Trade Desk Inc

Previous wording

We offer a self-service, cloud-based ad-buying platform that empowers our clients to plan, manage, optimize and measure more expressive data-driven digital advertising campaigns. Our platform allows clients to execute integrated campaigns across ad formats and channels, including video (which includes connected television (“CTV”)), display, audio, digital-out-of-home, native and social, on a multitude of devices, such as computers, mobile devices, televisions and streaming devices. Our platform’s integrations with major inventory, publisher and data partners provide ad buyers reach and decisioning capabilities, and our enterprise application programming interfaces (“APIs”) enable our clients to customize and expand platform functionality.

Current wording

We offer a self-service, cloud-based ad-buying platform that empowers our clients to plan, manage, optimize and measure more expressive data-driven digital advertising campaigns. Our platform allows clients to execute integrated campaigns across ad formats and channels, including CTV and other video, display, audio and native, on a multitude of devices, such as televisions, streaming devices, mobile devices, computers and digital-out-of-home devices. Our platform’s integrations with major inventory, publisher and data partners provide ad buyers reach and decisioning capabilities, and our enterprise APIs enable our clients to customize and expand platform functionality.

Previous wording

Our clients are advertising agencies, advertisers and other service providers for agencies or advertisers, with whom we enter into ongoing master service agreements (“MSAs”). We generate revenue by charging our clients a platform fee based on a percentage of our clients’ total advertising spend on our platform and from providing data, other value-added services and platform features.

Current wording

Our clients are advertising agencies, advertisers and other service providers for agencies or advertisers, with whom we enter into ongoing MSAs. We generate revenue by charging our clients a platform fee generally based on a percentage of our clients’ total spend on our platform and from providing value-added services and data to support their advertising campaigns.

Previous wording

The growing digitization of media and fragmentation of audiences has increased the complexity of advertising and thereby increased the need for automation in ad buying, which we provide on our platform. In order to grow, we will need to continue to develop our platform’s programmatic capabilities and expand our advertising inventory and data offerings. We believe that key opportunities include our ongoing global expansion, continuing development of our omnichannel ad inventory (including in channels such as video, including CTV, mobile, audio and others), adoption and utilization of retail media and continuing development and adoption of the data usage, measurement and targeting capabilities provided by our platform.

Current wording

The growing digitization of media and fragmentation of audiences has increased the complexity of advertising and thereby increased the need for automation in ad buying, which we provide on our platform. In order to grow, we will need to continue to develop our platform’s programmatic capabilities and expand our advertising inventory, value-added services and data to support our clients’ advertising campaigns. We believe that key opportunities include our ongoing global expansion, continuing development of our omnichannel ad inventory (including in channels such as CTV and other video, mobile, audio and others), adoption and utilization of retail data and continuing development and adoption of the data usage, measurement and targeting capabilities provided by our platform.

Previous wording

We believe that growth of the programmatic advertising market is important for our ability to grow our business. Adoption of programmatic advertising by advertisers allows us to acquire new clients and grow revenue from existing clients. Although our clients include some of the largest advertising agencies in the world, we believe there is significant room for us to further expand our relationships with existing clients and gain a larger amount of their advertising spend. We also believe that the industry trends noted above will lead to advertisers adopting programmatic advertising through platforms such as ours.

Current wording

We believe that growth of the programmatic advertising market is important for our ability to grow our business. Adoption of programmatic advertising by advertisers allows us to acquire new clients and grow revenue from existing clients. Although our clients include some of the largest advertising agencies and advertisers in the world, we believe there is significant room for us to expand our business relationships with these clients to gain a larger portion of their advertising spend through our platform. We also believe that the industry trends noted above will lead to advertisers adopting programmatic advertising through platforms such as ours.

Previous wording

Similarly, the adoption of programmatic advertising by inventory owners and content providers allows us to expand the volume and type of advertising inventory we present to our clients. For example, we have expanded our CTV, mobile, native and audio advertising offerings through our integrations with supply-side partners.

Current wording

Similarly, the adoption of programmatic advertising by inventory owners and content providers allows us to expand the volume and type of advertising inventory we present to our clients. For example, we have expanded our CTV, audio and other advertising offerings through our integrations with supply-side partners and publishers. Even if the programmatic advertising market continues to grow, the future of our business will depend on our ability to position ourselves within the market.

Previous wording

We invest for long-term growth. We anticipate that our operating expenses will continue to increase in the foreseeable future as we invest in platform operations and technology and development to enhance our product features, including programmatic buying of CTV ad inventory, and in sales and marketing to acquire new clients and reinforce our relationships with existing clients. In addition, we expect to continue making investments in our infrastructure, including our information technology, financial and administrative systems and controls, to support our growing operations.

Current wording

We invest for long-term growth. We anticipate that our operating expenses will continue to increase in the foreseeable future as we invest in platform operations for our hosting capabilities as well as technology and development to enhance our platform and related offerings, such as programmatic buying of CTV advertising inventory. We also anticipate that our sales and marketing expenses will continue to increase to acquire new clients and reinforce our relationships with existing clients. In addition, we expect to continue making investments in our infrastructure, including our information technology, financial and administrative systems and controls to support our growing operations.

Previous wording

We believe the markets outside of the United States (“U.S.”), and in particular across Europe and Asia in markets such as the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), Germany, France, China, Japan, India and Australia, offer opportunities for growth. However, such markets may also pose challenges related to compliance with local laws and regulations, restrictions on foreign ownership or investment, uncertainty related to trade relations and a variety of additional risks. We intend to make additional investments in sales and marketing and product development to expand in international markets where we are making significant investments in our platform and growing our team.

Current wording

We believe the markets outside of the United States, and in particular across Europe and Asia in markets such as the U.K, Germany, France, China, Japan, India and Australia, offer opportunities for growth. However, such markets may also pose challenges relating to compliance with local laws and regulations, restrictions on foreign ownership or investment, uncertainty relating to trade relations and a variety of additional risks. We intend to make additional investments in sales and marketing and product development to expand in international markets where we are making significant investments in our platform and growing our team.

Previous wording

Changes in foreign currency exchange rates, inflation and geopolitical developments have resulted, and may continue to result, in a global slowdown of economic activity, which may decrease demand for a broad variety of goods and services in various industries, including those provided by our clients, while also disrupting supply channels, sales channels and advertising and marketing activities for an unknown period of time until economic activity normalizes. As a result of the current uncertainty in economic activity, we are unable to predict the size and duration of the impact on our revenue and our results of operations. The extent of the impact of these macroeconomic factors on our operational and financial performance will depend on a variety of factors, and the duration and extent of geopolitical and global economic disruption and their respective impacts on our clients, partners, industry and employees, all of which are uncertain at this time and cannot be accurately predicted. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part II. Other Information for further discussion of the adverse impacts of macroeconomic uncertainty on our business.

Current wording

Changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, inflation, trade policies and practices and other geopolitical developments have resulted, and may continue to result, in a global slowdown of economic activity, which may decrease demand for a broad variety of goods and services in various industries, including those provided by our clients, while also disrupting supply channels, sales channels and advertising and marketing activities for an unknown period of time until economic activity normalizes. As a result of the current uncertainty in economic activity, we are unable to predict the size and duration of the impact on our revenue and our results of operations. The extent of the impact of these macroeconomic factors on our operational and financial performance will depend on a variety of factors, and the duration and extent of geopolitical and global economic disruption and their respective impacts on our clients, partners, industry and employees, all of which are uncertain at this time and cannot be accurately predicted. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part II. Other Information for further discussion of the adverse impacts of macroeconomic uncertainty on our business.

Previous wording

Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Current wording

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Previous wording

Revenue increased by $135 million, or 27%, and $363 million, or 27%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increase was primarily due to higher gross spend in the current year on our platform, which was primarily driven by new clients, more campaigns executed by existing clients and higher spend per campaign.

Current wording

Revenue increased by $125 million, or 25% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher gross spend in the current year on our platform, which was primarily driven by higher spend per campaign, new clients and more campaigns executed by existing clients. The increase in revenue was also due to changes in the mix of value-added services and data utilized by clients for their campaigns, which fluctuates from period to period.

Previous wording

Platform operations expense increased by $29 million, or 31%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to increases of $22 million in hosting costs and $6 million in personnel costs, which included a $2 million increase in stock-based compensation. The increase in hosting costs was primarily attributable to support costs related to the increased use of our platform by our clients, increased use of features by our technical teams in support of our platform and investment in new data centers to support the continued growth of our platform. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to the increase in stock-based compensation driven by new equity awards, an increase in platform support by engineers and headcount growth.

Current wording

Platform operations expense increased by $39 million, or 38%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to increases of $30 million in hosting costs and $8 million in personnel costs, which included a $4 million increase in stock-based compensation. The increase in hosting costs was primarily attributable to support costs relating to the increased use of our platform by our clients, increased use of features by our technical teams in support of our platform and investment in new data centers to support the continued growth of our platform. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to the increase in stock-based compensation driven by new equity awards and the impact of stock price volatility on our ESPP as well as headcount growth.

Previous wording

We expect platform operations expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to experience increased volumes of media impressions through our platform and hire additional personnel to support our growth.

Current wording

We expect platform operations expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to experience increased volumes of media impressions through our platform, invest in our hosting capabilities, including supporting new technical features and functionality of our platform and related offerings, and hire additional personnel to support our growth.

Previous wording

Sales and marketing expense increased by $28 million, or 25%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to increases of $21 million in personnel costs, which included a $4 million increase in stock-based compensation, $3 million in marketing costs and $3 million in allocated facilities costs. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to headcount growth to support our sales efforts and to continue to develop and maintain relationships with our clients; an increase in incentive compensation driven by gross spend growth; and an increase in travel costs. The increase in stock-based compensation was primarily driven by new equity awards. The increase in marketing costs was primarily due to an increase in marketing campaigns, events, creatives and client engagement. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

Current wording

Sales and marketing expense increased by $31 million, or 25%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to increases of $25 million in personnel costs, which included a $9 million increase in stock-based compensation, $4 million in marketing costs and $3 million in allocated facilities costs. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to headcount growth to support our sales efforts and to continue to develop and maintain relationships with our clients and an increase in incentive compensation driven by gross spend growth. The increase in stock-based compensation was primarily driven by new equity awards and the impact of stock price volatility on our ESPP. The increase in marketing costs was primarily due to an increase in marketing campaigns, events, creatives, sponsorships and client engagement. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

Previous wording

We expect sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods, as we focus on increasing the adoption of our platform with existing and new clients and expanding our international business.

Current wording

We expect sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods, as we continue to hire additional personnel and focus on increasing the adoption of our platform and related offerings with existing and new clients and expanding our international business.

Previous wording

Technology and development expense decreased by $0.1 million, or 0.1%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a $7 million decrease in stock-based compensation, offset by increases of $4 million in personnel costs and $2 million in allocated facilities costs. The decrease in stock-based compensation was primarily driven by the cancellation of unvested equity awards for our former Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”), which resulted in the recognition of $14 million in incremental stock-based compensation in the three months ended September 30, 2023, that did not recur in the three months ended September 30, 2024. This was partially offset by a $7 million increase in stock-based compensation primarily driven by new equity awards. The increase in personnel costs was primarily attributable to headcount growth to maintain and support further development of our platform. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

Current wording

Technology and development expense increased by $25 million, or 23%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to increases of $21 million in personnel costs, which included a $13 million increase in stock-based compensation, and $3 million in allocated facilities costs. The increase in stock-based compensation was primarily driven by new equity awards and the impact of stock price volatility on our ESPP. The increase in other personnel costs was primarily attributable to headcount growth to maintain and support further development of our platform. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

Previous wording

We expect technology and development expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in the development of our platform to support additional features and functions, increase the number of advertising inventory and data suppliers and support the anticipated increase in volume of advertising spending by our clients on our platform. We also intend to invest in technology to further automate our business processes.

Current wording

We expect technology and development expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to hire additional personnel, invest in the development of our platform and related offerings to support additional features and functionality, increase the number of advertising inventory and data suppliers and support the anticipated increase in volume of advertising spending by our clients on our platform.

Previous wording

General and administrative expense increased by $7 million, or 5%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to increases of $9 million in personnel costs and $8 million in administrative costs, partially offset by a $10 million decrease in stock-based compensation. The increase in personnel costs was primarily attributable to increased headcount to support our growth, an increase in travel costs and an increase in taxes on equity awards. The increase in administrative costs was primarily driven by increases in external professional fees and local business taxes. The decrease in stock-based compensation was primarily due to an $18 million decrease related to the CEO Performance Option driven by the graded-vesting attribution method, under which more expense is recognized earlier in the option’s life, partially offset by an $8 million increase primarily driven by new equity awards.

Current wording

General and administrative expense increased by $4 million, or 3%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to increases of $7 million in administrative costs, $3 million in personnel costs and $1 million in allocated facilities costs, partially offset by an $8 million decrease in stock-based compensation. The increase in administrative costs was primarily driven by increases in external professional fees, including legal expenses for various litigation and regulatory matters. The increase in personnel costs was primarily attributable to increased headcount to support our growth. The decrease in stock-based compensation was primarily due to a $12 million decrease relating to the CEO Performance Option driven by the graded-vesting attribution method, under which more expense is recognized earlier in the option’s life, partially offset by a $4 million increase primarily driven by new equity awards and the impact of stock price volatility on our ESPP. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

Previous wording

Excluding the impact of the CEO Performance Option, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase primarily due to continued investment in corporate infrastructure to support growth.

Current wording

Excluding the impact of the CEO Performance Option, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase primarily due to continued investment in corporate infrastructure, headcount to support growth and various litigation and regulatory matters, for which expenses may fluctuate from period to period.

Previous wording

Total other income, net, decreased by $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to losses on foreign currency forwards, driven by changes in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. Dollar, offset by foreign currency transaction gains and higher interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments driven by rising portfolio interest rates and higher amounts invested.

Current wording

Total other income, net, increased by $4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments driven by higher amounts invested, partially offset by falling portfolio interest rates.

Previous wording

The U.S. federal statutory tax rate was 21% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Current wording

The U.S. federal statutory tax rate was 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Previous wording

The provision for income taxes increased by $15 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher pre-tax profitability, partially offset by a lower impact attributable to nondeductible stock-based compensation and higher tax benefits associated with employee stock-based awards.

Current wording

The provision for income taxes increased by $11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher pre-tax profitability and lower tax benefits associated with employee stock-based awards, partially offset by a lower impact attributable to nondeductible stock-based compensation.

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2024, we had working capital of $2,223 million, which included $1,221 million in cash and cash equivalents, $70 million of which was held by our international subsidiaries, and $510 million in short-term investments in marketable securities. Additionally, we had $442 million available under our Amended Credit Facility (refer to the “Credit Facility” section below). For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we generated $540 million in cash flows from operating activities.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2025, we had working capital of $2,174 million, which included $1,119 million in cash and cash equivalents, $91 million of which was held by our international subsidiaries, and $622 million in short-term investments in marketable securities. Additionally, we had $443 million available under our Amended Credit Facility (refer to the “Credit Facility” section below). For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we generated $291 million in cash flows from operating activities.

Previous wording

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from operations, and our undrawn available balance under our Amended Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to fund our share repurchase program. Further, we have a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 on file with the SEC (the “Shelf Registration”), which permits us to issue equity securities and equity-linked securities from time to time, subject to certain limitations. The Shelf Registration is intended to provide us with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, subject to market conditions and our capital needs. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in“Item 1A. Risk Factors” within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Current wording

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from operations, and our undrawn available balance under our Amended Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements and investments we make from time to time for at least the next 12 months. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to fund our share repurchase program. Further, we have a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 on file with the SEC (the “Shelf Registration”), which permits us to issue equity securities and equity-linked securities from time to time, subject to certain limitations. The Shelf Registration is intended to provide us with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, subject to market conditions and our capital needs. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in“Item 1A. Risk Factors” within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2024, we did not have an outstanding debt balance under the Amended Credit Facility. Availability under the Amended Credit Facility was $442 million as of September 30, 2024, which is net of outstanding letters of credit of $8 million. The Amended Credit Facility matures, and all outstanding amounts become due and payable, on June 15, 2026. As of September 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2025, we did not have an outstanding debt balance under the Amended Credit Facility. Availability under the Amended Credit Facility was $443 million as of March 31, 2025, which is net of outstanding letters of credit of $7 million. The Amended Credit Facility matures, and all outstanding amounts become due and payable, on June 15, 2026. As of March 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants.

Previous wording

In February 2023, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program with authorization to purchase up to $700 million of our Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2023, $53 million remained available and authorized for repurchases. In February 2024, an additional $647 million was authorized under this program, bringing the total amount available for future repurchases back to $700 million. The share repurchase program, which has no expiration date, is designed to help offset the impact of future share dilution from employee stock issuances. Repurchases under the program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, with the amount and timing of repurchases determined at our discretion, depending on market conditions and corporate needs. Open market repurchases are structured to occur in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including within the pricing and volume requirements of Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. We may also, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate repurchases of shares under this authorization. This program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of Class A common stock, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time at the discretion of our board of directors.

Current wording

In February 2023, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program to repurchase our Class A common stock. The share repurchase program, which has no expiration date, is designed to help offset the impact of future share dilution from employee stock issuances. Repurchases under the program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, with the amount and timing of repurchases determined at our discretion, depending on market conditions and corporate needs. Open market repurchases are structured to occur in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including within the pricing and volume requirements of Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. We may also, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate repurchases of shares under this authorization. This program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of Class A common stock, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time at the discretion of our board of directors.

Previous wording

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased and subsequently retired 0.5 million shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate repurchase amount of $54 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased and subsequently retired 2 million shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate repurchase amount of $179 million. The repurchase amounts included in the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity included immaterial amounts related to the 1% excise tax on share repurchases, net of share issuances, as a result of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”). As of September 30, 2024, $521 million remained available and authorized for repurchases.

Current wording

As of December 31, 2024, $464 million remained available and authorized for repurchases. At the end of January 2025, an additional $564 million was authorized under this program, bringing the total amount available for future repurchases to $1 billion. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we repurchased and subsequently retired 6.3 million shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate repurchase amount of $400 million. The repurchase amounts included in the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity include immaterial amounts relating to the 1% excise tax on share repurchases, net of share issuances, as a result of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”). As of March 31, 2025, $631 million remained available and authorized for repurchases.

Previous wording

Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily influenced by growth in our operations, increases or decreases in collections from our clients and related payments to our suppliers for advertising inventory and data. We typically pay suppliers in advance of collections from our clients. Our collection and payment cycles can vary from period to period. In addition, we expect seasonality to impact cash flows from operating activities on a sequential quarterly basis during the year.

Current wording

Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily influenced by growth in our operations, increases or decreases in collections from our clients and related payments to our suppliers for Supplier Components. We typically pay suppliers in advance of collections from our clients. Our collection and payment cycles can vary from period to period. In addition, we expect seasonality to impact cash flows from operating activities on a sequential quarterly basis during the year.

Previous wording

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash provided by operating activities of $540 million resulted primarily from net income adjusted for noncash items of $670 million and a net decrease from our operating assets and liabilities of $130 million. The net decrease from our operating assets and liabilities was due to a $126 million increase in accounts receivable, a $68 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets and a $32 million decrease in operating lease liabilities, partially offset by an $87 million increase in accounts payable and a $9 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The increase in accounts receivable was due to the growth of our business and the timing of cash receipts from clients. The increase in prepaid expenses and other assets was primarily due to cash paid for income taxes. The decrease in operating lease liabilities was due primarily to rent payments. The increase in accounts payable was due to the growth of our business and the timing of supplier payments for the cost of advertising inventory, data and add-on features. The increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities was primarily due to an increase in the liability related to the ESPP for employee contributions toward the upcoming purchase of shares.

Current wording

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, cash provided by operating activities of $291 million resulted primarily from net income adjusted for noncash items of $208 million and a net increase from our operating assets and liabilities of $83 million. The net increase from our operating assets and liabilities was due to a $282 million decrease in accounts receivable, a $29 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities and a $20 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, partially offset by a $235 million decrease in accounts payable and a $14 million decrease in operating lease liabilities. The decrease in accounts receivable was due to the timing and seasonality of cash receipts from clients. The increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities was primarily due to an increase in income tax liability driven by the current income tax provision, net of tax payments, and an increase in liability relating to ESPP employee contributions toward the upcoming purchase of shares, partially offset by a decrease in incentive compensation liabilities driven by timing and the seasonality of our business. The decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets was primarily due to the timing of payment for employee engagement costs, including for travel and in-person events that occurred in the first quarter of 2025. The decrease in accounts payable was due to the timing and seasonality of payments to suppliers for Supplier Components. The decrease in operating lease liabilities was due primarily to rent payments.

Previous wording

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cash provided by operating activities of $507 million resulted primarily from net income adjusted for noncash items of $542 million, and a net decrease from our operating assets and liabilities of $35 million. The net decrease from our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $131 million increase in accounts receivable and a $37 million decrease in operating lease liabilities, partially offset by a $126 million increase in accounts payable and an $18 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The increase in accounts receivable was due to seasonality and the timing of cash receipts from clients. The decrease in operating lease liabilities was due primarily to rent payments. The increase in accounts payable was due to seasonality and the timing of supplier payments for the cost of advertising inventory, data and add-on features. The increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities was due to the timing of payment of personnel costs.

Current wording

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, cash provided by operating activities of $185 million resulted primarily from net income adjusted for noncash items of $178 million, and a net increase from our operating assets and liabilities of $8 million. The net increase from our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $238 million decrease in accounts receivable, partially offset by a $220 million decrease in accounts payable and a $14 million decrease in operating lease liabilities. The decrease in accounts receivable was due to the timing and seasonality of cash receipts from clients. The decrease in accounts payable was due to the timing and seasonality of payments to suppliers for Supplier Components. The decrease in operating lease liabilities was due primarily to rent payments.

Previous wording

Our primary investing activities consist of investing in short-term marketable securities, purchases of property and equipment for the expansion of our new facilities in support of our hosting capabilities and expanding headcount as a result of our growth and capital expenditures to develop our software. As our business grows, we expect our capital expenditures to increase, and our other investment activity may increase.

Current wording

Our primary investing activities consist of investing in short-term marketable securities, capital expenditures for property and equipment for the expansion of facilities to support our hosting capabilities and growing headcount as well as capital expenditures to develop our software in support of enhancing our platform and related offerings. As our business grows, we expect our capital expenditures to increase, and our other investment activity may increase.

Previous wording

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we used $51 million of cash in investing activities, consisting of $23 million of net purchases of short-term investments, $22 million to purchase property and equipment and $6 million of investments in capitalized software.

Current wording

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we used $133 million of cash in investing activities, consisting of $66 million of net purchases of short-term investments, $59 million to purchase property and equipment, $4 million for the acquisition of certain assets accounted for as a business combination and $3 million of investments in capitalized software.

Previous wording

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we used $96 million of cash in investing activities, consisting of $78 million to purchase property and equipment, $12 million of net purchases of short-term investments and $7 million of investments in capitalized software.

Current wording

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we used $21 million of cash in investing activities, consisting of $12 million of net purchases of short-term investments, $7 million to purchase property and equipment and $2 million of investments in capitalized software.

Previous wording

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we used $415 million of cash in financing activities, consisting of $427 million of cash paid for repurchases of Class A common stock and $55 million of taxes paid for restricted stock award settlements, partially offset by $45 million of proceeds from stock option exercises and $21 million of proceeds from our ESPP.

Current wording

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we used $410 million of cash in financing activities, consisting of $386 million of cash paid for repurchases of our Class A common stock and $31 million of taxes paid for restricted stock award settlements, partially offset by $8 million of proceeds from stock option exercises.

Previous wording

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we used $117 million of cash in financing activities, consisting of $177 million of cash paid for repurchases of our Class A common stock and $98 million of taxes paid for restricted stock award settlements, partially offset by $128 million of proceeds from stock option exercises and $30 million of proceeds from our ESPP.

Current wording

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we used $141 million of cash in financing activities, consisting of $125 million of cash paid for repurchases of Class A common stock and $27 million of taxes paid for restricted stock award settlements, partially offset by $11 million of proceeds from stock option exercises.

Previous wording

Our principal commitments consist of non-cancelable operating leases for our various office facilities and other contractual commitments consisting of obligations to our hosting services, hardware providers and providers of software as a service. In certain cases, the terms of the lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis.

Current wording

Our principal commitments consist of non-cancelable operating leases for our various office and hosting facilities and other contractual commitments consisting of obligations to our hosting services, hardware providers and providers of software as a service. In certain cases, the terms of the lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis.

Previous wording

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements in which we may agree to indemnify clients, suppliers, vendors, lessors, business partners, lenders, stockholders and other parties with respect to certain matters, including losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to our own business operations, obligations and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, we agree to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations and acts or omissions of third parties. These indemnity provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and other officers that will require us to indemnify them against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. In the ordinary course of business, demands have been made upon us to provide indemnification under such agreements, but we are not aware of any claims that could have a material effect on our balance sheet, statement of operations or statement of cash flows. Accordingly, no amounts for any obligation have been recorded at September 30, 2024.

Current wording

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements in which we may agree to indemnify clients, suppliers, vendors, lessors, business partners, lenders, stockholders and other parties with respect to certain matters, including losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to our own business operations, obligations and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, we agree to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations and acts or omissions of third parties. These indemnity provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and other officers that will require us to indemnify them against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. In the ordinary course of business, demands have been made upon us to provide indemnification under such agreements, but we are not aware of any claims that could have a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, no material amounts have been recorded at March 31, 2025.

Previous wording

We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the evaluation of revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of revenue recognition as net versus gross in our revenue arrangements, stock-based compensation expense and income taxes have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Current wording

We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the evaluation of revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of revenue recognition as net versus gross in our revenue arrangements, stock-based compensation expense and income taxes, including the realizability of deferred tax assets, have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.