Soluna Holdings, Inc

1. Nature of Operations

Description of Business

Unless the context requires otherwise in these notes to the consolidated condensed financial statements, the terms “SHI,” “ the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Soluna Holdings, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “SDI” refers to Soluna Digital, Inc., “Soluna Cloud” or “Cloud” refers to Soluna Cloud, Inc., “SEI” refers to Soluna Energy, Inc., and "Soluna Wind" refers to Soluna Wind Holding, Inc.

Soluna Holdings, Inc. (“SHI”) is a digital infrastructure company that specializes in transforming surplus renewable energy into computing resources. The Company’s strategy is to operate data centers co-located with wind, solar, and hydroelectric power plants, supporting compute-intensive applications, including Bitcoin mining, generative AI, and high-performance computing (“HPC”). This approach aims to create a more sustainable grid while providing cost-effective and environmentally friendly computing solutions.

Soluna Holdings, Inc., was originally incorporated in the State of New York in 1961 as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and reincorporated in the State of Nevada on March 24, 2021. On March 23, 2021, SHI's common stock commenced trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC ("Nasdaq"). Headquartered in Albany, New York, the Company changed its name from “Mechanical Technology, Incorporated” to Soluna Holdings, Inc. on November 2, 2021. On October 29, 2021, Soluna Callisto Holdings, Inc. ("Soluna Callisto") merged into Soluna Computing, Inc. (“SCI”), a private green data center development company and subsidiary of SHI, in which SCI was subsequently sold and transferred all its assets in December 2023 to the Company. SHI currently conducts its business through its wholly owned subsidiary, Soluna Digital, Inc. (“SDI”). Additionally, SHI formed Soluna Cloud, Inc. (“Soluna Cloud”) on March 24, 2024, to operate cloud, colocation, and data hosting services related to high performance computing and AI. On April 2, 2024, SHI formed Soluna Energy, Inc. (“SEI”) to own and manage renewable energy power purchase agreements and land leases through a series of service subsidiaries. In January 2026, SHI formed Soluna Wind Holdings, Inc. to own and operate wind-powered energy generation facilities through its subsidiaries.

As of March 31, 2026, the Company hasfive operating sites under management. In 2021, the Company constructed a 25 MW data center and commenced operations in its Murray, Kentucky location ("Project Sophie"). The Company’s Texas site (“Project Dorothy”), located at the Briscoe wind farm, holds the potential for up to 100 MW of power generation. By June 2024, SHI had energized 50 MW of the site across two phases, Project Dorothy 1A and 1B. As of March 31, 2026, SHI holds a 14.6% Class B membership interest in Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC (“DVSL”), owner of Project Dorothy 1A, and a subsidiary of SHI holds a 100% Class A membership interest in DVSL. Subsequent to March 31, 2026, the Company purchased the remaining 85.4% Class B Membership Interest in DVSL and the Company now owns 100% of the issued and outstanding membership interests in DVSL, see Note 16 for details. SHI also holds a 51% ownership interest in Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC (“DVCC”), owner of Project Dorothy 1B. On July 22, 2024, the Company closed financing for the 48 MW data center (the “Project Dorothy 2”). Project Dorothy 2 is financed by Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC, an investment vehicle of Spring Lane Capital (“SLC”) and SDI. As of March 31, 2026, SDI has 100% Class A membership and 0% Class B membership interest in Project Dorothy 2. On July 22, 2025, the Company closed financing with SLC for a 35 megawatt (MW) expansion of Project Kati, a data center campus in Willacy County, Texas, with Project Kati 1, which has a capacity of 83 MW. The funds and further contributions are being used for the construction of Project Kati 1 that began in the third quarter of 2025. As of March 31, 2026, SDI has 100% Class A membership and 13% Class B membership interest in Project Kati 1.

On April 1, 2026, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interests in Briscoe Wind Farm, LLC ("Briscoe"), a 150 MW capacity wind generation project. See Note 16 for details.

2. Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods presented in accordance with United States of America’s Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year or for any future period.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (“the Annual Report”).

The information presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025 has been derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements. All other information has been derived from the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, including the Company’s variable interest entities disclosed in Note 14. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of less than three months.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash relates to cash that is legally restricted as to withdrawal and usage or is being held for a contractual purpose and thus not available to the Company for immediate or general business use. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had restricted cash of approximately $17.4 million, of which $9.5 million was classified as current and $7.9 million was classified as non-current. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had restricted cash of approximately $12.4 million, of which $4.5 million was classified as current and $7.9 million was classified as non-current. Currently, the balance in restricted cash relates to restricted deposits held with customers that were for less than 12 months, or for debt covenant purposes. The Company has a long-term restricted cash balance in relation to a collateralized deposit.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk principally consist of cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company’s trade accounts receivable are from data hosting revenue with the Company’s customers throughout the year. The Company does not require collateral and has not historically experienced significant credit losses related to receivables from individual customers or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area. The Company requires that hosting customers make a prepayment of the next month’s estimated expenses or make a security deposit to the Company.

The Company has cash deposits in excess of federally insured limits but does not believe them to be at risk. The Company notes that as of March 31, 2026, the cash deposits in excess of federally insured limits was approximately $85.5 million.

Deposits on equipment

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had approximately $3.3 million and $1.4 million, respectively, in deposits on equipment that had not yet been received by the Company. Once the Company receives such equipment in a subsequent period, the Company will reclassify such balance into Property, Plant and Equipment, net.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs consist of costs incurred in obtaining long-term financing. These costs are classified on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability and subsequently amortized as interest expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations using the effective interest rate method.

The Company evaluates amendments to its debt instruments in accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt - Modifications and Extinguishments(“ASC 470”) to determine whether the amendment should be accounted for as a modification or an extinguishment. An amendment may be considered modified when the terms of the new debt and original instrument are not “substantially different” (as defined in the debt modification guidance in ASC 470). Amendments that are considered modifications are accounted for prospectively as yield adjustments, based on the revised terms, and lender fees and costs directly incurred with third parties, to the extent material, are recorded as debt discount and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method.

Loan Commitment assets

The Credit Agreement (see Note 8) contained a commitment from the lender for an additional tranche of debt under certain conditions. The Company incurred costs and fees to obtain a nonrevolving loan commitment. The accounting for warrants issued and fees paid to lenders in connection with a nonrevolving loan commitment are initially treated as an asset. As discussed in Credit Agreement in Note 8, the Company can draw up to $35.5 million between the first three tranches and can draw an additional $64.5 million upon subsequent approval by the lenders. The Company allocated the warrants issued and fees paid to the lenders in connection the nonrevolving loan commitment between the draws to date of $17.0 million and the remaining $18.5 million between debt issuance costs and loan commitment assets. As the $18.5 million remaining commitment gets drawn upon, the Company will reclassify a portion of the loan commitment asset as a debt discount.

Reclassification

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations or net assets.

3. Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivables consist of the following at:

The Company’s allowance for expected credit loss was $0 at March 31, 2026 and $244 thousand at December 31, 2025, respectively. The Company wrote off approximately $244 thousand against the Company's allowance during the three months ended March 31, 2026 after determining the receivable was uncollectible.

Rollforward of Allowance of Expected Credit Losses:

4. Property, Plant and Equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at:

Depreciation expense was approximately$2.2 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

5. Intangible Assets, net

Intangible assets consist of the following as of March 31, 2026:

Intangible assets consist of the following as of December 31, 2025:

Amortization expense for each of the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was approximately $2.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively.

The strategic pipeline contract relates to supply of a critical input to our digital mining and hosting business. The Company has analyzed this strategic pipeline contract similar to a permit for future benefit. The strategic pipeline contract relates to potential renewable energy datacenters that fit in the alignment of the Company structure to expand operations of the Company’s new focus in their business.

The Company expects to record amortization expense of intangible assets over the next five years and thereafter as follows:

6. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following at:

Contract termination liability

In June 2024, Soluna AL Cloudco, LLC (“CloudCo”), a subsidiary of Soluna Cloud, entered into an agreement (the “HPE Agreement”) with Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company (“HPE”), with an initial pre-payment of $10.3 million and a total commitment of $34 million over a 36-month period. On March 24, 2025, CloudCo notified HPE of its termination of the HPE Agreement and, on March 26, 2025, HPE notified CloudCo of its termination of the HPE Agreement for cause, effective immediately, due to CloudCo’s material breach of its payment obligations that remained uncured for more than thirty (30) days. The HPE Agreement provided the Company access to datacenter and cloud services for AI and supercomputing applications utilizing NVIDIA H100 GPUs. In accordance with the terms of the HPE Agreement, CloudCo was required to pay all of the unpaid fees that were payable over the entire term of the HPE Agreement. In accordance with the terms of the HPE Agreement, upon a termination for cause by HPE, CloudCo must pay HPE the remaining payment stream under the term of the HPE Agreement, including all upfront payments and monthly charges, plus any fees incurred for the terminated Services (as defined in the HPE Agreement). As of March 31, 2026, the outstanding contract liability is approximately $19.3 million. CloudCo has not made any additional payments under the HPE Agreement since CloudCo notified HPE of its termination of the HPE Agreement.

7. Income Taxes

During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 , the Company’s effective income tax rate was 3.4% and 5.5%, respectively. The projected annual effective tax rate is less than the Federal statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to the change in the valuation allowance, as well as changes to estimated taxable income for 2026 and permanent differences. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, there was a deferred income tax benefit of $632 thousand and $437 thousand, respectively, offset with current tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 of approximately $8 thousand and $12 thousand, respectively.

In connection with the strategic contract pipeline acquired in the acquisition as further discussed in Note 5, ASC 740-10-25-51 requires the recognition of a deferred tax impact of acquiring an asset in a transaction that is not a business combination when the amount paid exceeds the tax basis on the acquisition date. As such, the Company is required to adjust the value of the strategic contract pipeline by approximately $10.9 million at inception date, which was recorded as a deferred tax liability, and this amount will be amortized over the life of the asset. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company amortized $547 thousand, respectively.

The Company provides for recognition of deferred tax assets if the realization of such assets is more likely than not to occur in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes. Significant management judgment is required in determining the period in which the reversal of a valuation allowance should occur. The Company has considered all available evidence, both positive and negative, such as historical levels of income and future forecasts of taxable income amongst other items, in determining its valuation allowance. In addition, the Company’s assessment requires us to schedule future taxable income in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes to assess the appropriateness of a valuation allowance which further requires the exercise of significant management judgment.

The Company believes that the accounting estimate for the valuation of deferred tax assets is a critical accounting estimate because judgment is required in assessing the likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. The Company based the estimate of deferred tax assets and liabilities on current tax laws and rates and, in certain cases, business plans and other expectations about future outcomes. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or the Company adjusts these estimates in future periods, the Company may need to adjust the recorded valuation allowance, which could materially impact our financial position and results of operations. The Company has a full valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets of $41.8 millionon March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. We will continue to evaluate the ability to realize our deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.

8. Debt

The following table represents total debt outstanding by agreement as of March 31, 2026:

The following table represents total debt outstanding by agreement as of December 31, 2025:

The Company notes as of March 31, 2026, there is approximately $26.0 million in debt outstanding in which is made up of approximately $28.7 million in principal outstanding less approximately $2.7 million in debt issuance and discounts costs remaining to be amortized over the life of the loans. The following table represents the future minimum principal payments, which excludes potential cash sweeps, due on debt as of March 31, 2026:

Generate Credit Agreement

On September 12, 2025, the Company caused its subsidiaries Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC (“Dorothy 1A Borrower”), Soluna DVSL II ComputeCo, LLC (“Dorothy 2 Borrower”), and Soluna KK I ComputeCo, LLC (“Tranche B Borrower” and collectively with Dorothy 1A Borrower and Dorothy 2 Borrower, the “Borrowers”) to enter into a Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Generate Lending, LLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent (the “Agent”), and Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-A, L.P. (the “Lender”). The Credit Agreement provides for senior secured term loan commitments in an aggregate principal amount of up to $35.5 million, comprised of (i) Tranche A-1 ($5.5 million), (ii) Tranche A-3 ($11.5 million), and (iii) Tranche B ($18.5 million). In addition, the Credit Agreement permits the Borrowers to request one or more Additional Tranche Loan Commitments (as defined in the Credit Agreement), in the aggregate amount of up to $64.5 million, subject to the approval of the Lender and the Agent, for project-level financing of eligible projects. On September 12, 2025, the Borrowers borrowed approximately $12.6 million under the Credit Agreement, comprised of Tranche A-1 loans and Tranche A-3 loans, and on December 22, 2025, an additional $4.4 million was borrowed on the Tranche A-3 loan. The Company can draw upon Tranche B from September 12, 2025 until October 31, 2026, subject to the conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement. The maturity date for the Tranche A and Tranche B loans is the earlier of (i) payment of outstanding principal, interest, and fees and (ii) September 12, 2030. Additional Tranche Loan Commitments will have maturity dates as set forth in their respective amendments to the Credit Agreement. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, interest expense was $824 thousand.

Proceeds from the Credit Agreement will be used to finance, refinance, develop and construct the Company’s Dorothy 1A, Dorothy 2 and Kati data center projects, fund a debt service reserve account, and pay fees and expenses. The loans bear interest at a variable rate based on either ABR or Term SOFR, as set forth in the Credit Agreement. The applicable interest rate for SOFR loans is equal to Term SOFR plus a margin of 10.0% per annum, and for ABR loans is equal to the ABR plus a margin of 9.0% per annum. The Credit Agreement provides for a SOFR rate floor of 3.50% per annum. The

Borrowers are required to pay a commitment fee of 1.00% per annum on undrawn amounts of the Tranche B Loan Commitments and any Additional Tranche Loan Commitments. During the continuance of an event of default, a default rate applies equal to the otherwise applicable rate plus 2.0% per annum.

The loans are subject to scheduled amortization, fees and prepayment premiums which will be paid through excess cash sweeps. The classification of the outstanding principal balance of the Generate loan balance into current and non-current liabilities is contingent upon management’s estimate of the future application of mandatory debt repayments. The Credit Agreement contains a mandatory prepayment provision, or “cash sweep,” requiring a percentage of free cash flow, as defined in the Credit Agreement, to be applied to principal reduction on a periodic basis. The amount expected to be prepaid via this sweep mechanism during the next twelve months is classified as current debt. This classification relies on management’s internal cash flow forecast, which incorporates assumptions regarding future operating performance, capital expenditures, and working capital needs. Assumptions include market volatility risks, which are inherently unpredictable. Because the classification is dependent upon these management estimates, the actual amount of debt paid down through the cash sweep mechanism may differ materially from the amounts classified as current liabilities. The obligations are guaranteed by certain Company subsidiaries and secured by first-priority liens on substantially all assets of the Borrowers and guarantors, including pledges of equity interests, security interests in deposit and other collateral accounts (subject to control agreements), and mortgages/deeds of trust on the relevant project sites.

The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default for financings of this type. Events of default under the Credit Agreement include, among other things, non-payment of principal, interest or fees, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, breach of covenants, cross-default to certain material indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency, and change of control. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the lenders may declare all outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest under the Credit Agreement immediately due and payable and may exercise the other rights and remedies provided under the Credit Agreement and related loan documents. Negative covenants in the Credit Agreement include, among other things, restrictions on the Borrowers and guarantors with respect to incurring additional indebtedness, creating liens on assets, selling assets or making fundamental changes, making restricted payments, entering into affiliate transactions, and using loan proceeds for unauthorized purposes. The Credit Agreement also restricts investments, capital expenditures, and speculative transactions, and requires that all deposit and securities accounts be subject to control agreements. Financial covenants require (i) a minimum trailing Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.60:1.00 and (ii) a minimum Forward Contracted Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.20:1.00, in each case as further described in the Credit Agreement. The facility also includes customary mandatory prepayment provisions. The Company has obtained a limited waiver in connection with diligence requests. As of the date of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company is in compliance with all covenants in relation to the Generate Credit Agreement.

On April 1, 2026, in connection with the Briscoe Project Acquisition (as defined below) as discussed in Note 16, the Company caused the Existing Borrowers and the Tranche C Borrower (collectively, the “Borrowers”) to enter into Consent and Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement and Amendment No. 1 to the Pledge Agreement (the “Amendment”, and the Credit Agreement, as amended by the Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) with the Agent and the Lender. The Amendment became effective on April 1, 2026 (the “First Amendment Effective Date”).

Under the Amended Credit Agreement: (i) Tranche A-1 and Tranche A-3 loan commitments finance the Dorothy 1A Project and the Dorothy 2 Project, respectively; and (ii) Tranche B loan commitments finance the development and construction of the Kati Project.

Among other changes, the Amendment: (i) adds the Tranche C Borrower as a new borrower and guarantor; (ii) establishes Tranche C loan commitments of$12.5 million to finance the Briscoe Project Acquisition and adjusts the Tranche B loan commitments to be changed from$18.5 million to $6.0 million ; (iii) adds the Briscoe Project Company (as defined below) as a guarantor following the acquisition; and (iv) includes the Briscoe Project (as defined below) as a new project under the Amended Credit Agreement.

The Tranche C loans bear interest at a variable rate based on either ABR or Term SOFR, with margins of 8.0% per annum for SOFR loans and 7.0% per annum for ABR loans. They are also subject to scheduled amortization and mandatory cash sweep prepayments.

Green Cloud secured note

On June 20, 2024, pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of a Note Purchase Agreement (the “June SPA”) by and among (i) CloudCo, (ii) Soluna Cloud, a Nevada corporation, indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and parent of CloudCo, (iii) the Company and (iv) the accredited investor named therein (the “Investor”, and collectively the “Note Parties”), CloudCo issued to the Investor a secured promissory note in a principal amount equal to $12.5 million (the “Note”). The Note accrues interest at a rate 9% per annum, subject to adjustment upon an event of default. The Note matures on June 20, 2027. CloudCo’s obligations under the Note will be secured by all or substantially all of CloudCo’s assets, including pursuant to a security agreement to be executed and delivered by CloudCo in favor of the Investor (the “CloudCo Security Agreement”, and together with the June SPA and the Note, the “CloudCo Agreements”).

For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, the Company incurred approximately $258 thousand and $389 thousand in interest expense in relation to the June SPA, respectively, which includes interest paid on the note and amortization of deferred financing costs.

June SPA Modification

On March 21, 2025, the Note Parties entered into a Modification Agreement (the “Modification Agreement”) to, among other things:

(i)provide for the deposit of 1,000,000 shares (the “Escrow Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, into an escrow account maintained by Northland Securities, Inc., pursuant to an escrow agreement (as further described below),

(ii)provide for the issuance to the Investor of penny warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The number of penny warrants (exercise price at $0.01) shall equal $1.25 million divided by the 5-day VWAP of the Company’s common stock at time of issuance. The warrants will be issued at the time the Investor removes its lien on the property of the Company. As of November 14, 2025, the lien has not yet been removed and the warrants have not been issued,

(iii)amend the payment schedule of the Note to provide (a) for each of the six scheduled payments occurring after the earlier of the effectiveness of a registration statement for the resale of the Escrow Shares and the Conversion Shares (as defined below) or the date that the Escrow Shares and the Conversion Shares may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), without any information requirements, the amount of principal and interest payable on such date shall be reduced by 50% (the aggregate amount of the six months of such reductions, the “Specified Amount”) and (b) if the aggregate amount of payments on the Amended Note applied from the proceeds of the sale of the Escrow Shares on or prior to the last six scheduled payments is less than the Specified Amount (such difference, the “Make Whole Amount”), than the amount of each of the remaining scheduled payments shall be increased by an amount equal to the Make Whole Amount divided by the number of remaining scheduled payments,

(iv)modify the Note such that the Note is now convertible into up to 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock based (“Conversion Shares”) on a conversion price of $5.00,

(v)amend the Note to provide that the Company will be a direct co-obligor with CloudCo under the Note; and

(vi)amend the SPA to allow the Company to organize or incorporate any subsidiary, over which the Company shall have voting or beneficial control, which is being formed with the intent to engage in a business or line of business substantially similar to that of Soluna Cloud or the Company, without first paying all of the principal and interest due under the Note and without first obtaining Investor’s prior written consent (collectively, the “June SPA Modification”).

The joint-and-several liability arrangement is between the Company and CloudCo. While no written agreement has been created to establish the amount that each entity agrees to pay under the obligation, the nature of the relationship is such that the Company has taken a significant role in the economics of the Notes. The Company expects to make any necessary payments on behalf of CloudCo in order to prevent default on the Notes because the Investor has a lien on all property and assets of the Company in connection with the Notes. Based on quantitative analysis performed by the Company, it was determined that the terms of the debt instrument before and after the June SPA Modification were not substantially different. Accordingly, the June SPA Modification was accounted for as a debt modification.

Subsequently, the Company and the Investor mutually agreed that the 1,000,000 Escrow Shares would instead be issued directly to the Investor and, on April 29, 2025, the Company issued 1,000,000 shares of common stock to the Investor. When the Investor sells the 1,000,000 shares in the open market (after either SEC registration effectiveness or pursuant to SEC Rule 144), the net cash proceeds from the sale of shares will be applied to the outstanding principal balance of the note up to $4.00 per share, and any excess proceeds over $4.00 per share will be retained by the Investor. The Investor had until March 31, 2026 (the “Sales Period”) to sell the 1,000,000 shares to reduce the outstanding principal balance, or would have to return the shares. Prior to March 31, 2026, the Company's Board of Directors approved an extension of the Sales Period in order to renegotiate the application of the 1,000,000 shares. As of the date of these condensed financial statements, no modification of the agreement has been made.

July 2024 Additional Secured Note

On July 12, 2024, the Company, CloudCo, Soluna Cloud, and the Investor entered into a First Amendment to the Note Purchase Agreement (the “June SPA Amendment”). This amendment allows CloudCo to issue additional secured promissory notes totaling $1.25 million (the “Additional Notes”) to new accredited investors (the “Additional Investors”). These Additional Notes are subject to the same terms and conditions as the June SPA financing.

On October 1, 2024, CloudCo, Soluna Cloud and the Company entered into assignment and assumption agreements (the “Assignment Agreements”) with the Additional Investors with respect to an aggregate of $1.25 million of notes issued by CloudCo. Pursuant to the Assignment Agreements, the Company will be able to purchase such notes for a purchase price of $750 thousand, or 60% of face value. The assignment and assumption will be effective once all conditions of the agreement are met including fulfilling the purchase price. The notes will be paid to the note holders from an escrow that is funded in installments from the SEPA funding. The transfer is not effective until payment from the escrow is made. On March 14, 2025, the Company fulfilled the purchase obligations, and assumed the Additional Notes through payment of $750 thousand through principal and 50% interest payments and use of 20% SEPA funds. The Company recorded a gain on extinguishment of the July 2024 Additional Secured Notes of approximately $551 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company incurred approximately $33 thousand in interest expense in relation to the July Additional Secured Note.

Galaxy Loan

On March 12, 2025, Soluna SW LLC (the “SW Borrower”), a Delaware limited liability company and subsidiary of Soluna SW Holdings LLC (“SW Holdings”, and together with the SW Borrower, the “SW Loan Parties”), a subsidiary of SDI, a Nevada corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Company, entered into a Loan Agreement (the “Galaxy Loan Agreement”) with SW Holdings and Galaxy Digital LLC (the “Lender”).

The Galaxy Loan Agreement provides for a term loan facility in the principal amount of $5.0 million (the “Term Loan Facility”). The Term Loan Facility bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum, subject to an increase of 5.0% (for a total of 20.0%) in the event an Event of Default as defined within the Galaxy Loan Agreement has occurred and is continuing. The Term Loan Facility matures on March 12, 2030 and includes scheduled payments over afive-year term. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, the Company incurred approximately $207 thousand and $42 thousand in interest expense in relation to the Term Loan Facility, which includes interest paid on the note and amortization of deferred financing costs.

The SW Borrower may voluntarily prepay all or part of the Term Loan Facility at any time together with accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount to be prepaid up to the date of prepayment. The SW Borrower shall prepay all or part of the Term Loan Facility with 100% of the Net Cash Proceeds (as defined therein) received upon the occurrence of (i) an Asset Sale or Casualty Event (each as defined therein), (ii) an Equity Issuance (as defined therein), (iii) an issuance or incurrence of Indebtedness (as defined therein), or (iv) an Extraordinary Receipt (as defined therein), each subject to certain exceptions. In addition, certain principal payments are subject to the payment of a premium amount equal to 50% of the remaining amount of interest payable on such principal amount through the scheduled maturity date, if paid on or prior to the 30-month anniversary of the closing date, and 25% of the remaining amount of interest payable on such principal amount through the scheduled maturity date, if paid after the 30-month anniversary of the closing date.

The Galaxy Loan Agreement includes certain restrictions (subject to certain exceptions outlined in the Galaxy Loan Agreement) on the ability of the SW Loan Parties and their subsidiaries to undertake certain activities, including to incur indebtedness and liens, enter into sale or lease-back transactions, merge or consolidate with other entities, dispose or transfer their assets, pay dividends or make distributions, make investments, make Restricted Payments (as defined therein), enter into burdensome agreements or transact with affiliates. In addition, the SW Loan Parties are subject to three financial covenants – a minimum debt service coverage ratio, a minimum current ratio, and cash in customer deposit account must equal or be greater than related customer liabilities. As of the date of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company is in compliance with all covenants in relation to the Galaxy Loan Agreement.

Equipment Loan Agreement

On May 16, 2024, SDI SL Borrowing – 1, LLC, an affiliate of the Company (the “SDI Borrower”), entered into a loan agreement (the “Equipment Loan Agreement” or the “Loan”) with Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC (the “Lender”, and collectively, the “Parties”). As further amended on February 28, 2025, the Equipment Loan Agreement provides for the Company to borrow, from time to time, up to $4.0 million, to be used to purchase necessary equipment for the progression of Project Dorothy 2 and Project Kati. Any loans made under the Equipment Loan Agreement have a maturity date of May 16, 2027 and will bear interest at a rate of 15% per annum. The Equipment Loan Agreement includes customary covenants for loans of this nature including financial reporting, monthly updates, event reporting, as well as conduct of business. In addition, the Equipment Loan Agreement contains a multiple on invested capital (“MOIC”) provision, which requires the Company to pay, in addition to principal and interest, an amount equal to the difference of (i) the greater of (a) the principal amount of the Loan being repaid plus all interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan, and (b) the principal amount of the Loan being repaid multiplied by three, minus (ii) the sum of the principal amount of the Loan being repaid plus all interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan.

Land Purchase Loan

On October 1, 2025, Soluna2 Kati Project Holdco LLC ("Kati Lender") provided the Borrower with a loan in the amount of $1.075 million under the Equipment Loan Agreement to fund the purchase of land in support of the Project Kati Phase 2 construction. Pursuant to a letter agreement between SLC and the Company, the land purchase loan bears no interest and is subject to a 1.00x MOIC, together with a right of first refusal granted to SLC. The interest free nature of the loan required the Company to record a discount for approximately $226 thousand at issuance. As of March 31, 2026 approximately $68 thousand has been amortized and recorded within Interest Expensefor the three months ended March 31, 2026, resulting in a net carrying value of approximately $917 thousand.

The Company recorded $63 thousand and $64 thousand within Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 and $9 thousand and $25 thousand within Other assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, of associated debt issuance costs. Approximately $16 thousand and $14 thousand in relation to the debt issuance costs have been amortized and recorded within Interest Expense for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025.

9. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company has two series of preferred stock outstanding: the Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), with a $25.00 liquidation preference; and the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”). As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, there were 4,920,045 and 4,928,545 shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, and as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, there was 57,190 and 62,500 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding.

Series A Preferred Stock

The Series A Preferred Stock is not convertible into or exchangeable into common stock of the Company, except upon the occurrence of a delisting event or change of control. Per the Company’s Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Series A Certificate of Designations”), if there is an occurrence of delisting or change of control, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock will have the right to convert the number of preferred A shares into a number of common shares by the lesser of (a) the sum of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share of Series A Preferred Stock plus the amount of any accumulated and unpaid dividends divided by the closing price of the common stock on ten consecutive trading days preceding a delisting event, or (b) the share cap of $0.2817.

Series B Preferred Stock

On July 19, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Series B SPA”) with an accredited investor (the “Series B Investor”) pursuant to which the Company sold to the Series B Investor 62,500 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, for a purchase price of $5,000,000. The shares of Series B Preferred Stock are initially convertible, subject to certain conditions, into 46,211 shares of common stock, at a price per share of $135.25 per share, a 20% premium to the closing price of the common stock on July 18, 2022, subject to adjustment as set forth in the Certificate of Designations of Preferences, Rights and Limitations for the Series B Preferred Stock (“Series B Certificate of Designations”). On October 1, 2024, the Company agreed, as a condition of a waiver of the Series B Investor’s’ right of first refusal and participation rights in connection with the SEPA, to reduce the conversion price to $5.00 upon stockholder approval, which was obtained on November 15, 2024. The sale of common stock as a result of conversion of Series B Preferred Stock and exercise of 140,000 warrants that the Series B Investor held was subject to a 12-month lockup, followed by a 12 month leak out where the holder may not sell shares during the lockup period and may sell up to 1/12th of total conversion and warrant exercise shares per month during the leak out.

Effective on February 5, 2026, per the terms of the Series B Certificate of Designations and Lock-Up and Leak-Out Agreement, the conversion price was adjusted to$0.96, and therefore can result in a conversion of 6,510,416 shares of common stock. It is noted that the conversion of shares is in a leak out period of 12 months from February 6, 2026 to February 6, 2027 in which the holder may sell up to 1/12th of total conversion and warrant exercises during such leak out period. As of March 31, 2026,5,310 Series B shares had been converted to 553,125 shares of common stock. Subsequent to March 31, 2026, the remaining 57,190 Series B shares had been converted to 5,957,291 shares of common stock through an acceleration agreement of the leak out period.

Common Stock

The Company has one class of common stock, par value $0.001 per share. Each share of the Company’s common stock is entitled to one vote on all matters submitted to stockholders. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, there were 111,717,040 and 102,531,089 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively.

Dividends

Pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock of the Company, dividends, when, as and if declared by the Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board), will be payable monthly in arrears on the final day of each month, beginning August 31, 2021. The Board of Directors had not declared any Series A Preferred Stock dividends beginning October 2022 through March 31, 2026, as such the Company has accumulated approximately $29.6 million of dividends in arrears on the Series A Preferred Stock through December 31, 2025, and an additional $2.8 million of dividends in arrears for the three months ended March 31, 2026, for a total of approximately $32.4 million.

The Company’s Series B Preferred Stock included a 10% accruing dividend compounded daily for 12 months from the original issue date of July 20, 2022, and annually thereafter, that may be paid in cash or stock at the Company’s option at the earlier of (i) the date the Series B Preferred Stock is converted, or (ii) the Series B Dividend Termination Date.

Effective October 1, 2024, the dividend payment obligation has been modified to be annual. The amendment resulted in annual dividend payments going forward. As a result of the amendment, the Company would be obligated to make annual dividend payments for the period starting from July 2023 as per the Series B Preferred Consent and Waiver, however, the board of directors has not yet declared any dividends for that period. As such, the Company has accumulated approximately $1.6 million dividends in arrears in relation to the Series B Preferred Stock through December 31, 2025 and an additional$180 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026, for a total of approximately $1.8 million. The dividends in arrears are included in the calculation of net loss per share as discussed below.

Standby Equity Purchase Agreement

On August 12, 2024, the Company entered into the SEPA with with YA II PN, LTD., a Cayman Islands exempt limited company (“YA”). Pursuant to the terms of the SEPA, the Company agreed to issue and sell to YA, from time to time, and YA agreed to purchase from the Company, up to $25 million of shares of the Company’s common stock (the “SEPA Shares”). On November 12, 2024, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-282559) with the SEC for the resale by YA of 3,000,000 SEPA Shares, which was declared effective by the SEC on February 5, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company has issued and sold 3.0 million shares of common stock to YA pursuant to the SEPA for aggregate net proceeds to the Company of approximately $6.2 million. No shares were issued or proceeds were received for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

On March 24, 2026, the Company entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “2026 SEPA”) with YA. In accordance with the terms of the 2026 SEPA, YA has agreed to purchase up to an aggregate of $250.0 million of shares of common stock (the “2026 SEPA Shares”) from time to time subject to the limits and the conditions of the 2026 SEPA. Pursuant to the 2026 SEPA, we issued to YA a commitment fee of $250 thousand through issuance of 335,976 shares of common stock (the “Commitment Shares”). The commitment fee will be recorded within Other financing expense on the condensed financial statements.

ATM Agreement

On April 29, 2025, the Company entered into the At the Market Offering Agreement ("ATM Agreement" or "ATM”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC ("Wainwright"), as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, through Wainwright, up to $87.65 million of shares of common stock. The Company will pay Wainwright a commission of 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of shares and has agreed to provide Wainwright with customary indemnification and contribution rights. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company sold 23,591,162 shares of common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement for net proceeds of $34.2 million after deducting sales agent commissions and legal fees. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, no shares were issued or proceeds received under the ATM Agreement.

On March 9, 2026, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-294152) with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”)which was declared effective by the SEC on March 30, 2026, and the accompanying base prospectus included therein, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement, dated April 1, 2026, filed with the SEC. Based on this prospectus, the Company may offer and sell shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price up to$500 million from time to time through Wainwright. Subsequent to March 31, 2026 and through the date of the issuance of these condensed financial statements, the Company has issued 36,820,572 shares of common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement for net proceeds of approximately $52.2 million.

Reservation of Shares

The Company had reserved common shares for future issuance as follows as of March 31, 2026:

As noted above in relation to the Series B Preferred Stock, as of March 31, 2026, the Series B Preferred Stock can be converted to 6,510,416 shares of the Company’s common stock at approximately $0.96 per share. As of March 31, 2026,553,125 shares of the Company's common stock were converted leaving an outstanding balance of 5,957,291. Subsequent to March 31, 2026, through the date of these condensed financial statements, the remaining Series B Preferred Stock had been converted to common stock.

Loss per Share

The Company computes basic loss per common share by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution, if any, computed by dividing loss by the combination of dilutive common share equivalents, comprised of shares issuable under outstanding investment rights, warrants and the Company’s share-based compensation plans, and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Dilutive common share equivalents include the dilutive effect of in-the-money stock options, which are calculated based on the average share price for each period using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the exercise price of a stock option and the amount of compensation cost, if any, for future service that the Company has not yet recognized are assumed to be used to repurchase shares in the current period.

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations for operations for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025:

The Company notes as continuing operations was in a Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, as such basic and diluted EPS is the same balance as continuing operations acts as the control amount in which would cause antidilution. Not included in the computation of earnings per share, assuming dilution, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, were options to purchase 2,565 shares of the Company’s common stock,2,465,230 nonvested restricted stock units,26,968,251 nonvested restricted stock awards, and 22,309,840 outstanding warrants not exercised which excludes penny warrants that can be potentially exercised. These potentially dilutive items were excluded because the calculation of incremental shares resulted in an anti-dilutive effect.

Not included in the computation of earnings per share, assuming dilution, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, were options to purchase 2,645 shares of the Company’s common stock,206,880 nonvested restricted stock units,3,220,632 nonvested restricted stock awards, and 2,407,134 outstanding warrants not exercised which excludes penny warrants that can be potentially exercised. These potentially dilutive items were excluded because the calculation of incremental shares resulted in an anti-dilutive effect.

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments:

Leases

The Company determines whether an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company has operating and financing leases for certain land, office facilities and certain equipment. The leases have remaining lease terms of approximatelytwo years totwenty-two years. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, total lease costs are comprised of the following:

Short-term leases are leases having a term of twelve months or less. The Company recognizes short-term leases on a straight-line basis and does not record a related asset or liability for such leases.

Other information related to leases was as follows:

Maturities of noncancellable operating and financing lease liabilities are as follows for the quarter ending March 31:

As of March 31, 2026, there were no additional operating or financing lease commitments that had not yet commenced.

Project Kati Commitments:

As of March 31, 2026, the Company was contractually committed for approxim ately $8.2 million of capital expenditures, primarily related to infrastructure builds, equipment procurement, and labor associated with the Company’s Project Kati datacenters. These capital expenditures are expected to occur over the current year.

Contingencies:

Spring Lane Capital Contingency

The Company has a potential contingency associated with an agreement with SLC of up to $250 thousand which would be reduced by a proportion of funding received from SLC up to the $45.0 million aggregate contribution cap. The Company considers the probability of a payment for the contingency to be remote.

Legal

We are subject to legal proceedings, claims and liabilities which arise in the ordinary course of business. When applicable, we accrue for losses associated with legal claims when such losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted as additional information becomes available or circumstances change. Legal fees are charged to expense as they are incurred.

11. Related Party Transactions

HEL Transactions

As discussed in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report and all agreements included as exhibits and defined within the 2023 Annual Report, on October 29, 2021, the Company completed the Soluna Callisto acquisition pursuant to the merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”). The purpose of the transaction was for SCI to acquire substantially all of the assets (other than those assets physically located in Morocco) formerly held by Harmattan Energy, Ltd. (“HEL”), which assets consisted of SCI’s existing pipeline of certain cryptocurrency mining projects that HEL previously transferred to SCI, which was formed expressly for this purpose, and to provide SCI with the opportunity to directly employ or retain the services of four individuals whose services it had retained through HEL prior to the merger. As a result of the merger, each share of common stock of Soluna Callisto issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the merger, other than shares owned by the Company or any of our subsidiaries, was cancelled and converted into the right to receive a proportionate share of the Merger Consideration.

In connection with the Soluna Callisto acquisition, effective as of October 29, 2021, upon and subject to the terms and conditions of the Termination Agreement, on November 5, 2021: (1) the existing Operating and Management Agreements between HEL and SCI were terminated in all respects; and (2)(A) SCI paid HEL $725 thousand, (B) SHI issued to HEL the Termination Shares, and (C) HEL and SHI entered into an Amended and Restated Contingent Rights Agreement that, among other things, amended the existing Contingent Rights Agreement by and between HEL and SHI, dated January 13, 2020, to provide SHI the right to invest directly in certain cryptocurrency mining opportunities being pursued by HEL. SHI filed a registration statement with the SEC to register the resale of the Termination Shares on February 14, 2022.

Due to conditions being met within the Merger Agreement in relation to energization and retention of employees, the Company has advised SCI US Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, who is the sole Effective Time Holder (as defined in the Merger Agreement) of the right to receive the Merger Shares and that 19,800 Merger Shares were issued on May 26, 2023,39,600 Merger Shares were issued on October 10, 2023, and 17,820 Merger Shares were issued on October 8, 2025. On February 6, 2026, the Company issued an additional 10,692 Merger Shares, due to the 18 MW of energization being met. SCI US Holdings LLC has consented to the issuance of such Merger Shares as required under the Merger Agreement and has directed the Company to issue such Merger Shares to its affiliate, HEL. Following the issuance of the 87,912 Merger Shares, a total of 30,888 Merger Shares remains available for possible issuance through October 29, 2026 pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement as of March 31, 2026.

Four of the Company’s directors have various affiliations with HEL. The Company notes that the only transaction with HEL for the year ended December 31, 2025 and three months ended March 31, 2026 was in relation to the issuance of Mergers Shares noted above.

The Company owned approximately 1.79% of HEL, calculated on a converted fully diluted basis, as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The Company’s equity investment of HEL was fully impaired in fiscal year 2024, as such the equity investment is valued at $0 for both March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The Company may enter into additional transactions with HEL in the future.

12. Stock Based Compensation

The Company currently issues awards under the Soluna Holdings, Inc. Third Amended and Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2021 Plan”), and the Soluna Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2023 Plan”). There were no amendments to the 2021 Plan or the 2023 Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2026. For further details regarding our stock-based compensation plans and the methods and assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of stock-based awards, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 30, 2026.

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company didnot grant any awards under the 2021 Plan.

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company awarded the following under the 2023 Plan:

1,373,000 of the restricted stock awards vest 33% on December 1, 2026,33% on December 1, 2027, and 34% on December 1, 2028.50,000 of the restricted stock units vest 25% on April 1, 2026 and the remaining 75% in equal quarterly installments over the next 24 months with the first quarterly vesting on June 20, 2026. 485,000 of the restricted stock units vest 33% on January 1, 2027,33% on January 1, 2028, and 34% on January 1, 2029. 1,281,250 of the restricted stock units vest 33% on March 9, 2027,33% on March 9, 2028, and 34% on March 9, 2029.140,000 of the restricted stock units vest 33% on March 24, 2027,33% on March 24, 2028, and 34% on March 24, 2029.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there wereno awards granted under the 2021 Plan and 2023 Plan.

13. Effect of Recent Accounting Updates

Accounting Updates Effective for fiscal year 2026

Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) in the form of accounting standard updates (“ASUs”) to the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The Company considered the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not mentioned below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Debt with Conversion and Other Options

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2024-04, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments. ASU 2024-04 clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion to improve relevance and consistency. The new standard is effective for the Company for its annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025 and interim periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company notes that the adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on its condensed financial statements, and the Company will review any new debt agreements with conversion options.

Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. The amendments provide a practical expedient and, if applicable, an accounting policy election to simplify the measurement of credit losses for certain receivables and contract assets. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company has adopted this amendment and did not have impact on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Accounting Updates Not Yet Effective

Improvements to Comprehensive Income- Expense Disaggregation

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)(“ASU 2024-03”). ASU 2024-03 requires, in the notes to the financial statements, disclosures of specified information about certain costs and expenses specified in the updated guidance. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact the updated guidance will have on its disclosures.

Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-03, Business Combinations (Topic 805) and Consolidation (Topic 810): Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity. The amendments provide guidance on identifying the accounting acquirer in transactions involving a variable interest entity. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment and does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

14. Variable Interest Entities

On January 26, 2022, DVSL was created in order to construct, own, operate and maintain data centers in order to support the mining of cryptocurrency assets, batch processing and other non-crypto related activities (collectively, the “Project”). On May 3, 2022, the Company entered into a Bilateral Master Contribution Agreement (the “Bilateral Contribution Agreement”) with Spring Lane Capital, pursuant to which Spring Lane agreed, pursuant to the terms and conditions of such agreement, to make one or more capital contributions to, and in exchange for equity in, the Company or one of its subsidiaries up to an aggregate amount of $45 million, as amended in the third quarter of fiscal year 2024 to fund certain projects to develop green data centers co-located with renewable energy assets (the “Spring Lane Commitment”).

On August 5, 2022, the Company entered into a Contribution Agreement (the “Dorothy Contribution Agreement”) with Spring Lane, Soluna DV Devco, LLC (“Devco”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and DVSL an entity formed in order to further the Company’s development for Project Dorothy, (each, a “Party” and, together, the “Parties”). Pursuant to the Dorothy Contribution Agreement, the Company committed to a capital contribution of up to approximately $26.3 million to DVSL (the “Company Commitment”), and on August 5, 2022, the Company was deemed to have contributed approximately $8.1 million, through payment of capital expenditures and development costs made on behalf of DVSL by the Company prior to August 5, 2022. Further under the Agreement, Spring Lane committed to a capital contribution of up to $12.5 million to DVSL (the “Spring Lane Dorothy Commitment”). Under the Dorothy Contribution Agreement, the Company and Spring Lane have committed to make subsequent contributions, up to their respective Company Commitment and Spring Lane Dorothy Commitment amounts, on a pro rata basis, upon receipt of a contribution request from DVSL, as set forth in the Dorothy Contribution Agreement and subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions described therein. The proceeds of any subsequent commitments will be applied to pay project costs in accordance with the project budget.

In exchange for their contributions, the Company and Spring Lane were issued 67.8% and 32.2% of the Class B Membership Interests in DVSL, respectively, and were admitted as Class B members of DVSL. Further pursuant to the Dorothy Contribution Agreement, DVSL issued 100% of its Class A Membership Interests to Devco.

The Company evaluated this legal entity under ASC 810, Consolidations and determined that DVSL is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) that should be consolidated into the Company, with a non-controlling interest recorded to account for Spring Lane’s equity ownership of the Company. The Company has a variable interest in DVSL. The entity was designed by the Company to create an entity for outside investors to invest in specific projects. The creation of this entity resulted in the Company, through its equity interest in DVSL, absorbing operational risk that the entity was created to create and distribute, resulting in the Company having a variable interest in DVSL.

On March 10, 2023, the Company along with Devco, and DVSL, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Project Company”) entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “Purchase and Sale Agreement”) with Soluna SLC Fund I Projects Holdco, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Spring Lane”) that is wholly owned indirectly by Spring Lane Management LLC. The Project Company was constructing a data center with a peak demand of 25 MW (the “Dorothy Phase 1A Facility”).

Under a series of transactions in February 2023 and March 2023, culminating in the March 10, 2023 Purchase and Sale Agreement, the Company sold to Spring Lane certain Class B Membership Interests for a purchase price of $7.5 million (the “Sale”). After giving effect to the Sale, the Company owned 6,790,537 Class B Membership Interests (constituting 14.6% of the Class B Membership Interests) and Spring Lane owns 39,791,988 Class B Membership Interests (constituting 85.4% of the Class B Membership Interests). The cash portion of the purchase price paid by Spring Lane to the Company was approximately $5.8 million, which represented the purchase price of $7.5 million less the Company’s pro rata share of certain contributions funded entirely by Spring Lane in the earlier portion of this series of transactions occurring during February 2023 and March 2023. As a further part of these transactions, the parties agreed that from January 1, 2023 onwards, the Company would bear only 14.6% of the costs relating to the construction and operation of the Dorothy Phase 1A Facility, compared to its 67.8% share until that time, including during the calendar year 2023. After Spring Lane Capital realizes an 16% Internal Rate of Return hurdle on its investments, the Company retains the right to 50% of the profits on DVSL. In connection with the Spring Lane transactions and agreements, Soluna DV Services, LLC. will be providing the operations and maintenance services to DVSL.

Concurrently with the Sale, the Company, Spring Lane, Devco and the Project Company entered into (a) the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of the Project Company, dated as of March 10, 2023 (the “Fourth A&R LLCA”), an amendment and restatement of the Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of the Project Company dated as of March 3, 2023, and (b) the Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, dated as of March 10, 2023 (the “A&R Contribution Agreement”), an amendment and restatement of the Contribution Agreement dated as of August 5, 2022. The Fourth A&R LLCA provides for certain updates in respect of Spring Lane’s majority ownership. The A&R Contribution Agreement reflects updated pro rata member funding percentages as a result of the Sale as well as updated contribution caps for each of the Company and Spring Lane.

As of January 1, 2023, there were no changes in the Limited Liability Agreement of DVSL other than those related to incorporating the new investment and the purpose and design of DVSL has not changed. The Company evaluated this legal entity under ASC 810, Consolidations and determined that this entity is a VIE, as the equity holders as a group do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Even though SLC has a significant portion of the Class B membership, the Company holds all the Class A membership, which gives them the ability to control the significant decisions made in the ordinary course of business. The Company has the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE through its Class A membership interest, as it is eligible to receive 50.0% of distributions upon SLC obtaining a specified internal rate of return. The non-controlling shareholders do not hold substantive participating rights, voting rights or liquidation rights. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company’s ownership in DVSL was reduced from 67.8% to 14.6%; see above for details.

In September 2025, the Company agreed to terms of a debt facility with Generate under a Credit and Guarantee Agreement, as discussed in Note 8. Several events occurred in connection with the debt facility, [1] the Company completed a restructuring of the subsidiaries that comprise “Project Dorothy 1A” and “Project Dorothy 2” (herein referred to as the “Dorothy Restructuring”), [2] Soluna DVSL ComputeCo LLC, Soluna DVSL II ComputeCo LLC, and Soluna KK I ComputeCo LLC entered into a First Priority Leasehold Deed of Trust (the “Deed of Trust”) with Generate which provides Generate with the power of sale and right of entry and possession of the Trust Property.

Following the Dorothy Restructuring, Project Dorothy 1A consists of Soluna DVSL JVCo, LLC (“DVSL JVCo”), which has Class A units owned by SDI and Class B units owned by SLC (Soluna SLC Fund I). DVSL JVCo is then the sole parent of Soluna DVSL HoldCo, LLC (“DVSL HoldCo”), which holds 100% of the Class A units in DVSL. The Class B units of DVSL ComputeCo are held by the Company. The total ownership of Project Dorothy 1A remains such that the Developer holds all Class A units and that SLC holds 85.4% of Class B units with the Company holding the remaining 14.6% of Class B units.

The Company noted that 1) there is no substantive change to the ascending view of the organizational chart since the Company (through SDI and newly created DVSL JVCo and DVSL ComputeCo) beneficially own the Class A units (i.e., managing units) of DVSL and 2) there are no substantive kick-out rights that exist within Project Dorothy 1A that would cause SDI to not have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of DVSL. In addition, the entity’s obligation to absorb losses and right to receive benefits has not changed. As such, Soluna would continue to consolidate the entity since a change in control has not occurred following the execution of Generate Credit Agreement and Deed of Trust.

On April 15, 2026, SDI purchased SLC's 85.4% Class B membership interests of DVSL JVCo, and as of such date the Company held 100% of the membership interests of DVSL JVCo. See Note 16 for further details.

The carrying amount of the assets and liabilities was as follows for DVSL JVCo:

On May 9, 2023, the Company’s indirect subsidiary DVCC completed a strategic partnership and financing with a special purpose vehicle, Navitas West Texas Investments SPV, LLC, (“Navitas”) organized by Navitas Global, to complete the second phase of the Dorothy Project (“Dorothy 1B”). Under a Contribution Agreement among the parties, the Company owned a substantially complete 25MW data center under construction, in which the Company had contributed capital expenditures for the data center. Soluna and Navitas amended and restated the Initial LLCA (the “Existing LLCA”) to reflect Navitas’ contribution of $4.5 million and its receipt of 4,500 Membership Interests, constituting 26.5% of the outstanding Membership Interests of DVCC. On June 2, 2023, Soluna and Navitas amended and restated the Existing LLCA to (a) reflect (i) Navitas’s additional capital contribution of approximately $7.6 million and receipt of an additional 7,597 Membership Interests, for a total of 12,097 Membership Interests and 49% ownership of DVCC, and (ii) Soluna’s additional capital contribution of $1.34 million and receipt of an additional 1,340 Membership Interests, for a total of 12,590 Membership Interests and 51% ownership of DVCC, and (b) describe the respective rights and obligations of the Members and the management of DVCC. As of March 31, 2026, Navitas owns 49% and Soluna owns 51% of DVCC.

The Company evaluated this legal entity under ASC 810, Consolidations and determined that DVCC is a VIE that should be consolidated into the Company, with a non-controlling interest recorded to account for Navitas’ equity ownership of DVCC. The Company has a variable interest in DVCC. The entity was designed by the Company to create an entity for outside investors to invest in specific projects. The creation of this entity resulted in the Company, through its equity interest in DVCC, absorbing operational risk that the entity was created to create and distribute, resulting in the Company having a variable interest in DVCC.

DVCC is a VIE of the Company due to DVCC being structured with non-substantive voting rights. This is due to the following two factors being met as outlined in ASC 810-10-15-14 that require the VIE model to be followed.

a. The voting rights of the Company are not proportional to their obligation to absorb the expected losses of the legal entity. The Company gave Navitas veto rights over significant decisions, which resulted in Soluna having fewer voting rights relative to their obligation to absorb the expected losses of the legal entity.

b. Substantially all of DVCC’s activities are conducted on behalf of the Company, which has disproportionally fewer voting rights.

Also, the Company is the primary beneficiary due to having the power to direct the activities of DVCC that most significantly impact the performance of DVCC due to its role as the manager handling the day-to-day activities of DVCC as well as majority ownership and the obligation to absorb losses or gains of DVCC that could be significant to the Company.

Accordingly, the accounts of DVCC are consolidated in the accompanying financial statements.

The carrying amount of the VIE’s assets and liabilities was as follows for DVCC:

On July 22, 2024 (the “Effective Date”), SHI closed financing for the Dorothy 2 project. This project involves Soluna Digital, Inc. (the “Developer”) and Soluna DVSL II ComputeCo, LLC (“DVSL II”), a special purpose vehicle initially owned solely by the Developer. They are collaborating on the development, design, procurement, and construction of a 48 MW data center (the “Project Dorothy 2”) in Silverton, Texas. This facility is owned by DVSL II and operated by Soluna US Services, LLC, and may engage in cryptocurrency, batch processing, and other non-crypto related activities. It is adjacent to two other company data center projects at the same site.

Project Dorothy 2 is financed by Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC, an investment vehicle of SLC with a capital contribution of up to $29.98 million, and the Developer, as the parent company of DVSL II, with an initial capital contribution of up to $4.6 million. As of the Effective Date, the Company and the Developer became co-owners of DVSL II. In exchange for contributions to DVSL II, the Company and SLC were initially issued 42% and 58% of the Class B Membership Interests in DVSL II respectively, and were admitted as Class B members of DVSL II. Further, DVSL II issued 100% of its Class A Membership Interests to SDI. In relation to distributions, once ERCOT Achievement Date has been met ( date on which SLC and the Company have mutually agreed upon the parameters for power trading or demand response program in the ERCOT market) until the Target Return Date (last day of quarter in which the Class B members achieve an 18% internal rate of return), the Class A members will obtain 7.5% of the distributable cash with the remaining 92.5% being distributed to the Class B members on a pro-rata basis. After the Target Return Date is met,50% of distributable cash will be allocated to the Class A members and 50% allocated to the Class B members in accordance with their membership interests.

Project Dorothy 2 allows the Developer to invest in DVSL II, with the total ownership of the Developer and its affiliates capped at 49% of the Class B Membership Interests. This investment can occur within 30 days after the Effective Date (treated equally to the initial Investor), from day 31 to 180 days after the Effective Date (subject to a purchase price formula with a 20% discount rate), or after 180 days with the initial Investor’s approval.

On May 16, 2024, the Company secured $1.0 million in financing from SLC for equipment and machinery for Project Dorothy 2 through an Equipment Loan Agreement (the “ELA”) between SDI SL Borrowing - 1, LLC (the “Borrower”) and SLC. On that date, SLC lent the Borrower $720,000 to purchase medium voltage cables and low voltage switchboards. This debt was later assigned to DVSL II on the Effective Date. Subsequently, the borrowing amount was paid in full by issuing SLC Class B Membership Interests in the Dorothy 2 project valued at three times the borrowing amount (i.e., $2.16 million).

On April 4, 2025, the Company transferred its Class B Membership to SLC, resulting in 0% Class B Membership Interests held by the Company. SDI still retains 100% Class A Membership Interests in DVSL II as of March 31, 2026. Based on evaluation, the Company would be able to consolidate this entity.

The Company evaluated this legal entity under ASC 810, Consolidations and determined that this entity is a VIE, as the equity holders as a group do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Even though SLC has all of the Class B membership, the Company holds all the Class A membership, which gives them the ability to control the significant decisions made in the ordinary course of business. The Company has the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE through its Class A membership interest, as it is eligible to receive 50% of distributions upon SLC obtaining a specified internal rate of return. The non-controlling shareholders do not hold substantive participating rights, voting rights or liquidation rights.

In September 2025, the Company agreed to terms of a debt facility with Generate under a Credit and Guarantee Agreement, as discussed in Note 8. Several events occurred in connection with the debt facility, [1] the Company completed a restructuring of the subsidiaries that comprise “Project Dorothy 1A” and “Project Dorothy 2” (herein referred to as the “Dorothy Restructuring”), [2] Soluna DVSL ComputeCo LLC, Soluna DVSL II ComputeCo LLC, and Soluna KK I ComputeCo LLC entered into a First Priority Leasehold Deed of Trust (the “Deed of Trust”) with Generate which provides Generate with the power of sale and right of entry and possession of the Trust Property.

Following the Dorothy Restructuring, Project Dorothy 2 consists of Soluna DVSL II JVCo, LLC (“DVSL II JVCo”), which has Class A units owned by the Developer and Class B units owned by SLC. DVSL II JVCo is then the sole parent of Soluna DVSL II HoldCo, LLC (“DVSL II HoldCo”), which is the sole owner of DVSL II ComputeCo. The total ownership of Project Dorothy 2 remains such that the Developer holds all Class A units and that SLC holds all Class B units.

The Company noted that [1] there is no substantive change to the ascending view of the organizational chart since the Company (through the Developer and newly created DVSL II JVCo and DVSL II ComputeCo) beneficially own the Class A units (i.e., managing units) of DVSL II and [2] there are no substantive kick-out rights that exist within Project Dorothy 2 that would cause the Developer to not have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of DVSL II. In addition, the entity’s obligation to absorb losses and right to receive benefits has not changed. As such, Soluna would continue to consolidate the entity since a change in control has not occurred following the execution of Credit Agreement and Deed of Trust.

The carrying amount of the assets and liabilities was as follows for DVSL II JVCo:

On July 22, 2025 (the “Effective Date”), Soluna Digital, Inc. (“SDI”), a subsidiary of the Company, finalized a contribution agreement and operating agreement for Project Kati, a 166 MW facility located in Willacy County, Texas, in which is expected to be delivered intwo phases at 83 MW each. This project involves SDI as the Developer, Soluna KKSL JVCo LLC (the “KKSL JVCo”), a special purpose vehicle initially owned solely by SDI, and Soluna2 Kati Project Holdco LLC (“Spring Lane”). This facility is owned by KKSL JVCo, and operated by Soluna US Services, LLC, and may engage in cryptocurrency, batch processing, and other non-crypto related activities.

Currently, Project Kati 1 is financed by Soluna2 Kati Project Holdco LLC, an investment vehicle of SLC with a capital contribution cap of up to $48.98 million. In exchange for contributions to KKSL JVCo, SDI was issued 100% of Class A Membership Units and SLC was initially issued 100% of the Class B Membership Interests in KKSL JVCo, respectively, and were admitted as Class B members of KKSL JVCo. Further, SDI and SLC entered into a Developer Investment Side Letter in which allows SDI to invest into KKSL JVCo up to 49% of ownership in the Class B Membership Interests for a period of six months after August 1, 2025. SDI has contributed to KKSL JVCo, and as of March 31, 2026, SDI holds 100% of the Class A membership interests and 13% of the Class B membership interest in Project Kati 1, while SLC holds the remaining 87% of the Class B membership interests.

In relation to distributions, until the Target Achievement Date (date at which Class B members achieve 16% of IRR), the Distributable Cash received by the Company shall be distributed ninety-two and five tenths percent (92.5%) to the Class B Members on a pro rata basis, and seven and five tenths percent (7.5%) to the Class A Member, until each of the Class B

Members has received its Target Return; (ii) second, after the Target Achievement Date, the portion of Distributable Cash received by the Company shall be distributed fifty percent (50%) to the Class A Member (or its respective assigns), and fifty percent (50%) to the Class B Members (or their respective assigns), pro rata in accordance with their Membership Interests.

The Company evaluated this legal entity under ASC 810, Consolidations and determined that this entity is a VIE, as the equity holders as a group do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Even though SLC has all of the Class B membership, SDI holds all the Class A membership, which gives them the ability to control the significant decisions made in the ordinary course of business. The Company has the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE through its Class A membership interest, as it is eligible to receive 50% of distributions upon SLC obtaining a specified internal rate of return. The non-controlling shareholders do not hold substantive participating rights, voting rights or liquidation rights.

The carrying amount of the assets and liabilities was as follows for KKSL JVCo:

15. Segment Information

The Company applies ASC 280, Segment Reporting, in determining its reportable segments. The Company has adopted ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures(ASU 2023-07), which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis, primarily through enhanced disclosures of significant segment expenses. Operating segments are aggregated into a reportable segment if the operating segments have similar quantitative economic characteristics and if the operating segments are similar in the following qualitative characteristics: (i) nature of products and services; (ii) nature of production processes; (iii) type or class of customer for their products and services; (iv) methods used to distribute the products or provide services; and (v) if applicable, the nature of the regulatory environment. The Company’s reportable segments are identified based on the types of service performed. The Company hasthree reportable segments: Cryptocurrency Mining, Data Center Hosting, and High-Performance Computing. In the third quarter of 2024, the Company initiated Soluna Cloud Services, a new business line to provide high performance computing services to support generative AI workstreams but decided to exit active provision of these services during the first quarter of 2025 and will focus in the future on provision of colocation services at our datacenters to host customers in the AI generative space.

The guidance requires that segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) to decide how to allocate resources and for purposes of assessing such segments’ performance. The Company’s CODM is composed of several members of its senior leadership team directed by the CEO and CFO who use revenue and cost of revenues which formulate gross profit (loss), as well as total general and administrative expenses of the reporting segments to assess the performance of the business of our reportable operating segments and allocate resources. Operating profit (loss) is used to evaluate actual results against expectations, which are based on comparable prior results, current budget, and current forecast. Non-cash items of depreciation and amortization are included within both costs of sales and general and administrative expenses, however only depreciation through the Company’s site levels are evaluated for segment performance.

In the adoption of ASU 2023-07, the most significant provision was for the Company to disclose significant segment expenses (i.e.: costs of revenue) that are regularly provided to the CODM. Utility costs, wages and benefit related costs, facility and equipment costs, and depreciation costs at the site level were determined to be significant segment expenses. The CODM only reviews general and administrative expenses by site level as a whole, and not by significant expenses. No operating segments have been aggregated to form the reportable segments. The Company does not allocate all assets to the reporting segments as these are managed on an entity-wide basis. Therefore, the Company does not separately disclose the total assets of its reportable operating segments.

The Cryptocurrency Mining segment generates revenue from the cryptocurrency the Company earns through its Bitcoin mining activities, which is currently generated from Project Dorothy, and previously from Project Sophie and Marie. The Data Center Hosting segment generated revenue from hosting services provided to third-party Bitcoin mining customers at the Company’s data centers, which were previously at Project Marie and are currently from Project Sophie and Project Dorothy. The High-Performance Computing Services segment may generate revenue from either the sale or lease of HPC assets (such as Project Ada which leased GPUs), or from HPC/AI data centers to be leased to third-party HPC/AI customers. This segment began generating revenue in December 2024, as Project Ada worked to build its customer base. With the termination of the HPE Agreement, revenue was minimal for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and no revenue was generated for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

The Company includes demand response revenue as a reconciling item of revenue and is not included within thethree reportable segments. The Company utilizes its data centers to deliver demand response services to grid operators or utilities. Under these arrangements with a grid operator, the Company agrees to be available to ramp down a registered data center’s power consumption to a specific target level. In exchange, the grid pays the company a fee for this dispatch right, provided the Company can perform within certain parameters. The Company can be providing any type of service at the data centers whether it be Cryptocurrency Mining, Data Center Hosting, or AI to generate demand response service revenue.

The following table details revenue, cost of revenues, and other operating costs for the Company’s reportable segments for three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, and reconciles to net loss on the consolidated statements of operations:

For the three months ended March 31, 2026

For the three months ended March 31, 2025

(a)Demand response service revenue is included as a reconciling item of total revenue and not included as part of segment gross profit or loss.

*Other cost of revenue includes insurance, outside service costs and margins, and general costs.

The following table presents the reconciliation of segment operating income to net loss before taxes:

(a)Demand response service revenue is included as a reconciling item of total revenue and not included as part of segment gross profit or loss.

(b)The reconciling general and administrative expense, exclusive of depreciation and amortization represent corporate and unallocated general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Concentrations

During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, aside from the Bitcoin Mining revenue generated as a result of the Company’s participation in a mining pool and the Company’s participation in the demand response program, three customers each contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue constituting approximately 53% for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and three customers contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue constituting approximately 33% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, all of the Company’s cryptocurrency mining revenue was generated from Project Dorothy 1B (data center located in Silverton, Texas).

For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, approxim ately 31% and 57% of the Company’s data center hosting revenue was generated from Project Dorothy 1A,19% and 43% from Project Sophie,47% and 0% from Project Dorothy 2, and 3% and 0%from Project Kati 1 respectively.

16. Subsequent Events

Briscoe Wind Farm Acquisition

On April 1, 2026, Soluna DV Wind SponsorCo, LLC (the “Tranche C Borrower”), a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “MIPA”) with Briscoe Wind Project Holdings I, LLC, JPM Capital Corporation, and Morgan Stanley Wind LLC (collectively, the “Sellers”), pursuant to which the Tranche C Borrower acquired one hundred percent (100%) of the issued and outstanding equity interests in Briscoe Wind Farm, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Briscoe Project Company”), from the Sellers. The Briscoe Project Company owns an approximately 150 MW nameplate capacity wind generation project located in Briscoe and Floyd counties, Texas (the “Briscoe Project”). The closing of the acquisition (the “Briscoe Project Acquisition”) occurred simultaneously with the execution of the MIPA on April 1, 2026.

The aggregate closing payment under the MIPA was approximately $53 million. In connection with the closing, the Sellers’ existing credit facility and subordinated notes encumbering the Briscoe Project Company were repaid in full and all related liens were released. The MIPA contains customary representations and warranties of the Sellers regarding the Sellers and the Briscoe Project Company, and the Tranche C Borrower obtained a buyer-side representations and warranties insurance policy in connection with the transaction.

Credit and Guaranty Agreement and Consent and Amendment No. 1

As previously disclosed in Note 8, on September 12, 2025, the Company caused its subsidiaries Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC (“Dorothy 1A Borrower”), Soluna DVSL II ComputeCo, LLC (“Dorothy 2 Borrower”), and Soluna KK I ComputeCo, LLC (collectively with Dorothy 1A Borrower and Dorothy 2 Borrower, the “Existing Borrowers”) to enter into a Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Generate Lending, LLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent (the “Agent”), and Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-A, L.P. (the “Lender”). The Credit Agreement provides for senior secured term loan commitments in an aggregate principal amount of up to$35.5 million, comprised of (i) Tranche A-1 ($5.5 million), (ii) Tranche A-3 ($11.5 million), and (iii) Tranche B ($18.5 million). In addition, the Credit Agreement permits the Existing Borrowers to request one or more Additional Tranche Loan Commitments (as defined in the Credit Agreement), in the aggregate amount of up to$64.5 million, subject to the approval of the Lender and the Agent, for project-level financing of eligible projects.

On April 1, 2026, in connection with the Briscoe Project Acquisition, the Company caused the Existing Borrowers and the Tranche C Borrower (collectively, the “Borrowers”) to enter into Consent and Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement and Amendment No. 1 to the Pledge Agreement (the “Amendment”, and the Credit Agreement, as amended by the Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) with the Agent and the Lender. The Amendment became effective on April 1, 2026 (the “First Amendment Effective Date”).

Under the Amended Credit Agreement: (i) Tranche A-1 and Tranche A-3 loan commitments finance the Dorothy 1A Project and the Dorothy 2 Project, respectively; and (ii) Tranche B loan commitments finance the development and construction of the Kati Project.

Among other changes, the Amendment: (i) adds the Tranche C Borrower as a new borrower and guarantor; (ii) establishes Tranche C loan commitments of$12.5 million to finance the Briscoe Project Acquisition and adjusts the Tranche B loan commitments to be changed from$18.5 million to $6.0 million ; (iii) adds the Briscoe Project Company as a guarantor following the acquisition; and (iv) includes the Briscoe Project as a new project under the Amended Credit Agreement.

The Tranche C loans bear interest at a variable rate based on either ABR or Term SOFR, with margins of 8.0% per annum for SOFR loans and 7.0% per annum for ABR loans. They are also subject to scheduled amortization and mandatory cash sweep prepayments. In connection with the Amendment, the Company issued warrants to purchase shares of common stock to Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-B, L.P on the First Amendment Effective Date.

The Amended Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default for financings of this type. Events of default under the Amended Credit Agreement include, among other things, non-payment of principal, interest or fees, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, breach of covenants, cross-default to certain material indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency, loss of regulatory status with respect to the Briscoe Project, and change of control. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the lenders may declare all outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest under the Amended Credit Agreement immediately due and payable and may exercise the other rights and remedies provided under the Amended Credit Agreement and related loan documents. Negative covenants in the Amended Credit Agreement include, among other things, restrictions on the Borrowers and guarantors with respect to incurring additional indebtedness, creating liens on assets, selling assets or making fundamental changes, making restricted payments, entering into affiliate transactions, and using loan proceeds for unauthorized purposes. The Amended Credit Agreement also restricts investments, capital expenditures, and speculative transactions, and requires that all deposit and securities accounts be subject to control agreements. Financial covenants require (i) a minimum trailing Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.60: 1.00 (which, solely with respect to the Briscoe Project and the Tranche C Borrower, does not apply until the first quarterly date occurring after June 30, 2026) and (ii) a minimum Forward Contracted Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.20: 1.00 (which does not apply with respect to the Tranche A loans or Tranche B loans for the quarterly date of March 31, 2026 and does not apply to the Briscoe Project), in each case as further described in the Amended Credit Agreement. The facility also includes customary mandatory prepayment provisions, including cash sweep prepayments applicable to each tranche.

Private Placement

Pursuant to the Amended Credit Agreement, the Company issued to Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-B, L.P., an affiliate of the Lender and the Agent (the “Holder”), in a private placement (the “Private Placement”): (i) a pre-funded warrant (the “Pre-Funded Warrant”) to purchase up to 700,000 shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”); (ii) a common warrant to purchase up to 1,350,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Common Warrant 1”); and (iii) a common warrant to purchase up to 650,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Common Warrant 2” and, together with the Common Warrant 1, the “Common Warrants” and, collectively, the “Warrants”).

The Warrants issued to the Holder in the Private Placement were issued and sold without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or state securities laws in reliance on the exemptions provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act promulgated thereunder and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws.

Pre-Funded Warrant

The Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable immediately and expires on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance. The Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable at an exercise price of $0.001 per share of Common Stock. The Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable in whole or in part by delivering to the Company a duly executed exercise notice and by payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of shares of Common Stock purchased upon such exercise or, at the option of each holder, by means of a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to the formula set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrant.

The Holder does not have the right to exercise any portion of the Pre-Funded Warrant if the Holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. The Holder may increase or decrease the beneficial ownership limitation up to 9.99%, provided, however, that any increase in the beneficial ownership limitation shall not be effective until 61 days following notice of such change to the Company.

Common Warrants

The Common Warrant 1 and Common Warrant 2 are identical except with regard to their exercise price. The Common Warrant 1 has an exercise price of $0.68 per share of Common Stock and the Common Warrant 2 has an exercise price of $0.75 per share of Common Stock.

The Common Warrants are exercisable upon issuance and expire on the five-year anniversary of their date of issuance. The Common Warrants are exercisable, at the option of the Holder, in whole or in part by delivering to the Company a duly executed exercise notice and, at any time a registration statement registering the resale or other disposition of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Common Warrants under the Securities Act is effective and available for such shares, or an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is available for such shares, by payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of shares of Common Stock purchased upon such exercise. If at the time of exercise more than six months after the issuance date there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the resale or other disposition of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Common Warrants, then the Common Warrants may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to the formula set forth in the Common Warrants.

The Holder does not have the right to exercise any portion of the Common Warrants if the Holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. The Holder may increase or decrease the beneficial ownership limitation up to 9.99%, provided, however, that any increase in the beneficial ownership limitation shall not be effective until 61 days following notice of such change to the Company.

Membership Interests Purchase Agreement

On April 15, 2026, Soluna Digital Inc. (the “Purchaser”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Soluna Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), entered into a Membership Interests Purchase Agreement (the “MIPA”), with Soluna SLC Fund I Projects Holdco LLC (the “Seller”) and Soluna DVSL JVCo, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Dorothy 1A Project Company”), pursuant to which the Purchaser acquired 85.4% of the issued and outstanding Class B Membership Interests in the Dorothy 1A Project Company from the Seller. The Dorothy 1A Project Company owns a wind-powered data center campus in Silverton, Texas focused on bitcoin hosting. The MIPA contains customary representations and warranties of the Seller and the Purchaser.

The closing of the acquisition (the “Closing”) occurred simultaneously with the execution of the MIPA on April 15, 2026. At the Closing, the Purchaser paid $6.0 million to the Seller and an additional $10.5 million payment is due to the Seller no later than July 1, 2026. Upon the Closing, the Purchaser owns 100% of the issued and outstanding membership interests of the Dorothy 1A Project Company.

Securities Purchase Agreement and Promissory Note

In connection with the MIPA, on April 15, 2026, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with YA II PN, LTD. (the “Lender”), pursuant to which the Company issued to the Lender a Promissory Note (the “Note”) payable to the Lender, providing for an unsecured loan in the aggregate principal amount of up to $12.0 million (the “Principal Amount”). The outstanding Principal Amount will mature on May 15, 2027 (the “Maturity Date”) and bears interest at a rate per annum of 5%, based on a 365-day year, which interest rate shall increase to a rate per annum of 18% upon the occurrence of an Event of Default (as defined in the Note) for so long as such event remains uncured. Under the Note, the Company is required to make monthly payments (“Amortization Payments”) of $1.2 million per month, beginning sixty (60) days after closing until the Note is repaid in full. Each Amortization Payment shall include a 5% premium of the principal amount of such payment.

The Company may, upon at least one Business Day’s prior written notice to the Lender, prepay the outstanding Principal Amount and an additional 5% of such Principal Amount (solely in respect of a redemption in full), and any accrued and unpaid interest, at any time prior to the Maturity Date. If the Company consummates a financing transaction, or series of financing transactions within a thirty (30) day period, with aggregate gross proceeds in excess of $20.0 million (excluding any (i) transaction with the Lender or its affiliates, (ii) sales under the At the Market Offering Agreement entered into between the Company and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC on April 29, 2025, (iii) issuance under the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement entered into between the Company and the Lender on August 12, 2024 or the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement entered into between the Company and the Lender on March 24, 2026, or (iv) exercises of options, warrants, or convertible securities outstanding as of April 15, 2026), then, unless waived by the Lender, the Company shall be required to redeem the Note in an amount equal to (a)20% of the outstanding Principal Amount and (b) all accrued and unpaid interest on the Note.

The Note includes customary representations, warranties and covenants and sets forth certain events of default after which the outstanding Principal Amount may be declared immediately due and payable and sets forth certain types of bankruptcy or insolvency events of default involving the Company after which the outstanding Principal Amount becomes automatically due and payable.

Guaranty

Pursuant to the SPA, Soluna Wind Holding, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Guarantor”), entered into a Guaranty, dated April 15, 2026 (the “Guaranty”). Pursuant to the terms of the Guaranty, the Guarantor agreed to guarantee the complete performance and fulfillment of the Company’s obligations under the SPA and the Note.

Private Placement

Pursuant to the SPA, the Company issued to the Lender in a private placement (the “Private Placement”) a common warrant (the “Warrant”) to purchase up to 2,400,000 shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”).

The Warrant issued to the Lender in the Private Placement was issued and sold without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or state securities laws in reliance on the exemptions provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act promulgated thereunder and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws.

The Warrant has an exercise price of $1.06 per share of Common Stock, is exercisable upon issuance and expires on the twelve-month anniversary of its date of issuance. The Warrant is exercisable, at the option of the Lender, in whole or in part by delivering to the Company a duly executed exercise notice and, at any time a registration statement registering the resale or other disposition of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Warrant under the Securities Act is effective and available for such shares, or an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is available for such shares, by payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of shares of Common Stock purchased upon such exercise. If at the time of exercise more than six months after the issuance date there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the resale or other disposition of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Warrant, then the Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a cashless exercise, in which case the Lender would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to the formula set forth in the Warrant.

The Lender does not have the right to exercise any portion of the Warrant if the Lender, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. The Lender may increase or decrease the beneficial ownership limitation up to 9.99%, provided, however, that any increase in the beneficial ownership limitation shall not be effective until 61 days following notice of such change to the Company.