ACM Research Inc

Previous wording

We conduct a substantial majority of our product development, manufacturing, support and services in mainland China, with additional product development and subsystem production in Korea. Substantially all of our integrated tools are built to order at our manufacturing facilities in the Pudong region of Shanghai, which now encompass a total of 236,000 square feet of floor space for production capacity, with 100,000 square feet having been added in 2021 with the lease of a second building in the Pudong region of Shanghai. In May 2020 ACM Shanghai, through its wholly owned subsidiary ACM Shengwei, entered into an agreement for a land use right in the Lingang region of Shanghai. In 2020 ACM Shengwei began a multi-year construction project for a new 1,000,000 square foot development and production center that will incorporate state-of-the-art manufacturing systems and automation technologies and will provide floor space to support significantly increased production capacity and related R&D activities. We expect to complete construction of the first Lingang manufacturing building and commence initial production in the first half of 2024 timeframe. See “Item 2. Properties” of Part I of this report.

Current wording

We conduct a substantial majority of our product development, manufacturing, support and services in mainland China, with additional product development and subsystem production in Korea. Substantially all of our tools are built to order at our Chuansha manufacturing facilities in the Pudong region of Shanghai. In the three-months ended December 31, 2024, we began initial operations at our Lingang development and production center. The facility, when fully completed, is intended incorporate state-of-the-art manufacturing systems and automation technologies to expand our production capacity and support additional research and development activities. See “Item 2. Properties,” of Part I of this report.

Previous wording

The U.S. Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, requires that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, determine whether it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a non-U.S. jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in any non-U.S. jurisdiction. BDO China Shu Lun Pan Certified Public Accountants LLP, or BDO China, had been our independent registered public accounting firm in recent years, including for the year ended December 31, 2021. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was enacted on December 29, 2022 under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as further described below. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB reported its determination that it was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including BDO China, because of positions taken by mainland China authorities in those jurisdictions. On March 30, 2022, based on this determination, ACM Research was transferred to the SEC’s “Conclusive list of issuers identified under the HFCAA.” See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to International Aspects of Our Business—We could be adversely affected if we are unable to comply with recent and proposed legislation and regulations regarding improved access to audit and other information and audit inspections of accounting firms operating in mainland China” of this report for more information. Under current regulations, if ACM Research were to be included on this list for two consecutive years due to our independent auditor being located in a jurisdiction that does not allow for PCAOB inspections, the SEC would prohibit trading in our securities and this ultimately could cause our securities to be delisted in the U.S., and their value may significantly decline or become worthless.

Current wording

The U.S. Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, requires that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, determine whether it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a non-U.S. jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in any non-U.S. jurisdiction. Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP, or E&Y our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, is based in mainland China. Should the PCAOB determine that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including E&Y, ACM Research could be transferred to the SEC's“Conclusive list of issuers identified under the HFCA,” ("Conclusive List"). See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to International Aspects of Our Business—We could be adversely affected if we are unable to comply with recent and proposed legislation and regulations regarding improved access to audit and other information and audit inspections of accounting firms operating in mainland China” of this report for more information. Under current regulations, if ACM Research were to be included on the Conclusive List for two consecutive years due to our independent auditor being located in a jurisdiction that does not allow for PCAOB inspections, the SEC would prohibit trading in our securities and this ultimately could cause our securities to be delisted in the U.S., and their value may significantly decline or become worthless.

Previous wording

Following the completion of the STAR IPO, ACM Shanghai’s shares began trading on the STAR Market under the stock code 688082. In the STAR IPO, ACM Shanghai issued 43,355,753 shares, representing ten percent of the total 433,557,100 shares outstanding after the STAR IPO. The shares were issued at a public offering price of RMB 85.00 per share, and the proceeds of the STAR IPO totaled approximately $545.5 million, net of fees and expenses. Upon completion of the STAR IPO, ACM owned approximately 82.5% of the outstanding ACM Shanghai shares. However, in May 2023, ACM's ownership declined to 82.1% due to the exercise of 2,150,309 stock options related to ACM Shanghai shares (note 18).

Current wording

ACM Shanghai’s shares began trading on the STAR Market under the stock code 688082. In the STAR IPO, ACM Shanghai issued 43,355,753 shares, representing ten percent of the total 433,557,100 shares outstanding after the STAR IPO. The shares were issued at a public offering price of RMB 85.00 per share, and the proceeds of the STAR IPO totaled approximately $545.5 million, net of fees and expenses. Upon completion of the STAR IPO, ACM owned approximately 82.5% of the outstanding ACM Shanghai shares. As of December 31, 2024, ACM's ownership declined to 81.5% due to the exercise of 2,150,309, and 3,033,344 stock options in May 2023 and December 2024, respectively, related to ACM Shanghai shares (note 17).

Previous wording

•Fulfillment. We seek to obtain a purchase order for a tool from three to four months in advance of the expected delivery date. Depending upon the nature of a customer’s specifications, the lead time for production of a tool generally will extend from two to four months. The lead-time can be more than six months, however, and in some cases, we may need to begin producing a tool based on a customer’s non-binding forecast, rather than waiting to receive a binding purchase order.

Current wording

•Fulfillment. We seek to obtain a purchase order for a tool at least three to four months in advance of the expected delivery date. Depending upon the nature of a customer’s specifications, the lead time for production of a tool generally will extend from two to four months. The lead-time can be more than six months, however, and in some cases, we may need to begin producing a tool based on a customer’s non-binding forecast, rather than waiting to receive a binding purchase order.

Previous wording

We expect our sales prices generally to range from $0.5 million to more than $5 million for our production tools. The sales price of a particular tool will vary depending upon the required specifications. We have designed equipment models using a modular configuration that we customize to meet customers’ technical specifications. For example, our Ultra C models for SAPS, TEBO and Tahoe solutions use common modular configurations that enable us to create a wet-cleaning tool meeting a customer’s specific requirements, while using pre-existing designs for chamber, electrical, chemical delivery and other modules.

Current wording

We expect our sales prices generally to range from $0.5 million to more than $5 million for our production tools. The sales price of a particular tool will vary depending upon the required specifications. We have designed equipment models using a modular configuration that we customize to meet customers’ technical specifications. For example, our Ultra C models for SAPS, TEBO, Tahoe and other solutions use common modular configurations that enable us to create a wet-cleaning tool meeting a customer’s specific requirements, while using pre-existing designs for chamber, electrical, chemical delivery and other modules.

Previous wording

Substantially all of our sales in 2023, 2022, and 2021 were to customers located in Asia, and we anticipate that a substantial majority of our revenue will continue to come from customers located in this region for the near future. We have increased our sales efforts to penetrate the markets in North America and Western Europe.

Current wording

Substantially all of our sales since our inception were to customers located in Asia, and we anticipate that a substantial majority of our revenue will continue to come from customers located in this region for the near future. We have increased our sales efforts to penetrate the markets in North America and Western Europe.

Previous wording

As our customer base and tool installations continue to grow, we may need to hire additional manufacturing personnel. The rates at which we add customers and install tools will affect the level and time of this spending. In addition, because we often import components and spare parts from the United States, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, the effect of the currency fluctuations on our cost of revenue.

Current wording

As our customer base and tool installations continue to grow, we may need to hire additional manufacturing personnel. The rates at which we add customers and install tools will affect the level and time of this spending. In addition, because we often import components and spare parts from various foreign countries, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, the effect of the currency fluctuations on our cost of revenue.

Previous wording

We generally expect gross margin to range between 40% and 45% for the foreseeable future, with direct manufacturing costs approximating 50% to 55% of revenue and overhead costs totaling approximately 5% of revenue.

Current wording

We generally expect gross margin to range between 42% and 48% for the foreseeable future, with direct manufacturing costs approximating 50% to 55% of revenue and overhead costs totaling approximately 5% of revenue.

Previous wording

A significant portion of our raw materials are denominated in the RMB, while the majority of our purchase orders are denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a significant effect on our gross margin.

Current wording

A significant portion of our raw materials are denominated in the RMB, while the majority of our purchase orders from customers are denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a significant effect on our gross margin.

Previous wording

•cost of promotional tools to new potential customers;

Current wording

•cost of promotional tools to potential new customers;

Previous wording

•We also grant discounts to employees when they subscribe for the new shares of ACM Shanghai, and we account for those stock-based awards in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation

Current wording

•We also grant discounts to employees when they subscribe for the new shares of ACM Shanghai.

Previous wording

ACM Shanghai has received seven special government grants. The first grant, which was awarded in 2008, relates to the development and commercialization of 65nm to 45nm stress-free polishing technology. The second grant was awarded in 2009 to fund interest expense on short-term borrowings. The third grant was made in 2014 and relates to the development of electro copper-plating technology. The fourth grant was made in June 2018 and related to development of polytetrafluoroethylene. The fifth grant was made in 2020, and relates to the development of Tahoe single bench cleaning technologies. As of December 31, 2021, the fourth and fifth grants had been fully utilized. The sixth grant was made in 2020, and relates to the development of other cleaning technologies. The seventh grant was made in 2021, and relates to the development of the R&D and production center in the Lin-gang Special Area of Shanghai. These governmental authorities provide significant funding, although ACM Shanghai and ACM Shengwei is also required to invest certain amounts in the projects.

Current wording

ACM Shanghai has received seven special government grants. The first grant, which was awarded in 2008, relates to the development and commercialization of 65nm to 45nm stress-free polishing technology. The second grant was awarded in 2009 to fund interest expense on short-term borrowings. The third grant was made in 2014 and relates to the development of electro copper-plating technology. The fourth grant was made in June 2018 and related to development of polytetrafluoroethylene. The fifth grant was made in 2020, and relates to the development of Tahoe single bench cleaning technologies. As of December 31, 2021, the fourth and fifth grants had been fully utilized. The sixth grant was made in 2020, and relates to the development of other cleaning technologies. The seventh grant was made in 2021, and relates to the development of the R&D and production center in the Lin-gang Special Area of Shanghai. These governmental authorities provide significant funding, although ACM Shanghai and ACM Lingang is also required to invest certain amounts in the projects.

Previous wording

•Government subsidies relating to current expenses are recorded as reductions of those expenses in the periods in which the current expenses are recorded. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, related government subsidies recognized as reductions of relevant expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) were $1.7 million, $1.2 million, and $11.3 million, respectively.

Current wording

•Government subsidies relating to current expenses are recorded as reductions of those expenses in the periods in which the current expenses are recorded. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, related government subsidies recogn ized as reductions of relevant expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) were $0.5 million, $1.7 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

Previous wording

•Government subsidies related to depreciable assets are credited to income over the useful lives of the related assets for which the grant was received. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, related government subsidies recognized as other income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) were $0.5 million, $0.3 million, and $0.2 million, respectively.

Current wording

•Government subsidies related to depreciable assets are credited to income over the useful lives of the related assets for which the grant was received. Government subsidies related to VAT reduction are credited to income in the period received. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, related government subsidies recognized as other income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss)were $2.0 million, $0.4 million, and$0.3 million, respectively.

Previous wording

In 2019 ACM Shanghai sold a total number of shares representing 8.3% of its outstanding ACM Shanghai shares, after which ACM Research held the remaining 91.7% of ACM Shanghai’s outstanding shares. In 2021 ACM Shanghai sold a total number shares representing an additional 10% of its outstanding ACM Shanghai shares in its STAR IPO, after which ACM Research held the remaining 82.5% of ACM Shanghai’s outstanding shares. During the year-ended December 31,2023, ACM's ownership declined to 82.1% due to the exercise of 2,150,309 stock options related to ACM Shanghai shares (note 18). As a result, we reflect the portion of our net income allocable to the minority holders of ACM Shanghai shares as net income attributable to non-controlling interests.

Current wording

In 2019 ACM Shanghai sold a total number of shares representing 8.3% of its outstanding ACM Shanghai shares, after which ACM Research held the remaining 91.7% of ACM Shanghai’s outstanding shares. In 2021 ACM Shanghai sold a total number shares representing an additional 10% of its outstanding ACM Shanghai shares in its STAR IPO, after which ACM Research held the remaining 82.5% of ACM Shanghai’s outstanding shares. During the year-ended December 31,2024, ACM's ownership declined to 81.5% due to the exercise of stock options related to ACM Shanghai shares (note

Previous wording

Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract. For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. We defer revenue associated with spare parts, sold together with its tools, based on its stand-alone observable selling prices or using an expected cost-plus-margin approach when a stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, and recognizes revenue upon subsequent delivery.

Current wording

Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract. For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, primarily those that include multiple tools, or spare parts sold together with tools, the Company allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company recognizes contract liabilities associated with unsatisfied performance obligations, based on the stand-alone observable selling prices or using an expected cost-plus-margin approach when a stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, and recognizes revenue as the related performance obligations are satisfied.

Previous wording

Inventories consist of finished goods, raw materials, work-in-process and consumable materials. Finished goods are comprised of direct materials, direct labor, depreciation and manufacturing overhead. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value of the inventory on a moving weighted average basis. The cost of an inventory item purchased specifically for a customized tool is determined using the specific identification method. Market value is determined as the lower of replacement cost and net realizable value, which is the estimated selling price, in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs to complete or dispose.

Current wording

Inventories consist of finished goods, raw materials, work-in-process and consumable materials. Finished goods are comprised of direct materials, direct labor, depreciation and manufacturing overhead. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Our costing of inventories is principally determined by the weighted average cost method for raw materials.

Previous wording

We assess the recoverability of all inventories quarterly to determine if any adjustments are required. We recognize a loss or impairment if in our judgement the inventory cannot be sold or used for production, if it has been damaged or should be considered as obsolete, or if the net realizable value is lower than the cost. We also assess the status of our raw materials. We recognize a loss or impairment for any raw materials aged more than three years. The three-year aging is based on our assessment of technology change, our requirement to maintain stock for warranty coverage, and other factors. Actual demand may differ from forecasted demand, and those differences may have a material effect on recorded inventory values.

Current wording

We assess the recoverability of all inventories to determine if any adjustments are required. We recognize a loss or impairment if in our judgement the inventory cannot be sold or used for production, if it has been damaged or should be considered as obsolete, or if the net realizable value is lower than the cost. We also assess the status of our raw materials. We recognize a loss or impairment for any raw materials aged more than three years. The three-year aging is based on our assessment of technology change, our requirement to maintain stock, and other factors. For raw materials aged less than three years of age, we recognize a specific loss or impairment if we determine the item does not have future use or is otherwise impaired. Actual demand may differ from forecasted demand, and those differences may have a material effect on recorded inventory values.

Previous wording

We have provided standard assurance type warranty coverage on our tools for 12 to 36 months, covering labor and parts necessary to repair a tool during the warranty period. Warranty obligations are affected by historical failure rates and associated replacement costs. Utilizing historical warranty cost records, we calculate a rate of warranty expenses to revenue to determine the estimated warranty charge. We update these estimated charges on a regular basis. The actual product performance and field expense profilesmay differ, and in those cases, we adjust our warranty accruals accordingly. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had accrued $9.8 million and $8.8 million, respectively, in liability contingency for potential warranty claims.

Current wording

We have provided standard assurance type warranty coverage on our tools for 12 to 36 months, covering labor and parts necessary to repair a tool during the warranty period. Warranty obligations are affected by historical failure rates and associated replacement costs. Utilizing historical warranty cost records, we calculate a rate of warranty expenses to revenue to determine the estimated warranty charge. We update these estimated charges on a regular basis. The actual product performance and field expense profilesmay differ, and in those cases, we adjust our warranty accruals accordingly.

Previous wording

The increase in revenue for 2023 compared to 2022 was driven by higher sales of single wafer cleaning, Tahoe and semi-critical cleaning equipment, ECP (front-end and packaging), furnace and other technologies, and Advance packaging (excluding ECP), and services and spares. We attribute the revenue growth to continued investments in mature process nodes by current and new mainland China-based customers amidst an ongoing target to achieve a greater share of the global semiconductor market, incremental contribution from newly introduced tools, and better penetration of our product portfolio across our customer base.

Current wording

The increase in revenue for 2024 compared to 2023 was driven by higher sales of single wafer cleaning, Tahoe and semi-critical cleaning equipment, ECP (front-end and packaging), furnace and other technologies, and advanced packaging (excluding ECP), services & spares. We attribute the revenue growth to continued investments in mature process nodes by current and new mainland China-based customers amidst an ongoing target to achieve a greater share of the global semiconductor market, incremental contribution from our new products, and better penetration of our product portfolio across our customer base.

Previous wording

Cost of revenue and gross profit increased in 2023 as compared to 2022 due to the increased sales volume and an increase in gross margin. The increased gross margin versus the prior-year period was primarily due to improved gross margins for certain products, overall product mix, and a positive impact due to a change in the RMB to U.S. dollar currency exchange rate.

Current wording

Cost of revenue and gross profit increased in 2024 as compared to 2023 due to the increased sales volume and an increase in gross margin. The increased gross margin versus the prior-year period was primarily due to improved gross margins for certain products and overall product mix.

Previous wording

Gross margin may vary from period to period, primarily related to the level of utilization and the timing and mix of revenue. We expect gross margin to be between 40.0% and 45.0% for the foreseeable future, with direct manufacturing costs approximating 50.0% to 55.0% of revenue and overhead costs totaling 5.0% of revenue.

Current wording

Gross margin may vary from period to period, primarily related to the level of utilization and the timing and mix of revenue.

Previous wording

Sales and marketing expense increased in 2023 as compared to 2022, and reflected an increase of $8.1 million due to higher costs for personnel, commissions, travel and entertainment and other costs, an increase of $4.7 million due to higher costs for professional services, outside services and other costs, and an increase of $3.8 million due to higher stock -based compensation, partly offset by a decrease of ($9.6 million) for the cost of tools built for promotional purposes.

Current wording

Sales and marketing expense increased in 2024 as compared to 2023, and reflected an increase of $8.4 million due to higher personnel costs, an increase of $4.9 million due to higher stock-based compensation, and increase of $4.4 million from travel & entertainment and commissions, and an increase of $0.7 million in professional & outside services and other expenses.

Previous wording

Research and development expense increased in 2023 as compared to 2022, reflecting an increase of $15.4 million in costs of components, costs of tools built for product development purposes, and costs of other research and development supplies, an increase of $7.1 million for personnel-related costs, an increase of $5.9 million in stock-based compensation, and an increase of $4.2 million in travel and entertainment costs to support product development, professional services, and other research and development related expenses, offset by a decrease of ($2.1 million) for outside services.

Current wording

Research and development expense increased in 2024 as compared to 2023, reflecting an increase of $10.1 million for personnel-related costs, an increase of $5.7 million in stock-based compensation, and an increase of $3.7 million in travel and entertainment and other costs to support product development, offset by a $5.5 million decrease in supplies and spares used in product development activities and a $1.2 million decrease in expenses for outside services.

Previous wording

Research and development expense represented 16.6% and 16.0% of our revenue in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Without reduction by grant amounts received from mainland China governmental authorities (see “—mainland China Government Research and Development Funding”), gross research and development expense totaled $94.5 million, or 16.9% of total revenue, in the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $63.4 million, or 16.3% of revenue, in the corresponding period in 2022.

Current wording

Research and development expense represented 13.5% and 16.6% of our revenue in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Without reduction by grant amounts received from mainland China governmental authorities (see “—mainland China Government Research and Development Funding”), gross research and development expense totaled $105.9 million, or 13.6% of total revenue, in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $94.5 million, or 16.9% of revenue, in the corresponding period in 2023.

Previous wording

We expect that, for the foreseeable future, research and development expense will increase in absolute dollars as compared to 2023, as we continue to invest in research and development to advance our technologies. We intend to continue to invest in research and development to support and enhance our cleaning, plating, advanced packaging, furnace and future product offerings to build and maintain our technology leadership position.

Current wording

We expect that, for the foreseeable future, research and development expense will increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in research and development to advance our technologies. We intend to continue to invest in research and development to support and enhance our cleaning, plating, advanced packaging, furnace and future product offerings to build and maintain our technology leadership position.

Previous wording

General and administrative expense increased in 2023 as compared to 2022, reflecting an increase of $9.0 million in stock-based compensation, $3.3 million in personnel and professional services costs, $2.7 million in allowance for credit losses, and $3.1 million for travel & entertainment, depreciation and amortization, outside services, taxes and other general and administrative expenses.

Current wording

General and administrative expense increased in 2024 as compared to 2023, reflecting an increase of $10.8 million in allowance for credit losses, $10.7 million in stock-based compensation, $3.1 million in personnel costs, professional services, and $4.3 million for travel & entertainment, depreciation and amortization, outside services, taxes and other general and administrative expenses.

Previous wording

Interest income (expense), net, Other Income (expense), net

Current wording

Interest income, net, Other Income (expense), net

Previous wording

Interest income (expense), net, decreased in 2023 compared to 2022, principally as a result of reduced interest income from lower interest income on reduced cash balances, offset by increase in interest expenses incurred from a higher balance of total bank loans.

Current wording

Interest income, net, increased slightly in 2024 compared to 2023, principally as a result of increase in interest income due to increase in cash balances, offset by increase in interest expenses incurred from a higher balance of total bank loans.

Previous wording

Interest income (expense), net, increased in 2022 compared to 2021, principally as a result of reduced interest income from lower interest rates on reduced cash balances, offset by increase in interest expenses incurred from short-term and long-term bank loans.

Current wording

Interest income (expense), net, decreased in 2023 compared to 2022, principally as a result of reduced interest income from

Previous wording

Other income (expense), net primarily reflects (a) gains or losses recognized from the impact of exchange rates on our foreign currency-denominated working-capital transactions and (b) depreciation of assets acquired with government subsidies, as described under “—Government Research and Development Funding” above. We realized $1.6 million of other expense in the year ended December 31, 2023, of which $2.0 million was due to loss realized from transactions that resulted from changes in the RMB-to-U.S. dollar exchange rate, as compared to a foreign exchange gain of 1.7 million in the corresponding period in 2022.

Current wording

Other income (expense), net primarily reflects (a) gains or losses recognized from the impact of exchange rates on our foreign currency-denominated working-capital transactions and (b) government subsidies, as described under “—Government Research and Development Funding” above.

Previous wording

Other income (expense) increased by $3.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, of which $1.7 million was due to gains realized from transactions that resulted from changes in the RMB-to-U.S. dollar exchange rate, as compared to a loss of ($0.6 million) in the corresponding period in 2021.

Current wording

We realized $1.6 million of other expense in the year ended December 31, 2023, of which $2.0 million was due to loss realized from transactions that resulted from changes in the RMB-to-U.S. dollar exchange rate, as compared to a foreign exchange gain of $1.7 million in the corresponding period in 2022.

Previous wording

We recorded a realized gain on sale of short-term investments of $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a realized gain of $1.1 million for the same period in 2022 primarily due to the sales of ACM Shanghai’s indirect investment in publicly traded shares.

Current wording

We recorded a realized gain on sale of short-term investments of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to a realized gain of $9.0 million for the same period in 2023 primarily due to the sales of ACM Shanghai’s indirect investment in publicly traded shares in the 2023 fiscal year.

Previous wording

We recorded an unrealized loss on short-term investments of $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to an unrealized loss of $7.9 million for the same period in 2022, due primarily to a change in market value of ACM Shanghai’s indirect investment in publicly traded shares.

Current wording

We recorded an unrealized gain on short-term investments of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to an unrealized loss of $2.7 million for the same period in 2023, due primarily to a change in market value of ACM Shanghai’s indirect investment in publicly traded shares.

Previous wording

We recorded an unrealized loss on short-term investments of $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to an unrealized gain of $0.7 million for the same period in 2021, due primarily to a change in market value of ACM Shanghai’s indirect investment in publicly traded shares.

Current wording

compared to an unrealized loss of $7.9 million for the same period in 2022, due primarily to a change in market value of

Previous wording

Income from equity method investments for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $5.3 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to higher net income from equity method investments.

Current wording

Income from equity method investments for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $9.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a significant decrease in net income from equity method investments.

Previous wording

We recognized a tax expense of $19.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a tax expense of $16.8 million for the prior year period. The increased tax expense in 2023 primarily resulted from the tax effect of increased operating profit generated.

Current wording

We recognized a tax expense of $$35.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to a tax expense of $19.4 million for the prior year period. The increased tax expense in 2024 primarily resulted from the tax effect of increased operating profit generated.

Previous wording

As we collect and prepare necessary data, and interpret the guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service, and other standard-setting bodies, we may make adjustments to the provisional amounts. Those adjustments may materially affect our provision for income taxes and effective tax rate in the period in which the adjustments are made. There were no adjustments made in 2023.

Current wording

As we collect and prepare necessary data, and interpret the guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service, and other standard-setting bodies, we may make adjustments to the provisional amounts. Those adjustments may materially affect our provision for income taxes and effective tax rate in the period in which the adjustments are made.

Previous wording

Our effective tax rate differs from statutory rates of 21% for U.S. federal income tax purposes and 12.5% to 25% for mainland China income tax purposes due to the effects of the valuation allowance and certain permanent differences as it pertains to book-tax differences in the treatment of stock-based compensation and non-U.S. research expenses. Our four mainland China subsidiaries, ACM Shanghai, ACM Wuxi, ACM Beijing, and ACM Lingang, are liable for mainland China corporate income taxes at the rates of 15%, 25%, 25%, and 15%, respectively. Pursuant to the Corporate Income Tax Law of mainland China, our mainland China subsidiaries generally would be liable for mainland China corporate income taxes at a rate of 25%. According to Guoshuihan 2009 No. 203, an entity certified as an “advanced and new technology enterprise” is entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 15%. ACM Shanghai was certified as an “advanced and new technology enterprise” in 2012 and again in 2016, 2018, and 2021, effective until December 31, 2023, and is expected to be re-certified for future years in 2024. In 2021, ACM Shanghai was certified as an eligible integrated circuit production enterprise and is entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 12.5% from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022. Certain entities which meet requirements according to the Policy of the Lingang New area in China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone are entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 15%. ACM Lingang was certified for this in 2021, and this preferential income tax rate is valid from December 31, 2020 until December 31, 2024.

Current wording

Our effective tax rate differs from statutory rates of 21% for U.S. federal income tax purposes and 12.5% to 25% for mainland China income tax purposes due to the effects of the valuation allowance and certain permanent differences as it pertains to book-tax differences in the treatment of stock-based compensation and non-U.S. research expenses. Our four mainland China subsidiaries, ACM Shanghai, ACM Wuxi, ACM Beijing, and ACM Lingang, are liable for mainland China corporate income taxes at the rates of 15%, 25%, 25%, and 15%, respectively. Pursuant to the Corporate Income Tax Law of mainland China, our mainland China subsidiaries generally would be liable for mainland China corporate income taxes at a rate of 25%. According to Guoshuihan 2009 No. 203, an entity certified as an “advanced and new technology enterprise” is entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 15%. ACM Shanghai was certified as an “advanced and new technology enterprise” in 2012 and again in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024, effective until December 31, 2026. In 2021, ACM Shanghai was certified as an eligible integrated circuit production enterprise and was entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 12.5% from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022. Certain entities which meet requirements according to the Policy of the Lingang New area in China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone are entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 15%. ACM Lingang was certified for this in 2021, and this preferential income tax rate is valid from January 1, 2020 until December 31, 2024.

Previous wording

ACM Research owns 82.1% of ACM Shanghai’s (note 1) outstanding shares which is reflected in our consolidated financial statements (note 2). We reflect the portion of net income allocable to the minority holders of ACM Shanghai shares as net income attributable to non-controlling interests.

Current wording

ACM Research owns 81.5% of ACM Shanghai’s (note 1) outstanding shares which is reflected in our consolidated financial statements (note 2). We reflect the portion of net income allocable to the minority holders of ACM Shanghai shares as net income attributable to non-controlling interests.