CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

(1)Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Consumer Portfolio Services, Inc. ("CPS") was incorporated in California on March 8, 1991. CPS and its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company") specialize in purchasing and servicing retail automobile installment sale contracts ("Contracts") originated by licensed motor vehicle dealers ("Dealers") located throughout the United States. Customers located in Ohio, Texas, Illinois, California, Florida, and Georgia represented 7.8%,7.0%,5.9%,5.3%,5.3%, and 5.0%. respectively, of contracts purchased during 2025 compared with 7.3%,7.8%,5.7%,6.0%,5.4%, and 4.5% respectively in 2024. No other state had a concentration in excess of 5.0% in 2025. We specialize in contracts with vehicle purchasers who generally would not be expected to qualify for traditional financing provided by commercial banks or automobile manufacturers’ captive finance companies.

We are subject to various regulations and laws as they relate to the extension of credit in consumer credit transactions. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Principles of Consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Consumer Portfolio Services, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, certain of which are special purpose subsidiaries ("SPS"), formed to accommodate the structures under which we purchase and securitize our contracts. The Consolidated Financial Statements also include the accounts of CPS Leasing, Inc., an 80% owned subsidiary. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the statements of cash flows, we consider all highly liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and due from banks and money market accounts. Substantially all of our cash is deposited at three financial institutions. We maintain cash due from banks in excess of the banks’ insured deposit limits. We do not believe we are exposed to any significant credit risk on these deposits. As part of certain financial covenants related to debt facilities, we are required to maintain a minimum unrestricted cash balance. As of December 31, 2025, our unrestricted cash balance was $6.3 million, which exceeded the minimum amounts required by our financial covenants.

Finance Receivables Measured at Fair Value

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the fair value method of accounting for finance receivables acquired on or after that date. For each finance receivable acquired after 2017, we consider the price paid on the purchase date as the fair value for such receivable. We estimate the cash to be received in the future with respect to such receivables, based on our experience with similar receivables acquired in the past. We then compute the internal rate of return that results in the present value of those estimated cash receipts being equal to the purchase date fair value. Thereafter, we recognize interest income on such receivables on a level yield basis using that internal rate of return as the applicable interest rate. Cash received with respect to such receivables is applied first against such interest income, and then to reduce the recorded value of the receivables.

We re-evaluate the fair value of such receivables at the close of each measurement period. If the reevaluation were to yield a value materially different from the recorded value, an adjustment would be required. The twelve-month period ended December 31, 2025, includes a $6.5 million positive mark to the carrying value of the portion of the receivables portfolio accounted for at fair value. The Company recorded a $21.0 positive mark for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2024.

Anticipated credit losses are included in our estimation of cash to be received with respect to receivables. In accordance with the fair value accounting standards, credit losses are included in our computation of the appropriate level yield, therefore we do not thereafter make periodic provision for credit losses, as our best estimate of the lifetime aggregate of credit losses is included in that initial computation. Also because we include anticipated credit losses in our computation of the level yield, the computed level yield is materially lower than the average contractual rate applicable to the receivables. Because our initial recorded value is fixed as the price we pay for the receivable, rather than as the contractual principal balance, we do not record acquisition fees as an amortizing asset related to the receivables, nor do we capitalize costs of acquiring the receivables. Rather we recognize the costs of acquisition as expenses in the period incurred.

Finance Receivables, net

Finance receivables, which we have the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff, are presented at cost. All finance receivable contracts are held for investment. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the interest method without anticipating prepayments. Generally, payments received on finance receivables are restricted to certain securitized pools, and the related contracts cannot be resold. Finance receivables are charged off pursuant to the controlling documents of certain securitized pools, generally as described below under Charge Off Policy. Management may authorize an extension of payment terms if collection appears likely during the next calendar month.

Our portfolio of finance receivables consists of small-balance homogeneous contracts that are collectively evaluated for impairment on a portfolio basis. We report delinquency on a contractual basis. Once a Contract becomes greater than 90 days delinquent, we do not recognize additional interest income until the obligor under the Contract makes sufficient payments to be less than 90 days delinquent. Any payments received on a Contract that is greater than 90 days delinquent are first applied to accrued interest and then to principal reduction.

Charge Off Policy

Delinquent contracts for which the related financed vehicle has been repossessed are generally charged off at the earliest of (1) the month in which the proceeds from the sale of the financed vehicle are received, (2) the month in which 90 days have passed from the date of repossession or (3) the month in which the Contract becomes seven scheduled payments past due (see Repossessed and Other Assets below). The amount charged off is the remaining principal balance of the Contract, after the application of the net proceeds from the liquidation of the financed vehicle. With respect to delinquent contracts for which the related financed vehicle has not been repossessed, the remaining principal balance is generally charged off no later than the end of the month that the Contract becomes five scheduled payments past due.

Repossession Policy

If a Contract obligor fails to make or keep promises for payments, or if the obligor is uncooperative or attempts to evade contact or hide the vehicle, a supervisor will review the collection activity relating to the account to determine if repossession of the vehicle is warranted. Generally, such a decision is made between the 60th and 90th day past the obligor’s payment due date, but could occur sooner or later, depending on the specific circumstances.

Treatment of Securitizations

Our term securitization structure has generally been as follows:

We sell contracts we acquire to a wholly-owned SPS, which has been established for the limited purpose of buying and reselling our contracts. The SPS then transfers the same contracts to another entity, typically a statutory trust ("Trust"). The Trust issues interest-bearing asset-backed securities ("Notes"), in a principal amount equal to or less than the aggregate principal balance of the contracts. We typically sell these contracts to the Trust at face value and without recourse, except representations and warranties that we make to the Trust that are similar to those provided to us by the Dealer. One or more investors (the"Noteholders") purchase the Notes issued by the Trust; the proceeds from the sale of the Notes are then used to purchase the contracts from us. We may retain or sell subordinated Notes issued by the Trust. In addition, we have provided"Credit Enhancement" for the benefit of the Noteholders in three forms: (1) an initial cash deposit to a bank account (a"Spread Account") held by the Trust, (2) overcollateralization of the Notes, where the principal balance of the Notes issued is less than the principal balance of the contracts, and (3) in the form of subordinated Notes. The agreements governing the securitization transactions (collectively referred to as the"Securitization Agreements") require that the initial level of Credit Enhancement be supplemented by a portion of collections from the contracts until the level of Credit Enhancement reaches specified levels, which are then maintained. The specified levels are generally computed as a percentage of the principal amount remaining unpaid under the related contracts. The specified levels at which the Credit Enhancement is to be maintained will vary depending on the performance of the portfolios of contracts held by the Trusts and on other conditions. Such levels have increased and decreased from time to time based on performance of the various portfolios, and have also varied from one Trust to another.

Our warehouse securitization structures are similar to the above, except that (i) the SPS that purchases the contracts pledges the contracts to secure promissory notes or loans that it issues, and (ii) no increase in the required amount of Credit Enhancement is contemplated. Upon each sale of contracts in a securitization structured as a secured financing, we retain as assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheet the securitized contracts and record as indebtedness the Notes issued in the transaction.

We have the power to direct the most significant activities of the SPS. In addition, we have the obligation to absorb losses and the rights to receive benefits from the SPS, both of which could be potentially significant to the SPS. These types of securitization structures are treated as secured financings, in which the receivables remain on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, and the debt issued by the SPS is shown as a securitization trust debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

We receive periodic base servicing fees for the servicing and collection of the contracts. In addition, we are entitled to the cash flows from the Trusts that represent collections on the contracts in excess of the amounts required to pay principal and interest on the Notes, the base servicing fees, and certain other fees (such as trustee and custodial fees). Required principal payments on the Notes are generally defined as the payments sufficient to keep the principal balance of the Notes equal to the aggregate principal balance of the related contracts (excluding those contracts that have been charged off), or a pre-determined percentage of such balance. Where that percentage is less than 100%, the related Securitization Agreements require accelerated payment of principal until the principal balance of the Notes is reduced to the specified percentage. Such accelerated principal payment is said to create “overcollateralization” of the Notes.

If the amount of cash required for payment of fees, interest and principal on the senior Notes exceeds the amount collected during the collection period, the shortfall is generally withdrawn from the Spread Account, if any. If the cash collected during the period exceeds the amount necessary for the above allocations plus required principal payments on the subordinated Notes, if any, and there is no shortfall in the related Spread Account or other form of Credit Enhancement, the excess is released to us. If the total Credit Enhancement amount is not at the required level, then the excess cash collected is retained in the Trust until the specified level is achieved. Cash in the Spread Accounts is restricted from our use. Cash held in the various Spread Accounts is invested in high quality, liquid investment securities, as specified in the Securitization Agreements. In all of our term securitizations we have transferred the receivables (through a subsidiary) to the securitization Trust. We report the assets and liabilities of the securitization Trust on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Noteholders’ and the related securitization Trusts’ recourse against us for failure of the contract obligors to make payments on a timely basis is limited, in general, to our Finance Receivables, and Spread Accounts.

Servicing

We consider the contractual servicing fee received on our managed portfolio held by non-consolidated subsidiaries to be equal to adequate compensation. Additionally, we consider that these fees would fairly compensate a substitute servicer, should one be required. As a result, no servicing asset or liability has been recognized. Servicing fees received on the managed portfolio held by non-consolidated subsidiaries are reported as income when earned. Servicing fees received on the managed portfolio held by consolidated subsidiaries are included in interest income when earned. Servicing costs are charged to expense as incurred. Servicing fees receivable, which are included in Other Assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, represent fees earned but not yet remitted to us by the trustee.

Furniture and Equipment

Furniture and equipment are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation. We calculate depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to five years. Assets held under capital leases and leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the related lease terms. Amortization expense on assets acquired under capital lease is included with depreciation expense on owned assets.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of

Long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.

Other Income

The following table presents the primary components of Other Income:

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share were calculated using the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the related period. The following table illustrates the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

Incremental shares of 2.1 million,1.7 million and 1.7 million related to stock options and warrants have been excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, because the effect is anti-dilutive.

Deferral and Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs

Costs related to the issuance of debt are deferred and amortized using the interest method over the contractual or expected term of the related debt. Unamortized debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the related debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Income Taxes

The Company and its subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return and combined or stand-alone state franchise tax returns for certain states. We utilize the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, under which deferred income taxes are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement values of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We estimate a valuation allowance against that portion of the deferred tax asset whose utilization in future periods is not more than likely.

Purchases of Company Stock

We record purchases of our own common stock at cost and treat the shares as retired.

Stock Option Plan

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718,Compensation—Stock Compensation, that generally requires entities to recognize the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of stock options, restricted stock or other equity instruments, based on the grant date fair value of those awards. Compensation cost is recognized for awards issued to employees based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options. This cost is recognized over the period which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, generally the vesting period.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reported periods. These are material estimates that could be susceptible to changes in the near term and, accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassification

Certain amounts for the prior year have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation with no effect on previously reported earnings or shareholders’ equity.

*Financial Covenants *

Our warehouse credit facilities and our residual interest financing contain various financial covenants requiring minimum financial ratios. Such covenants include maintaining minimum levels of liquidity and net worth and not exceeding maximum leverage levels. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all such covenants. In addition, certain of our debt agreements other than our term securitizations contain cross-default provisions. Such cross-default provisions would allow the respective creditors to declare a default if an event of default occurred with respect to other indebtedness of ours, but only if such other event of default were to be accompanied by acceleration of such other indebtedness.

*Provision for Contingent Liabilities *

We are routinely involved in various legal proceedings resulting from our consumer finance activities and practices, both continuing and discontinued. Our legal counsel has advised us on such matters where, based on information available at the time of this report, there is an indication that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably determined. As of December 31, 2025, there are no such legal proceedings pending and therefore we do not have a legal contingency recorded as a liability.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

In In December of 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09,*Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,*which requires disaggregated information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures.

The amendments in this ASU became effective for the Company beginning with this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, and we have adopted using the prospective transition method. See Note 9 for disclosures reflecting the adoption of ASU 2023-09.

We do not believe that any other accounting pronouncements issued, but not yet effective, are applicable or would have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures, if adopted.

*(2)Restricted Cash *

Restricted cash consists of cash and cash equivalent accounts relating to our outstanding securitization trusts and credit facilities. The amount of restricted cash on our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $165.9 million and $125.7 million as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

Our securitization transactions and one of our warehouse credit facilities require that we establish cash reserves, or spread accounts, as additional credit enhancement. These cash reserves, which are included in restricted cash, were $74.9 million and $62.3 million as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

(3)Finance Receivables, net

Our portfolio of finance receivables, net consists of small-balance homogeneous contracts comprising a single segment and class that is collectively evaluated for impairment on a portfolio basis according to delinquency status. Our contract purchase guidelines are designed to produce a homogenous portfolio. For key terms such as interest rate, length of contract, monthly payment and amount financed, there is relatively little variation from the average for the portfolio. We report delinquency on a contractual basis. Once a contract becomes greater than 90 days delinquent, we do not recognize additional interest income until the obligor under the contract makes sufficient payments to be less than 90 days delinquent. Any payments received on a contract that is greater than 90 days delinquent are first applied to accrued interest and then to principal reduction.

In January 2018 the Company adopted the fair value method of accounting for finance receivables acquired after 2017. Finance receivables measured at fair value are recorded separately on the Company’s Balance Sheet and are excluded from all tables in this footnote.

We consider an automobile contract delinquent when an obligor fails to make at least 90% of a contractually due payment by the following due date, which date may have been extended within limits specified in the servicing agreements. The period of delinquency is based on the number of days payments are contractually past due, as extended where applicable. Automobile contracts less than 31 days delinquent are not reported as delinquent. In certain circumstances we will grant obligors one-month payment extensions. The only modification of terms is to advance the obligor’s next due date by one month and extend the maturity date of the receivable by one month. In certain limited cases, a two-month extension may be granted. There are no other concessions, such as a reduction in interest rate, forgiveness of principal or of accrued interest. Accordingly, we consider such extensions to be insignificant delays in payments. The following table summarizes the delinquency status of finance receivables as of December 31, 2025, and 2024:

Finance receivables totaling $20,000 and $271,000 on December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively, have been placed on non-accrual status as a result of their delinquency status.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Finance Receivables

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of finance receivables to present the net amount expected to be collected. Charge offs are deducted from the allowance when management believes that collectability is unlikely.

Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. We believe our historical credit loss experience provides the best basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Consequently, we use historical loss experience for older receivables, aggregated into vintage pools based on their calendar quarter of origination, to forecast expected losses for less seasoned quarterly vintage pools.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of our finance receivables by annual vintage as of December 31, 2025, and 2024:

For our receivables originated prior to January 2018, we recorded a reduction to provision for credit losses on finance receivables in the amount of $2.9 million, $5.3 million, and $22.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The reserve decrease was primarily due to a decrease in lifetime expected credit losses resulting from better-than-expected credit performance for these receivables.

The following table presents a summary of the activity for the allowance for finance credit losses, for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

The following table presents the gross charge-offs by year of origination of our finance receivables for the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023:

(4)Furniture and Equipment

The following table presents the components of furniture and equipment:

Depreciation expense totaled $881,000, $862,000, and $847,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(5)Securitization Trust Debt

We have completed numerous term securitization transactions that are structured as secured borrowings for financial accounting purposes. The debt issued in these transactions is shown on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Securitization trust debt,” and the components of such debt are summarized in the following table:

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Debt issuance costs of $16.6 million and $15.5 million as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, have been excluded from the table above. These debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the Securitization trust debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

All of the securitization trust debt was issued in private placement transactions to qualified institutional investors. The debt was issued by our wholly-owned, bankruptcy remote subsidiaries and is secured by the assets of such subsidiaries, but not by any of our other assets.

The terms of the various securitization agreements related to the issuance of the securitization trust debt, prior to 2024, require that certain credit loss criteria be met with respect to the collateral pool. We were in compliance with all such criteria as of December 31, 2025.

We are responsible for the administration and collection of the contracts. The securitization agreements also require certain funds be held in restricted cash accounts to provide additional credit enhancement for the Notes or to be applied to make payments on the securitization trust debt. As of December 31, 2025, restricted cash under the various agreements totaled approximately $165.9 million. Interest expense on the securitization trust debt is composed of the stated rate of interest plus amortization of additional costs of borrowing. Additional costs of borrowing include facility fees, insurance premiums, amortization of deferred financing costs, and amortization of discounts required on the notes at the time of issuance. Deferred financing costs related to the securitization trust debt are amortized using the interest method. Accordingly, the effective cost of borrowing of the securitization trust debt is greater than the stated rate of interest.

Our wholly-owned, bankruptcy remote subsidiaries were formed to facilitate the above asset-backed financing transactions. Similar bankruptcy remote subsidiaries issue the debt outstanding under our warehouse line of credit. Bankruptcy remote refers to a legal structure in which it is expected that the applicable entity would not be included in any bankruptcy filing by its parent or affiliates. All of the assets of these subsidiaries have been pledged as collateral for the related debt. All such transactions, treated as secured financings for accounting and tax purposes, are treated as sales for all other purposes, including legal and bankruptcy purposes. None of the assets of these subsidiaries are available to pay any of our other creditors.

(6)Debt

The terms of our debt outstanding at December 31, 2025, and 2024 are summarized below:

Debt issuance costs of $3.9 million and $5.1 million as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, have been excluded from the table above. These debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the Warehouse lines of credit and residual interest financing on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

On May 11, 2012, we entered into a $100 million one-year warehouse credit line with Citibank, N.A. The facility is structured to allow us to fund a portion of the purchase price of automobile contracts by borrowing from a credit facility to our consolidated subsidiary Page Eight Funding, LLC. On July 15, 2022, we renewed our two-year revolving credit agreement with Citibank, N.A., and doubled the capacity from $100 million to $200 million. The facility provides for effective advances up to 95.00% of eligible finance receivables. The Class A loans under the facility generally accrue interest during the revolving period at a per annum rate equal to the CP Cost of Funds Rate plus 2.85% per annum, with a minimum rate of 3.60% per annum and during the amortization period at a per annum rate equal to the CP Cost of Funds Rate plus 3.85% per annum, with a minimum rate of 4.60% per annum. In July 2024, this facility was amended to extend the revolving period to July 2026 and to include an amortization period through July 2027 for any receivables pledged to the facility at the end of the revolving period. In November 2024, we closed a revolving credit agreement with Oaktree Capital Management, which is subordinate to our credit agreement with Citibank, N.A., and has a $35 million credit capacity. The facility provides effective advances up to 10.00% of eligible finance receivables. The Class B loans under the facility generally accrue interest during the revolving period at a per annum rate equal to the Adjusted Term SOFR plus 6.40% per annum, with a minimum rate of 7.15% per annum and during the amortization period at a per annum rate equal to the Adjusted Term SOFR plus 7.40% per annum, with a minimum rate of 8.15% per annum. In December 2024, we increased the capacity to $335 million. At December 31, 2025, there was $197.1 million outstanding under this facility.

On November 24, 2015, we entered into a $100 million one-year warehouse credit line with affiliates of Credit Suisse Group and Ares Management LP. In June 2022, we increased the capacity of the credit agreement from $100 million to $200 million. This facility was most recently renewed, with Ares Management LP, in March 2024, extending the revolving period to March 2026 followed by an amortization period through March 2028 for any receivables pledged to the facility at the end of the revolving period. The facility is structured to allow us to fund a portion of the purchase price of automobile contracts by borrowing from a credit facility to our consolidated subsidiary Page Nine Funding, LLC. The facility provides for effective advances up to 85.25% of eligible finance receivables. The loans under the facility accrue interest at a commercial paper rate plus 4.50% per annum, with a minimum rate of 7.50% per annum. At December 31, 2025 there was $11.8 million outstanding under this facility.

On October 17, 2025, we entered into a $167.5 million two-year warehouse credit line with Capital One, N.A as the Class A Lender and Oaktree Asset-Backed Income Private Placement Fund Inc., as the Class B Lenders. The facility is structured to allow us to fund a portion of the purchase price of automobile contracts by borrowing from a credit facility to our consolidated subsidiary Page Eleven Funding, LLC. The facility provides for effective advances up to 95.50% of eligible finance receivables. The Class A loans under the facility generally accrue interest during the revolving period at a per annum rate equal to the Term SOFR plus 2.75% per annum, with a minimum rate of 3.00% per annum and during the amortization period at a per annum rate equal to the Term SOFR plus 3.75% per annum, with a minimum rate of 4.00% per annum. The Class B loans under the facility generally accrue interest during the revolving period at a per annum rate equal to the Term SOFR plus 6.40% per annum, with a minimum rate of 6.65% per annum and during the amortization period at a per annum rate equal to the Term SOFR plus 7.40% per annum, with a minimum rate of 7.65% per annum. At December 31, 2025, there was $118.3 million outstanding under this facility.

The total outstanding debt on our three warehouse lines of credit was $327.2 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $415.2 million outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

On June 30, 2021, we completed a $50 million securitization of residual interests from previously issued securitizations. In this residual interest financing transaction, qualified institutional buyers purchased $50.0 million of asset-backed notes secured by residual interests in eleven CPS securitizations consecutively issued from January 2018 and September 2020. The sold notes (“2021-1 Notes”), issued by CPS Auto Securitization Trust 2021-1, consist of a single class with a coupon of 7.86%. At December 31, 2025, there was $31.2 million outstanding under this facility, compared to $50.0 million outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

On March 22, 2024, we completed a $50 million securitization of residual interests from previously issued securitizations. In the transaction, a qualified institutional buyer purchased $50.0 million of asset-backed notes secured by an 80% interest in a CPS affiliate that owns the residual interests in five CPS securitizations issued from January 2022 through January 2023. The sold notes (“2024-1 Notes”), issued by CPS Auto Securitization Trust 2024-1, consist of a single class with a coupon of 11.50%. At December 31, 2025, there was $49.8 million outstanding under this facility, compared to $50.0 million outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

On March 20, 2025, we completed a $65 million securitization of residual interests from previously issued securitizations. In the transaction, a qualified institutional buyer purchased $65.0 million of asset-backed notes secured by an 80% interest in a CPS affiliate that owns the residual interests in five CPS securitizations issued from October 2023 through September 2024. The sold notes (“2025-1 Notes”), issued by CPS Auto Securitization Trust 2025-1, consist of a single class with a coupon of 11.00%. At December 31, 2025, there was $63.5 million outstanding under this facility.

The agreed valuation of the collateral for the 2021-1, 2024-1, and 2025-1 Notes are the sum of the amounts on deposit in the underlying spread accounts for each related securitization and the over-collateralization of each related securitization, which is the difference between the outstanding principal balances of the related receivables less the principal balance of the outstanding notes issued in the related securitization. On each monthly payment date, the 2021-1, 2024-1, and 2025-1 Notes are entitled to interest at the coupon rate and, if necessary, a principal payment necessary to maintain a specified minimum collateral ratio.

Unamortized debt issuance costs of $1.5 million and $824,000 as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, have been excluded from the amount reported above for residual interest financing. These debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We must comply with certain affirmative and negative covenants related to debt facilities, which require, among other things, that we maintain certain financial ratios related to liquidity, net worth and capitalization. Further covenants include matters relating to investments, acquisitions, restricted payments and certain dividend restrictions. See the discussion of financial covenants in Note 1.

The following table summarizes the contractual and expected maturity amounts of our outstanding subordinated renewable notes as of December 31, 2025:

(7)Shareholders’ Equity

Common Stock

Holders of common stock are entitled to such dividends as our board of directors, in its discretion, may declare out of funds available, subject to the terms of any outstanding shares of preferred stock and other restrictions. In the event of liquidation of the Company, holders of common stock are entitled to receive,pro rata, all of the assets of the Company available for distribution, after payment of any liquidation preference to the holders of outstanding shares of preferred stock. Holders of the shares of common stock have no conversion or preemptive or other subscription rights and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock.

Stock Purchases

For the year ending December 31, 2025, we purchased 942,550 shares of our common stock at an average price of $9.20. In July 2025 our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $5 million of our common stock. There is approximately $7.1 million of board authorization remaining under such plans, which have no expiration date. The table below describes the purchase of our common stock for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2025, and 2024:

Options and Warrants

In 2025, the Company adopted and its shareholders approved the CPS 2025 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan (the “2025 Plan”) pursuant to which our Board of Directors, or a duly-authorized committee thereof, may grant stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights to our employees or employees of our subsidiaries, to directors of the Company, and to individuals acting as consultants to the Company or its subsidiaries. The maximum number of shares that may be subject to awards under the 2025 Plan is 3,000,000 plus shares authorized under prior plans and not issued. Options that have been granted under prior plans have been granted at an exercise price equal to (or greater than) the stock’s fair value at the date of the grant, with terms generally of 7-10 years and vesting generally over 4-5 years.

The per share weighted-average fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2025, was $3.41. That fair value was estimated using a binomial option pricing model using the weighted average assumptions noted in the following table. We use historical data to estimate the expected term of each option. The volatility estimate is based on the historical and implied volatility of our stock over the period that equals the expected life of the option. Volatility assumption is 54% for 2025. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on a U.S. Treasury bond with a maturity comparable to the expected life of the option. The dividend yield is estimated to be zero based on our intention not to issue dividends for the foreseeable future. There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we recorded stock-based compensation costs in the amount of $2.7 million, $3.0 million and $3.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the unrecognized stock-based compensation costs to be recognized over future periods was equal to $4.9 million. This amount will be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years.

At December 31, 2025, and 2024, options outstanding had intrinsic values of $19.4 million and $33.3 million, respectively. At December 31, 2025, and 2024, options exercisable had intrinsic values of $17.8 million and $31.2 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $8.4 million and $8.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. New shares were issued for all options exercised during the year ended December 2025 and cash of $4.7 million was received. At December 31, 2025, there were a totalof 4,501,000 additional shares available for grant under the 2025 Plan.

Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows:

The following table presents the price distribution of stock options outstanding and exercisable for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024:

We did not issue any stock options with an exercise price above or below the market price of the stock on the grant date for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

(8)Interest Income and Interest Expense

The following table presents the components of interest income:

The following table presents the components of interest expense:

(9)Income Taxes

Components of income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations were as follows:

The Company does not have pretax income from continuing foreign operations or foreign tax expense.

The following table provides a reconciliation of tax computed at the US statutory federal tax rate and the recorded tax expense (in dollars and percentages) for the year ended December 31, 2025, under the provisions of ASU No. 2023-09:

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The following table provides a reconciliation of tax computed at the statutory federal tax rate and the recorded tax expense (in percentages) for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2023-09:

Income tax payments during the year, net of refunds, are comprised of the following:

Income taxes paid (net of refunds) exceeded 5 percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds) in the following jurisdictions:

The tax effected cumulative temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2025, and 2024 are as follows:

We acquired certain net operating losses and built-in loss assets as part of our acquisitions of MFN Financial Corp. (“MFN”) in 2002 and TFC Enterprises, Inc. (“TFC”) in 2003. Moreover, both MFN and TFC have undergone an ownership change for purposes of Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 382. In general, IRC Section 382 imposes an annual limitation on the ability of a loss corporation (that is, a corporation with a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward, credit carryforward, or certain built-in losses (“BILs”)) to utilize its pre-change NOL carryforwards or BILs to offset taxable income arising after an ownership change.

In determining the possible future realization of deferred tax assets, we have considered future taxable income from the following sources: (a) reversal of taxable temporary differences; and (b) tax planning strategies that, if necessary, would be implemented to accelerate taxable income into years in which net operating losses might otherwise expire.

Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not. A valuation allowance is recognized for a deferred tax asset if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such judgements, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. Although realization is not assured, we believe that the realization of the recognized net deferred tax asset of $16,000 as of December 31, 2025, is more likely than not based on forecasted future net earnings. Our net deferred tax asset of $16,000 million consists of approximately $270,000 of net U.S. federal deferred tax liabilities and $286,000 of net state deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2025, we had net operating loss carryforwards for state income tax purposes of $3.8 million. These state net operating losses begin to expire in 2026.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted into law. The OBBBA includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business tax provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others being phased in through 2027. Through December 31, 2025, the OBBBA had not materially impacted the Company’s income taxes; however, the Company continues to evaluate the effect the OBBBA will have on the Company’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations

We recognize a tax position as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. We recognize potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. At December 31, 2025, we had no unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions.

We are subject to taxation in the US and various state jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, or local examinations by tax authorities for years before 2021.

(10)Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, equipment, software and hardware. The Company has entered into operating leases for the majority of its real estate locations, primarily office space. These leases are generally for periods of three to seven years with various renewal options. The depreciable life of leased assets is limited by the expected lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and the related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We determine if a contract contains a lease at contract inception. Right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, we use the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Right-of-use assets are included in other assets and lease liabilities are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The following table presents the supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:

The following table presents the leases expense included in Occupancy, General and administrative on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations:

The following table presents the supplemental cash flow information related to leases:

Consumer Litigation. We are routinely involved in various legal proceedings resulting from our consumer finance activities and practices, both continuing and discontinued. Consumers can and do initiate lawsuits against us alleging violations of law applicable to collection of receivables, and such lawsuits sometimes allege that resolution as a class action is appropriate. For the most part, we have legal and factual defenses to consumer claims, which we routinely contest or settle (for immaterial amounts) depending on the particular circumstances of each case.

In General. There can be no assurance as to the outcomes of the matters described above. We record at each measurement date our best estimate of probable incurred losses for legal contingencies, if any. The amount of losses that may ultimately be incurred cannot be estimated with certainty. However, based on such information as is available to us, the Company is not currently a party to any such material proceedings.

Accordingly, we believe that the ultimate resolution of legal proceedings should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition. We note, however, that in light of the uncertainties inherent in contested proceedings there can be no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not be material to our operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of our income for that period.

(11)Employee Benefits

We sponsor a pretax savings and profit-sharing plan (the “401(k) Plan”) qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under the 401(k) Plan, eligible employees are able to contribute up to the maximum allowed under the law. We may, at our discretion, match 100% of employees’ contributions up to $2,000 per employee per calendar year. Our matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan were $1.6 million, $1.5 million, and $1.4 million respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

We also sponsor a defined benefit plan, the MFN Financial Corporation Pension Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan benefits were frozen on June 30, 2001.

The following tables represent a reconciliation of the change in the plan’s benefit obligations, fair value of plan assets, and funded status at December 31, 2025, and 2024:

Additional Information

Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and cost at December 31, 2025, and 2024 were as follows:

Our overall expected long-term rate of return on assets is 6.75% per annum as of December 31, 2025. The expected long-term rate of return is based on the weighted average of historical returns on individual asset categories, which are described in more detail below.

The estimated net gain that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit cost in 2025 is $518,000.

The weighted average asset allocation of our pension benefits at December 31, 2025, and 2024 were as follows:

Our investment policies and strategies for the pension benefits plan utilize a target allocation of 75% equity securities and 25% fixed income securities (excluding Company stock). Our investment goals are to maximize returns subject to specific risk management policies. We address risk management and diversification by the use of a professional investment advisor and several sub-advisors which invest in domestic and international equity securities and domestic fixed income securities. Each sub-advisor focuses its investments within a specific sector of the equity or fixed income market. For the sub-advisors focused on the equity markets, the sectors are differentiated by the market capitalization, the relative valuation and the location of the underlying issuer. For the sub-advisors focused on the fixed income markets, the sectors are differentiated by the credit quality and the maturity of the underlying fixed income investment. The investments made by the sub-advisors are readily marketable and can be sold to fund benefit payment obligations as they become payable.

The fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2025, and 2024, by asset category, is as follows:

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*(12)Fair Value Measurements *

ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements" clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. Under the standard, fair value measurements are separately disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.

ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The three levels are defined as follows: level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

Effective January 2018 we have elected to use the fair value method to value our portfolio of finance receivables acquired in January 2018 and thereafter.

Our valuation policies and procedures have been developed by our accounting department in conjunction with our Risk department and with consultation with outside valuation experts. Our policies and procedures have been approved by our Chief Executive and our Board of Directors and include methodologies for valuation, internal reporting, calibration and back testing. Our periodic review of valuations includes an analysis of changes in fair value measurements and documentation of the reasons for such changes. There is little available third-party information such as broker quotes or pricing services available to assist us in our valuation process.

Our level 3, unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions about the factors that market participants use in pricing similar receivables and are based on the best information available in these circumstances. They include such inputs as estimates for the magnitude and timing of net charge-offs and the rate of amortization of the portfolio of finance receivable. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation would have a significant impact on our fair value measurement.

The table below presents a reconciliation of the finance receivables measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs:

The table below compares the fair values of these finance receivables to their contractual balances for the periods shown:

The following table provides certain qualitative information about our level 3 fair value measurements:

Results for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 include marks of $6.5 and $21.0 million, respectively, to the carrying value of the finance receivables accounted for at fair value. The marks are estimates based on our evaluation of the appropriate fair value and future earnings rate of existing receivables compared to recently acquired receivables and increases or decreases in our estimates of future net losses. Our re-evaluation of the fair values of these receivables resulted in a mark up for certain older receivables and a mark down to the fair values of newer receivables. The fair value mark up on the older receivables exceeded the mark down to the newer receivables resulting in a net mark up of $6.5 million and $21.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

The following table summarizes the delinquency status using the contractual balance of these finance receivables measured at fair value as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

There were no transfers in or out of level 1 or level 2 assets and liabilities for 2025 and 2024. We have no level 3 assets or liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

The estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2025, and 2024, were as follows:

13)Business Segment Information

The company hasone reportable segment. This determination is made by our Chief Executive Officer, who acts as the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”), in assessing performance and making decisions regarding resource allocation. The CODM assesses performance by reviewing the consolidated financial statements, which reflect the financial results of our one reportable operating segment.

Within the Company’s one reportable segment, it provides indirect vehicle financing to motor vehicle dealer’s less credit- worthy borrowers. The Company’s revenue primarily consists of interest income and is derived from the interest recorded on contracts the Company has purchased. The revenue generated from any individual borrower is deemed to be immaterial.

14)Subsequent Events

On January 27, 2026, we executed our first securitization of 2026. In the transaction, qualified institutional buyers purchased $345.61 million of asset-backed notes secured by $352.66 million in automobile receivables originated by CPS. The sold notes, issued by CPS Auto Receivables Trust 2026-A, consist of five classes. Ratings of the notes were provided by Standard & Poor’s and DBRS Morningstar, and were based on the structure of the transaction, the historical performance of similar receivables and CPS’s experience as a servicer. The weighted average coupon on the notes is approximately 5.18%.

The 2026-A transaction has initial credit enhancement consisting of a cash deposit equal to 1.00% of the original receivable pool balance and overcollateralization of 2.00%. The transaction agreements require accelerated payment of principal on the notes to reach overcollateralization of the lesser of 7.30% of the original receivable pool balance, or 18.00% of the then outstanding pool balance. The transaction was a private offering of securities, not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, or any state securities law.

On March 4, 2026, we executed a residual interest financing. In the transaction, qualified institutional buyers purchased $50.0 million of asset-backed notes secured by an 80% interest in a CPS majority owned affiliate (“MOA”) that owns the residual interests in four CPS securitizations issued from January 2025 through October 2025. The coupon on the notes is 8.75%.

The MOA interest includes 80% of the amounts on deposit in the underlying spread accounts for each related securitization and 80% of the over-collateralization of each related securitization, which is the difference between the outstanding principal balance of the related receivables less the outstanding principal balance of the notes associated with the securitization. On each monthly payment date, the notes will be paid interest at the coupon rate and, if necessary, a principal payment to maintain a specified minimum collateral ratio.