Denali Therapeutics Inc.
For the period ended Mar 31, 2026. Filed May 7, 2026.
View on SEC.govAbout this filing
A company's report for each of its first three quarters. The financial statements are not audited. It shows how the business has moved since the last annual report, and what management says changed.
Mar 31, 2026 · Filed May 7, 2026
What changed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis?
Read the current filingPrevious report: 10-Q
Period ended 2025-09-30; filed 2025-11-06.
0001714899-25-000193
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsCurrent report: 10-Q
Period ended 2026-03-31; filed 2026-05-07.
0001714899-26-000064
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsThe baseline is this issuer’s latest earlier reporting period of the same form that was filed before the current report. A previous 10-Q is a different quarter, not a year-over-year comparison. Amendments are excluded.
Compared 152 previous paragraphs and 137 current paragraphs.
76 unchanged; 46 reworded; 14 added; 30 removed; 0 previous and 1 current paragraphs rearranged.
Tables are not compared: 6 previous and 4 current tables excluded. Dates, whitespace, punctuation and numbering changes are ignored; changes to financial figures remain significant.
A changed paragraph is not evidence that risk increased or decreased. An unchanged paragraph does not establish that risk stayed the same.
Added paragraphs (14)
Current report
•our ability to successfully conduct in-house manufacturing;
Current report
We currently have one approved product. Our commercial product, AVLAYAHTM(tividenofusp alfa-eknm) received U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") approval on March 24, 2026 and is approved for the treatment of neurologic manifestations in patients with Hunter syndrome or mucopolysaccharidoses II (MPS II) when initiated in presymptomatic or symptomatic pediatric patients weighing at least 5 kg prior to advanced neurologic impairment. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial. We began commercial distribution of AVLAYAH in April 2026.
Current report
The approval of AVLAYAH is based on the reduction of a key disease biomarker, cerebrospinal fluid heparan sulfate (CSF HS), as a surrogate endpoint reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit in the treatment of neurologic manifestations of Hunter syndrome. In a Phase 1/2 clinical trial, AVLAYAH demonstrated a 91% (95% CI: 89%, 92%) reduction in CSF HS levels from baseline by week 24 of treatment. At week 24, 93% (41 of 44) of AVLAYAH-treated patients had CSF HS levels within the range of individuals without Hunter syndrome. The most common adverse reaction in the study was infusion-related reactions. The ongoing global Phase 2/3 COMPASS study is designed to generate confirmatory evidence and support global regulatory submissions for AVLAYAH. This study includes young adults living with Hunter syndrome.
Current report
In connection with the approval of AVLAYAH, the FDA granted us a Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Voucher ("PRV"). This voucher may be used to obtain priority review for a future marketing application or transferred to another sponsor.
Current report
•In January 2026, we announced that the FDA has lifted the clinical hold on the IND application for DNL952, and we are proceeding with the Phase 1 study;
Current report
•In February 2026, we presented preliminary open-label Phase 1/2 data for DNL126 study at the 2026 WORLD Symposium demonstrating substantial reductions in CSF HS, including normalization from baseline, and in urine HS with a safety profile consistent with other enzyme replacement therapies. The Phase 1/2 study remains on track for completion in 2026, supporting a potential accelerated approval pathway and commercial launch by the second half of 2027, with planning for a global Phase 3 confirmatory study underway;
Current report
•In March 2026, we announced the FDA granted accelerated approval for AVLAYAH, the first FDA-approved biologic specifically designed to cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the whole body, including the brain. We began commercial distribution of AVLAYAH in April 2026. In connection with the approval of AVLAYAH, the FDA granted us a Rare Pediatric Disease PRV;
Current report
•In March 2026, we received $200.0 million in gross proceeds in connection with the closing of the synthetic royalty funding agreement with Royalty Pharma Investments 2023 ICAV (“Royalty Pharma”); and
Current report
•In April 2026, we announced we received notification from Takeda of its decision to terminate the collaboration agreement to co-develop and co-commercialize DNL593 (PTV:PGRN) for Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD-GRN). The termination will become effective 60 days following the notice date, at which time all rights in the DNL593 program will revert to Denali. Takeda’s decision to terminate the collaboration agreement for DNL593 was driven by strategic considerations and not related to efficacy or safety data. Data from the ongoing Phase 1/2 study of DNL593, including biomarker results, are expected by the end of 2026.
Current report
Comparison of thethree months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025
Current report
•a decrease of $3.5 million in TV program external research and development expenses driven by decreased manufacturing costs related to our tividenofusp alfa program, partially offset by increased spending in clinical programs including DNL126, and multiple preclinical programs;
Current report
•a decrease of $10.4 million in other research and development expenses, comprising external costs related to small molecule programs, lab and internal manufacturing consumables, general facilities costs, and consultant costs. The decrease was primarily due to the wind-down of activities related to our DNL343 program subsequent to the first quarter of 2025, and due to lower consultant costs related to preparation of the tividenofusp alfa regulatory filing in the prior-year period, partially offset by increased manufacturing consumables for our large molecule manufacturing facility in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Current report
General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expense was$33.5 million and $29.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, and 2025, respectively. Theincrease of$4.1 million for the three month period was primarily driven by higher personnel-related costs due to increased headcount in the first quarter of 2026, reflecting headcount additions made throughout 2025 to support post-launch activities for AVLAYAH.
Current report
In March 2026, we received $200.0 million in gross proceeds under the Royalty Agreement with Royalty Pharma, which is recorded as a liability related to the revenue participation right on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2026. Under the Royalty Agreement, we may receive an additional $75.0 million upon approval of AVLAYAH by the EMA on or before December 31, 2029. In exchange, Royalty Pharma is entitled to a 9.25% royalty on worldwide net sales of AVLAYAH until cumulative royalty payments reach a cap of 3.0 times the total funding received, or 2.5 times the total funding received if such cap is reached on or before the first quarter of 2039. These obligations are described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in Note 8, “Liability Related to the Revenue Participation Right”.
Removed paragraphs (30)
Previous report
•our plans and ability to develop our own manufacturing facilities;
Previous report
•Tividenofusp alfa (DNL310, ETV:IDS), composed of iduronate-2-sulfatase ("IDS") fused to TV, is designed to deliver IDS into cells and tissues throughout the body, including the brain by crossing the BBB, with the goal of addressing the behavioral, cognitive, and physical manifestations of MPS II (Hunter syndrome);
Previous report
•In January 2025, we announced topline results that the primary endpoint was not met in Regimen G of the Phase 2/3 HEALEY ALS Platform Trial evaluating DNL343 in the treatment of ALS. In March 2025, we provided an update that additional analyses did not demonstrate a treatment effect on neurofilament light ("NfL"), a biomarker of neuronal damage, over the 24-week, double-blind period and in a subset of participants that completed an additional 28 weeks in the open-label active treatment extension. Based on these outcomes, the active treatment extension in Regimen G was discontinued. Overall, DNL343 was found to be generally well tolerated;
Previous report
•In January 2025, we announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for tividenofusp alfa (DNL310) for the treatment of individuals with MPS II. In February 2025, at the WORLD Symposium conference, we presented the primary analysis of the Phase 1/2 study in 47 participants with Hunter syndrome in the 24-week treatment period and additional long-term follow-up. In May 2025, we completed a rolling submission of a Biologics License Application ("BLA") for tividenofusp alfa under the accelerated approval pathway;
Previous report
•In February 2025, we and Sanofi executed a side letter terminating Sanofi's license to the CNS Products program including SAR443820/DNL788;
Previous report
•In February 2025, after mutual agreement to discontinue preclinical activities on ATV:TREM2, Takeda delivered notice of its election to terminate the ATV:TREM2 program on February 26, 2025, as per the terms of the Takeda Collaboration Agreement. The ATV:TREM2 program termination became effective in April 2025;
Previous report
•In April 2025, we announced productive collaboration and discussions with the FDA under the START program (“Support for clinical Trials Advancing Rare Disease Therapeutics”) around the potential for an accelerated development and approval path for DNL126 in the treatment of Sanfilippo syndrome;
Previous report
•In May 2025, Biogen announced completion of enrollment in the Phase 2b LUMA study for early-stage Parkinson's disease with a readout expected in 2026;
Previous report
•In July 2025, we announced that the FDA accepted our BLA for tividenofusp alfa for priority review, assigning a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target action date of January 5, 2026;
Previous report
•In August 2025, we announced we reached alignment with the FDA that cerebrospinal fluid heparan sulfate (CSF HS) may be considered a reasonably likely surrogate endpoint to predict clinical benefit and may therefore be used to support accelerated approval of DNL126 for MPS IIIA. Additional 49-week data from the ongoing open-label Phase 1/2 study are consistent with previously announced 25-week data, demonstrating a significant reduction in CSF HS from baseline, including normalization, and a safety profile that supports continued development;
Previous report
•In September 2025, we completed enrollment in the ongoing Phase 1/2 study of DNL126 to support an accelerated approval pathway in MPS IIIA, and a global Phase 3 confirmatory study is being planned;
Previous report
•In October 2025, we announced that the FDA has extended its review timeline of the BLA seeking accelerated approval of tividenofusp alfa. The PDUFA target date has been extended from January 5, 2026, to April 5, 2026. We continue to prepare for commercial launch;
Previous report
•In October 2025, we submitted an Investigational New Drug ("IND") application for DNL952 (ETV:GAA) to begin clinical studies in Pompe disease.
Previous report
Gain from divestiture of small molecule programs
Previous report
The gain from the divestiture of small molecule programs consists entirely of the non-cash gain associated with the divestiture ofassets associated with select preclinical small molecule programs, including specified intellectual property, tangible assets and equipment used to conduct early-stage small molecule drug discovery from the Company, in exchange for equity consideration.
Previous report
Comparison of thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Previous report
•an increase of $7.8 million in other research and development expenses, including lab consumables, consultants and general facilities costs, driven by the commencement of operations at our large molecule manufacturing facility in Salt Lake City, Utah; and
Previous report
These increases were partially offset by a $10.2 million decrease in small molecule external research and development expenses, primarily due to the winding down of activities related to the Phase 2/3 HEALEY ALS Platform Trial in 2025.
Previous report
(1)Personnel related expenses include stock-based compensation expense of $45.5 million and $44.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, reflecting an increase of $0.7 million.
Previous report
The increase in research and development expenses of approximately $24.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was primarily attributable to the following:
Previous report
•an increase of $17.8 million in TV program external research and development expenses, primarily attributable to increased spend on multiple preclinical programs including OTV:MAPT and ETV:GAA, as well as an increase in expenses of $4.9 million on our DNL126 program. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in expenses related to our DNL310 program of $6.5 million;
Previous report
•an increase of $20.1 million in other research and development expenses, including lab consumables, consultants and general facilities costs, driven by the commencement of operations at our large molecule manufacturing facility in Salt Lake City, Utah; and
Previous report
•an increase of $10.6 million in personnel-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation, primarily driven by higher headcount related to the commencement of operations at our large molecule manufacturing facility in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Previous report
These increases were partially offset by a $24.3 million decrease in small molecule external research and development expenses primarily attributable to the following:
Previous report
•a decrease of $16.3 million related to the winding down of activities related to our DNL343 program including the Phase 2/3 HEALEY ALS Platform Trial in 2025;
Previous report
•a decrease of $7.8 million for our LRRK2 program related to the R&D funding from our Collaboration and Development Funding Agreement with an unrelated third party, under which, starting in the second quarter of 2024, program expenses were offset; and
Previous report
•the divestiture of our preclinical small molecule programs in March 2024.
Previous report
General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expense was$35.5 million and $24.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, and $97.1 million and $75.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Theincreases of$10.6 million for the three month period, and $21.7 million for thenine months ended, were both primarily driven by activities related to preparations for a potential commercial launch for tividenofusp alfa.
Previous report
Gain from divestiture of small molecule programs. For a full description, see Item 2. Components of Operating Results included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Previous report
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Investing Activities
Reworded paragraphs (46)
Previous wording
•the progress, success, cost, and timing of our development activities, preclinical studies, and clinical trials, and in particular the development of our blood-brain barrier (“BBB”) platform, programs, and biomarkers, including the initiation and completion of studies or trials and related preparatory work, enrollment in such trials, the timing of when data from clinical trials will become available, the advancement of new molecule entities into clinical development and related timing, and the filing of investigational new drug applications or clinical trial applications;
Current wording
•the progress, success, cost, and timing of our development activities, preclinical studies and clinical trials, and in particular the development of our blood-brain barrier (“BBB”) platform technology, programs, and biomarkers, including the initiation and completion of studies or trials and related preparatory work, enrollment in such trials, the timing of when data from clinical trials will become available, the advancement of new molecule entities into clinical development and related timing, and the filing of investigational new drug applications or clinical trial applications;
Previous wording
•the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us and our ability to license and/or acquire additional intellectual property relating to our product candidates and Transport Vehicle ("TV");
Current wording
•the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us and our ability to license and/or acquire additional intellectual property relating to our product candidates and Transport Vehicle TM ("TV");
Previous wording
•our plans and ability to establish sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidates for which we obtain approval;
Current wording
•our ability to successfully market, manufacture, and commercialize AVLAYAH and any other products for which we obtain marketing approval;
Previous wording
•the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, if approved for commercial use, and our ability to serve those markets;
Current wording
•the size and growth potential of the markets for AVLAYAH and any other product candidates and our ability to serve those markets;
Previous wording
•the pricing and reimbursement of our product candidates, if approved and commercialized;
Current wording
•the pricing and reimbursement of AVLAYAH and any other product candidates that receive approval;
Previous wording
•the impact of adverse economic conditions such as instability in the financial services sector, rising interest rates, rising inflation, changes in currency exchange rates and currency controls, and increased labor market competition;
Current wording
•the impact of adverse economic conditions such as instability in the financial services sector, rising interest rates, rising inflation and increased labor market competition;
Previous wording
•the impact of increased geopolitical uncertainty, the global pandemic, tariffs and trade barriers, and related global economic disruptions and social conditions on our business; and
Current wording
•the impact of increased geopolitical uncertainty and related global economic disruptions and social conditions on our business; and
Previous wording
1)Discover and develop a new class of barrier-crossing therapeutics by leveraging our TransportVehicle TM ("TV") platforms and deep expertise in the blood-brain barrier ("BBB") biology to enhance the delivery of biotherapeutics to the brain and throughout the body.
Current wording
1)Discover: Invent a new class of barrier-crossing therapeutics by leveraging our TV platforms and deep expertise in blood-brain barrier ("BBB") biology to enhance the delivery of biotherapeutics to the brain and throughout the body.
Previous wording
2)Accelerate and expand a broad portfolio of TV-based product candidates to fully unlock the potential of barrier-crossing therapeutics, applying patient-informed development and driving biomarker-guided regulatory approvals.
Current wording
2)Develop: Accelerate and expand a broad portfolio of TV-based product candidates to fully unlock the potential of barrier-crossing therapeutics, applying patient-informed development and driving biomarker-guided regulatory approvals.
Previous wording
3)Launch initial products targeting rare lysosomal storage diseases as a strategic foundation for expansion into common neurodegenerative conditions and other serious diseases, while building integrated capabilities for long-term growth and profitability.
Current wording
3)Deliver: Launch initial products targeting rare lysosomal storage diseases as a strategic foundation for expansion into common neurodegenerative conditions and other serious diseases, while building integrated capabilities for long-term growth and profitability.
Previous wording
Ourclinical programs are as follows:
Current wording
Ourclinical-stage programs are as follows:
Previous wording
•DNL126 (ETV:SGSH), composed of N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase ("SGSH") fused to TV, is designed to deliver SGSH into cells and tissues throughout the body, including the brain by crossing the BBB, with the goal of treating MPS IIIA (Sanfilippo syndrome);
Current wording
•DNL126 (ETV:SGSH), composed of N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase ("SGSH") fused to TV, is designed to deliver SGSH into cells and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, by crossing the BBB, with the goal of treating MPS IIIA (Sanfilippo syndrome type A);
Previous wording
•TAK-594/DNL593 (PTV:PGRN), composed of PGRN fused to TV, is designed to restore PGRN levels in the brain with the goal of treating frontotemporal dementia ("FTD") associated with a mutation in the granulin ("GRN") gene and is being developed in collaboration with Takeda;
Current wording
•DNL593 (PTV:PGRN), composed of PGRN fused to TV, is designed to restore PGRN levels in the brain with the goal of treating frontotemporal dementia ("FTD") associated with a mutation in the granulin ("GRN") gene.
Previous wording
•DNL628 (OTV:MAPT), composed of an antisense oligonucleotide ("ASO") against MAPT fused to TV, designed to suppress gene expression of MAPT encoding the tau protein with the goal of treating Alzheimer's disease ("AD"); and
Current wording
•DNL628 (OTV:MAPT), composed of an antisense oligonucleotide ("ASO") against MAPT fused to TV, is designed to suppress gene expression of MAPT encoding the tau protein with the goal of treating Alzheimer's disease ("AD");
Previous wording
•BIIB122/DNL151, a small molecule LRRK2 inhibitor, is being developed in collaboration with Biogen for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease ("PD");
Current wording
•BIIB122/DNL151, a small molecule LRRK2 inhibitor, is being developed in collaboration with Biogen for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease ("PD"); and
Previous wording
The following table summarizes key information about our clinical stage programs:
Current wording
The following table summarizes key information about our ongoing clinical studies for our approved product and clinical-stage programs:
Previous wording
*Regulatory application has been submitted to begin clinical testing
Current wording
*Regulatory application to begin clinical testing has been approved by Health Authorities.
Previous wording
Key operational milestones in 2025 to date include:
Current wording
Key operational and financing milestones in 2026 to date include:
Previous wording
•In October 2025, we submitted a Clinical Trial Application ("CTA") for DNL628 (OTV:MAPT) to initiate clinical studies in Alzheimer’s disease; and
Current wording
•In January 2026, we announced that the Clinical Trial Application ("CTA") for DNL628 (OTV:MAPT) to initiate a Phase 1b study in Alzheimer’s disease was approved. In March 2026, the first patient was dosed in the Phase 1b study of DNL628, which is an investigational therapy enabled by Denali’s Oligonucleotide TransportVehicle™ (OTV);
Previous wording
We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any product revenue since our inception. We have funded our operations primarily from the issuance and sale of convertible preferred stock, the sale of common stock andpre-funded warrants to purchase shares of our common stockin public offerings and private placements, and payments received from our collaboration and funding agreements with Takeda, Sanofi, Biogen and other third parties.
Current wording
Until March 2026, we had no clinical products approved for commercial sale and thus had not generated any revenue from product candidates that are or were under development. Subsequent to receiving FDA approval for AVLAYAH, we began commercial distribution in April 2026. We expect it to take time to generate sufficient revenue to offset our expenses, and we can provide no assurance as to when, if ever, this will occur. Through March 31, 2026, we have funded our operations primarily from the issuance and sale of convertible preferred stock, the sale of common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of our common stock in public offerings and private placements, and payments received from our collaboration, synthetic royalty and other funding agreements with Takeda, Sanofi, Biogen, Royalty Pharma and other third parties.
Previous wording
We have incurred significant operating losses to date and expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. We had net losses of $126.9 million and $384.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $107.2 million and $308.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.92 billion. Our ability to generate product revenue will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses as we advance our current clinical stage programs through healthy volunteer and patient trials; broaden and improve our TV platform; acquire, discover, validate and develop additional product candidates; obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio; and hire additional personnel.
Current wording
We have incurred significant operating losses to date and expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. We had net losses of $128.4 million and $133.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. As of March 31, 2026, we had an accumulated deficit of $2.18 billion. Our ability to generate product revenue will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses as we advance our approved product AVLAYAH to full US and broader global approval; advance our current clinical stage programs through healthy volunteer and patient trials; broaden and improve our TV platform; acquire, discover, validate and develop additional product candidates; obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio; and hire additional personnel.
Previous wording
•In March 2025, we officially opened our clinical biomanufacturing facility in Salt Lake City, Utah, expanding U.S. manufacturing capabilities and strengthening supply chain control and operational efficiency;
Current wording
Through 2024, we relied entirely on third-party contract manufacturers to manufacture and supply our preclinical and clinical materials to be used during the development of our product candidates through 2024. In early 2025, we opened our clinical biomanufacturing facility in Salt Lake City, Utah, expanding U.S. manufacturing capabilities and strengthening supply chain control and operational efficiency. Going forward, we plan to use both our SLC facility and third-party contract manufacturers to supply our preclinical and clinical materials. We currently use third-party contract manufacturers to supply commercial product of AVLAYAH, and expect to continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
Previous wording
It is challenging to predict the nature, timing and estimated long-range costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of, and obtain regulatory approval for, any of our product candidates. This is made more challenging by events outside of our control, such as global pandemics and increased geopolitical uncertainty. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales or licensing of our product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, including the uncertainty of:
Current wording
It is challenging to predict the nature, timing and estimated long-range costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of, and obtain regulatory approval for, any of our product candidates. This is made more challenging by events outside of our control, such as increased geopolitical uncertainty. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales or licensing of AVLAYAH or any of our other product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, including the uncertainty of:
Previous wording
General and administrative expenses include personnel related expenses, such as salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense, expenses for outside professional services, pre-commercialization activities, and allocated expenses. Outside professional services consist of legal, accounting and audit services and other consulting fees. Allocated expenses consist of rent, depreciation and other expenses related to our office and research and development facility not otherwise included in research and development expenses. We expect to increase our administrative headcount as we prepare for commercialization of Tividenofusp alfa (DNL310, ETV:IDS) and advance our other product candidates through clinical development, which will increase our general and administrative expenses.
Current wording
General and administrative expenses include personnel related expenses, such as salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense, expenses for outside professional services, pre-commercialization activities, and allocated expenses. Outside professional services consist of legal, accounting and audit services and other consulting fees, including those associated with our commercial organization. Allocated expenses consist of rent, depreciation and other expenses related to our office and research and development facility not otherwise included in research and development expenses. We have increased our administrative headcount to support the commercialization of AVLAYAH and may continue to increase headcount to support our commercial and research and development activities, which we expect will increase general and administrative expenses.
Previous wording
Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses were $102.0 million and $320.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $98.2 million and $296.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
Current wording
Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses were $103.8 million and $116.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.
Previous wording
(1)Personnel related expenses include stock-based compensation expense of $15.2 million and $14.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, reflecting an increase of $1.1 million.
Current wording
(1)Personnel related expenses include stock-based compensation expense of $13.6 million and $15.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, reflecting a decrease of $1.5 million.
Previous wording
The increase in research and development expenses of approximately $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, was primarily attributable to the following:
Current wording
The decrease in research and development expenses of approximately $12.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily attributable to the following:
Previous wording
•an increase of $6.4 million in personnel-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation, primarily driven by higher headcount related to the commencement of operations at our large molecule manufacturing facility in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Current wording
These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $1.6 million in personnel-related expenses, primarily due to higher salaries associated with increased headcount to support the expansion of operations at our large molecule manufacturing facility.
Previous wording
As of September 30, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in the amount of $872.9 million. We fund our operations primarily with the proceeds from the sale of common stock and payments received from our collaboration partners, including those received under agreements with Takeda, Sanofi, and Biogen. We have sold common stock and other securities in public offerings, a private placement, and stock purchase agreements with Takeda and Biogen.
Current wording
As of March 31, 2026, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in the amount of $1.05 billion. We fund our operations primarily with the proceeds from the sale of common stock and payments received from our collaboration partners, including those received under agreements with Takeda, Sanofi, and Biogen, and we expect product sales to contribute to funding our operations following the commercial launch of AVLAYAH, although such revenues are not expected to be sufficient to offset our expenses in the near term. We have sold common stock and other securities in public offerings, a private placement, and stock purchase agreements with Takeda and Biogen.
Previous wording
Through September 30, 2025 we have obtained aggregate net proceeds of approximately$754.4 million from public offerings of our common stock, including$296.2 million obtained through the sale of 11.9 million shares of common stock in October 2022. Under stock purchase agreements with collaboration partners we have received a further$575.0 million through September 30, 2025.
Current wording
Through March 31, 2026 we have obtained aggregate net proceeds of approximately $956.1 million from public offerings of our common stock, including $12.4 million obtained through the sale of 746,468 shares of common stock in January 2026. In March 2026, wereceived $200.0 million in gross proceeds in connection with the closing of the synthetic royalty funding agreement with Royalty Pharma, triggered by the U.S. Food and Drug and Administration’s accelerated approval of AVLAYAH. Under stock purchase agreements with collaboration partners we have received a further $575.0 million through March 31, 2026.
Previous wording
In February 2025, we established a registered “at-the-market” facility for the potential future sale of up to $400.0 million of shares of common stock from time to time by entering into an equity distribution agreement with Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and Leerink Partners LLC as sales agents. The previous equity distribution agreement and related “at-the-market” facility entered into in February 2022 was terminated in February 2025. To date, no shares have been sold under either equity distribution agreement. All sales under the current equity distribution agreement are conditioned upon satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
Current wording
In February 2025, we established a registered “at-the-market” facility for the potential future sale of up to $400.0 million of shares of common stock from time to time by entering into an equity distribution agreement with Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and Leerink Partners LLC as sales agents. To date, no shares have been sold under either equity distribution agreement. All sales under the current equity distribution agreement are conditioned upon satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
Previous wording
Through September 30, 2025, we have received$115.0 million,$225.0 million, $565.0 million and $50.0 million, pursuant to our collaboration and research and development funding agreements with Takeda, Sanofi, Biogen and an unrelated third party, respectively. These payments include upfront, option and milestone payments. Additionally, we have received$53.1 million and $16.2 million in gross cost sharing reimbursements from Takeda and Biogen, respectively, and received$13.7 million in specified reimbursements from Sanofi.
Current wording
Through March 31, 2026, we have received$115.0 million,$225.0 million, $565.0 million and $50.0 million, pursuant to our collaboration and research and development funding agreements with Takeda, Sanofi, Biogen and an unrelated third party, respectively. These payments include upfront, option and milestone payments. Additionally, we have received$56.6 million and $16.2 million in gross cost sharing reimbursements from Takeda and Biogen, respectively, and received$13.7 million in specified reimbursements from Sanofi.
Previous wording
To date, we have not generated any product revenue. We do not expect to generate any product revenue unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize any of our product candidates, and we do not know when, or if, either will occur.
Current wording
Prior to the FDA approval of AVLAYAH, we had not generated any product revenue. Following the FDA approval of AVLAYAH, we commenced commercialization in April 2026 and expect to begin generating product revenue; however, we expect it to take time to generate sufficient revenue to offset our expenses, and we can provide no assurance as to when, if ever, this will occur. We do not expect to generate any product revenue from our other product candidates unless and until we obtain regulatory approval for those product candidates, and we do not know when, if ever, this will occur.
Previous wording
We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we expand our research and development activities and continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, and begin to commercialize any approved products. Further, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to incur additional costs associated with supporting our growing operations. We are subject to all of the risks typically related to the development of new product candidates, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.
Current wording
We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we expand our research and development activities and continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, and commercialize AVLAYAH and any additional approved products. Further, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to incur additional costs associated with supporting our growing operations, including commercialization activities. We are subject to all of the risks typically related to the development of new product candidates, as well as risks associated with the commercialization of an approved product, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.
Previous wording
Until we can generate a sufficient amount of revenue from the commercialization of our product candidates or from our existing collaboration agreements, or future agreements with other third parties, if ever, we expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity or debt financings. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, it could result in dilution to our existing stockholders, increased fixed payment obligations and the existence of securities with rights that may be senior to those of our common stock. If we incur indebtedness, we could become subject to covenants that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Additionally, any future collaborations we enter into with third parties may provide capital in the near term but limit our potential cash flow and revenue in the future. Any of the foregoing could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.
Current wording
Until we can generate sufficient revenue from the commercialization of AVLAYAH and any future approved products, or from our existing collaboration agreements, or future agreements with other third parties, if ever, we expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity, debt or other alternative financings. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates, or our commercial operations. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, it could result in dilution to our existing stockholders, increased fixed payment obligations and the existence of securities with rights that may be senior to those of our common stock. If we incur indebtedness, we could become subject to covenants that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Additionally, any future collaborations we enter into with third parties may provide capital in the near term but limit our potential cash flow and revenue in the future. Any of the foregoing could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.
Previous wording
Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations. We have an accumulated deficit of $1.92 billion as of September 30, 2025. We expect to incur substantial additional losses in the future as we conduct and expand our research and development activities. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to enable us to fund our projected operations through at least the twelve months following the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our existing commitments as outlined below. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. In the longer term, we anticipate that we will need substantial additional resources to fund our operations and meet future commitments.
Current wording
Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations. We have an accumulated deficit of $2.18 billion as of March 31, 2026. We expect to incur substantial additional losses in the future as we support the commercialization of AVLAYAH and conduct and expand our research and development activities. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to enable us to fund our projected operations through at least the twelve months following the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our existing commitments as outlined below. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. In the longer term, we anticipate that we will need substantial additional resources to fund our operations and meet future commitments.
Previous wording
Our existing commitments primarily relate to our obligations under existing lease agreements, and certain clinical and manufacturing agreements, including the DMSA with Lonza Sales AG ("Lonza") for the development and manufacture of biologic products. As of September 30, 2025, we had total undiscounted lease payment obligations of $57.4 million. Under the DMSA with Lonza, and certain other clinical and manufacturing agreements, we had total non-refundable purchase commitments as of September 30, 2025 of $39.4 million. While the lease obligations span multiple years, the majority of the purchase commitments with Lonza and other clinical and manufacturing agreements are due within twelve months, with some spanning several years. Further, we may be required to make contingent payments under existing arrangements upon the achievement of defined clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones in certain programs, including contingent consideration payments to former shareholders of F-star under the F-star Gamma license, and milestone and royalty payments to Genentech under the Genentech License Agreement. These commitments are more fully described in Note 6 "Commitments and Contingencies" of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and in Note 4, "Acquisition, License Agreement and Research and Development Funding Collaboration Agreement" and Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies" to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2025.
Current wording
Our existing commitments primarily relate to our obligations under existing lease agreements, certain commercial product, clinical and manufacturing agreements. As of March 31, 2026, we had total undiscounted lease payment obligations of $51.1 million. We had total non-refundable purchase commitments of $109.1 million as of March 31, 2026. While the lease obligations span multiple years, the majority of the purchase commitments are due within the upcoming twelve months. Further, we may be required to make contingent payments under existing arrangements upon the achievement of defined clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones in certain programs, including contingent consideration payments to former shareholders of F-star under the F-star Gamma license, and milestone and royalty payments to Genentech under the Genentech License Agreement. These commitments are more fully described in Note 9 "Commitments and Contingencies" of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and in Note 4, "Acquisition, License Agreement and Research and Development Funding Collaboration Agreement" and Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies" to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2026.
Previous wording
Our future funding requirements, including changes to and new commitments, will depend on many factors, including:
Current wording
Our future funding requirements, including any changes to existing commitments or the establishment of new commitments, will depend on many factors, including:
Previous wording
•our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, establish sales and marketing capabilities, and successfully market such approved product candidates;
Current wording
•our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, establish sales and marketing capabilities, and successfully market such approved product candidates, including the successful commercialization of AVLAYAH;
Previous wording
A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such operating plans.
Current wording
A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development and delivery of any of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development and delivery of that product candidate. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such operating plans.
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Current report — wording carried from elsewhere
Net Cash Provided By Investing Activities