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Vera Bradley, Inc.

For the period ended Jan 31, 2026. Filed Mar 27, 2026.

View on SEC.gov

About this filing

A company's yearly report to the SEC, with audited financial statements. It is the fullest account a company gives of its business, its finances and the risks it sees.

FY2026 · Filed Mar 27, 2026

VRA$7.05+1.0%Stored close · as of Nov 6, 2026

What changed in Risk Factors?

Read the current filing

Previous report: 10-K

Period ended 2025-02-01; filed 2025-03-28.

0001495320-25-000019

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Current report: 10-K

Period ended 2026-01-31; filed 2026-03-27.

0001628280-26-021640

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The baseline is this issuer’s latest earlier reporting period of the same form that was filed before the current report. A previous 10-Q is a different quarter, not a year-over-year comparison. Amendments are excluded.

Compared 168 previous paragraphs and 175 current paragraphs.

145 unchanged; 20 reworded; 10 added; 0 removed; 3 previous and 0 current paragraphs rearranged.

Tables are not compared: 0 previous and 0 current tables excluded. Dates, whitespace, punctuation and numbering changes are ignored; changes to financial figures remain significant.

A changed paragraph is not evidence that risk increased or decreased. An unchanged paragraph does not establish that risk stayed the same.

Added paragraphs (10)

Current report

If we are unable to effectively manage inventory levels, product assortment, and promotional activity across channels, our gross margins, brand perception, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Current report

Our business requires us to forecast consumer demand and to manage inventory purchases, allocations, and replenishment decisions across Vera Bradley Direct, Vera Bradley Indirect, and our other channels, including sales through the Vera Bradley websites and marketplaces. Forecasting errors, changes in consumer preferences, delays in product flow, or shifts in channel mix may result in excess or aged inventory, higher markdowns, increased product returns, the need to increase promotional activity, and the write-off of inventory that cannot be sold at or above cost. Promotional activity by us or by our Vera Bradley Indirect partners or marketplace operators may also reduce realized pricing, compress gross margins, and adversely impact brand positioning. In addition, efforts to reduce promotions or optimize pricing may negatively impact traffic and conversion, and pricing inconsistencies across channels may harm customer trust or strain key Vera Bradley Indirect relationships.

Current report

Changes in privacy laws, regulations, and platform policies could increase our compliance costs and limit our ability to acquire customers effectively, which could adversely affect our business.

Current report

We are subject toa rapidly evolving set of privacy, data protection, marketing, and consumer disclosure laws and regulations in the United States and internationally. Compliance may require changes to our data practices, notices, consent mechanisms, vendor management, and recordkeeping, and may increase costs related to personnel, systems, monitoring, and audits. In addition, changes in browser, mobile operating system, and advertising platform policies may limit the availability of data signals used for measurement and targeting, which could reduce the effectiveness of our marketing spend, increase customer acquisition costs, and adversely affect our ability to grow sales through the Vera Bradley websites and marketplaces.

Current report

The use of or failure to adopt artificial intelligence technologies may impact our business

Current report

The use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) technologies could expose us to operational, legal, regulatory, cybersecurity, and reputational risks, and the use of AI by third parties could increase fraud, misinformation, data privacy concerns, and other risks to our business. AI technologies may produce inaccurate, biased, or unreliable outputs, and our reliance on such technologies, whether internally developed or obtained from third parties, could result in errors in decision-making, regulatory scrutiny, customer dissatisfaction, or damage to our reputation.

Current report

In addition, our business increasingly depends on technology and digital capabilities, and the thoughtful development, integration, and oversight of AI technologies may be important to our long-term competitiveness. Implementing or integrating AI technologies may require significant investments in infrastructure, data management, governance, and talent, and may involve complex implementation efforts and operational risks. If we are unable to develop, acquire, implement, or manage AI technologies effectively, in a cost-efficient or timely manner, or if such technologies do not perform as intended, our operations, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Current report

Further, the competitive landscape may evolve rapidly as companies invest in and deploy AI-enabled products, services, and processes. We may not be successful in identifying, developing, or adopting AI capabilities that meet the needs of our customers or keep pace with technological advances. Competitors or new market entrants may develop or deploy AI technologies more effectively than we do, which could erode our competitive position. Conversely, if we fail to adopt AI technologies thoughtfully and strategically, or fail to appropriately govern their use, we could miss opportunities to improve efficiency, innovation, and customer experience, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and long-term competitiveness.

Current report

•future sales of the Company's treasury stock, or the issuance of new shares to raise capital for the business

Current report

•general economic conditions and broader market volatility that may affect the trading price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance
Reworded paragraphs (20)

Previous wording

If we are unable to successfully implement our long-term strategic plans and growth strategies, including Project Restoration, our future operating results could suffer.

Current wording

If we are unable to successfully implement our long-term strategic plans and growth strategies, including Project Sunshine, our future operating results could suffer.

Previous wording

The success of our long-term strategic plan and growth strategies, including Project Restoration, alone or collectively, will depend on various factors, including the appeal of our product designs, retail presentation to consumers, effectiveness of our marketing initiatives, expense-saving initiatives, competitive conditions, and economic conditions. Project Restoration represents our business strategy to revitalize our consumer, brand, product, and channel components for both Vera Bradley and Pura Vida brands in order to serve our customers, grow our revenues, and increase our profitability. There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement our strategic plan and growth strategies. If we are unsuccessful in implementing some or all of our strategies or initiatives, our future operating results could be adversely impacted.

Current wording

The success of our long-term strategic plan and growth strategies, including Project Sunshine, alone or collectively, will depend on various factors, including the appeal of our product designs, retail presentation to consumers, effectiveness of our marketing initiatives, realignment of our digital platforms and strategies, expense-saving initiatives, competitive conditions, and economic conditions. Project Sunshine represents our comprehensive strategy to strengthen our market position by tapping into our brand’s strong emotional connection with consumers. There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement our strategic plan and growth strategies. If we are unsuccessful in implementing some or all of our strategies or initiatives, our future operating results could be adversely impacted.

Previous wording

Changes in general economic conditions and political uncertainty, including policies related to global trade and

Current wording

Changes in general economic conditions and political uncertainty, including policies related to global trade and tariffs, and their impact on consumer confidence and consumer spending, could negatively impact our profitability and net revenues, which could force us to delay or slow the implementation of our growth strategies and adversely impact our results of operations.

Previous wording

We currently sell our Vera Bradley-branded products into two segments: Direct to consumers through Vera Bradley full-line and outlet stores in the United States, the Vera Bradley websites (verabradley.com, international.verabradley.com, and outlet.verabradley.com), the Vera Bradley annual outlet sale in Fort Wayne, Indiana as well as direct to consumer marketplaces; and through our Vera Bradley Indirect wholesale business which consists of sales to specialty retail locations, department stores, national accounts, third-party e-commerce sites, third-party inventory liquidators, as well as royalties recognized through licensing agreements related to the Vera Bradley brand. We currently sell Pura Vida-branded products direct to consumers through our e-commerce website (puravidabracelets.com), through wholesale retailers, and through our seven retail stores. These channels are sometimes in direct competition and sales through these channels may not be incremental to total sales. If our omni-channel distribution model is unsuccessful, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Current wording

We currently sell our Vera Bradley-branded products into two segments: Direct to consumers through Vera Bradley full-line and outlet stores in the United States, the Vera Bradley websites (verabradley.com, international.verabradley.com, and outlet.verabradley.com), typically the Vera Bradley annual outlet sale in Fort Wayne, Indiana as well as direct to consumer marketplaces; and through our Vera Bradley Indirect wholesale business which consists of sales to specialty retail locations, department stores, national accounts, third-party inventory liquidators, as well as royalties recognized through licensing agreements related to the Vera Bradley brand. These channels are sometimes in direct competition and sales through these channels may not be incremental to total sales. If our omni-channel distribution model is unsuccessful, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Previous wording

Our long-term future growth prospects include our ability to successfully open new stores and operate new and current Vera Bradley and Pura Vida stores. In recent years, however, Vera Bradley comparable store sales have declined. Consequently, the rate at which we have opened new stores has slowed. We have closed a total of 79 underperforming full-line stores and four underperforming outlet stores since the beginning of fiscal 2015 and forecast that we will close additional full-line stores. We plan to open two additional Vera Bradley stores during fiscal 2026. We will continue to evaluate our plans for store openings in future years in light of demand and store performance.

Current wording

Our long-term future growth prospects include our ability to successfully open new stores and operate new and current Vera Bradley stores. In recent years, however, Vera Bradley comparable store sales have declined. Consequently, the rate at which we have opened new stores has slowed. We have closed a total of 91 underperforming full-line stores and five underperforming outlet stores since the beginning of fiscal 2015 and forecast that we will close additional underperforming full-line stores. We will opportunistically evaluate new store locations if we can obtain favorable locations and rental agreements. We will continue to evaluate our plans for store openings in future years in light of demand and store performance.

Previous wording

Our business depends on strong brands. If we are unable to execute our marketing strategies, intended to enhance our brands, then revenues and our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Current wording

Our business depends on a strong brand. If we are unable to execute our marketing strategies, intended to enhance our brand, then revenues and our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Previous wording

We believe that the brand images that we have developed have contributed significantly to the success of our business. We also believe that enhancing the Vera Bradley and Pura Vida brands through our marketing strategies is critical to maintaining and expanding our customer base. Enhancing our brands and implementing our marketing strategies may require us to make substantial investments in areas such as product design, store operations, store design, community relations, and marketing. These investments might not succeed. If we are unable to successfully execute our brand strategies, our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Current wording

We believe that the brand images that we have developed have contributed significantly to the success of our business. We also believe that enhancing the Vera Bradley brand through our marketing strategies is critical to maintaining and expanding our customer base. Enhancing our brand and implementing our marketing strategies may require us to make substantial investments in areas such as product design, store operations, store design, community relations, and marketing. These investments might not succeed. If we are unable to successfully execute our brand strategies, our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Previous wording

We have closed a total of 79 underperforming full-line stores and four underperforming outlet stores since the beginning of fiscal 2015 and forecast that we will close additional stores. We could, in the future, decide to close additional stores beyond those currently forecasted that are producing losses or that are not as profitable as we expect. If we decide to close any stores before the expiration of their lease terms, we may incur payments to landlords to terminate or “buy out” the remaining term of the lease. We also may incur costs related to the employees at such stores, whether or not we terminate the leases early. Upon any such closure, the closing costs, including fixed assets and inventory write-downs, could adversely affect our results of operations and our cash on hand.

Current wording

We have closed a total of 91 underperforming full-line stores and five underperforming outlet stores since the beginning of fiscal 2015 and forecast that we will close additional underperforming stores. We could, in the future, decide to close additional stores beyond those currently forecasted that are producing losses or that are not as profitable as we expect. If we decide to close any stores before the expiration of their lease terms, we may incur payments to landlords to terminate or “buy out” the remaining term of the lease. We also may incur costs related to the employees at such stores, whether or not we terminate the leases early. Upon any such closure, the closing costs, including fixed assets and inventory write-downs, could adversely affect our results of operations and our cash on hand.

Previous wording

In our Vera Bradley Indirect business and Pura Vida wholesale business, we compete with numerous manufacturers, importers, and distributors of handbags, accessories, and other products for the limited space available for the display of such products to the consumer. In our Vera Bradley Direct business and Pura Vida e-commerce and retail store business, we compete against other gift and specialty retailers, department stores, catalog retailers, and Internet businesses that engage in the retail sale of similar products. Moreover, the general availability of contract manufacturing allows new entrants easy access to the markets in which we compete, which may increase the number of competitors and adversely affect our competitive position and our business.

Current wording

In our Vera Bradley Indirect business, we compete with numerous manufacturers, importers, and distributors of handbags, accessories, and other products for the limited space available for the display of such products to the consumer. In our Vera Bradley Direct business, we compete against other gift and specialty retailers, department stores, catalog retailers, and Internet businesses that engage in the retail sale of similar products. Moreover, the general availability of contract manufacturing allows new entrants easy access to the markets in which we compete, which may increase the number of competitors and adversely affect our competitive position and our business.

Previous wording

Distribution operations for Vera Bradley-branded products are currently concentrated in a single, company-owned distribution center in Roanoke, Indiana. Pura Vida-branded products are primarily distributed from one third-party distribution center in Tijuana, Mexico.

Current wording

Distribution operations currently concentrated in a single, company-owned distribution center in Roanoke, Indiana.

Previous wording

We source our Vera Bradley raw materials primarily from various suppliers in Asia, with the majority of non-cotton based products coming from China and South Korea. Our cotton-based products are sourced from areas outside of China. For Vera Bradley, we outsource the production of a significant majority of our products to companies in Asia. Pura Vida components are primarily sourced from Asia and outsource the production of products primarily to El Salvador. We are subject to the risks inherent in global sourcing and manufacturing, including, but not limited to:

Current wording

We source our raw materials primarily from various suppliers in Asia, with the majority of non-cotton based products coming from China and South Korea. Our cotton-based products are sourced from areas outside of China. We outsource the production of a significant majority of our products to companies in Asia. We are subject to the risks inherent in global sourcing and manufacturing, including, but not limited to:

Previous wording

A significant majority of our Vera Bradley and Pura Vida products are currently manufactured for us in Asia and Central America, respectively. The United States and the countries in which our products are produced have imposed and may impose additional quotas, duties, tariffs, or other restrictions or regulations or may adversely adjust prevailing quotas, duties, or tariffs. Countries impose, modify, and remove tariffs and other trade restrictions in response to a diverse array of factors, including global and national economic and political conditions, which make it impossible for us to predict future developments regarding tariffs and other trade restrictions. Trade restrictions, which include embargoes, safeguards, and customs restrictions, could increase the cost or reduce the supply of products available to us or could require us to modify our supply chain organization or other current business practices, any of which could harm our results of operations.

Current wording

A significant majority of our products are currently manufactured for us in Asia. The United States and the countries in which our products are produced have imposed and may impose additional quotas, duties, tariffs, or other restrictions or regulations or may adversely adjust prevailing quotas, duties, or tariffs. Countries impose, modify, and remove tariffs and other trade restrictions in response to a diverse array of factors, including global and national economic and political conditions, which make it impossible for us to predict future developments regarding tariffs and other trade restrictions. Trade restrictions, which include embargoes, safeguards, and customs restrictions, could increase the cost or reduce the supply of products available to us or could require us to modify our supply chain organization or other current business practices, any of which could harm our results of operations.

Previous wording

We currently rely on independent transportation service providers for substantially all of our product shipments. Our utilization of these delivery services, or those of any other shipping companies that we may elect to use, is subject to risks, including increases in fuel prices, which would increase our shipping costs, employee strikes, labor shortages, and inclement weather, which may impact a shipping company’s ability to provide delivery services sufficient to meet our shipping needs.

Current wording

We currently rely on independent transportation service providers for substantially all of our product shipments. Our utilization of these delivery services, or those of any other shipping companies that we may elect to use, is subject to risks, including increases in fuel prices, which would increase our shipping costs, employee strikes, labor shortages, health emergencies, and inclement weather, which may impact a shipping company’s ability to provide delivery services sufficient to meet our shipping needs.

Previous wording

We operate e-commerce stores at www.verabradley.com, outlet.verabradley.com, and international.verabradley.com, and www.puravidabracelets.com. Expanding our e-commerce business is one of the key objectives of our business strategy. Our e-commerce operations are subject to numerous risks, including unanticipated operating problems, reliance on third-party computer hardware and software providers, system failures, and the need to invest in additional computer systems. Specific risks include: (i) diversion of sales from our stores; (ii) rapid technological change; (iii) liability for e-commerce content; and (iv) risks related to the failure of the computer systems that operate the websites and their related support systems, including from computer viruses, telecommunication failures, and electronic break-ins and similar disruptions. Internet operations involve risks which may be beyond our control that could have a direct material adverse effect on our operating results, including: (i) price competition involving the items we intend to sell; (ii) the level of merchandise returns we experience; (iii) governmental regulation; (iv) e-commerce security breaches involving unauthorized access to our systems and/or customer information; (v) credit card fraud; and (vi) competition and general economic conditions specific to the Internet, e-commerce, and the accessories industry. If we are unable to effectively address these risks and any other risks that we face in connection with our Internet operations, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Current wording

We operate e-commerce stores at www.verabradley.com, outlet.verabradley.com, and international.verabradley.com. Expanding our e-commerce business is one of the key objectives of our business strategy. Our e-commerce operations are subject to numerous risks, including unanticipated operating problems, reliance on third-party computer hardware and software providers, system failures, and the need to invest in additional computer systems. Specific risks include: (i) diversion of sales from our stores; (ii) rapid technological change; (iii) liability for e-commerce content; and (iv) risks related to the failure of the computer systems that operate the websites and their related support systems, including from computer viruses, telecommunication failures, and electronic break-ins and similar disruptions. Internet operations involve risks which may be beyond our control that could have a direct material adverse effect on our operating results, including: (i) price competition involving the items we intend to sell; (ii) the level of merchandise returns we experience; (iii) governmental regulation; (iv) e-commerce security breaches involving unauthorized access to our systems and/or customer information; (v) credit card fraud; (vi) adverse changes in the terms, policies, algorithms, fees, or service levels of marketplaces or other third-party digital platforms on which we sell or advertise; and (vii) competition and general economic conditions specific to the Internet, e-commerce, and the accessories industry. If we are unable to effectively address these risks and any other risks that we face in connection with our Internet operations, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Previous wording

Quarterly, we assess whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that indicate the carrying value of long-lived asset groups may not be recoverable. If we determine that the carrying value of long-lived asset groups are not recoverable, we will be required to record impairment charges relating to those assets. For example, our assessments during fiscal years 2025 and 2023 indicated that operating losses or insufficient operating income existed at certain retail stores, with a projection that the operating losses or insufficient operating income for those locations would continue. As such, we recorded non-cash charges of $2.6 million and $0.8 million during fiscal years 2025 and 2023, respectively, within selling, general, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations to write down the carrying values of these stores' long-lived asset groups to their estimated fair values. We also recorded $0.6 million of a non-cash impairment charge relating to a corporate right-of-use asset in fiscal 2023. We recorded no long-lived asset impairments in fiscal 2024.

Current wording

Quarterly, we assess whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that indicate the carrying value of long-lived asset groups may not be recoverable. If we determine that the carrying value of long-lived asset groups are not recoverable, we will be required to record impairment charges relating to those assets. For example, our assessments during fiscal years 2026 and 2025 indicated that operating losses or insufficient operating income existed at certain retail stores, with a projection that the operating losses or insufficient operating income for those locations would continue. As such, we recorded non-cash charges of $1.0 million and $2.4 million during fiscal years 2026 and 2025, respectively, within selling, general, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations to write down the carrying values of these stores' long-lived asset groups to their estimated fair values. We recorded no long-lived asset impairments in fiscal 2024.

Previous wording

Robert Hall, Barbara Bradley Baekgaard, Joan Hall (Mr. Hall’s wife and Ms. Bradley Baekgaard’s daughter), Patricia R. Miller, and P. Michael Miller, directly or indirectly, beneficially own and have the ability to exercise voting control over, in the aggregate, 21.2%of our outstan ding shares of common stock as of February 1, 2025. Fund 1 Investments, LLC beneficially owns and has the ability to exercise voting control over, in the aggregate, 10% of our outstanding shares of common stock as of February 1, 2025. As a result, these shareholders are able to exercise significant influence over all matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors, any amendments to our second amended and restated articles of incorporation, and significant corporate transactions. This concentrated ownership of outstanding common stock may diminish an investor's ability to influence corporate matters, and the interests of these shareholders may not coincide with our interests or interests of investors. As a result, we may take actions that investors do not believe to be in our interests or their interests and that could depress our stock price. In addition, this significant concentration of stock ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock should investors perceive disadvantages in owning shares of common stock in a company that has such concentrated ownership.

Current wording

Robert Hall, Barbara Bradley Baekgaard, Joan Hall (Mr. Hall’s wife and Ms. Bradley Baekgaard’s daughter), Patricia R. Miller, and P. Michael Miller, directly or indirectly, beneficially own and have the ability to exercise voting control over, in the aggregate, 21.1%of our outstan ding shares of common stock as of January 31, 2026. As a result, these shareholders are able to exercise significant influence over all matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors, any amendments to our second amended and restated articles of incorporation, and significant corporate transactions. This concentrated ownership of outstanding common stock may diminish an investor's ability to influence corporate matters, and the interests of these shareholders may not coincide with our interests or interests of investors. As a result, we may take actions that investors do not believe to be in our interests or their interests and that could depress our stock price. In addition, this significant concentration of stock ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock should investors perceive disadvantages in owning shares of common stock in a company that has such concentrated ownership.

Previous wording

We have been subject to shareholder activism and may be subject to such activism in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert management’s and our Board of Directors’ (“Board”) attention and resources from our business. For example, on December 30, 2024, Fund 1 Investments, LLC delivered a letter to our Board calling for a the commencement of a strategic alternatives process.

Current wording

We have been subject to shareholder activism and may be subject to such activism in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert management’s and our Board of Directors’ (“Board”) attention and resources from our business.

Previous wording

A pandemic (COVID-19) in the past resulted in travel restrictions both domestically and internationally, community and self-quarantines, certain factory closures or reduced operations, as well as mall closures and reduced mall operating hours. This could happen in the future as well. Due to the past pandemic we experienced significantly reduced traffic, demand, and sales. This could recur in the future. Future pandemic-related mandates from governments and public health officials may necessitate additional closures to some, or all, of our retail stores, the stores of our Indirect segment partners and Pura Vida wholesale retailers, or otherwise detrimentally impact aspects of our operations, as COVID-19 did in the past. Pandemics may reduce consumers' willingness and ability to travel to major cities and vacation destinations in which some of our stores are located.

Current wording

A pandemic (COVID-19) in the past resulted in travel restrictions both domestically and internationally, community and self-quarantines, certain factory closures or reduced operations, as well as mall closures and reduced mall operating hours. This could happen in the future as well. Due to the past pandemic we experienced significantly reduced traffic, demand, and sales. This could recur in the future. Future pandemic-related mandates from governments and public health officials may necessitate additional closures to some, or all, of our retail stores, the stores of our Indirect segment partners, or otherwise detrimentally impact aspects of our operations, as COVID-19 did in the past. Pandemics may reduce consumers' willingness and ability to travel to major cities and vacation destinations in which some of our stores are located.

Previous wording

Our performance depends largely on the efforts and abilities of our senior management and product development teams. These executives and design associates have substantial experience in our business and have made significant contributions to our growth and success. Although we have entered into an employment agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, we may not be able to retain her services or those of other key individuals in the future. The unexpected loss of services of key employees could have adverse impacts on our business and results of operations. We may also need to attract and retain additional qualified employees and develop, train, and manage an increasing number of management-level, sales, and other employees. Competition for qualified employees is intense. We may not be able to attract and retain employees as needed in the future.

Current wording

Our performance depends largely on the efforts and abilities of our senior management and product development teams. These executives and design associates have substantial experience in our business and have made significant contributions to our growth and success. Although we have entered into an employment agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, we may not be able to retain his services or those of other key individuals in the future. The unexpected loss of services of key employees could have adverse impacts on our business and results of operations. We may also need to attract and retain additional qualified employees and develop, train, and manage an increasing number of management-level, sales, and other employees. Competition for qualified employees is intense. We may not be able to attract and retain employees as needed in the future.

Previous wording

•timing of sales to Vera Bradley and Pura Vida wholesale retailers; and

Current wording

•timing of sales to Vera Bradley wholesale retailers; and
Rearranged previous paragraphs (3)

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

tariffs, and their impact on consumer confidence and consumer spending, could negatively impact our

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

profitability and net revenues, which could force us to delay or slow the implementation of our growth strategies

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

and adversely impact our results of operations.