AVAX ONE TECHNOLOGY LTD.

Current report

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Current report

Described below are certain risks to our business and the industry in which we operate. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the financial and other information contained in this Annual Report and in our other public disclosures. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. As a result, our future results could differ materially from historical results and from guidance we may provide regarding our expectations of our future financial performance, and the trading price of our common shares could decline.

Current report

Risk Factors Summary

Current report

The following is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky, all of which are more fully described below in this section. This summary should be read in conjunction with the full description of “Risk Factors” in this section and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business. In addition to the following summary and the information in this section, you should consider the other information contained in this Annual Report before investing in our securities.

Current report

Risks Related to Our Business

Current report

We are an early-stage company with a limited operating history and a history of losses, and we may never become profitable.

Current report

Our company was incorporated and commenced operations in 2017. Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and predict our future results of operations. To date, our operations on a consolidated basis have not been profitable, and no assurances can be made that we will achieve profitability in the near future, if ever. From our inception through December 31, 2025, we sustained $93,977,325 in cumulative net losses, and we had net loss from continuing operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, of $31,994,535. We have generated losses as we implement our business plan, including the creation, maintenance and expansion of our digital asset treasury (“DAT”) strategy and, to a lesser extent, our Bitcoin Mining activities. The extent to which we will continue to recognize losses in our continuing operations is highly dependent on the extent to which we hold AVAX tokens as a main strategy and the price thereof. See the risk factors under the heading “Risks Related to the Company’s DAT Strategy and Cryptocurrency Holdings” below.

Current report

We expect to need additional financing to expand our operations, and we may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and prospects.

Current report

We have limited capital, and we do not currently generate sufficient cash from our business to fund our operations to fund our expansion. We will require additional capital to pursue our growth strategy through maintaining and expanding our existing digital asset treasury, engaging in acquisitions of complementary businesses or assets, and financing general and administrative activities. We may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing opportunities on favorable terms, if at all, which could impair our growth and adversely affect our existing operations. If we raise equity financing, our shareholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests, and the per share value of our common shares could decline.

Current report

Under current SEC regulations, because our public float is less than $75 million, and for so long as our public float remains less than $75 million, the amount we can raise through primary public offerings of securities in any 12-month period using shelf registration statements is limited to an aggregate of one-third of our public float (referred to as the “baby shelf” rule). As of March 24, 2026, the aggregate market value of our outstanding common shares held by non-affiliates, or public float, was approximately $52.0 million, based on 89,798,842 outstanding common shares, of which 80,075,911 common shares were held by non-affiliates, at a price of $0.65 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market on March 24, 2026. If our public float decreases, the amount of securities we may sell under our shelf registration statement may also decrease.

Current report

We have previously raised capital to finance our strategic growth of our business through public offerings of our common shares, including through our at-the-market offering program, and we expect to need to raise additional capital through similar public offerings to finance our current and future expansion initiatives. Utilizing those sources may be more challenging in the current financial market conditions, in particular where trading volume is diminished. We may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all, which could impair our growth and adversely impact our existing operations.

Current report

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, shareholder ownership interest in the Company may be diluted, and the terms of those securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect rights as a shareholder. Debt and equity financings, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as redeeming our common shares, making investments, incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

Current report

If we do not have, or are not able to obtain, sufficient funds, we may have to delay strategic acquisitions and other opportunities, investments, or projects, and, even if we are ultimately able to subsequently secure financing, such opportunities, investments or projects may not still be available to us on favorable terms or at all. If we are unable to raise adequate funds, we may have to liquidate some or all of our assets, or delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of our creative work. Any of these actions could delay or otherwise inhibit our growth, weaken our ability to effectively compete in our industry, and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and prospects.

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We have engaged in, and in the future may engage in, strategic transactions, investments and other arrangements that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our shareholders, reduce our financial resources and harm our operating results.

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Although we and our advisors conduct due diligence on the operations of the businesses we acquire, there can be no guarantee that we will be aware of all liabilities associated with an acquired company. These liabilities, and any additional risks and uncertainties related to an acquired company not known to us or that we may deem immaterial or unlikely to occur at the time of the acquisition, could negatively impact our future business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Current report

There is no guarantee that we will realize the intended benefits of any particular acquisition in a timely manner, to the extent anticipated or at all. We may experience difficulties integrating the operations, technologies and personnel of an acquired company, including difficulties associated with managing the resulting larger and more complex company, aligning administrative and corporate structures, standards, controls, procedures and policies, integrating business cultures, hiring and retaining key employees, conforming compensation and benefits structures, coordinating geographically dispersed operations, and delivering on our strategy going forward. Such integration may divert management’s attention from operating our business and may necessitate reallocating resources, both financially and otherwise.

Current report

The industries in which we participate are highly competitive, and we may be unable to successfully and profitably compete against companies with greater resources and capitalization.

Current report

Following our recent adoption of our DAT strategy, we face new and increased competition. Our ability to successfully implement our DAT strategy will depend upon our ability to generate sufficient cash flows or raise additional capital to allow us to continue to purchase digital assets as and when we determine it to be in line with our business plans. Our competitors have significant advantages over us, including a greater amount of available capital or the ability to raise additional capital on terms or in quantities not available or not acceptable to us, which may allow them to respond more quickly to new or changing market opportunities. If we are unable to access and deploy capital when market opportunities arise, we may be unable to profitably maintain our digital asset strategy and successfully compete, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

Current report

Risks Related to the Company’s DAT Strategy and Cryptocurrency Holdings

Current report

Our financial results and the market price of our common shares may be affected by the prices of AVAX and other digital assets we may hold.

Current report

As part of our capital allocation strategy for assets that are not required to provide working capital for our ongoing operations, we have invested and plan to continue to invest in AVAX in addition to the immaterial amount of Bitcoin which we hold. The price of AVAX has historically been subject to dramatic price fluctuations and is highly volatile. In 2025, the price of AVAX ranged from $11.43 to $44.00. Moreover, digital assets, such as AVAX, are relatively novel and the application of securities laws and other regulations to such assets is unclear in many respects. It is possible that regulators may interpret laws in a manner that adversely affects the liquidity or value of AVAX. In addition, because our DAT strategy is initially concentrated in AVAX, adverse developments specific to AVAX, including protocol-level failures, governance decisions, validator network instability, or ecosystem contraction, could disproportionately impact our financial condition.

Current report

Any decrease in the fair value of AVAX below our carrying value for such assets could require us to incur a loss due to the decrease in fair market value, and such charge could be material to our financial results for the applicable reporting period, which may create significant volatility in our reported earnings. Any decrease in reported earnings or increased volatility of such earnings could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common shares. In addition, the application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), with respect to AVAX, may change in the future and could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and the market price of our common shares. In addition, if investors continue to view the value of our common shares as dependent upon or linked to the value or change in the value of our AVAX holdings, the future price of AVAX may significantly influence the market price of our common shares.

Current report

Under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”), a company generally will be deemed to be an “investment company” if (i) it is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities or (ii) it engages, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities and it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities, shares of registered money market funds under Rule 2a-7 of the 1940 Act, and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. While we believe that AVAX and Bitcoin are unlikely to be considered an investment contract, and thus a security under the investment contract definition, we cannot provide any assurances that digital assets that we may mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, including Bitcoin, will never be classified as securities under U.S. law. If we were to be deemed an investment company under the 1940 Act in the future, restrictions imposed by the 1940 Act—including limitations on our ability to issue different classes of shares and equity compensation to directors, officers, and employees and restrictions on management, operations, and transactions with affiliated persons—likely would make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Current report

Regulatory developments related to crypto assets and crypto asset markets may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Current report

As cryptocurrency and other digital assets are relatively novel and the application of state and federal securities laws and other laws and regulations to digital assets is unclear in certain respects, it is possible that regulators in the United States or foreign countries may interpret or apply existing laws and regulations in a manner that adversely affects the price of cryptocurrency. The U.S. federal government, states, regulatory agencies, and foreign countries may also enact new laws and regulations, or pursue regulatory, legislative, enforcement or judicial actions, which could materially impact the price of cryptocurrency or the ability of individuals or institutions such as us to own or transfer cryptocurrency. For example, the U.S. executive branch and the SEC, among others in the United States and abroad, have been active in recent years, and the European Union’s Markets in Crypto Asset Regulation and the U.K.’s Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 became law. It is not possible to predict whether, or when, any of these developments will lead to the U.S. Congress granting additional authorities to the SEC or other regulators, or whether, or when, any other federal, state or foreign legislative bodies will take any similar actions. It is also not possible to predict the nature of any such additional authorities, how additional legislation or regulatory oversight might impact the ability of digital asset markets to function or the willingness of financial and other institutions to continue to provide services to the digital assets industry, nor how any new regulations or changes to existing regulations might impact the value of digital assets generally and cryptocurrency specifically. The consequences of increased or different regulation of digital assets and digital asset activities could adversely affect the market price of cryptocurrency and in turn adversely affect the market price of our common shares.

Current report

Our management team relies upon the advice of an asset manager through an asset management agreement to assist in building a narrowly focused investment strategy and the execution of the Company’s strategy and may not yield the desired return.

Current report

We have engaged an asset manager, Hivemind, to manage our cryptocurrency holdings and have adopted a treasury policy in which we plan to maintain a majority of our holdings in one to five decentralized finance digital assets, including AVAX. Hivemind’s Chairman, Matt Zhang, is also our Chairman, and Hivemind was the second largest investor in the Offering. Our management, our board of directors and such asset manager will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from any offering by the Company and could utilize any such proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common shares. The failure to apply any such funds effectively could result in financial losses that could cause the price of our common shares to decline.

Current report

Cryptocurrency price volatility may materially depress asset valuations, necessitating substantial cash reserves or liquidity buffers to maintain operational resilience. These risks are compounded by the lack of comprehensive regulation governing cryptocurrency trading platforms, which face material exposure to fraud, market manipulation, security breaches, and operational failures that could materially and adversely affect the value of our cryptocurrency holdings.

Current report

We may invest in even more cryptocurrencies in the future, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, primarily due to the inherent price volatility of cryptocurrency and the impact of any future changes to accounting standards. Cryptocurrencies can be highly susceptible to sharp price swings, which can significantly impact our financial statements, especially under mark-to-market accounting. To mitigate these risks, companies holding significant amounts of cryptocurrencies must maintain substantial capital reserves to absorb potential declines in asset value without compromising their overall financial health. This heightened need for liquidity reflects the increased risk associated with holding cryptocurrencies and underscores the importance of robust risk management strategies when navigating the uncertainties of the digital asset market.

Current report

Digital asset trading platforms handling cryptocurrencies and particularly small-cap cryptocurrencies are relatively new and often operate without the oversight typical of regulated securities or commodities markets. Many platforms, particularly those based outside the United States, are subject to limited or inconsistent regulatory standards and often do not provide transparent information about their ownership, management, or compliance practices. This lack of oversight increases the risk of fraudulent activities such as artificial trading volume, wash trading, and market manipulation—issues that have been documented in unregulated cryptocurrency markets and could similarly affect cryptocurrency trading. Reports have indicated that a significant portion of trading volume on unregulated digital asset trading platforms may be artificially inflated or non-economic in nature.

Current report

Manipulative behavior on cryptocurrency exchanges can distort market prices and lead to unexpected losses for investors. As a result, reduced market confidence in these platforms could negatively impact the liquidity and value of cryptocurrencies. We may hold substantial amounts of cryptocurrencies and must be vigilant about these risks, as trading activity that is not reflective of genuine market interest can lead to volatility and potential losses.

Current report

The operational integrity of digital asset trading platforms is another critical risk factor. Many of these platforms may lack robust security measures, making them vulnerable to hacking, fraud, and other operational problems. As we may hold large quantities of cryptocurrencies, we must consider the risk of security breaches, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Current report

If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyber-attack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our cryptocurrency, or if our private keys are lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we may lose some or all of our cryptocurrency and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Current report

Security breaches and cyber-attacks are of particular concern with respect to cryptocurrency. Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies and the entities that provide services to participants in the cryptocurrency ecosystem have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyber-attacks, or other malicious activities. For example, in October 2021, it was reported that hackers exploited a flaw in the account recovery process and stole from the accounts of at least 6,000 customers of the Coinbase exchange, although the flaw was subsequently fixed and Coinbase reimbursed affected customers. Similarly, in November 2022, hackers exploited weaknesses in the security architecture of the FTX Trading digital asset exchange and reportedly stole over $400 million in digital assets from customers. A successful security breach or cyber-attack could result in:

Current report

Further, any actual or perceived data security breach or cybersecurity attack directed at other companies with digital assets or companies that operate digital asset networks, regardless of whether we are directly impacted, could lead to a general loss of confidence in the broader cryptocurrency ecosystem or in the use of the cryptocurrency network to conduct financial transactions, which could negatively impact us.

Current report

We face significant risks relating to disruptions, forks, 51% attacks, hacks, network disruptions, or other adverse events or other compromises to the cryptocurrency blockchains, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Current report

General Risk Factors

Current report

Our share price and trading volume have fluctuated in the past, have recently been volatile and may be volatile in the future, including for reasons that may be unrelated to our operating performance or prospects, and, as a result, investors in our common shares could incur substantial losses.

Current report

Our share price has fluctuated in the past, has recently been volatile and may be volatile in the future. The stock market in general and the market for cryptocurrency and digital asset companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result, investors may experience losses on their investment in our common shares. The trading price of our common shares has already been correlated, and, in the future, as we continue to expand our Bitcoin Mining business and our digital asset treasury, may be increasingly correlated, to the trading prices of the cryptocurrencies we hold, which are themselves volatile.

Current report

Additionally, certain companies have experienced significant and extreme volatility in their stock prices due to a sudden increase in demand for stock resulting in aggregate short positions in the stock exceeding the number of shares available for purchase, forcing investors with short exposure to pay a premium to repurchase shares for delivery to share lenders. This is known as a “short squeeze.” These short squeezes have led to the price per share of those companies to trade at a significantly inflated rate that is disconnected from the underlying value of the company. Many investors who have purchased shares in those companies at an inflated rate face the risk of losing a significant portion of their original investment as the price per share declines steadily as interest in those stocks abates. While we have no reason to believe our shares would be the target of a short squeeze, there can be no assurance that they will not be in the future, and you may lose a significant portion or all of your investment if you purchase our shares at a rate that is potentially disconnected from our underlying value.

Previous report

Risks Relating to the Company’s Business

Previous report

The Company is an early stage company with little operating history, a history of losses and the Company cannot assure profitability.

Previous report

The Company currently has little revenues and does not have any significant history of revenue generating operations. The Company has experience recurring net losses since its inception. The commercial or operating viability of the Company’s business plans have not been proven. There is no assurance that the revenue generated from its operations, and if those revenues, when and if generated, will be sufficient to sustain operations, nonetheless achieve profitability.

Previous report

There is no assurance that the Company’s FORCEGH+™ facilities will operate as intended.

Previous report

The Company’s initial state of its business operations will be to construct and deploy and license its initial FORCEGH+. Accordingly, this component of the Company’s business plan is subject to considerable risks, including:

Previous report

There is no assurance that UN(THINK)™ will operate as intended.

Previous report

The Company’s plans for developing and advancing the UN(THINK)™ are in its preliminary stages. The Company has yet to fully launch their range of products in either the B2B or D2C channels. Accordingly, this component of the Company’s business plan is subject to considerable risks, including:

Previous report

There is no assurance that Hydroxyl Generating Systems will operate as intended.

Previous report

The Company’s plans for developing and expanding sales of the AgriFORCE Clean Solutions are in its preliminary stages. The Company has yet to generate remarkable sales of its Hydroxyl products. Accordingly, this component of the Company’s business plan is subject to considerable risks, including:

Previous report

There is no assurance that Bitcoin mining operations will operate as intended.

Previous report

The price of bitcoin is extremely volatile. The cost to mine a bitcoin is independent of the then current price of bitcoin, so when prices are low, the cost per coin to mine may consume much of our available cash, which means that there is less capital with which to invest in future company growth. Similarly, when prices are low, our profitability is decreased on a dollar-for-dollar basis correlated to the then price of bitcoin. Given the volatility of bitcoin, these factors render us unable to accurately predict in advance what our growth plans may be and accurately forecast any revenue and profitability projections for any reporting period.

Previous report

The price of bitcoin may be influenced by regulatory, commercial, and technical factors that are highly uncertain.

Previous report

Bitcoin and other digital assets are relatively novel and are subject to various risks and uncertainties that may adversely impact their price. For example, the application of securities laws and other regulations to such assets is unclear in certain respects, and it is possible that regulators in the United States or foreign countries may create new regulations or interpret laws in a manner that adversely affects the price of bitcoin. The growth of the digital assets industry in general, and the use and acceptance of bitcoin in particular, may also impact the price of bitcoin and is subject to a high degree of uncertainty. The pace of worldwide growth in the adoption and use of bitcoin could depend on the following:

Previous report

Even if growth in bitcoin adoption occurs in the near or medium-term, there is no assurance that bitcoin usage will continue to grow over the long-term. Because bitcoin has no physical existence beyond the record of transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain, a variety of technical factors related to the Bitcoin blockchain could also impact the price of bitcoin. For example, malicious attacks by “miners” who validate bitcoin transactions, inadequate mining fees to incentivize validating of bitcoin transactions, “hard forks” of the Bitcoin blockchain, and advances in quantum computing could undercut the integrity of the Bitcoin blockchain and negatively affect the price of bitcoin. The liquidity of bitcoin may also be reduced and damage to the public perception of bitcoin may occur, if financial institutions were to deny banking services to businesses that hold bitcoin, provide bitcoin-related services or accept bitcoin as payment, which could also decrease the price of bitcoin.

Previous report

Generally, a bitcoin miner’s chance of solving a block on the Bitcoin blockchain and earning a bitcoin reward is a function of the miner’s hash rate (i.e., the amount of computing power devoted to supporting the Bitcoin blockchain), relative to the global network hash rate. As greater adoption of Bitcoin occurs, we expect the demand for Bitcoin will increase further, drawing more mining companies into the industry and thereby increasing the global network hash rate. As new and more powerful miners are deployed, the global network hash rate will continue to increase, meaning a miner’s chance of earning bitcoin rewards will decline unless it deploys additional hash rate at pace with the industry.

Previous report

Accordingly, to maintain our chances of earning new bitcoin rewards and remaining competitive in our industry, we must seek to continually add new miners to grow our hash rate at pace with the growth in the Bitcoin global network hash rate. However, as demand has increased and scarcity in the supply of new miners has resulted, the price of new miners has increased sharply, and we expect this process to continue in the future as demand for bitcoin increases. Therefore, if the price of bitcoin is not sufficiently high to allow us to fund our hash rate growth through new miner acquisitions and if we are otherwise unable to access additional capital to acquire these miners, our hash rate may stagnate and we may fall behind our competitors. If this happens, our chances of earning new bitcoin rewards would decline and, as such, our results of operations and financial condition may suffer.

Previous report

Geopolitical or economic crises may create increased uncertainty and price changes, or motivate large-scale sales of digital assets, which could result in a reduction in some or all digital assets’ values and adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Previous report

As an alternative to fiat currencies that are backed by central governments, digital assets such as bitcoin, which are relatively new, are subject to supply and demand forces based upon the desirability of an alternative, decentralized means of buying and selling goods and services. It is unclear how such supply and demand will be impacted by geopolitical events. Nevertheless, geopolitical or economic crises may motivate large-scale acquisitions or sales of digital assets either globally or locally. Large-scale sales of digital assets would result in a reduction in their value and could adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Previous report

In addition, we are subject to price volatility and uncertainty due to geopolitical crises and economic downturns. Such geopolitical crises and global economic downturns may be a result of invasion, or possible invasion, by one nation of another, leading to increased inflation and supply chain volatility. Such crises, as well as inflation, will likely continue to have an effect on our ability to do business in a cost-effective manner.

Previous report

The sale of our digital assets to pay expenses at a time of low digital asset prices could adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Previous report

We may sell our digital assets to pay expenses on an as-needed basis, irrespective of then-current prices. Consequently, our digital assets may be sold at a time when the prices on the respective digital asset exchange market are low, which could adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Previous report

The development and acceptance of digital asset networks and other digital assets, which represent a new and rapidly changing industry, are subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to evaluate. The slowing or stopping of the development or acceptance of digital asset systems may adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Previous report

Digital assets such as bitcoin, that may be used, among other things, to buy and sell goods and services are a new and rapidly evolving industry. The growth of the digital asset industry in general, and the digital asset networks of bitcoin in particular, are highly uncertain. The factors affecting the further development of the digital asset industry, as well as the digital asset networks, include:

Previous report

The open-source structure of the Bitcoin network protocol means the contributors to the protocol are generally not directly compensated for their contributions in maintaining and developing the protocol. A failure to properly monitor and upgrade the protocol could damage the Bitcoin network and an investment in our securities.

Previous report

Digital asset networks are open-source projects and, although there is an influential group of leaders in, for example, the Bitcoin network community known as the “Core Developers,” there is no official developer or group of developers that formally controls the Bitcoin network. As an open-source project, Bitcoin is not represented by an official organization or authority. The Bitcoin network protocol is not sold and contributors are generally not compensated for maintaining and updating the Bitcoin network protocol. The lack of guaranteed financial incentive for contributors to maintain or develop the Bitcoin network and the lack of guaranteed resources to adequately address emerging issues with the Bitcoin network may reduce incentives to address the issues adequately or in a timely manner. Changes to a digital asset network in which we are directing our mining efforts may adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Previous report

The acceptance of digital asset network software patches or upgrades by a significant, but not overwhelming, percentage of the users and miners in any digital asset network could result in a “fork” in the respective blockchain, resulting in the operation of two separate networks until such time as the forked blockchains are merged. The temporary or permanent existence of forked blockchains could adversely impact an investment in our securities.

Previous report

Due to Bitcoin’s open-source project, any individual can download the Bitcoin network software and make any desired modifications, which are proposed to users and miners on the Bitcoin network through software downloads and upgrades, and typically posted to the Bitcoin development forum on GitHub.com. A substantial majority of miners and Bitcoin users must consent to those software modifications by downloading the altered software or upgrade that implements the changes. If not, the changes do not become a part of the Bitcoin network.

Previous report

Since the Bitcoin network’s inception, changes to the Bitcoin network have been accepted by the vast majority of users and miners, ensuring that the Bitcoin network remains a coherent economic system. However, a developer or group of developers could potentially propose a modification to the Bitcoin network that is not accepted by a vast majority of miners and users, but that is nonetheless accepted by a substantial population of participants in the Bitcoin network. In such a case, and if the modification is material and/or not backwards compatible with the prior version of Bitcoin network software, a fork in the blockchain could develop and two separate Bitcoin networks could result with one running the pre-modification software program and the other running the modified version (i.e., a second “Bitcoin” network).

Previous report

Such a fork in the blockchain is typically addressed by community-led efforts to merge the forked blockchains, and several prior forks have been so merged. This kind of split in the Bitcoin network could materially and adversely impact an investment in our securities and harm the sustainability of the Bitcoin network’s economy.

Previous report

As the number of digital assets awarded for solving a block in the blockchain decreases, the incentive for miners to continue to contribute processing power to the respective digital asset network will transition from a set reward to transaction fees. Either the requirement from miners of higher transaction fees in exchange for recording transactions in the blockchain or a software upgrade that automatically charges fees for all transactions may decrease demand for digital assets and prevent the expansion of the digital asset networks to retail merchants and commercial businesses, resulting in a reduction in the price of digital assets that could adversely impact an investment in our securities.

Previous report

In order to incentivize miners to continue to contribute processing power to any digital asset network, such network may either formally or informally transition from a set reward to transaction fees earned upon solving for a block. This transition could be accomplished either by miners independently electing to record in the blocks they solve only those transactions that include payment of a transaction fee or by the digital asset network adopting software upgrades that require the payment of a minimum transaction fee for all transactions. If transaction fees paid for digital asset transactions become too high, the marketplace may be reluctant to accept digital assets as a means of payment and existing users may be motivated to switch from one digital asset to another digital asset or back to fiat currency. Decreased use and demand for bitcoins that we have accumulated may adversely affect its value and may adversely impact an investment in it.

Previous report

To the extent that any miners cease to record transaction in solved blocks, such transactions will not be recorded on the blockchain. Currently, there are no known incentives for miners to actively not record transactions in solved blocks. However, to the extent that any such incentives arise (e.g., a collective movement among miners or one or more mining pools forcing bitcoin users to pay transaction fees as a substitute for or in addition to the award of new bitcoins upon the solving of a block), actions of miners solving a significant number of blocks could delay the recording and confirmation of transactions on the blockchain. Any systemic delays in the recording and confirmation of transactions on the blockchain could result in greater exposure to double-spending transactions and a loss of confidence in certain or all digital asset networks, which could adversely impact an investment in our securities.

Previous report

If a malicious actor or botnet (a volunteer or hacked collection of computers controlled by networked software coordinating the actions of the computers) obtains a majority of the processing power dedicated to mining on any digital asset network, it may be able to alter the blockchain by constructing alternate blocks if it is able to solve for such blocks faster than the remainder of the miners on the blockchain can add valid blocks. Within the alternate blocks, the malicious actor or botnet could control, exclude or modify the ordering of transaction. However, it could not generate new digital assets or transactions using such control. Using alternate blocks, the malicious actor or botnet could “double-spend” its own digital assets (i.e., spend the same digital assets in more than one transaction) and prevent the confirmation of other users’ transactions for so long as it maintains control. To the extent that such malicious actor or botnet does not yield its majority control of the processing power or the digital asset community does not reject the fraudulent blocks as malicious, reversing any changes made to the blockchain may not be possible. Such changes could adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Previous report

The approach towards and possible crossing of the 50% threshold indicates a greater risk that a single mining pool could exert authority over the validation of digital asset transactions. To the extent that the digital assets ecosystems do not act to ensure greater decentralization of digital asset mining processing power, the feasibility of a malicious actor obtaining in excess of 50% of the processing power on any digital asset network (e.g., through control of a large mining pool or through hacking such a mining pool) will increase, which may adversely impact an investment in our securities.

Previous report

Bitcoin is subject to halving, and as such the reward for successfully solving a block will halve several times in the future and its value may not adjust to compensate us for the reduction in the rewards we receive from our mining efforts, which could cause us to cease our mining operations altogether and investors could suffer a complete loss of their investment.

Previous report

Halving is a process designed to control the overall supply and reduce the risk of inflation in digital assets using a Proof-of-Work consensus algorithm. In an event referred to as bitcoin “halving,” the bitcoin reward for mining any block is cut in half. For example, the mining reward for bitcoin declined from 12.5 to 6.25 bitcoin on May 11, 2020 and from 6.25 to 3.125 bitcoin on April 19, 2024. This process is scheduled to occur once every 210,000 blocks. It is estimated that bitcoin will next halve in April 2028 and then approximately every four years thereafter, until the total amount of bitcoin rewards issued reaches 21.0 million, and the theoretical supply of new Bitcoin is exhausted, which is expected to occur around 2140. Once 21.0 million bitcoin are generated, the network will stop producing more. Currently, there are more than 19.0 million bitcoin in circulation. While bitcoin prices have had a history of price fluctuations around halving events, there is no guarantee that any such price change will be favorable or would compensate for the reduction in mining reward. If a corresponding and proportionate increase in the price of bitcoin does not follow these anticipated halving events, the revenue from our mining operations would decrease, and we may not have an adequate incentive to continue mining and may cease mining operations altogether, which may adversely affect an investment in our securities and investors could suffer a complete loss of their investment.

Previous report

Furthermore, such reductions in bitcoin rewards for uncovering blocks may result in a reduction in the aggregate hash rate of the bitcoin network as the incentive for miners decreases. Miners ceasing operations would reduce the collective processing power on the network, which would adversely affect the confirmation process for transactions and make the bitcoin network more vulnerable to malicious actors or botnets obtaining control in excess of 50% of the processing power active on the blockchain. Such events may adversely affect our activities and an investment in our securities.

Previous report

To the extent that the profit margins of digital asset mining operations are not high, operators of digital asset mining operations are more likely to immediately sell their digital assets earned by mining in the digital asset exchange market, resulting in a reduction in the price of digital assets that could adversely impact an investment in our securities.

Previous report

Over the past few years, digital asset mining operations have evolved from individual users mining with computer processors, graphics processing units and first-generation mining rigs. Currently, new processing power brought onto the digital asset networks is predominantly added by “professionalized” mining operations. Professionalized mining operations may use proprietary hardware or sophisticated machines.

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Professionalized mining operations require: