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REPUBLIC AIRWAYS HOLDINGS INC.

For the period ended Dec 31, 2025. Filed Mar 19, 2026.

View on SEC.gov

About this filing

A company's yearly report to the SEC, with audited financial statements. It is the fullest account a company gives of its business, its finances and the risks it sees.

FY2025 · Filed Mar 19, 2026

RJET$20.15+1.4%Stored close · as of Nov 6, 2026

What changed in Risk Factors?

Read the current filing

Previous report: 10-K

Period ended 2024-09-30; filed 2025-05-14.

0000950170-25-070705

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Current report: 10-K

Period ended 2025-12-31; filed 2026-03-19.

0001628280-26-019614

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The baseline is this issuer’s latest earlier reporting period of the same form that was filed before the current report. A previous 10-Q is a different quarter, not a year-over-year comparison. Amendments are excluded.

Compared 177 previous paragraphs and 154 current paragraphs.

17 unchanged; 28 reworded; 107 added; 123 removed; 9 previous and 2 current paragraphs rearranged.

Tables are not compared: 0 previous and 0 current tables excluded. Dates, whitespace, punctuation and numbering changes are ignored; changes to financial figures remain significant.

A changed paragraph is not evidence that risk increased or decreased. An unchanged paragraph does not establish that risk stayed the same.

Added paragraphs (107)

Current report

In addition to factors discussed elsewhere in this Report, the following are important risks which could adversely affect our future results. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently do not deem material may also impair our business operations. If any of the risks we describe below occur, or if any unforeseen risk develops, our operating results may suffer, our financial condition may deteriorate, the trading price of our common stock may decline and investors could lose all or part of their investment in us.

Current report

Risks Related to Disruption of our Operations

Current report

Various negative economic or industry conditions may result in reductions to our flight schedules, which could materially and adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

Current report

Our operations and financial condition are affected by many changing economic and other conditions beyond our control, including, among others:

Current report

• actual or potential changes in international, national, regional and local economic, business and financial conditions, including recession, inflation, higher interest rates, higher taxes and/or tariffs, public health emergencies, including pandemics, international hostilities (including the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and between Russia and Ukraine), terrorist attacks or political instability;

Current report

• impact on workforce availability and economic uncertainty;

Current report

• future public health threats, outbreaks of diseases or other illnesses could negatively affect travel behavior and the industry;

Current report

• changes in consumer preferences, perceptions, spending patterns or demographic trends;

Current report

• changes in the competitive environment due to industry consolidation, new airlines entering the market, our major Partner Airlines operating smaller sized aircraft that may reduce the demand for regional aircraft and other factors;

Current report

• actual or potential disruptions to U.S. air traffic control systems, caused by a government funding shutdown or otherwise;

Current report

• interference on aviation equipment from the deployment of 5G wireless telecommunications systems, or other factors disrupting communications;

Current report

• price of jet fuel and oil that may negatively impact the number of flights we are scheduled to operate by our major Partner Airlines under our CPAs and may negatively impact the profitability of our agreements;

Current report

• disruptions in the credit markets, which may impact availability of price competitive financing;

Current report

• weather and natural disasters.

Current report

The effect of any, or some combination, of the foregoing economic and industry conditions on our operations or financial condition is virtually impossible to forecast; however, the occurrence of any or all of such conditions in a significant manner could materially and adversely affect our operations and financial condition and could cause our major Partner Airlines to reduce the utilization levels of our aircraft under our code-share agreements.

Current report

We may experience disruption in service due to delays from key third-party service providers.

Current report

We rely on third-party vendors for a variety of services and functions critical to our business, including airframe and engine maintenance, telecommunication systems, and information technology infrastructure, as well as services and functions provided by our Partner Airlines such as ground handling, fueling, computer reservation system hosting, telecommunication systems, and information technology infrastructure and services.

Current report

Even though we strive to formalize agreements with these vendors that define expected service levels, our use of third-party vendors increases our exposure to several risks. In the event that one or more vendors goes into bankruptcy, ceases operation, or fails to perform as promised, replacement services may not be readily available at competitive rates, or at all. If one of our vendors fails to perform adequately, we may experience increased costs, delays, maintenance issues, safety issues, or negative public perception. Vendor bankruptcies, unionization, regulatory compliance issues, or significant changes in the competitive marketplace among suppliers could adversely affect vendor services or force us to renegotiate existing agreements on less favorable terms. These events could result in disruptions in our operations or increases in our cost structure.

Current report

We currently depend on Embraer, General Electric (“GE”) Aviation, and other original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) to support our fleet of aircraft.

Current report

We currently rely on Embraer as the primary manufacturer of all of our regional jets and GE Aviation and its affiliates as the primary manufacturer for our supporting engines. Our risks in relying on a limited number of aircraft and engine manufacturers include:

Current report

•the failure or inability of Embraer, GE Aviation, or an OEM to provide sufficient parts or related support services on a timely basis;

Current report

•the issuance of DOT or FAA directives restricting or prohibiting the use of Embraer aircraft or GE Aviation engines or requiring time-consuming inspections and maintenance;

Current report

•the enactment of tariffs that will increase cost and/or delay parts at the border causing prolonged time of repair; and

Current report

•the adverse public perception of a manufacturer as a result of an accident or other adverse publicity.

Current report

In addition, our Partner Airlines include both Embraer aircraft and aircraft manufactured by other OEMs as part of their networks. If we continue to operate a single manufactured fleet, we may not be able to compete for and win new regional flying opportunities, and our growth could be limited. Therefore, our growth plan may require us to expand our operations to flying regional jets manufactured by other OEMs. In such event, the introduction of additional aircraft types will require us to develop and implement specific operational proficiencies, including pilots, flight attendants, and maintenance technicians. Doing so may erode our operational efficiencies gained from flying a single aircraft type and could cause margin degradation.

Current report

We are at risk of losses stemming from an accident or incident involving any of our regional or general aviation aircraft or personnel.

Current report

It is possible thatone or more of our commercial passenger aircraft or general aviation aircraft may be involved in an accident in the future, causing death or serious injury to individual air travelers and our employees, destroying our aircraft, and the property of third parties.

Current report

In addition, an accident involving one of our aircraft could expose us to significant tort liabilities. Such liabilities could include liability arising from the claims of those on board, including passengers or their estates seeking to recover damages for death or injury. There can be no assurance that the insurance we carry to cover such damages will be adequate. Accidents could also result in unforeseen mechanical and maintenance costs. In addition, any accident involving an aircraft type that we operate could create a public perception that our aircraft are not safe. Such an accident could materially andadversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and the price of our common stock.

Current report

We are also at risk of adverse publicity stemming from any incident involving us, which could expose us or our Partner Airlines to reputational harm and potential legal liability. Ourinvolvement in any such incident could negatively impact our relationship with our Partner Airlines or affect our Partner Airlines’ respective brands, and as a result, adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the price of our common stock.

Current report

Interruptions or disruptions in service at one of our hub airports, due to weather, system malfunctions, security closures, or for any other reason, could have an adverse impact on our operations.

Current report

We currently operate primarily through hubs supporting our Partner Airlines’ respective route network across the Northeast, Midwest, and South regions of the United States. A significant portion of our flights either originate from or fly into one of these hubs. These regions tend to experience higher than average adverse weather events, air traffic control disruptions, and the airports within these regions tend to experience significant congestion relative to many other U.S. airports, each of which creates significant challenges to completing flights on time. Our revenues depend primarily on our completion of flights and, secondarily, onservice factors such as timeliness of departures and arrivals. Certain revenues are also impacted by non-controllable conditions such as weather. Any interruptions or disruptions could, therefore, adversely affect us. Extreme weather such as blizzards, hurricanes or tornados can cause flight disruptions, and during periods of storms or adverse weather, our flights may be cancelled or significantly delayed. An interruption or disruption in service at one of our hubs, due to adverse weather, system malfunctions, air traffic control disruptions, airport construction, security closures, or otherwise, could result in the cancellation or delay of a portion of our flightsand, as a result, could have adverse impact on our operations and financial performance.

Current report

Risks Related to the Merger and Integration with Mesa Air Group, Inc.

Current report

We may be unable to integrate Mesa’s business with ours successfully and realize any anticipated benefits of the Merger, which could negatively impact our stock price and our future business and financial results.

Current report

We must devote significant management attention and resources to integrating the business practices and operations of Mesa Airlines. Potential difficulties we may encounter as part of the integration process include the following:

Current report

•integrating complex systems, operating procedures, regulatory compliance programs, technology, aircraft fleets, networks, and other assets of the two companies in a manner that minimizes any adverse impact on customers, suppliers, employees, and other constituencies;

Current report

•diversion of the attention of our management and other key employees;

Current report

•integrating the workforces of the two companies while maintaining focus on providing consistent, high quality customer service and running a safe, clean, and reliable flying experience;

Current report

•disruption of, or the loss of momentum in, our ongoing business;

Current report

•liabilities that are significantly larger than we currently anticipate and unforeseen increased expenses or delays associated with the Merger, including transition costs to integrate the two businesses that may exceed the costs that we currently anticipate;

Current report

•maintaining productive and effective employee relationships and achieving cost-competitive collective bargaining agreements that cover the combined union-represented work groups;

Showing the first 40 of 107 passages. Open the source sections for the rest.

Removed paragraphs (123)

Previous report

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operation. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our financial statements and the related notes, and in our other filings with the SEC. Our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flow, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks or uncertainties. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Previous report

Risk Factor Summary

Previous report

We are highly dependent on our agreement with United and our operations may be negatively impacted if United experiences events that negatively impacts its financial strength or operations.

Previous report

If United experiences events that negatively impact its financial strength or operations, our operations may be negatively impacted.

Previous report

The loss of key personnel or the inability to attract additional qualified personnel could adversely affect our business.

Previous report

If the supply of pilots and mechanics to the airline industry becomes constrained and pilot attrition levels increase, our results of operations and financial condition would be negatively impacted.

Previous report

Mechanic attrition and difficulty recruiting and retaining qualified maintenance technicians may negatively affect our operations and financial condition.

Previous report

Increases in our labor costs may adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Previous report

United may expand its direct operation of regional jets or seek other independent airlines to service their regional aircraft needs.

Previous report

We may be limited from expanding our flying within United's flight system.

Previous report

The amounts we receive under our agreement with United may be less than the corresponding costs we incur.

Previous report

Strikes, labor disputes and increased unionization of our workforces may adversely affect our ability to conduct our business and reduce our profitability.

Previous report

We may incur substantial maintenance costs as part of our leased aircraft return obligations.

Previous report

Disagreements regarding the interpretation of our agreement with United could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Previous report

If we face problems with any of our third-party service providers, our operations could be adversely affected.

Previous report

Maintenance costs will likely increase as the age of our jet fleet increases.

Previous report

The issuance of operating restrictions applicable to one of the fleet types we operate could negatively impact our business and financial condition.

Previous report

If we have a failure in our technology or security breaches of our information technology infrastructure our business and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Previous report

Negative publicity regarding our customer service could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Previous report

Our failure to be current in our SEC filings could pose significant risks to our business, each of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Previous report

Future public health threats that negatively impact the demand for air travel could adversely impact our business.

Previous report

We are subject to significant governmental regulation.

Previous report

The occurrence of an aviation accident involving our aircraft would negatively impact our operations and financial condition.

Previous report

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or publish negative reports about our business, our stock price and trading volumes could decline.

Previous report

Additional issuances of our common stock, whether by us or as a result of the exercise of our outstanding warrants, could materially affect the value of our common stock.

Previous report

Our corporate charter limits certain transfers of our stock, which could have an effect on the market price and liquidity of our common stock.

Previous report

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, increase our operating costs and divert management’s attention.

Previous report

We are required to assess our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis, and any future adverse findings from such assessment could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports and have a material adverse effect on our business.

Previous report

For a more complete discussion of the material risk factors relevant to us, see below.

Previous report

Risks Related to Our Business

Previous report

We are highly dependent on our agreement with United.

Previous report

We derive substantially all of our operating revenue from our CPA with United. United accounted for approximately 97% and 73% of our revenue for our fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. A termination of our United CPA would have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. See "Item 1. Business" for additional information on our CPA with United.

Previous report

If our United CPA is terminated or not renewed, we would be significantly impacted and likely would not have an immediate source of revenue or earnings to offset such loss. United is not under any obligation to renew its CPA with us. A termination or expiration of this agreement would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows, ability to satisfy debt and lease obligations, operating revenues, and net income unless we are able to enter into satisfactory substitute arrangements for the utilization of the affected aircraft by other airline partners, or, alternatively, obtain the airport facilities, gates, ticketing and ground services and make the other arrangements necessary to fly as an independent airline. We may not be able to enter into substitute CPAs, and any such arrangements we might secure may not be as favorable to us as our current agreements. Operating an airline independently from United would be a significant departure from our business plan and would likely require significant time and resources, which may not be available to us when needed.

Previous report

Reduced utilization levels of our aircraft under our United CPA would have a material adverse impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Previous report

Historically, United has utilized our flight operations at levels at or near the maximum capacity of our fleet allocations under the CPA agreement. As previously reported, we operated at significantly lower block hours during fiscal 2024 due to decreased utilization. Our United CPA does not require United to schedule any specified minimum level of flight operations for our aircraft. Additionally, United may remove aircraft from our United CPA with 90 days' prior notice to us. While United pays us a fixed monthly revenue amount for each aircraft under contract, a continuation of the low block hours flown in 2024 and/or a significant reduction in the utilization levels of our fleet in the future or removal of aircraft from our United CPA at United's election could reduce our revenues based on the number of flights and block hours flown for United.

Previous report

If United experiences events that negatively impact its financial strength or operations, our operations also may be negatively impacted.

Previous report

We may be directly affected by the financial and operating strength of United. Any events, such as new pandemics, that negatively impact the financial strength of United or have a long-term effect on the use of United by airline travelers would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In the event of a decrease in United's financial or operational strength, United may seek to reduce, or be unable to make, the payments due to us under the United CPA. In addition, in some cases, they may further reduce utilization of our aircraft. Although we receive guaranteed monthly revenue for each aircraft under contract and a fixed fee for each block hour or flight actually flown, United is not required to schedule any specified level of flight operations for our aircraft. If United becomes bankrupt, our agreement with them may not be assumed in bankruptcy and could be terminated. This and other events, which are outside of our control, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, any negative events that impact other regional carriers and that affect public perception of such carriers generally could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Previous report

The airline business is a capital-intensive business and, as a result, we are highly leveraged. As of September 30, 2024, we had approximately $310.3 million in total long-term principal balance (including current portion of $50.5 million, of which $1.8 million pertains to finance lease obligations. Additionally, all outstanding principal amounts, $113.7 million as of September 30, 2024, under our UST Loan are due and payable in a single installment on October 30, 2025. We also have $13.2 million available for borrowing under our United Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2024. Substantially all of our long-term debt was incurred in connection with the acquisition of aircraft and aircraft engines. During our fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, our principal payments on debt totaled $286.3 million, $203.0 million, and $114.9 million, respectively.

Previous report

We also have significant long-term lease obligations, primarily relating to our office space and other facilities (excluding aircraft leased at nominal amounts from United), with an average remaining term of 6.5 years. As of September 30, 2024, future minimum lease payments due under all long-term operating leases were approximately $10.5 million and future debt service obligations were $363.6 million, including finance lease obligations and interest payments.

Previous report

The Company's substantial level of indebtedness, non-investment grade credit ratings, and the availability of Company assets as collateral for future loans or other indebtedness, which available collateral would be reduced under other future liquidity-raising transactions and was reduced during our fiscal year ended September 30, 2021 as a result of CARES Act loan program borrowings under our UST Loan, may make it difficult for the Company to raise additional capital if required to meet its liquidity needs on acceptable terms, or at all.

Showing the first 40 of 123 passages. Open the source sections for the rest.

Reworded paragraphs (28)

Previous wording

We depend upon MHI, Boeing, and Embraer as the sole manufacturers of our aircraft and GE as the sole manufacturer of our aircraft engines. Our operations could be materially and adversely affected by the failure or inability of MHI, Boeing, Embraer or GE to provide sufficient parts or related maintenance and support services to us in a timely manner, or the interruption of our flight operations as a result of unscheduled or unanticipated maintenance requirements for our aircraft or engines.

Current wording

Our operations could be materially and adversely affected by the failure or inability of Embraer, GE Aviation, or an OEM to provide sufficient parts or related maintenance and support services on a timely basis or by an interruption of fleet service as a result of unscheduled or unanticipated maintenance requirements for our aircraft or engines.

Previous wording

Reduced utilization levels of our aircraft under our agreements with United would adversely impact our financial results.

Current wording

Reduced utilization levels of our aircraft under CPAs with our Partner Airlines would adversely impact our revenues, earnings, and liquidity.

Previous wording

Challenges with hiring, training, and retaining replacement pilots may also lead to reduced utilization levels of our aircraft and penalties under our CPA. Our operations and financial results could be materially and adversely impacted by such events. Additionally, United may change routes and frequencies of flights, which can negatively impact our operating efficiencies. Changes in schedules may increase our flight costs, which could exceed the reimbursed rates paid by United. Reduced utilization levels of our aircraft or other changes to our schedules under our CPA would adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Current wording

Challenges with hiring, training, and retaining pilots, flight attendants, maintenance technicians, and dispatchers may also lead to reduced utilization levels of our aircraft and possibly the incurrence of penalties under our CPAs. Additionally, our Partner Airlines may change routes and frequencies of flights without notice to us or our consent, which can negatively impact our operating efficiencies. Changes in schedules may increase our flight costs, which could exceed the fixed rates paid by our Partner Airlines.

Previous wording

We depend on United electing to contract with us instead of operating their own regional jets or operating their own "captive" regional airlines through wholly owned subsidiaries. Currently, the captive regional airlines include Endeavor (owned by Delta), Envoy (owned by American), PSA (owned by American), Piedmont (owned by American), and Horizon (owned by Alaska). These major airlines possess the financial and other resources to acquire and operate their own regional jets, create, or grow their own captive regional airlines, or acquire other regional air carriers instead of entering into contracts with us. We have no guarantee that in the future United will choose to enter into contracts with us, or renew their existing agreements with us, instead of operating their own regional jets, allocating flying to their captive regional airlines, or entering into relationships with competing regional airlines. A decision by United to phase out or limit our CPA or to enter into similar agreements with our competitors would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Current wording

We depend on major airlines, such as our Partner Airlines, to contract with us instead of purchasing and operating their own aircraft; however, some major airlines own their own regional airline subsidiaries and operate their own regional aircraft instead of entering into contracts with us or other independent regional carriers. Currently, the regional airlines owned by major airlines include Endeavor Air, Inc. (“Endeavor”) (owned by Delta Air Lines), Envoy Air Inc. (“Envoy”) (subsidiary of the parent company of American Airlines), PSA Airlines, Inc. (“PSA”) (subsidiary of the parent company of American Airlines), Piedmont Airlines (“Piedmont”) (subsidiary of the parent company of American Airlines), and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. (“Horizon”) (owned by Alaska Air Group, Inc.). The major airlines possess the financial and other resources needed to acquire and operate their own regional jets, create or grow their own captive regional airlines, or acquire other regional air carriers instead of entering into contracts with us. We have no guarantee that, in the future, our Partner Airlines or any other airline will choose to enter into contracts with us instead of purchasing their own aircraft or entering into relationships with competing regional airlines, as they are not prohibited from doing so under the CPAs. A decision by American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, or United Airlines to phase out our contract-based relationships as they expire and instead acquire and operate their own aircraft or enter into similar agreements with one or more of our competitors could have a material adverse effect on ourfinancial condition, results of operations, and the price of our common stock. Because of the concentration of major airlines in the industry, we would have difficulty replacing lost revenues if any of our Partner Airlines were to terminate or reduce their CPAs withus.

Previous wording

We may not have additional growth opportunities or may agree to modifications to our agreement that reduce certain benefits to us in order to obtain additional aircraft, or for other reasons. Given the competitive nature of the airline industry, we believe limited growth opportunities may result in competitors accepting reduced margins and less favorable contract terms in order to secure new or additional capacity purchase operations. Even if we are offered growth opportunities by United, those opportunities may involve economic terms or financing commitments that are unacceptable to us. Additionally, United may reduce the number of regional jets in its system by not renewing or extending existing flying arrangements with regional operators or transitioning those flying arrangements to their own captive regional carriers. Any one or more of these factors may reduce or eliminate our ability to expand our flight operations with United.

Current wording

We may not have additional growth opportunities or may agree to modifications to our CPAs that reduce certain benefits to us in order to obtain additional aircraft or for other reasons. Given the competitive nature of the airline industry, we believe its current environment with limited growth opportunities may result in competitors accepting reduced margins and less favorable contract terms in order to secure new or additional capacity purchase operations. Even if we are offered growth opportunities by our Partner Airlines, those opportunities may involve economic terms or financing commitments that are unacceptable to us.

Previous wording

To the extent that we experience disagreements regarding the interpretation of our CPA, we will likely expend valuable management time and financial resources in our efforts to resolve those disagreements. Those disagreements may result in litigation, arbitration, settlement negotiations, or other proceedings. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that any or all of those proceedings, if commenced, would be resolved in our favor or that we would be able to exercise sufficient leverage in any related proceeding to achieve a favorable outcome. An unfavorable result in any such proceeding could have adverse financial consequences or require us to modify our operations. Such disagreements and their consequences could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Current wording

To the extent that we experience disagreements regarding the interpretation of the CPAs or other agreements, we will likely expend valuable management time and financial resources in our efforts to resolve those disagreements. Those disagreements may result in litigation, arbitration, settlement negotiations, or other proceedings. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that any or all of those proceedings, if commenced, would be resolved in our favor or that we would be able to exercise sufficient leverage in any proceeding relative to our Partner Airlines to achieve a favorable outcome. An unfavorable result in any such proceeding could have adverse financial consequences and could require us to modify our operations. Such disagreementsand their consequences could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2024, we had approximately $426.4 million of property and equipment and related assets, net of accumulated depreciation, of which $353.7 million relates to owned aircraft. In accounting for these long-lived assets, we make estimates about the expected useful lives of the assets, the expected residual values of certain of these assets, and the potential for impairment based on the fair value of the assets and the cash flows they generate. Factors indicating potential impairment include, but are not limited to, significant decreases in the market value of the long-lived assets, a significant change in the condition of the long-lived assets and operating cash flow losses associated with the use of the long-lived assets. In the event the estimated residual value of any of our aircraft types is determined to be lower than the residual value assumptions used in our depreciation policies, the applicable aircraft type in our fleet may be impaired and may result in a material reduction in the book value of applicable aircraft types we operate or we may need to prospectively modify our depreciation policies. An impairment on any of the aircraft types we operate or an increased level of depreciation expense resulting from a change to our depreciation policies could result in a material negative impact to our financial results. For our fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, we recognized approximately $73.7 million of impairment losses on our owned aircraft and related assets. See Note 7 – “Balance Sheet Information” in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of our impairment of long-lived assets.

Current wording

As of December 31, 2025, we had$2.4 billion of aircraft, engines, property, and other equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, of which most relates to aircraft and engines. In accounting for these long-lived assets, we make estimates about the expected useful lives of the assets, the expected residual values of certain of these assets, and the potential for impairment based on the fair value of the assets and the cash flows they generate. Factors indicating potential impairment include, but are not limited to, significant decreases in the market value of the long-lived assets, a significant change in the condition of the long-lived assets, and operating cash flow losses associated with the use of the long-lived assets. In the event the estimated residual value of any of our aircraft types is determined to be lower than the residual value assumptions used in our depreciation policies, the applicable aircraft type in our fleet may be impaired and may result in a material reduction in the book value of applicable aircraft types we operate or we may need to prospectively modify our depreciation policies. Impairment on any of the aircraft types we operate or an increased level of depreciation expense resulting from a change to our depreciation policies could result in a material negative impact to our financial results. We have recorded impairment charges in the past when aircraft values decreased faster than our depreciation policies estimated and future cash flows did not support the current net book value of the aircraft.

Previous wording

Relations between air carriers and labor unions in the United States are governed by the RLA. Under the RLA, collective bargaining agreements generally contain "amendable dates" rather than expiration dates, and the RLA requires that a carrier maintain the existing terms and conditions of employment following the amendable date through a multi-stage and usually lengthy series of bargaining processes overseen by the NMB. This process continues until either the parties have reached agreement on a new collective bargaining agreement, or the parties have been released to "self-help" by the NMB. In most circumstances, the RLA prohibits strikes; however, after release by the NMB, carriers and unions are free to engage in self-help measures such as lockouts and strikes.

Current wording

Furthermore, any labor disruption or labor strikes by our employees or those of our Partner Airlines would adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. Relations between air carriers and labor unions in the United States are governed by the RLA. Under the RLA, CBAs generally contain amendable dates rather than expiration dates, and the RLA requires that a carrier maintain the existing terms and conditions of employment following the amendable date through a multi-stage and often lengthy series of bargaining process overseen by the NMB. This process continues until either the parties have reached agreement on a new CBA, or the parties have been released to“self-help” by the NMB. In most circumstances, the RLA prohibits strikes; however, after release by the NMB, carriers and unions are free to engage in self-help measures such as lock-outs and strikes. Any strike, labor dispute, or increased unionization among our employees could disrupt our operations, reduce profitability, or interfere with the ability of our management to focus on business strategies.

Previous wording

Increases in our labor costs, which constitute a substantial portion of our total operating costs, may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Current wording

Increases in our labor costs, which constitute a substantial portion of our total operating costs, will directly impact our earnings and ability to compete for new fixed-fee business.

Previous wording

We have a significant amount of debt and other contractual obligations that could impair our liquidity and thereby harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Current wording

We have a significant amount of debt and other contractual obligations that could impair our liquidity and thereby harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the price of our common stock.

Previous wording

we must dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on applicable indebtedness which, in turn, reduces funds available for operations and capital expenditures;

Current wording

•require us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on indebtedness, thereby reducing the funds available for operations and future business opportunities;

Previous wording

From time to time, we may become involved in various legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including employment, commercial, product liability, class action, whistleblower and other litigation and claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management's attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability and/or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses, and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Current wording

From time to time, we may become involved in various legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including employment, commercial, product liability, class action, whistleblower, and other litigation and claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, and cause us to incur significant expenses or liability and/or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses, and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that it has meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the price of our common stock.

Previous wording

We import a substantial portion of the equipment we utilize in our operations. For example, the sole manufacturers of our regional aircraft, MHI and Embraer, are headquartered in Japan and Brazil, respectively. We cannot predict the impact of potential regulatory changes or action by U.S. regulatory agencies, including the potential impact of tariffs or changes in international trade treaties on the cost and timing of parts and aircraft. Our business may be subject to additional costs as a result of potential regulatory changes, which could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial results.

Current wording

We rely on a limited number of aircraft types, including E170s and E175s, and we import a substantial portion of the equipment we need. The issuance of FAA or manufacturer directives restricting or prohibiting the use of the aircraft types we operate could negatively impact our business and financial results. Additionally, potential regulatory changes or action by the U.S. government or U.S. regulatory agencies, including the imposition of new tariffs, increase in existing tariffs, or changes in international trade treaties, could negatively impact the cost and availability of parts and aircraft. Our business may be subject to additional costs as a result of potential regulatory changes, which could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial results.

Previous wording

We are subject to various environmental and noise laws and regulations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Current wording

We are subject to various environmental and noise laws and regulations, which could negatively impact our business and financial condition.

Previous wording

We are subject to increasingly stringent federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations and ordinances relating to the protection of the environment and noise, including those relating to emissions to the air, discharges (including storm water discharges) to surface and subsurface waters, safe drinking water and the use, management, disposal and release of, and exposure to, hazardous substances, oils and waste materials. We are or may be subject to new or proposed laws and regulations that may have a direct effect (or indirect effect through our third-party specialists or airport facilities at which we operate) on our operations. In addition, U.S. airport authorities are exploring ways to limit de-icing fluid discharges. Any such existing, future, new or potential laws and regulations could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Current wording

We are subject to increasingly stringent Federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations, and ordinances relating to noise and the protection of the environment, including those relating to emissions to the air, discharges (including storm water discharges) to surface and subsurface waters, safe drinking water, and the use, management, disposal, and release of and exposure to, hazardous substances, oils, and waste materials.

Previous wording

Similarly, we are subject to environmental laws and regulations that require us to investigate and remediate soil or groundwater to meet certain remediation standards. Under certain laws, generators of waste materials, and current and former owners or operators of facilities, can be subject to liability for investigation and remediation costs at locations that have been identified as requiring response actions. Liability under these laws may be strict, joint and several, meaning that we could be liable for the costs of cleaning up environmental contamination regardless of fault or the amount of wastes directly attributable to us.

Current wording

Similarly, we are subject to environmental laws and regulations that require us to investigate and remediate soil or groundwater to meet certain remediation standards. Under certain laws, generators of waste materials and current and former owners or operators of facilities, can be subject to liability for investigation and remediation costs at locations that have been identified as requiring response actions. Liability under these laws may be strict, joint, and several, meaning that we could be liable for the costs of cleaning up environmental contamination regardless of fault or the amount of waste materials directly attributable to us.

Previous wording

Airlines are often affected by factors beyond their control including: air traffic congestion at airports; air traffic control inefficiencies; adverse weather conditions, such as hurricanes or blizzards; increased security measures; new travel-related taxes; or the outbreak of disease; any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Current wording

Airlines are often affected by factors beyond their control, including economic conditions, air traffic congestion at airports, air traffic control inefficiencies, government shutdowns, major construction or improvements at airports, FAA grounding of aircraft, increased security measures, new travel-related taxes and fees, adverse weather conditions and natural disasters.

Previous wording

Like other airlines, our business is affected by factors beyond our control, including air traffic congestion at airports, air traffic control inefficiencies, increased security measures, new travel-related taxes and fees, adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, and the outbreak of disease. Factors that cause flight delays frustrate passengers and increase operating costs and decrease revenues, which in turn could adversely affect profitability. The federal government singularly controls all U.S. airspace, and airlines are completely dependent on the FAA to operate that airspace in a safe, efficient, and affordable manner. The air traffic control system, which is operated by the FAA, faces challenges in managing the growing demand for U.S. air travel. U.S. and foreign air-traffic controllers often rely on outdated technologies that routinely overwhelm the system and compel airlines to fly inefficient, indirect routes resulting in delays. In addition, there are currently proposals before Congress that could potentially lead to the privatization of the United States' air traffic control system, which could adversely affect our business. Further, implementation of the Next Generation Air Transport System by the FAA would result in changes to aircraft routings and flight paths that could lead to increased noise complaints and lawsuits, resulting in increased costs. There are additional proposals before Congress that would treat a wide range of consumer protection issues, including, among other things, proposals to regulate seat size, which could increase the costs of doing business.

Current wording

The Federal government controls all U.S. airspace, and airlines are completely dependent on the FAA to operate that airspace in a safe, efficient, and affordable manner. The air traffic control system, which is operated by the FAA, faces challenges in managing the growing demand for U.S. air travel. U.S. and foreign air-traffic controllers often rely on outdated technologies that routinely overwhelm the system and compel airlines to fly inefficient, indirect routes resulting in delays, and such delays may impact our operations. The Federal government also controls airport security. In addition, Congress could enact legislation that could impose a wide range of consumer protection requirements, which could increase the costs of doing business. Further, implementation of the Next Generation Air Transport System, or NextGen, by the FAA could result in changes to required aircraft equipment or aircraft routings and flight paths that could lead to increased flight time and potentially increased costs. In addition, Federal government shutdowns can affect the availability of federal resources necessary to provide air traffic control and airport security. Furthermore, a Federal government grounding of our aircraft type could result in flight cancellations and adversely affect our business.

Previous wording

Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters, such as hurricanes, winter snowstorms, or earthquakes, can cause flight cancellations or significant delays. Cancellations or delays due to adverse weather conditions or natural disasters, air traffic control problems or inefficiencies, breaches in security or other factors may affect us to a greater degree than other, larger airlines that may be able to recover more quickly from these events, and therefore could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition to a greater degree than other air carriers. Any general reduction in airline passenger traffic could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Current wording

Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters, such as hurricanes, thunderstorms, winter snowstorms, or earthquakes, can cause flight cancellations or significant delays, and in the past have led to Congressional demands for investigations. Cancellations or delays due to adverse weather conditions or natural disasters, air traffic control problems or inefficiencies, breaches in security, or other factors may affect us to a greater degree than other, larger airlines that may be able to recover more quickly from these events, and therefore could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, the price of our common stock, and financial condition to a greater degree. Similarly, outbreaks of pandemic or contagious diseases, such as COVID-19, Ebola, measles, avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1 (swine) flu, pertussis (whooping cough), and zika virus, or their respective variants, have resulted and could continue to result in significant decreases in passenger traffic and the imposition of government restrictions in service and could have a material adverse impact on the airline industry. Any increases in travel-related taxes could also result in decreases in passenger traffic. Any general reduction in airline passenger traffic could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, the price of our common stock, and financial condition. Moreover, U.S. Federal government shutdowns may cause delays and cancellations or reductions in discretionary travel due to longer security lines, including as a result of furloughed government employees, or reductions in staffing levels, including air traffic controllers. U.S. government shutdowns may also impact our ability to take delivery of aircraft and commence operations in new domestic stations. Any extended shutdown may have a negative impact on our operations.

Previous wording

All interstate air carriers, including us, are subject to regulation by the DOT, the FAA and other governmental agencies, as described in “Item 1. Government Regulation.” We cannot predict whether we will be able to comply with all present and future laws, rules, regulations, and certification requirements or that the cost of continued compliance will not have a material adverse effect on our operations. We incur substantial costs in maintaining our current certifications and otherwise complying with the laws, rules, and regulations to which we are subject. A decision by the FAA to ground, or require time consuming inspections of or maintenance on, all or any of our aircraft for any reason may have a material adverse effect on our operations. In addition to state and federal regulation, airports and municipalities enact rules and regulations that affect our operations and require that we incur substantial on-going costs.

Current wording

We incur substantial costs in maintaining our current certifications and otherwise complying with the laws, rules, and regulations to which we are subject. We cannot predict whether we will be able to comply with all present and future laws, rules, regulations, and certification requirements or that the cost of continued compliance will not significantly increase our costs of doing business.

Previous wording

The airline industry is highly competitive and has undergone a period of consolidation and transition leaving fewer potential major partners.

Current wording

The airline industry is highly competitive and has undergone a period of consolidation and transition leaving fewer potential partners, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Previous wording

The airline industry is highly competitive. We compete primarily with other regional airlines, some of which are owned by or operated by major airlines. In certain instances, our competitors are larger than us and possess significantly greater financial and other resources than we do. The airline industry has undergone substantial consolidation, including the mergers between Alaska Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines in 2024, Alaska Airlines and Virgin America Inc. in 2016, American and US Airways in 2013, Southwest Airlines Co. and AirTran Airways in 2011, United and Continental Airlines in 2010 and Delta and Northwest Airlines in 2008. Any additional consolidation or significant alliance activity within the airline industry could further limit the number of potential partners with whom we could enter into CPAs.

Current wording

Furthermore, the airline industry has undergone substantial consolidation, and any additional consolidation or significant alliance activity within the airline industry could further limit the number of potential partners with whom we could enter into CPAs, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Previous wording

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and their aftermath have negatively impacted the airline industry in general, including our operations. If additional terrorist attacks are launched against the airline industry, there will be lasting consequences of the attacks, which may include loss of life, property damage, increased security and insurance costs, increased concerns about future terrorist attacks, increased government regulation and airport delays due to heightened security. We cannot provide any assurance that these events will not harm the airline industry generally or our operations or financial condition in particular.

Current wording

Past terrorist attacks and their aftermath negatively impacted the airline industry in general, including our operations. If additional terrorist attacks or other acts of violence are launched against the airline industry, there will be lasting consequences of such attacks, which may include loss of life, property damage, increased security, and insurance costs, increased concerns about future terrorist attacks, increased government regulation, and airport delays due to heightened security. We cannot provide any assurance that these events will not harm the airline industry generally or our operations or financial condition in particular.

Previous wording

The performance and reliability of our technology, and the technology of United, is critical to our ability to compete effectively. Any internal technological error or failure or large-scale external interruption in the technological infrastructure we depend on, such as power, telecommunications, or the internet, may disrupt our internal network. Any individual, sustained or repeated failure of our technology or that of our major partners could impact our ability to conduct our business, lower the utilization of our aircraft and result in increased costs. Our technological systems and related data, and those of United, may be vulnerable to a variety of sources of interruption due to events beyond our control, including natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, hackers, and other security issues.

Current wording

Any internal technological error or failure or large-scale external interruption in the information systems, networks, hardware, software, and technological infrastructure we depend on, such as U.S. air traffic control systems, power, telecommunications, or the internet, may disrupt our internal network, impact our ability to conduct our business, lower the utilization of our aircraft, negatively impact our reputation, lower revenue, and/or result in increased costs. Our technological systems (including those provided by third parties) and those of our Partner Airlines, may be vulnerable to a variety of sources of interruption due to events beyond our control, including natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications or IT System failures, computer viruses, hackers, and other security issues.

Previous wording

In addition, as a part of our ordinary business operations, we collect and store sensitive data, including personal information of our employees and information of United. Our information systems are subject to an increasing threat of continually evolving cybersecurity risks. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to our systems or information through fraud or other means of deception. The methods used to obtain unauthorized access, disable, or degrade service or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, and may be difficult to anticipate or to detect for long periods of time. We may not be able to prevent all data security breaches or misuse of data. The compromise of our technology systems resulting in the loss, disclosure, misappropriation of, or access to, employees' or business partners' information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or regulatory penalties under laws protecting the privacy of personal information, disruption to our operations and damage to our reputation, any or all of which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Current wording

We may not be able to prevent all data security breaches or misuse of data. The compromise of our technology systems resulting in the loss, disclosure, misappropriation of, or access to, employees’ or business partners’ information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or regulatory penalties under laws protecting the privacy of personal information, disruption to our operations, and damage to ourreputation, any or all of which could adversely affect its business and financial condition.

Previous wording

There are a number of factors that may limit our ability to raise financing or access capital markets in the future, including our significant debt and future contractual obligations, our liquidity and credit status, our operating cash flows, the market conditions in the airline industry, U.S. and global economic conditions, the general state of the capital markets and the financial position of the major providers of commercial aircraft financing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to source external financing for future aircraft acquisitions or for other significant capital needs, and if we are unable to source financing on acceptable terms, or unable to source financing at all, our business could be materially adversely affected. To the extent we finance our activities with additional debt, we may become subject to additional financial and other covenants that may restrict our ability to pursue our business strategy or otherwise constrain our growth and operations.

Current wording

There are a number of factors that may limit our ability to raise financing or access capital markets in the future, including our significant debt and future contractual obligations, our liquidity and credit status, our operating cash flows, the market conditions in the airline industry, U.S. and global economic conditions, the general state of the capital markets, and the financial position of the major providers of commercial aircraft financing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to source external financing for our planned aircraft acquisitions or for other significant capital needs, and if we are unable to source financing on acceptable terms, or if we are unable to source financing at all, our business could be materially and adversely affected. To the extent we finance our activities with additional debt, we may become subject to financial and other covenants that may restrict our ability to pursue our business strategy or otherwise constrain our growth andoperations.

Previous wording

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including: (i) announcements concerning our major partners, competitors, the airline industry, or the economy in general; (ii) strategic actions by us, our major partners, or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings; (iii) media reports and publications about the safety of our aircraft or the types of aircraft we operate; (iv) new regulatory pronouncements and changes in regulatory guidelines; (v) announcements concerning the availability of the types of aircraft we use; (vi) significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of companies in the airline industry; (vii) changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts or failure to meet analysts' performance expectations; (viii) sales of our common stock or other actions by insiders or investors with significant shareholdings, including sales by our principal shareholders; and (ix) general market, political and other economic conditions; and (x) in response to the risk factors described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Current wording

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including: (i) announcements concerning our Partner Airlines, competitors, the airline industry, or the economy in general; (ii) strategic actions by us, our Partner Airlines, or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings; (iii) media reports and publications about the safety of our aircraft or the types of aircraft we operate; (iv) new regulatory pronouncements and changes in regulatory guidelines; (v) announcements concerning the availability of the types of aircraft we use; (vi) significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of companies in the airline industry; (vii) changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts or failure to meet analysts’ performance expectations; (viii) sales of our common stock or other actions by insiders or investors with significant shareholdings, including sales by our principal shareholders; and (ix) general market, political and other economic conditions; and (x) in response to the risk factors described in this Report.

Previous wording

The stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. Broad market fluctuations may materially adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In the past, shareholders have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. Any similar litigation against us could result in substantial costs, divert management's attention and resources, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Current wording

The stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. Broad market fluctuations may materially adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In the past, shareholders have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. Any similar litigation against us could result in substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the price of our common stock.
Rearranged current paragraphs (2)

Current report — wording carried from elsewhere

•the interruption of scheduled passenger service as a result of unscheduled or unanticipated maintenance requirements for these aircraft;

Current report — wording carried from elsewhere

Additionally, our Partner Airlines may reduce the number of regional jets in their system by not renewing or extending existing flying arrangements with regional operators or transitioning those flying arrangements to their own captive regional carriers. Any one or more of these factors may reduce or eliminate our ability to expand our flight operations with our Partner Airlines.
Rearranged previous paragraphs (9)

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

We have a significant amount of debt and other contractual obligations, certain of which are subject to financial and other covenants.

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

We are subject to various environmental and noise laws and regulations.

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

Terrorist activities or warnings have dramatically impacted the airline industry and are likely to continue to do so.

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

We currently do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock.

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

The residual value of our owned aircraft may be less than estimated in our depreciation policies.

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

Regulatory changes or tariffs could negatively impact our business and financial condition.

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

We rely on a limited number of aircraft types, including CRJ-900 and E-175 aircraft. The issuance of FAA or manufacturer directives restricting or prohibiting the use of the aircraft types we operate could negatively impact our business and financial results.

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

Our ability to obtain financing or access capital markets may be limited.

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

The airline industry is highly competitive and has undergone a period of consolidation and transition leaving fewer potential major partners.