the principal forms of billing arrangements and how revenue is recognized for each.

Current wording

Consolidated revenue primarily consists of capitation revenue, fee-for-service (FFS) revenue, specialty pharmacy revenue, and clinical trials revenue. Revenue is recognized in the period in which services are rendered or the period in which the TOI PCs are obligated to provide services. The form of billing and related risk of collection for such services may vary by type of revenue and the payor. The following paragraphs provide a summary of the principal forms of billing arrangements and how revenue is recognized for each.