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Airbnb Inc

For the period ended Mar 31, 2025. Filed May 1, 2025.

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About this filing

A company's report for each of its first three quarters. The financial statements are not audited. It shows how the business has moved since the last annual report, and what management says changed.

Mar 31, 2025 · Filed May 1, 2025

ABNB$189.99+11.7%Stored close · as of Nov 6, 2026

What changed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis?

Read the current filing

Previous report: 10-Q

Period ended 2024-09-30; filed 2024-11-07.

0001559720-24-000032

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Current report: 10-Q

Period ended 2025-03-31; filed 2025-05-01.

0001559720-25-000017

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The baseline is this issuer’s latest earlier reporting period of the same form that was filed before the current report. A previous 10-Q is a different quarter, not a year-over-year comparison. Amendments are excluded.

Compared 91 previous paragraphs and 82 current paragraphs.

33 unchanged; 34 reworded; 14 added; 23 removed; 1 previous and 1 current paragraphs rearranged.

Tables are not compared: 17 previous and 17 current tables excluded. Dates, whitespace, punctuation and numbering changes are ignored; changes to financial figures remain significant.

A changed paragraph is not evidence that risk increased or decreased. An unchanged paragraph does not establish that risk stayed the same.

Added paragraphs (14)

Current report

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased by 42% to $154 million, compared to the same period in the prior year. This decline was primarily due to higher payroll-related expenses driven by increased headcount and impairment losses associated with private company investments. Additionally, lower interest income due to a decline in interest rates contributed to the decrease, which was slightly offset by our revenue growth.

Current report

As we look forward, we recognize the potential impact of challenging macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions on our business, including inflation, interest rates, foreign currency fluctuations, tariffs and trade controls, and potential decreased consumer spending. To date, these conditions have not had a material impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition; however, the impact in the future of these macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition is uncertain and will depend on future developments that we may not be able to accurately predict.

Current report

We review the following key business metrics to measure our performance, identify trends, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions. We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating these key metrics, which may hinder comparability with other companies that may calculate similarly titled metrics in a different way.

Current report

The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, was primarily due to higher product development and sales and marketing expenses. This was primarily driven by increased employee compensation costs and expenses related to our upcoming product launches. These impacts were partially offset by revenue growth from an increase in the number of check-ins for Nights and Experiences Booked, which was partially offset by the impact of a slight decrease in ADR.

Current report

In addition to revenue growth rates derived from revenue presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we disclose below the percentage change in our current period revenue from the corresponding prior period by comparing the change in revenue using constant currencies. We present constant currency revenue growth rate information to provide a framework for assessing how our underlying revenue performed excluding the effect of changes in exchange rates. We use the percentage change in constant currency revenues for financial and operational decision-making and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons. We believe the presentation of revenue on a constant currency basis in addition to the U.S. GAAP presentation helps improve the ability to understand our performance because it excludes the effects of foreign currency volatility that are not indicative of our core operating results. We calculate the percentage change in constant currency by determining the change in the current period revenue over the prior comparable period where current period foreign currency revenue is translated using the exchange rates of the comparative period.

Current report

Revenue increased $130 million, or 6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in the number of check-ins relating to Nights and Experiences Booked, partially offset by the impact of a slight decrease in ADR. On a constant-currency basis, revenue increased 8% compared to the same period in the prior year.

Current report

Interest income decreased $29 million, or 14%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to lower interest rates.

Current report

The provision for income taxes decreased by $10 million, or 34%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to decreased profitability and an increased deduction on foreign income.
Removed paragraphs (23)

Previous report

Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased by 69% to $1.4 billion, compared to the same period in the prior year, driven by an increase in income tax expense of $3.1 billion, primarily due to the prior year’s valuation allowance release of our U.S. deferred tax assets of $2.8 billion, and the recognition of deferred tax expense related to the utilization of some of those assets in the current year.

Previous report

Adjusted EBITDA 1 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased 7% to $2.0 billion, compared to the same period in the prior year, driven by growth in the number of check-ins relating to Nights and Experiences Booked and a modest increase in ADR.

Previous report

(1)Stock-based compensation expense, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy.

Previous report

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $124 million to $2.0 billion while Adjusted EBITDA Margin decreased slightly to 52% from 54% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by growth in the number of check-ins relating to Nights and Experiences Booked and a modest increase in ADR.

Previous report

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $361 million to $3.3 billion while Adjusted EBITDA margin remained consistent at 38% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. The improvements in Adjusted EBITDA were primarily driven by growth in the number of check-ins relating to Nights and Experiences Booked and a modest increase in ADR.

Previous report

During the three months ended September 2023, we released $2.8 billion of our valuation allowance related to our U.S. deferred tax assets (see Note 10, Income Taxes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of Part 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further details).

Previous report

The following table sets forth the components of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for each of the periods presented as a percentage of revenue:

Previous report

Revenue increased $335 million, or 10%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in the number of check-ins relating to Nights and Experiences Booked and a modest increase in ADR.

Previous report

Nine months ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Same Period in 2023

Previous report

Revenue increased $923 million, or 12%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in the number of check-ins relating to Nights and Experiences Booked and a modest increase in ADR.

Previous report

Cost of revenue increased $132 million, or 10%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in merchant fees of $137 million, due to an increase in pay-in volumes and the impact of certain one-time incentives in 2023, and an increase in cloud computing costs of $21 million, due to increased server and data storage usage. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in chargebacks of $31 million.

Previous report

Product development expense increased $228 million, or 18%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $202 million increase in payroll-related expenses.

Previous report

Sales and marketing expense increased $262 million, or 20%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to a $200 million increase in marketing activities associated with ongoing marketing campaigns and search engine marketing, and a $40 million increase in payroll-related expenses.

Previous report

General and administrative expense increased $115 million, or 14%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to higher non-income taxes and payroll-related expenses. Non-income taxes increased $98 million along with an increase in payroll-related expenses of $28 million.

Previous report

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Same Periods in 2023

Previous report

Interest income increased $15 million, or 8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and $106 million, or 20%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily due to higher cash and investment balances.

Previous report

Other income (expense), net increased $12 million, or 133% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to foreign exchange gains.

Previous report

Nine months ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Same Period in 2023

Previous report

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Same Periods in 2023

Previous report

The provision for income taxes during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was driven by current tax on U.S. and foreign earnings and deferred tax expense resulting from last year’s valuation allowance release on our U.S. deferred tax assets and the utilization of some of those assets in the current year. The income tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to the release of $2.8 billion of our valuation allowance related to certain of our U.S. deferred tax assets, as a discrete tax benefit during the three months ended September 30, 2023.
Reworded paragraphs (34)

Previous wording

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Annual Report”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the section titled “Risk Factors” of our 2023 Annual Report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Current wording

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024 Annual Report”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the section titled “Risk Factors” of our 2024 Annual Report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Previous wording

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, revenue grew by 10% to $3.7 billion, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the number of check-ins relating to Nights and Experiences Booked and a modest increase in Average Daily Rate (“ADR”).

Current wording

Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 grew by 6% to $2.3 billion, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the number of check-ins relating to Nights and Experiences Booked, partially offset by the impact of a slight decrease in Average Daily Rate (“ADR”).

Previous wording

Cash provided by operating activities was $1.1 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1.3 billion, in the same period in the prior year. We generated Free Cash Flow 1 of $1.1 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1.3 billion, in the same period in the prior year.

Current wording

Cash provided by operating activities was $1.8 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $1.9 billion in the same period in the prior year. We generated Free Cash Flow 1 of $1.8 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $1.9 billion, in the same period in the prior year.

Previous wording

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased 8.7 million shares of Class A common stock for $1.1 billion, leaving $4.2 billion available to repurchase under our share repurchase program.

Current wording

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we repurchased 6.1 million shares of Class A common stock for $807 million, leaving $2.5 billion available to repurchase under our share repurchase program.

Previous wording

1 A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures is provided under the subsection titled “Key Business Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures— Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation” and “— Free Cash Flow Reconciliation” below.

Current wording

1 A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures is provided under the subsection titled “Key Business Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures— Free Cash Flow Reconciliation” below.

Previous wording

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we had 122.8 million Nights and Experiences Booked, an 8% increase from 113.2 million for the same period in the prior year. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we had 380.5 million Nights and Experiences Booked, a 9% increase from 349.4 million for the same period in the prior year. The increase was driven by growth across all regions, with the strongest growth percentages in Asia Pacific and Latin America, as we continue to focus on international expansion.

Current wording

The increase in Nights and Experiences Booked during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, was driven by growth across all regions, with the strongest growth percentages in Latin America and Asia Pacific, as we continue to focus on international expansion.

Previous wording

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, our GBV was $20.1 billion, a 10% increase from $18.3 billion for the same period in the prior year. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our GBV was $64.2 billion, an 11% increase from $57.8 billion for the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to an increase in Nights and Experiences Booked, combined with a modest increase in ADR. We saw GBV growth across all regions, with the strongest growth percentages in Asia Pacific and EMEA.

Current wording

The increase in GBV during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, was primarily due to an increase in Nights and Experiences Booked. We saw GBV growth across all regions, with the strongest growth percentages in Latin America and Asia Pacific.

Previous wording

Our non-GAAP financial measures include Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow, which are described below. A reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with U.S. GAAP is provided below. Investors are encouraged to review the related U.S. GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as a financial measure, should be considered as supplemental in nature, and is not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including net income and our other U.S. GAAP results. Free Cash Flow has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of other U.S. GAAP financial measures, such as net cash provided by operating activities. Free Cash Flow does not reflect our ability to meet future contractual commitments and may be calculated differently by other companies in our industry, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Current wording

Our non-GAAP financial measures include Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin, which are described below. A reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with U.S. GAAP is provided below. Investors are encouraged to review the related U.S. GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin have limitations as a financial measure, should be considered as supplemental in nature, and are not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin should be considered alongside other financial performance measures, including net income and net income margin as well as our other U.S. GAAP results. Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of other U.S. GAAP financial measures, such as net cash provided by operating activities and net cash provided by operating activities margin. Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin do not reflect our ability to meet future contractual commitments and may be calculated differently by other companies in our industry, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

Previous wording

The following table summarizes our non-GAAP financial measures, along with the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for each period presented below (in millions, except percentages):

Current wording

The following table summarizes our non-GAAP financial measures, along with the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure (in millions, except percentages):

Previous wording

The following is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure, net income (in millions, except percentages):

Current wording

The following is a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA (in millions, except percentages):

Previous wording

The following is a reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to the most comparable U.S. GAAP cash flow measure, net cash provided by operating activities (in millions, except percentages):

Current wording

The following is a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flow (in millions, except percentages):

Previous wording

Our Free Cash Flow is impacted by the timing of GBV because we collect our service fees at the time of booking, which is generally before a stay or experience occurs. Funds held on behalf of our customers and amounts payable to our customers do not impact Free Cash Flow, except interest earned on these funds. The decrease in Free Cash Flow for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same periods in the prior year, was primarily driven by the decrease in net cash provided by operating activities.

Current wording

Our Free Cash Flow is impacted by the timing of GBV because we collect our service fees at the time of booking, which is generally before a stay or experience occurs. Funds held on behalf of our customers and amounts payable to our customers do not impact Free Cash Flow, except interest earned on these funds.

Previous wording

Our key business metrics, including GBV and Adjusted EBITDA, can also be impacted by the timing of holidays and other events. We experience seasonality in our GBV that is generally consistent with the seasonality of Nights and Experiences Booked. Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA have historically been, and are expected to continue to be, highest in the third quarter when we have the most check-ins, which is the point at which we recognize revenue. Seasonal trends in our GBV impact Free Cash Flow for any given quarter. A significant portion of our costs are relatively fixed across quarters or vary in line with the volume of transactions, and we historically achieve our highest GBV in the first and second quarters of the year with comparatively lower check-ins. As a result, increases in unearned fees typically make our Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow as a percentage of revenue the highest in the first two quarters of the year. We typically see a slight decline in GBV and a peak in check-ins in the third quarter, which results in a decrease in unearned fees, a lower sequential decrease in Free Cash Flow, and a greater decline in GBV in the fourth quarter, where Free Cash Flow is typically lower.

Current wording

Our key business metrics, including GBV and Adjusted EBITDA, can also be impacted by the timing of holidays and other events. We experience seasonality in our GBV that is generally consistent with the seasonality of Nights and Experiences Booked. Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA have historically been, and are expected to continue to be, highest in the third quarter when we have the most check-ins, which is the point at which we recognize revenue. Seasonal trends in our GBV impact Free Cash Flow for any given quarter. A significant portion of our costs are relatively fixed across quarters or vary in line with the volume of transactions, and we historically achieve our highest GBV in the first and second quarters of the year with comparatively lower check-ins. As a result, increases in unearned fees typically make our Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin the highest in the first two quarters of the year. We typically see a slight decline in GBV and a peak in check-ins in the third quarter, which results in a decrease in unearned fees, a lower sequential decrease in Free Cash Flow, and a greater decline in GBV in the fourth quarter, where Free Cash Flow is typically lower.

Previous wording

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented (in millions):

Current wording

The following table sets forth our results of operations (in millions, except for percentages):

Previous wording

(1)Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows (in millions):

Current wording

(1)Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows (in millions, except percentages):

Previous wording

Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 with the Same Periods in 2023

Current wording

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 with the Same Period in 2024

Previous wording

Cost of revenue increased $6 million, or 1%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in merchant fees of $15 million, largely due to an increase in pay-in volumes, partially offset by a reduction in chargebacks of $11 million.

Current wording

Cost of revenue increased $26 million, or 5%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in merchant fees of $17 million, largely due to an increase in pay-in volumes and an increase in amortization costs related to capitalized internal-use software projects of $12 million, partially offset by a reduction in chargebacks of $11 million.

Previous wording

Operations and support expense increased $53 million, or 17%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in customer relations costs of $17 million, which resulted from increased make good losses associated with higher nights booked, an increase in third-party customer service costs of $12 million, driven by the busy summer travel season, which included the Olympics and Paralympics, and an increase in insurance costs of $10 million, due to higher premiums as a result of higher nights booked.

Current wording

Operations and support expense increased $18 million, or 6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in payroll-related expenses of $9 million, an increase in insurance costs of $7 million, due to higher premiums as a result of higher nights booked, and an increase in customer relations costs of $5 million, which resulted from increased refunds and credits related to customer satisfaction. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in third-party customer service costs of $8 million, due to ongoing partner site optimization.

Previous wording

Product development expense increased $105 million, or 25%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $93 million increase in payroll-related expenses.

Current wording

Product development expense increased $93 million, or 20%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in payroll-related expenses of $86 million, driven by an increase in average headcount of 11%.

Previous wording

Sales and marketing expense increased $111 million, or 28%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to a $83 million increase in marketing activities associated with ongoing marketing campaigns and search engine marketing, and a $14 million increase in payroll-related expenses.

Current wording

Sales and marketing expense increased $49 million, or 10%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to an increase in payroll-related expenses of $20 million, an increase in third-party service provider expenses related to our upcoming product launches of $19 million, and an increase in marketing activities driven by an increase in search engine marketing of $21 million. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in marketing campaign spend of $29 million.

Previous wording

General and administrative expense increased $31 million, or 10%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to higher non-income taxes and payroll-related expenses. Non-income taxes increased $22 million along with an increase in payroll-related expenses of $13 million.

Current wording

General and administrative expense increased $7 million, or 2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to higher payroll-related expenses of $13 million, partially offset by a reduction in non-income taxes related fees and penalties of $7 million.

Previous wording

Other income (expense), net increased $9 million, or 16% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an impairment charge on an investment in a privately-held company of $45 million, partially offset by foreign exchange gains.

Current wording

Other expense, net increased $28 million, or 280%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to impairment charges on investments in privately-held companies of $37 million, partially offset by foreign exchange gains of $8 million.

Previous wording

In 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) established an inclusive framework on base erosion and profit shifting and agreed on a two-pillar solution to global taxation, focusing on global profit allocation, known to as Pillar One and a 15% global minimum effective tax rate, known as Pillar Two. On December 15, 2022, the EU member states agreed to implement the OECD’s global minimum tax rate of 15%. The OECD issued Pillar Two model rules and continues to release guidance on these rules. The inclusive framework calls for tax law changes by participating countries to take effect in 2024 and 2025. Various countries have enacted or have announced plans to enact new tax laws to implement the global minimum tax. We considered the applicable tax law changes on Pillar Two implementation in the relevant countries, and concluded there was no material impact to our tax provision for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. We will continue to evaluate the impact of these tax law changes on future reporting periods.

Current wording

In 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) established an inclusive framework on base erosion and profit shifting and agreed on a two-pillar solution to global taxation, focusing on global profit allocation, known as Pillar One and a 15% global minimum effective tax rate, known as Pillar Two. The OECD issued Pillar Two model rules and continues to release guidance on these rules. The inclusive framework calls for tax law changes by participating countries to further take effect in 2025. Various countries, including the European Union, have enacted or have announced plans to enact new tax laws to implement the global minimum tax. We considered the applicable tax law changes on Pillar Two implementation in the relevant countries, and concluded there was no material impact to our tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2025. We will continue to evaluate the impact of these tax law changes on future reporting periods.

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2024, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaling $11.3 billion. As of September 30, 2024, cash and cash equivalents totaled $7.7 billion, which included $2.2 billion held by our foreign subsidiaries. Cash and cash equivalents consist of checking and interest-bearing accounts and highly-liquid securities with an original maturity of 90 days or less. As of September 30, 2024, short-term investments totaled $3.6 billion. Short-term investments primarily consist of highly-liquid investment grade corporate debt securities, time deposits, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, U.S. government and government agency debt securities (“government bonds”), and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. These amounts do not include funds of $6.6 billion as of September 30, 2024, that we held for bookings in advance of guests completing check-ins that we record separately on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet in funds receivable and amounts held on behalf of customers with a corresponding liability in funds payable and amounts payable to customers.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2025, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaling $11.5 billion. As of March 31, 2025, cash and cash equivalents totaled $7.6 billion, which included $2.2 billion held by our foreign subsidiaries. Cash and cash equivalents consist of checking and interest-bearing accounts and highly-liquid securities with an original maturity of 90 days or less. As of March 31, 2025, short-term investments totaled $3.9 billion. Short-term investments primarily consist of highly-liquid investment grade corporate debt securities, time deposits, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, U.S. government and government agency debt securities (“government bonds”), and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. These amounts do not include funds of $9.2 billion as of March 31, 2025, that we held for bookings in advance of guests completing check-ins that we record separately on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets in funds receivable and amounts held on behalf of customers with a corresponding liability in funds payable and amounts payable to customers.

Previous wording

Our cash and cash equivalents are generally held at large global systemically important banks (or “G-SIBs”) which are subject to high capital requirements and are required to regularly perform stringent stress tests related to their ability to absorb capital losses. Our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments held outside the United States may be repatriated, subject to certain limitations, and would be available to be used to fund our domestic operations. However, repatriation of such funds may result in additional tax liabilities. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments balances in the United States are sufficient to fund our working capital needs in the United States.

Current wording

Our cash and cash equivalents are generally held at large global systemically important banks (“G-SIBs”) which are subject to high capital requirements and are required to regularly perform stringent stress tests related to their ability to absorb capital losses. Our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments held outside the United States may be repatriated, subject to certain limitations, and would be available to be used to fund our domestic operations. However, repatriation of such funds may result in additional tax liabilities. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments balances in the United States are sufficient to fund our working capital needs in the United States.

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2024, we had outstanding $2.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of indebtedness of our 0% convertible senior notes due in 2026. On March 3, 2021, in connection with the pricing of the 2026 Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “Capped Calls”) with certain of the initial purchasers and other financial institutions (the "option counterparties") at a cost of approximately $100 million. The cap price of the Capped Calls was $360.80 per share of Class A common stock, which represented a premium of 100% over the last reported sale price of the Class A common stock of $180.40 per share on March 3, 2021, subject to certain customary adjustments under the terms of the Capped Call Transactions.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2025, we had outstanding $2.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of indebtedness of our 0% convertible senior notes due in March 2026. In March 2021, in connection with the pricing of the 2026 Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “Capped Calls”) with certain of the initial purchasers and other financial institutions (the "option counterparties") at a cost of approximately $100 million. The cap price of the Capped Calls was $360.80 per share of Class A common stock, which represented a premium of 100% over the last reported sale price of the Class A common stock of $180.40 per share on March 3, 2021, subject to certain customary adjustments under the terms of the Capped Calls.

Previous wording

In February 2024, our board of directors approved an additional share repurchase program to purchase up to $6.0 billion of our Class A common stock. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased an aggregate of 8.7 million and 18.3 million shares of Class A common stock for $1.1 billion and $2.6 billion, respectively through our share repurchase programs. As of September 30, 2024, we had $4.2 billion available to repurchase shares of Class A common stock under our share repurchase program.

Current wording

In February 2024, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program to purchase up to $6.0 billion of our Class A common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we repurchased 6.1 million shares of Class A common stock for $807 million through our share repurchase program. As of March 31, 2025, we had $2.5 billion available to repurchase shares of Class A common stock under our share repurchase program.

Previous wording

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in millions):

Current wording

The following table summarizes our cash flows (in millions):

Previous wording

Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $4.1 billion, which was primarily due to net income of $2.2 billion, additional cash provided by unearned fees of $233 million, resulting from growth in bookings, and an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $218 million, which is net of a $163 million tax payment to the IRS related to a 2013 matter under examination. Additionally, we had adjustments for non-cash charges, primarily consisting of $1.0 billion of stock-based compensation expense.

Current wording

Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $1.8 billion, which was primarily due to net income of $154 million, additional cash provided by unearned fees of $1.1 billion, resulting from growth in bookings, and an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $155 million. Additionally, we had adjustments for non-cash charges, primarily consisting of $358 million of stock-based compensation expense.

Previous wording

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $396 million, which was primarily due to purchases of short-term investments, partially offset by proceeds resulting from sales and maturities of short-term investments.

Current wording

Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $151 million, which was primarily due to purchases of short-term investments, partially offset by proceeds resulting from sales and maturities of short-term investments.

Previous wording

Net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $2.2 billion, primarily due to share repurchases of $2.6 billion and an increase in taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards of $422 million, partially offset by an increase in funds payable and amounts payable to customers of $665 million.

Current wording

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $2.1 billion, primarily due to an increase in funds payable and amounts payable to customers of $3.1 billion, partially offset by share repurchases of $807 million and taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards of $152 million.

Previous wording

The effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on our consolidated statements of cash flows relates to certain of our assets, principally cash balances held on behalf of customers, that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of certain of our subsidiaries. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded a decrease of $117 million in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, primarily due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar. The impact of exchange rate changes on cash balances can serve as a natural hedge for the effect of exchange rates on our liabilities to our hosts and guests.

Current wording

The effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on our audited consolidated statements of cash flows relates to certain of our assets, principally cash balances held on behalf of customers, that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of certain of our subsidiaries. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded an increase of $207 million in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, primarily due to the weakening of the U.S. dollar. The impact of exchange rate changes on cash balances can serve as a natural hedge for the effect of exchange rates on our liabilities to our hosts and guests.

Previous wording

We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to generate cash to fund our short and long-term cash requirements. As such, we believe that the cash flows generated from operating activities will meet our anticipated cash requirements in the short-term. In addition to normal working capital requirements, we anticipate that our short- and long-term cash requirements will include share repurchases, introduction of new products and offerings, timing and extent of spending to support our efforts to develop our platform, debt repayments, and expansion of sales and marketing activities. Our future capital requirements, however, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to our growth, headcount, and ability to attract and retain customers on our platform. Additionally, we may in the future raise additional capital or incur additional indebtedness to continue to fund our strategic initiatives. On a long-term basis, we would rely on either our access to the capital markets or our credit facility for any long-term funding not provided by operating cash flows and cash on hand. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may seek to raise additional funds at any time through equity, equity-linked arrangements, and/or debt, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired and at reasonable rates, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Our liquidity is subject to various risks including the risks identified in the section titled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" in Item 3.

Current wording

We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to generate cash to fund our short- and long-term cash requirements. As such, we believe that the cash flows generated from operating activities will meet our anticipated cash requirements in the short-term. In addition to normal working capital requirements, we anticipate that our short- and long-term cash requirements will include share repurchases, introduction of new products and offerings, timing and extent of spending to support our efforts to develop our platform, debt repayments, and expansion of sales and marketing activities. Our future capital requirements, however, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to our growth, headcount, and ability to attract and retain customers on our platform. Additionally, we may in the future raise additional capital or incur additional indebtedness to continue to fund our strategic initiatives. On a long-term basis, we would rely on either our access to the capital markets or our credit facility for any long-term funding not provided by operating cash flows and cash on hand. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may seek to raise additional funds at any time through equity, equity-linked arrangements, and/or debt, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired and at reasonable rates, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Our liquidity is subject to various risks including the risks identified in Item 3. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" of Part 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Previous wording

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our 2023 Annual Report for a discussion of the assumptions and judgments involved in our critical accounting estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Current wording

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. See Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our 2024 Annual Report for a discussion of the assumptions and judgments involved in our critical accounting estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Rearranged current paragraphs (1)

Current report — wording carried from elsewhere

The following table summarizes our key business metrics, for each period presented below (in millions, except percentages):
Rearranged previous paragraphs (1)

Previous report — wording carried elsewhere

Operations and support expense increased $77 million, or 8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in customer relations costs of $21 million, mainly due to higher nights booked, an increase in insurance costs of $15 million, due to higher premiums as a result of higher nights booked, and a $27 million increase in payroll-related expenses.