SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES INC

Previous wording

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Certain statements contained in this report are not based on historical facts but are forward-looking statements that are based upon various assumptions about future conditions. Actual events in the future could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking information. Numerous unknown factors and future events could cause such differences, including but not limited to, product demand, market acceptance, success of marketing strategy, success of expansion efforts, impact of competition, adverse economic conditions, and other factors affecting the Company’s business that are beyond the Company’s control, which are discussed elsewhere in this report. Consequently, no forward- looking statement can be guaranteed. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Current wording

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Certain statements contained in this report are not based on historical facts but are forward-looking statements that are based upon various assumptions about future conditions. Actual events in the future could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking information. Numerous unknown factors and future events could cause such differences, including but not limited to, product demand, market acceptance, success of marketing strategy, success of expansion efforts, impact of competition, adverse economic conditions, and other factors affecting the Company’s business that are beyond the Company’s control, which are discussed elsewhere in this report. Consequently, no forward- looking statement can be guaranteed. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Previous wording

The Company’s results are from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations and the Bioprocessing Systems operations. The Company realized a loss from continuing operations of $6,445,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $9,089,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in the loss from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily due to decreased expenses resulting from operating cost reductions mostly in the Bioprocessing Systems Operations segment compared to the prior year period.

Current wording

The Company realized a loss from continuing operations of $1,780,300 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to loss from operations of $8,023,600 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in the loss from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to year ended December 31, 2024 is primarily due to the sale of the Genie® product line which resulted in a gain of $5,263,400, and reduced expenses.

Previous wording

Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $398,900 (3.6%) to $10,712,600 from $11,111,500 for year ended December 31, 2023, reflecting an increase of approximately $323,700 in net revenues from the Bioprocessing Systems products derived principally from the new DOTS MPS product introduced during the year ended December 31, 2024, and a decrease of $722,600 from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations. The reduced net revenue from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations resulted primarily from decreased sales of the Torbal division, with net revenue of Torbal and VIVID brand products decreasing to $3,107,300 in the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $3,568,700 in the prior year, due principally to reduced VIVID pill counter sales resulting primarily from the new regulations related to pharmacy direct and indirect renumeration fees “DIR fees” charged by pharmacy benefit managers, which caused financial hardships and cash flow challenges for the independent pharmacy market in the beginning of 2024. The Genie division sales decreased by approximately 4% due to overall market softness in demand for laboratory equipment.

Current wording

Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $256,700 (5.4%) to $5,053,800 from $4,797,100 for year ended December 31, 2024, reflecting an increase of approximately $645,100 in net revenues from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations. Such increase resulted primarily from increased sales of the Torbal® division products, offset by decrease in sales from the Bioprocessing Systems products which sales are derived principally from the new DOTS MPS product introduced during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Previous wording

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $595,200 (11.0%) to $4,822,700 compared to $5,417,900 for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to decreased non-cash stock-based compensation expenses in conjunction with the strategic operational plan for the Bioprocessing Systems Operations implemented in the first and second quarter of the year ended December 31, 2024.

Current wording

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $850,600 (20.6%) to $3,268,800 compared to $4,119,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 due to decreased expenses of the Bioprocessing Systems Operations and corporate expenses in conjunction with cost savings initiatives.

Previous wording

Selling expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $1,734,800 (32.3%) to $3,643,000 from $5,377,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the decreased non-cash stock-based compensation expenses and reduction of sales and marketing employees in conjunction with the strategic operational plan for the Bioprocessing Systems Operations implemented in the first and second quarters of the year ended December 31, 2024.

Current wording

Selling expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $60,800 (1.9%) to $3,114,900 from $3,205,700 for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the decreased expenses of the Bioprocessing Systems Operations in conjunction with cost savings initiatives.

Previous wording

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $660,100 (18.5%) to $2,906,100 from $3,566,200 for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to cost reductions by the Bioprocessing Systems Operations in conjunction with cost savings initiatives, and the reduction of research and development expenditures related to the completion of a new VIVID automated pill counter in the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations as compared to the prior year period.

Current wording

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $410,200 (14.2%) to $2,487,700 from $2,897,900 for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to cost reductions by the Bioprocessing Systems Operations in conjunction with cost savings initiatives.

Previous wording

The Company reflected income tax expense for continuing operations of $0 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company maintains a full valuation allowance of $9,839,400 against the consolidated net deferred tax asset as the Company determined the net deferred tax assets which includes net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax credits, are more likely not to be realized in the future. In the event in the future the Company changes the determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Current wording

The Company reflected income tax expense for continuing operations of $4,600 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company maintains a full valuation allowance of $12,928,000 against the consolidated net deferred tax asset as the Company determined the net deferred tax assets which includes net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax credits, are more likely not to be realized in the future. In the event in the future the Company changes the determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Previous wording

As a result of the foregoing, the Company recorded a reduced loss from continuing operations of $6,445,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a loss from continuing operations of $9,089,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Current wording

As a result of the foregoing, the Company recorded a loss from continuing operations of $1,780,300 for the years ended December 31, 2025 compared to a loss from continuing operations of $8,023,600 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Previous wording

As a result of the above, the Company recorded a net loss of $6,445,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a net loss of $9,086,500 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Current wording

As a result of the above, the Company recorded a net loss of $1,220,400 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to a net loss of $6,445,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Previous wording

Net cash provided by financing activities was $645,700 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $5,751,200 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease is primarily due to the prior period $5,751,200 net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants compared to the current period $645,700 net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants.

Current wording

Net cash provided by financing activities was $1,952,200 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $645,700 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase is primarily due to the issuance of common stock and exercise of certain warrants in the current year.

Previous wording

The Company has evaluated whether there are certain conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. Based on its recurring losses from operations and continued cash outflows from operating activities (all as described below), the Company has concluded that there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the date that these Consolidated Financial Statements are issued.

Current wording

Historically at the end of each reporting period, the Company has evaluated whether there are certain conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements were issued. Since the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020 the Company has recorded recuring losses from operations and continued cash outflow from operating activities as a result of its strategic focus on the Bioprocessing Systems Operations, which is still in its start-up stage.

Previous wording

*Goodwill –*Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill and long-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 350, “Intangibles- Goodwill and Other” (“ASC No. 350”). ASC No. 350 requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.

Current wording

*Goodwill –*Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill and long-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, “Intangibles- Goodwill and Other” (“ASC 350”). ASC 350 requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.

Previous wording

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had two reporting units, the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations and the Bioprocessing Systems Operations. Goodwill is tested for impairment by reporting unit on an annual basis as of December 31, the last day of its fiscal year, and in the interim if events and circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. The events and circumstances that are considered in the Company’s goodwill impairment testing include business climate and market conditions, legal factors, operating performance indicators and competition. Impairment of goodwill is first assessed using a qualitative approach. If the qualitative assessment suggests that impairment is more likely than not, a quantitative analysis is performed. The quantitative analysis involves a comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. The fair value is determined using the income approach, which utilizes the present value of expected future cash flows for each reporting unit based on estimate future cash flows, the timing of these cash flows, and a discount rate based on a weighted average cost of capital. The assumptions used to estimate future cash flows and the development of forecasts used in the fair value determination were based on assumptions made using the best information available at the time, subject to inherent risk and judgement. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. To the extent additional information arises, market conditions change, or our strategies change, it is possible that the conclusion regarding whether our remaining goodwill is impaired could change and result in future goodwill impairment charges that will have a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Current wording

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had two reporting units, the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations and the Bioprocessing Systems Operations. Goodwill is tested for impairment by reporting unit on an annual basis as of December 31, the last day of its fiscal year, and in the interim if events and circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. The events and circumstances that are considered in the Company’s goodwill impairment testing include business climate and market conditions, legal factors, operating performance indicators and competition. Impairment of goodwill is first assessed using a qualitative approach. If the qualitative assessment suggests that impairment is more likely than not, a quantitative analysis is performed. The quantitative analysis involves a comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. The fair value is determined using the income approach, which utilizes the present value of expected future cash flows for each reporting unit based on estimated cash flows, the timing of these cash flows, and a discount rate based on a weighted average cost of capital. The assumptions used to estimate future cash flows and the development of forecasts used in the fair value determination were based on assumptions made using the best information available at the time, subject to inherent risk and judgement. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. To the extent additional information arises, market conditions change, or our strategies change, it is possible that the conclusion regarding whether our remaining goodwill is impaired could change and result in future goodwill impairment charges that will have a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company performed the annual goodwill impairment analysis. The Company elected to perform the qualitative analysis for the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations reporting unit. These qualitative analyses evaluated factors, including, but not limited to, economic, market and industry conditions, cost factors and the overall financial performance of the reporting unit. In completing these assessments, the Company noted no changes in events or circumstances that indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 there was no remaining goodwill to the Bioprocessing System reporting unit.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company performed the annual goodwill impairment analysis. The Company elected to perform the qualitative analysis for the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations reporting unit. These qualitative analyses evaluated factors, including, but not limited to, economic, market and industry conditions, cost factors and the overall financial performance of the reporting unit. In completing these assessments, the Company noted no changes in events or circumstances that indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024 there was $115,300 of goodwill pertaining to the Benchtop Laboratory Operations and $0 of goodwill on the Bioprocessing System reporting unit.

Previous wording

Intangible assets – Intangible assets consist primarily of acquired technology, customer relationships, non-compete agreements, patents, licenses, websites, intellectual property in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), trademarks and trade names. All intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally 3 to 10 years. The Company continually evaluates the remaining estimated useful lives of intangible assets that are being amortized to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. The Company reviews the recoverability of our finite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets, when events or conditions occur that indicate a possible impairment exists. Determining whether impairment has occurred typically requires various estimates and assumptions, including determining which cash flows are directly related to the potentially impaired asset, the useful life over which cash flows will occur, their amount and the asset’s residual value, if any. The assessment for recoverability is based primarily on our ability to recover the carrying value of its long-lived and finite-lived intangible assets from expected future undiscounted net cash flows. If the total of expected future undiscounted net cash flows is less than the total carrying value of the assets the asset is deemed not to be recoverable and possibly impaired. We then estimate the fair value of the asset to determine whether an impairment loss should be recognized. An impairment loss will be recognized if an asset’s fair value is determined to be less than its carrying value. Fair value is determined by computing the expected future discounted cash flows. There was no impairment of intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Current wording

Intangible assets – Intangible assets consist primarily of acquired technology, customer relationships, non-compete agreements, patents, licenses, websites, intellectual property in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), trademarks and trade names. All intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally 3 to 10 years. The Company continually evaluates the remaining estimated useful lives of intangible assets that are being amortized to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. The Company reviews the recoverability of our finite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets, when events or conditions occur that indicate a possible impairment exists. Determining whether impairment has occurred typically requires various estimates and assumptions, including determining which cash flows are directly related to the potentially impaired asset, the useful life over which cash flows will occur, their amount and the asset’s residual value, if any. The assessment for recoverability is based primarily on our ability to recover the carrying value of its long-lived and finite-lived intangible assets from expected future undiscounted net cash flows. If the total of expected future undiscounted net cash flows is less than the total carrying value of the assets the asset is deemed not to be recoverable and possibly impaired. We then estimate the fair value of the asset to determine whether an impairment loss should be recognized. An impairment loss will be recognized if an asset’s fair value is determined to be less than its carrying value. Fair value is determined by computing the expected future discounted cash flows. There was an impairment of $291,000 of intangible assets within the Bioprocessing segment for the year ended December 31, 2025 while the year ended December 31, 2024 had $0 impairments.

Previous wording

In accordance with ASC 740 “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), the Company evaluated the deferred tax assets to determine if valuation allowances are required or should be adjusted. ASC 740 requires that companies assess whether valuation allowances should be established against their deferred tax assets based on consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, using a “more likely than not” standard of whether the deferred tax assets will be realized. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company maintained a full valuation allowance of $9,839,400 and $9,302,300, respectively, against the consolidated net deferred tax assets as the Company determined the net deferred tax assets which includes net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax credits, are more likely not to be realized and therefore the Company recorded a full valuation allowance. If in the future the Company changes the determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Current wording

In accordance with ASC 740 “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), the Company evaluated the deferred tax assets to determine if valuation allowances are required or should be adjusted. ASC 740 requires that companies assess whether valuation allowances should be established against their deferred tax assets based on consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, using a “more likely than not” standard of whether the deferred tax assets will be realized. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company maintained a full valuation allowance of $12,928,000 and $9,839,400, respectively, against the consolidated net deferred tax assets as the Company determined the net deferred tax assets which includes net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax credits, are more likely not to be realized and therefore the Company recorded a full valuation allowance. If in the future the Company changes the determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.