Enphase Energy Inc

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates revenue from sales of its solutions, which include microinverter units and related accessories, IQ Battery and related accessories, IQ PowerPack 1500 and related accessories, IQ Gateway, and IQ Energy Router, cloud-based monitoring services, Electric Vehicle (“EV”) charging solutions, design, proposal, permitting, installation and lead generation services, as well as a platform matching cleantech asset owners to a local and on-demand workforce of service providers, distributors, large installers, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and strategic partners.

Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the Company’s customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The Company generates all of its revenues from contracts with its customers. A description of principal activities from which the Company generates revenues follows.

•Products Delivered at a Point in Time. The Company sells its products and professional services to customers in accordance with the terms of the related customer contracts. The Company generates revenues from sales of its solutions, which include microinverter units and related accessories, storage solutions, EV charging solutions, design, proposal, permitting, installation and lead generation services, as well as a platform matching cleantech asset owners to a local and on-demand workforce of service providers to distributors, large installers, OEMs and strategic partners. Microinverter units, microinverter accessories, storage and EV solutions, design, proposal, permitting, installation and lead generation services, as well as completed work orders on a platform matching cleantech asset owners to a local and on-demand workforce of service providers, are delivered to customers at a point in time, and the Company recognizes revenue for these products or professional services when the Company transfers control of the product or professional services to the customer, which is generally upon product shipment or service delivery, respectively.

•Products Delivered Over Time. The sale of IQ Gateway and IQ Energy Router products includes the Company’s cloud-based monitoring service. The full consideration for these products represents a single performance obligation and is deferred at the sale date and recognized over the estimated service period of 7 years. The Company also sells certain communication accessories that contain a service performance obligation to be delivered over time. The revenue from these products is recognized over the related service period, which is typically 5 years. The subscription services revenue generated from each customer’s subscription to the Company’s design and proposal software is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that the Company’s service is made available to the customer. The subscription contracts are generally 3 to 12 months in length and billed in advance.

When the Company sells a product with more than one performance obligation, such as the IQ Combiner, which includes both hardware and IQ Gateway, the total consideration is allocated to these performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices.

The Company estimates and records certain revenue promotions as variable consideration and recognizes these promotions as a reduction in revenue at the time the related revenue is recorded.

The Company records upfront contract acquisition costs, such as sales commissions, to be capitalized and amortized over the estimated life of the asset. For contracts that have a duration of less than one year, the Company follows the Topic 606 practical expedient and expenses these costs when incurred. Commissions related to the Company’s sale of monitoring hardware and service are capitalized and amortized over the period of the associated revenue, which is 5 years to 7 years.

Refer to Note 3. “Revenue Recognition,” for additional information related to revenue recognition.

Cost of Revenues

The Company includes the following in cost of revenues: product costs, warranty, manufacturing and installation services personnel, logistics costs, freight costs, inventory write-downs, hosting services costs related to the Company’s cloud-based services, credits recognized from the advanced manufacturing production tax credit (“AMPTC”), depreciation of manufacturing test equipment, and amortization of capitalized software development costs related to the Company’s cloud-based services, lead acquisition costs, design and proposal services, and employee-related expenses associated with proposal and permitting services and design and proposal service customer support. A description of principal activities from which the Company recognizes cost of revenue is as follows:

•Products Delivered at a Point in Time. Cost of revenue from these products is recognized when the Company transfers control of the product to the customer, which is generally upon shipment or service delivery.

•Products Delivered Over Time. Cost of revenue from these products is recognized over the related service period.

Government Grants

Government grants represent benefits provided by federal, state, or local governments that are not subject to the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740. The Company recognizes a grant when it has reasonable assurance that it will comply with the grant’s conditions and that the grant will be received. Government grants that are not related to long-lived assets are considered income-based grants, which are recognized as a reduction to the related cost of activities that generated the benefit.

In August 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”), which includes extension of the investment tax credit as well as credits under the AMPTC, to incentivize clean energy component sourcing and production, including for the production of microinverters. The IRA provides for an AMPTC on microinverters of 11 cents per alternating current watt basis. The AMPTC on microinverters decreases by 25% each year beginning in 2030 and ending after 2032. The Company recognized credits under AMPTC as a reduction to cost of revenues in the consolidated statement of operations for the microinverters manufactured in the United States and sold to customers during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Such credit is also reflected as an increase to prepaid income tax and a reduction of income tax payable on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets within prepaid expenses and other current assets and accrued liabilities, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, benefits recognized from AMPTC of $157.5 million and $53.5 million, respectively, were recorded as a prepaid income tax of $94.9 million (included in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets) and reduction of income tax payable of $62.7 million on the consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2024, reduction to income tax payable of $53.5 million (included in Accrued Liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2023, and as a reduction to cost of revenues of $157.5 million and $53.5 million on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements are based on management’s judgement and interpretation of the most current guidance.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

The Company classifies investments in marketable securities as available-for-sale investments and records these marketable securities at fair value. The Company determines the appropriate classification of marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. All highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents, while all others are presented within current assets since these investments represent funds available for current operations and the Company has the ability and intent, if necessary, to liquidate any of these investments within one year in order to meet liquidity needs or to grow the business, including for potential business acquisitions or other strategic transactions.

Marketable securities are recorded at fair value, with the unrealized gains or losses unrelated to credit loss factors included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Realized gains and losses and declines in value determined to be other than temporary based on the specific identification method are reported in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company periodically reviews whether the securities may be other-than-temporarily impaired, including whether or not (i) the Company has the intent to sell the security or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If one of these factors is met, the Company records an impairment loss associated with the impaired investment. The impairment loss will be recorded as a write-down of investments in the consolidated balance sheets and a realized loss within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. There were no credit-related impairments recognized on the Company’s investments in marketable securities during the periods presented.

For purposes of identifying and measuring impairment, the policy election was made to exclude the applicable accrued interest from both the fair value and amortized cost basis. Applicable accrued interest of $10.1 million and $7.6 million, net of the allowance for credit losses, if any, is recorded inprepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash represents cash held as certificates of deposit collateralized under a letter of credit issued to a customer. The letter of credit is required as a performance security in a face amount equal to the aggregate purchase price of the executed sales agreement. The letter of credit was issued per the terms of the executed sales agreement and the Company has collateralized certificates of deposit under this letter of credit in an amount of $95.0 million, which was reflected as restricted cash on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The carrying amounts of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short maturity of those instruments. Equity investments with readily determinable fair value are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices or estimated based on market conditions and risks existing at each balance sheet date. Equity investments without readily determinable fair value are measured at cost, less impairment and are adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.

Accounts Receivables and Contract Assets

The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual payment terms. Accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets recorded in prepaid assets and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet include deferred product costs and commissions associated with the deferred revenue and will be amortized along with the associated revenue.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company maintains allowances for credit losses for uncollectible accounts receivable. Management estimates anticipated credit losses based on days past due, customer specific experience, collection history, the financial health of customers including from the impacts of the broad-based slowdown beginning in the second quarter of 2023 in the United States and in the third quarter of 2023 in Europe, among other factors. Accounts receivables are recorded net of allowance for credit losses totaling $7.8 million and $2.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The $7.8 million allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024 includes $6.2 million related to a customer that filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (“Chapter 11 bankruptcy”) during the year ended December 31, 2024. Management will continue to monitor certain customers experiencing considerable financial difficulties to perform collectability assessment and evaluate the impact to the Company's revenue recognition and allowance for credit losses on its financial statements. Accounts receivable are recorded net of allowance for credit losses. The following table sets forth activities in the allowance for credit losses for the periods indicated.

Inventory

Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or market. Market is current replacement cost (by purchase or by reproduction, dependent on the type of inventory). In cases where market exceeds net realizable value (i.e., estimated selling price less reasonably predictable costs of completion and disposal), inventories are stated at net realizable value. Market is not considered to be less than net realizable value reduced by an allowance for an approximately normal profit margin. The Company determines cost on a first-in first-out basis. Certain factors could affect the realizable value of its inventory, including customer demand and market conditions. Management assesses the valuation on a quarterly basis and writes down the value for any excess and obsolete inventory based upon expected demand, anticipated sales price, effect of new product introductions, product obsolescence, customer concentrations, product merchantability and other factors. Inventory write-downs are equal to the difference between the cost of inventories and market.

Long-Lived Assets

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes amounts paid to acquire or construct the asset as well as any expenditure that substantially adds to the value of or significantly extends the useful life of an existing asset. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 3 to 10 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or expected useful life of the improvements.

Internal-use software, whether purchased or developed, is capitalized at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life. Costs associated with internally developed software are expensed until the point at which the project has reached the development stage. Subsequent additions, modifications or upgrades to internal-use software are capitalized only to the extent that they provide additional functionality. Software maintenance and training costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. The capitalization of internal-use software requires judgment in determining when a project has reached the development stage and the period over which the Company expects to benefit from the use of that software. Capitalized costs are recorded as part of property and equipment in the consolidated balance sheets. Capitalized internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, which is generally three years, and is recorded as cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company capitalizes implementation costs related to cloud computing (i.e., hosting) arrangements that are accounted for as a service contract that meets the accounting requirement for capitalization as such implementation costs were incurred to develop or utilize internal-use software hosted by a third-party vendor. The capitalized implementation costs are recorded as part of “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets and is amortized over the length of the service contract.

Property and equipment, including internal-use software, and capitalized implementation costs related to cloud computing arrangements, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of an asset group exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset group and its eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss to be recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset group’s carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is generally determined using an undiscounted cash flow analysis. The Company recorded asset impairment charges of $2.3 million, $5.7 million andzero in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, associated with property and equipment, net. There were no events or changes in circumstances that may indicate the carrying amount of the remaining long-lived assets is not recoverable.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Operating lease assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments over the lease term.

The Company does not have any finance leases. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the remaining lease payments over the lease term, discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Operating lease assets also include initial direct costs incurred and prepaid lease payments, minus any lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of one year or less are considered short-term leases and are not recognized as lease assets and liabilities. The Company recognizes the cost of such short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying agreement. The Company combines the lease and non-lease components in determining the operating lease assets and liabilities.

An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of an asset group exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset group. The Company recorded right of use asset impairment charges of less than $0.1 million, $1.1 million and $1.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Business Combinations

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business acquisition are generally recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The excess of purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Determining fair value of identifiable assets, particularly intangibles, and liabilities acquired also requires the Company to make estimates, which are based on all available information and in some cases assumptions with respect to the timing and amount of future revenues and expenses associated with an asset. Accounting for business acquisitions requires the Company to make judgments as to whether a purchase transaction is a multiple element contract, meaning that it includes other transaction components. This judgment and determination affect the amount of consideration paid that is allocable to assets and liabilities acquired in the business purchase transaction. Additional information existing as of the acquisition date but unknown to the Company may become known during the remainder of the measurement period, not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date, which may result in changes to the amounts and allocations recorded.

Goodwill

Goodwill results from the purchase consideration paid in excess of the fair value of the net assets recorded in connection with business acquisitions. Goodwill is not amortized but is assessed for potential impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year or between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which the Company has determined to be the same as the entity as a whole (entity level). The Company first performs qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If, after assessing the qualitative factors, the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment analysis will be performed.

Qualitative factors include industry and market consideration, overall financial performance, share price trends and market capitalization and Company-specific events. The Company determined, after performing a qualitative review of itsone reporting unit, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit exceeds its carrying value. Accordingly, there wasno indication of impairment in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 and no quantitative goodwill impairment test was performed.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include patents and other purchased intangible assets. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis, with estimated useful lives ranging from 5 to 9 years. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually and are also tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that the carrying amount may be impaired. Intangible assets with finite lives are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an asset group exceeds the estimated undiscounted cash flows used in determining the fair value of the asset group. The amount of the impairment loss to be recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset group’s carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. The Company recorded asset impairment charges of $3.5 million, $3.8 million andzero in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, associated with the developed technology and customer relationship intangible asset. There were no events or changes in circumstances that may indicate the carrying amount of remaining assets is not recoverable.

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities are recorded as deferred revenue on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and include payments received in advance of performance obligations under the contract and are realized when the associated revenue is recognized under the contract.

Warranty Obligations

The Company’s warranty accrual provides for the replacement of microinverter units, AC Battery storage solutions and accessories, EV Chargers, IQ Gateway and IQ Energy Router units that fail during the product’s warranty term. The warranty term related to microinverter units is typically 15 years for first and second generation microinverters and up to 25 years for subsequent generation microinverters. The warranty term for AC Battery storage solutions is 10 to 15 years for IQ Battery depending on the generation and 5 years for IQ PowerPack 1500. The warranty term for the IQ Gateway and IQ Energy Router is 5 years, while the warranty term for EV Chargers is 1 to 5 years depending on the product. On a quarterly basis, the Company employs a consistent, systematic and rational methodology to assess the adequacy of its warranty liability. This assessment includes updating all key estimates and assumptions for each generation of product, based on historical results, trends and the most current data available as of the filing date. The key estimates and assumptions used in the warranty liability are thoroughly reviewed by management on a quarterly basis. The key estimates used by the Company to estimate its warranty liability are: (1) the number of units expected to fail and be repaired or returned for replacement over time

(i.e., return rate); and (2) the per unit cost of repair or replacement of units, including outbound shipping and labor costs, expected to be incurred to replace failed units over time (i.e., replacement cost).

Estimated Return Rates —The Company’s Quality and Reliability department has primary responsibility to determine the estimated return rates for each generation of product. To establish initial return rate estimates for each generation of product, the Company’s quality engineers use a combination of industry standard mean time between failure estimates for individual components contained in its product, third-party data collected on similar equipment deployed in outdoor environments similar to those in which the Company’s products are installed, and rigorous long term reliability and accelerated life cycle testing which simulates the service life of the product in a short period of time. As units are deployed into operating environments, the Company continues to monitor product performance through its cloud-based monitoring services. It typically takes three tonine months between the date of sale and date of end-user installation. Consequently, the Company’s ability to monitor actual failures of units sold similarly lags bythree tonine months. When a product fails and is returned, the Company performs diagnostic root cause failure analysis to understand and isolate the underlying mechanism(s) causing the failure. The Company then uses the results of this analysis (combined with the actual, cumulative performance data collected on those units prior to failure through the Company’s cloud-based monitoring services) to draw conclusions with respect to how or if the identified failure mechanism(s) will impact the remaining units deployed in the installed base.

As the vast majority of the Company’s microinverters have been sold to end users for residential applications, the Company believes that warranty return rates will be affected by changes over time in residential home ownership because the Company expects that subsequent homeowners are less likely to file returns than the homeowners who originally purchase the microinverters.

Estimated Replacement Costs —Three factors are considered in the Company’s analysis of estimated replacement cost: (1) the estimated cost of replacement products; (2) the estimated cost to ship replacement products to end users; and (3) the estimated labor reimbursement expected to be paid to third-party installers, or estimated labor cost expected to be incurred for field service technicians, performing replacement services for the end user. Because the Company’s warranty provides for the replacement of defective microinverters or other products over long periods of time (between 5 years to 25 years, depending on the product and the generation of that product purchased), the estimated per unit cost of current and future product generations is considered in the estimated replacement cost. Estimated costs to ship replacement units are based on observable, market-based shipping costs paid by the Company to third-party freight carriers. The Company has a separate program that allows third-party installers to claim fixed-dollar reimbursements for labor costs they incur to replace failed products for a limited time from the date of original installation. Included in the Company’s estimated replacement cost is an analysis of the number of fixed-dollar labor reimbursements expected to be claimed by third-party installers over the limited offering period.

In addition to the key estimates noted above, the Company also compares actual warranty results to expected results and evaluates any significant differences. Management may make additional adjustments to the warranty provision based on performance trends or other qualitative factors. If actual return rates or replacement costs differ from the Company’s estimates in future periods, changes to these estimates may be required, resulting in increases or decreases in the Company’s warranty obligations. Such increases or decreases could be material.

Fair Value Option for Microinverters and Other Products Sold Since January 1, 2014

The Company’s warranty obligations related to products sold since January 1, 2014 provide the Company the right, but not the requirement, to assign its warranty obligations to a third party. Under ASC 825, “Financial Instruments” (also referred to as “fair value option”), an entity may choose to elect the fair value option for such warranties at the time it first recognizes the eligible item. The Company made an irrevocable election to account for all eligible warranty obligations associated with products sold since January 1, 2014 at fair value. This election was made to reflect the underlying economics of the time value of money for an obligation that will be settled over an extended period of up to 25 years.

The Company estimates the fair value of warranty obligations by calculating the warranty obligations in the same manner as for sales prior to January 1, 2014 and applying an expected present value technique to that result. The expected present value technique, an income approach, converts future amounts into a single current discounted amount. In addition to the key estimates of return rates and replacement costs, the Company used certain inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Such additional assumptions included compensation comprised of a profit element and risk premium required of a market participant to assume the obligation and a discount rate based on the Company’s credit-adjusted risk-free rate. Refer to Note 11. “Fair Value Measurements,” for additional information.

Warranty obligations initially recorded at fair value at the time of sale will be subsequently re-measured to fair value at each reporting date. In addition, the fair value of the liability will be accreted over the corresponding term of the warranty of up to 25 years using the effective interest method.

Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to loss contingencies and loss recoveries, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business as well as tariff refunds. An accrual for a loss contingency or loss recovery is recognized when it is probable and the amount of loss or recovery can be reasonably estimated.

Common Stock Repurchase

The Company accounts for repurchase of common stock under ASC 505 and charges the entire cost of repurchase including excise tax accrued pursuant to the repurchase to the accumulated earnings (deficit).

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs, which are expensed and included in sales and marketing expense when incurred, were $1.7 million, $3.8 million and $3.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Research and Development Costs

The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. Research and development expense consists primarily of expensed equipment for product development, personnel costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, other professional costs and allocated facilities costs.

Stock-Based Compensation

Share-based payments are required to be recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations based on their fair values and the estimated number of shares expected to vest. The Company measures stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors, based on the estimated fair values on the date of the grant. The fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted is determined based on the price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of non-market‑based performance stock units (“PSUs”) granted is determined based on the date of grant or when achievement of performance is probable. The fair value of market‑based performance stock units granted is determined using a Monte‑Carlo model based on the date of grant or when achievement of performance is probable.

Stock-based compensation for RSUs is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation for PSUs without market conditions is recognized when the performance condition is probable of being achieved, and then on a graded basis over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation for PSUs with market conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Additionally, the Company estimates its forfeiture rate annually based on historical experience and revises the estimates of forfeiture in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company and most of its subsidiaries use their respective local currency as their functional currency. Accordingly, foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period. Aggregate exchange gains and losses arising from the translation of foreign assets and liabilities are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders' equity. Foreign subsidiaries that use the U.S.

dollar as their functional currency remeasure monetary assets and liabilities using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period. In addition, transactions that are denominated in non-functional currency are remeasured using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period. Exchange gains and losses arising from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities are included in other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are carried at their historical values.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income consists of two components, net income and other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income refers to gains and losses that are recorded as an element of stockholders’ equity but are excluded from net income. The Company’s other comprehensive income consists of foreign currency translation adjustments and changes in net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax.

Income Taxes

The Company records income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts recognized for income tax purposes. In estimating future tax consequences, generally all expected future events other than enactments or changes in the tax law or rates are considered. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Company assesses the realizability of the deferred tax assets to determine release of valuation allowance as necessary. In the event the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the Company would be able to realize deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance for the deferred tax asset would increase income in the period such determination was made. Likewise, should it be determined that additional amounts of the net deferred tax asset will not be realized in the future, an adjustment to increase the deferred tax asset valuation allowance will reduce income in the period such determination is made.

The Company operates in various tax jurisdictions and is subject to audit by various tax authorities. The Company follows accounting for uncertainty in income taxes which requires that the tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is “more likely than not” to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments, and which may not accurately anticipate actual outcomes.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 requires additional disclosures for segment reporting, including disclosure of the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker and requires a public entity that has a single reportable segment to provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in ASU 2023-07, and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 effective for its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods. Since ASU 2023-07 addresses only disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Not Yet Effective

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires that an entity disclose specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation as well as provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, certain disclosures of state versus federal income tax expenses and taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements and will adopt the standard effective January 1, 2025.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures” (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires additional disclosure of certain costs and expenses within the notes to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact from ASU 2024-03 on its consolidated financial statements disclosures.

3. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Disaggregated Revenue

The Company has one major business activity, which is the design, manufacture and sale of solutions for the solar photovoltaic (“PV”) industry. Disaggregated revenue by primary geographical market and timing of revenue recognition for the Company’s single product line are as follows:

(1) Our revenues generated from France has represented 10.6%, less than 10% and less than 10% of our net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our net revenues generated from the Netherlands has represented less than 10%,15.3%, and less than 10% of our net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Contract Balances

Accounts receivables, and contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers, are as follows:

The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual payment terms. Accounts receivables are recorded in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services when the right to consideration becomes unconditional.

Contract assets include deferred product costs and commissions associated with the deferred revenue and will be amortized along with the associated revenue. The Company hadno asset impairment charges related to contract assets for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Significant changes in the balances of contract assets (prepaid expenses and other current assets) as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

Contract liabilities are recorded as deferred revenue on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and include payments received in advance of performance obligations under the contract and are realized when the associated revenue is recognized under the contract.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, contract liabilities included $110.3 million of cash prepayments from its customers for products to be delivered in 2025, which represents the amount equal to the aggregate purchase price of the executed sales agreements.

contract liabilities (deferred revenues) as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

Remaining Performance Obligations

Estimated revenue expected to be recognized in future periods related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period are as follows:

4. INVENTORY

Inventory consists of the following:

5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consist of the following:

Depreciation expense for property and equipment, net, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $51.5 million, $40.7 million and $27.7 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, unamortized capitalized software costs were $22.6 million and $25.2 million, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company determined that a triggering event had occurred as a result of changes to the Company’s long-term projections, accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge for the property and equipment, net asset of $2.3 million and $5.7 million, respectively, within “Restructuring and asset impairment charges” on the consolidated statement of operations.

6. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

Acquisition of GreenCom Networks AG (“GreenCom”)

On October 10, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of GreenCom, a privately-held company, for paid cash consideration of approximately $34.9 million. GreenCom provided Internet of Things (IoT) software solutions for customers to connect and manage a wide range of distributed energy devices within the home. This acquisition added headcount to the Company’s engineering team in Europe to introduce the IQ Energy Router family of devices in Germany and Austria beginning in June 2023, which are designed to allow the integration of select third-party EV chargers and heat pumps into the Company’s solar and battery systems.

The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method, and accordingly, the approximately $34.9 million purchase price is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values on the acquisition date.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date (in thousands):

The excess of the consideration paid over the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed represents the goodwill resulting from the acquisition. Goodwill is primarily attributable to expected synergies in the Company’s solar offerings and cross-selling opportunities. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for German income tax purposes.

Intangible assets consist primarily of developed technology and customer relationships. Developed technology includes a combination of unpatented technology, trade secrets, computer software and research processes that facilitates home energy management through integration of existing and planned new products in renewable energy sector. Customer relationships relate to GreenCom’s ability to sell current and future offerings, as well as products built around the current offering, to its existing customers.

The following table shows the fair value of the separately identifiable intangible assets at the time of acquisition and the period over which each intangible asset will be amortized:

The results of GreenCom have been included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operation since the acquisition date and are not material. Pro forma financial information has not been presented for the GreenCom acquisition as the impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements was not material.

The Company incurred and accrued costs related to acquisition of $1.8 million that were recorded in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Acquisition of SolarLeadFactory, LLC. (“SolarLeadFactory”)

On March 14, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of SolarLeadFactory, a privately-held company. SolarLeadFactory provided high quality leads to solar installers. As part of the purchase price, the Company paid approximately $26.1 million in cash on March 14, 2022.

The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method, and accordingly, the total purchase price is allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values on the acquisition date.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date (in thousands):

The excess of the consideration paid over the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed represents the goodwill resulting from the acquisition. Goodwill is primarily attributable to expected synergies in the Company’s solar offerings and cross-selling opportunities. The entire goodwill amount is expected to be deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes over 15 years.

Intangible assets consist primarily of developed technology and customer relationships. Developed technology includes a combination of unpatented technology, trade secrets, computer software and research processes that represent the foundation for the existing and planned new products to facilitate the generation of new content. Customer relationships relate to SolarLeadFactory’s ability to sell current and future offerings, as well as products built around the current offering, to its existing customers.

The following table shows the fair value of the separately identifiable intangible assets at the time of acquisition and the period over which each intangible asset will be amortized:

The results of SolarLeadFactory have been included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations since the acquisition date and are not material. Pro forma financial information has not been presented for the SolarLeadFactory acquisition as the impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements was not material.

The Company incurred and accrued costs related to acquisition of $0.4 million that were recorded in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The Company’s goodwill as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

The Company’s purchased intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

During the year ended December 31, 2024, intangible assets decreased by less than $0.1 million due to the impact of foreign currency translation.

Amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets were as follows:

Amortization of developed technology is recorded to cost of revenues, amortization of customer relationships and trade-names are recorded to sales and marketing expense, and amortization of certain customer relationships is recorded as a reduction to revenue.

The expected future amortization expense of intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 is presented below:

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company determined that a triggering event had occurred as a result of changes to the Company’s long-term projections and performed additional analysis on the valuation of the certain acquired intangible assets and concluded that the fair value was below its carrying amount. Accordingly, the Company recorded a $3.5 million impairment charge for the developed technology and customer relationships for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $3.8 million of impairment for customer relationship for the year ended December 31, 2023, in “Restructuring and asset impairment charges” in the consolidated statements of operations.

8. CASH EQUIVALENTS, RESTRICTED CASH AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities consist of the following:

The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of the Company’s cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities as of December 31, 2024:

9. ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accrued liabilities consist of the following:

10. WARRANTY OBLIGATIONS

The Company’s warranty obligation activities were as follows:

(1) Refer to Note 11, “Fair Value Measurements” for additional information about the monetary impact for changes in the discount rate.

Changes in Estimates

On a quarterly basis, the Company uses the best and most complete underlying information available, following a consistent, systematic and rational methodology to determine its warranty obligations. The Company considers all available evidence to assess the reasonableness of all key assumptions underlying its estimated warranty obligations for each generation of microinverter. The changes in estimates discussed below resulted from consideration of new or additional information becoming available and subsequent developments. Changes in estimates included in the table above were comprised of the following:

In 2024, the Company recorded $1.1 million in warranty expense from changes in estimates, of which $10.2 million related to the Company proactively addressing certain component defects in a specific population of products that did not meet the Company’s high quality standards, $6.0 million for continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis primarily related to prior generation products, $5.8 million from increase in product replacement costs due to increase in freight costs as well as $0.5 million related to increasing the warranty term to 20 years for microinverter units sold in Mexico, Columbia, Panama, Costa Rica andnine Caribbean countries. This expense was partially offset by a benefit from $17.0 million related to a decrease in product replacement costs primarily associated with Enphase IQ Battery storage systems and related accessories as the Company expanded its network of field service technicians in the United States, Europe and Australia to provide direct homeowner assistance, and $4.4 million related to continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis for early generations of the IQ Battery.

In 2023, the Company recorded $19.2 million in warranty benefit from changes in estimates, of which $27.3 million related to a decrease in product replacement costs related to Enphase IQ Battery storage systems and accessories as the Company expanded its network of field service technicians in the United States, Europe and Australia to provide direct homeowner assistance, and $8.8 million related to a decrease in product replacement costs for all other products. This benefit was partially offset by $8.6 million related to the Company proactively addressing certain component defects in a specific population of products that did not meet the Company's high quality standards as well as continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis primarily for prior generation products and $8.3 million for increasing the warranty period for the IQ Battery from 10 years to 15 years.

In 2022, the Company recorded $29.3 million in warranty expense from changes in estimates, of which $18.3 million related to continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis, primarily for IQ Battery storage systems and prior generation products, $7.0 million related to an increase in expedited freight costs and replacement costs, and $4.0 million due to an increase in labor reimbursement rates.

11. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions, and risk of nonperformance.

The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. An asset’s or liability’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value:

•Level 1 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company is able to access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of such assets or liabilities do not entail a significant degree of judgment.

•Level 2 - Valuations based on one or more quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

•Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories:

Notes due 2028, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2025

The Company carries the Notes due 2028 (as defined in Note 13, “Debt”) and Notes due 2026 (as defined in Note 13, “Debt”) at face value less unamortized debt issuance costs on its consolidated balance sheets. The Company carries the Notes due 2025 (as defined in Note 13, “Debt”) at face value less unamortized debt discount and issuance costs on its consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the Notes due 2028, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2025 was $472.9 million, $593.8 million and $106.1 million, respectively. The fair value as of December 31, 2024 was determined based on the closing trading price per $100 principal amount as of the last day of trading for the period. The Company considers the fair value of the Notes due 2028, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2025 to be a Level 2 measurement as they are not actively traded.

Equity investments without readily determinable fair value

The Company had previously invested $6.0 million in a privately-held company without a readily determinable fair value, which is included in “Other assets” in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company determined that the carrying value of the investment was not recoverable. Accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $6.0 million within “Other income, net” on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Investments in debt securities

The Company had previously taken a non-voting participating interest of approximately $15.0 million in a loan held by a privately-held company, which is included in “Other assets” in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the Company accreted interest of approximately $2.0 million in “Other income (expense), net” in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company determined that the carrying value of the investment was not recoverable as the privately-held company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy during the year ended December 31, 2024. Accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $17.0 million within “Other income, net” on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.

In July 2023, the Company invested approximately $15.0 million in a secured convertible promissory note issued by the stockholders of a privately-held company. The investment qualified as an investment in a debt security and will accrete interest. The principal plus accrued interest is payable upon maturity unless it is converted to equity at a pre-determined price. As the investment includes a conversion option, the Company has elected to account for this investment under the fair value option and any changes in fair value of the investment is recognized in “Other income (expense), net” in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for that period. Principal plus accrued interest receivable of the investment approximates the fair value.

Investment in debt securities is recorded in “Other assets” on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The changes in the balance in investments in debt securities during the period were as follows:

Warranty obligations

Fair Value Option for Warranty Obligations Related to Products Sold Since January 1, 2014

The Company estimates the fair value of warranty obligations by calculating the warranty obligations in the same manner as for sales prior to January 1, 2014 and applying an expected present value technique to that result. The expected present value technique, an income approach, converts future amounts into a single current discounted amount. In addition to the key estimates of return rates and replacement costs, the Company used certain Level 3 inputs, which are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Such additional assumptions are based on the Company’s credit-adjusted risk-free rate (“discount rate”) and compensation comprised of a profit element and risk premium required of a market participant to assume the obligation.

The following table provides information regarding changes in nonfinancial liabilities related to the Company’s warranty obligations measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs designated as Level 3 for the periods indicated:

Quantitative and Qualitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s liabilities designated as Level 3 were as follows, of which the monetary impact for change in discount rate is captured in “Change in discount rate” in the table above:

Sensitivity of Level 3 Inputs - Warranty Obligations

Each of the significant unobservable inputs is independent of the other. The profit element and risk premium are estimated based on the requirements of a third-party participant willing to assume the Company’s warranty obligations. The discount rate is determined by reference to the Company’s own credit standing at the fair value measurement date, which insignificantly declined during the year December 31, 2024 contributing to a $0.5 million warranty benefit, as compared to same period in 2023 when it improved contributing to the $44.4 million warranty expense, both captured in “Change in discount rate” in the table above. Under the expected present value technique, increasing the profit element and risk premium input by 100 basis points would result in a $1.2 million increase to the liability. Decreasing the profit element and risk premium by 100 basis points would result in a $1.2 million reduction to the liability. Increasing the discount rate by 100 basis points would result in a $11.6 million decrease to the liability. Decreasing the discount rate by 100 basis points would result in a $13.1 million increase to the liability.

12. RESTRUCTURING AND ASSET IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

Restructuring and asset impairment charges consist of the following:

2022 Restructuring

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company implemented restructuring actions to reorganize the global workforce, consolidate facilities and eliminate non-core projects, which was completed in the second quarter of 2023. The Company incurred restructuring costs of $2.4 million and $0.8 million in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

2023 Restructuring Plan

In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company implemented a restructuring plan (the “2023 Restructuring Plan”) designed to increase operational efficiencies and execution, reduce operating costs, and better align the Company’s workforce and cost structure with current market conditions, and the Company’s business needs, strategic priorities and ongoing commitment to profitable growth. The Company completed its restructuring activities under the 2023 Restructuring Plan in the fourth quarter of 2024.

The following table presents the details of the Company’s restructuring and asset impairment charges under the 2023 Restructuring Plan for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The following table provides information regarding changes in the Company’s accrued restructuring balances under the 2023 Restructuring Plan for the periods indicated:

2024 Restructuring Plan

In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company implemented a restructuring plan (the “2024 Restructuring Plan”) designed to better align its workforce and cost structure with the Company’s business needs, strategic priorities and ongoing commitment to profitable growth, while increasing operational efficiencies and reducing operating cost. The Company plans to complete its restructuring activities under the 2024 Restructuring Plan by June 30, 2025.

The following table presents the details of the Company’s restructuring and asset impairment charges under the 2024 Restructuring Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:

The following table provides information regarding changes in the Company’s accrued restructuring balances under the 2024 Restructuring Plan for the periods indicated:

13. DEBT

The following table provides information regarding the Company’s debt:

The following tables present the total amount of interest cost recognized in the consolidated statement of operations relating to the Notes:

Convertible Senior Notes due 2028

On March 1, 2021, the Company issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.0% convertible senior notes due 2028 (the “Notes due 2028”). The Notes due 2028 will not bear regular interest, and the principal amount of the Notes due 2028 will not accrete. The Notes due 2028 are general unsecured obligations and are governed by an indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The Notes due 2028 will mature on March 1, 2028, unless earlier repurchased by the Company or converted at the option of the holders. The Company received approximately $566.4 million in net proceeds, after deducting the initial purchasers’ discount, from the issuance of the Notes due 2028.

The initial conversion rate for the Notes due 2028 is 3.5104 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes due 2028 (which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $284.87 per share). Upon conversion, the Company will settle conversions of the Notes due 2028 through payment or delivery, as the case may be, of cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election.

The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes due 2028, at the Company’s election, on or after September 6, 2024, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price then in effect for the Notes due 2028 (i.e., $370.33, which is 130% of the current conversion price for the Notes due 2028) for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption. The redemption price will equal 100% of the principal amount of the Notes due 2028 to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any to, but excluding, the relevant redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the Notes due 2028.

The Notes due 2028 may be converted on any day prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 1, 2027, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holder only under any of the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the Notes due 2028 on each applicable trading day; (2) during thefive business day period after anyfive consecutive trading day period (the “Measurement Period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the relevant indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the Measurement Period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the Notes due 2028 on each such trading day; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the Notes due 2028 for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On and after September 1, 2027 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2028, holders of the Notes due 2028 may convert their notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the relevant indenture), holders may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes due 2028 for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased plus any accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

As of December 31, 2024, the sales price of the Company’s common stock was not greater than or equal to $370.33 (130% of the notes conversion price) for at least 20 trading days (whether consecutive or not) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days preceding the quarter-ended December 31, 2024. As a result, the Notes due 2028 are not convertible at the holders’ option through December 31, 2024. Accordingly, the Company classified the net carrying amount of the Notes due 2028 of $570.9 million as Debt, non-current on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the unamortized deferred issuance cost for the Notes due 2028 was $4.1 million on the consolidated balance sheet.

Notes due 2028 Hedge and Warrant Transactions

In connection with the offering of the Notes due 2028, the Company entered into privately-negotiated convertible note hedge transactions (“Notes due 2028 Hedge”) pursuant to which the Company has the option to purchase a total of approximately 2.0 million shares of its common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments), which is the same number of shares initially issuable upon conversion of the Notes due 2028, at a price of $284.87 per share. The total cost of the convertible note hedge transactions was approximately $161.6 million. The convertible note hedge transactions are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the Notes due 2028 and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be.

Additionally, the Company separately entered into privately-negotiated warrant transactions (the “2028 Warrants”) whereby the Company sold warrants to acquire approximately 2.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments) at an initial strike price of $397.91 per share. The Company received aggregate proceeds of approximately $123.4 million from the sale of the 2028 Warrants. If the market value per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the 2028 Warrants, exceeds the strike price of the 2028 Warrants, the 2028 Warrants will have a dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the 2028 Warrants in cash. Taken together, the purchase of the Notes due 2028 Hedge and the sale of the 2028 Warrants are intended to reduce potential dilution from the conversion of the Notes due 2028 and to effectively increase the overall conversion price from $284.87 to $397.91 per share. The 2028 Warrants are only exercisable on the applicable expiration dates in accordance with the Notes due 2028 Hedge. Subject to the other terms of the 2028 Warrants, the first expiration date applicable to the Notes due 2028 Hedge is June 1, 2028, and the final expiration date applicable to the Notes due 2028 Hedge is July 27, 2028.

Given that the transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the Notes due 2028 Hedge and the 2028 Warrants transactions are recorded in stockholders’ equity, and they are not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period.

Convertible Senior Notes due 2026

On March 1, 2021, the Company issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.0% convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “Notes due 2026”). In addition, on March 12, 2021, the Company issued an additional $57.5 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes due 2026 pursuant to the initial purchasers’ full exercise of the over-allotment option for additional Notes due 2026. The Notes due 2026 will not bear regular interest, and the principal amount of the Notes due 2026 will not accrete. The Notes due 2026 are general unsecured obligations and are governed by an indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The Notes due 2026 will mature on March 1, 2026, unless repurchased earlier by the Company or converted at the option of the holders. The Company received approximately $623.0 million in net proceeds, after deducting the initial purchasers’ discount, from the issuance of the Notes due 2026.

The initial conversion rate for the Notes due 2026 is 3.2523 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes due 2026 (which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $307.47 per share). Upon conversion, the Company will settle conversions of Notes due 2026 through payment or delivery, as the case may be, of cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election.

The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes due 2026, at the Company’s election, on or after September 6, 2023, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price then in effect for the Notes due 2026 (i.e., $399.71, which is 130% of the current conversion price for the Notes due 2026) for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption. The redemption price will equal 100% of the principal amount of the Notes due 2026 to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the relevant redemption date for the Notes due 2026. The redemption price will be increased as described in the relevant indentures by a number of additional shares of the Company in connection with such optional redemption by the Company. No sinking fund is provided for the Notes due 2026.

The Notes due 2026 may be converted on any day prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 1, 2025, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holder only under any of the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the Notes due 2026 on each applicable trading day; (2) during thefive business day period after anyfive consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the relevant indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for Notes due 2026 on each such trading day; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the Notes due 2026 for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On and after

September 1, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2026, holders of the Notes due 2026 may convert their notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the relevant indenture), holders may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes due 2026 for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased plus any accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

As of December 31, 2024, the sale price of the Company’s common stock was not greater than or equal to $399.71 (130% of the notes conversion price) for at least 20 trading days (whether consecutive or not) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days preceding the quarter-ended December 31, 2024. As a result, the Notes due 2026 are not convertible at the holders’ option through December 31, 2024. Accordingly, the Company classified the net carrying amount of the Notes due 2026 of $630.2 million as Debt, non-current on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the unamortized deferred issuance cost for the Notes due 2026 was $2.3 million on the consolidated balance sheet.

Notes due 2026 Hedge and Warrant Transactions

In connection with the offering of the Notes due 2026 (including in connection with the issuance of additional Notes due 2026 upon the initial purchasers’ exercise of their over-allotment option), the Company entered into privately-negotiated convertible note hedge transactions (the “Notes due 2026 Hedge”) pursuant to which the Company has the option to purchase a total of approximately 2.1 million shares of its common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments), which is the same number of shares initially issuable upon conversion of the Notes due 2026, at a price of $307.47 per share, which is the initial conversion price of the Notes due 2026. The total cost of the Notes due 2026 Hedge was approximately $124.6 million. The Notes due 2026 Hedge are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the Notes due 2026 and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be.

Additionally, the Company separately entered into privately-negotiated warrant transactions, including in connection with the issuance of additional Notes due 2026 upon the initial purchasers’ exercise of their over-allotment option (the “2026 Warrants”), whereby the Company sold warrants to acquire approximately 2.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments) at an initial strike price of $397.91 per share. The Company received aggregate proceeds of approximately $97.4 million from the sale of the 2026 Warrants. If the market value per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the 2026 Warrants, exceeds the strike price of the 2026 Warrants, the 2026 Warrants will have a dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the 2026 Warrants in cash. Taken together, the purchase of the Notes due 2026 Hedge and the sale of the 2026 Warrants are intended to reduce potential dilution from the conversion of the Notes due 2026 and to effectively increase the overall conversion price from $307.47 to $397.91 per share. The 2026 Warrants are only exercisable on the applicable expiration dates in accordance with the 2026 Warrants. Subject to the other terms of the 2026 Warrants, the first expiration date applicable to the Warrants is June 1, 2026, and the final expiration date applicable to the 2026 Warrants is July 27, 2026.

Given that the transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the Notes due 2026 Hedge and the 2026 Warrants transactions are recorded in stockholders’ equity, and they are not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period.

Convertible Senior Notes due 2025

On March 9, 2020, the Company issued $320.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.25% convertible senior notes due 2025 (the “Notes due 2025”). The Notes due 2025 are general unsecured obligations and bear interest at an annual rate of 0.25% per year, payable semi-annually on March 1 and September 1 of each year. The Notes due 2025 are governed by an indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The Notes due 2025 will mature on March 1, 2025, unless earlier repurchased by the Company or converted at the option of the holders. The Company may not redeem the notes prior to the maturity date, and no sinking fund is provided for the notes. The Notes due 2025 may be converted, under certain circumstances as described below, based on an initial conversion rate of 12.2637 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount (which represents an initial conversion price of $81.54 per share). The conversion rate for the Notes due

2025 will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, upon the occurrence of a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the relevant indenture), the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate by a number of additional shares for a holder that elects to convert its notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. The Company received approximately $313.0 million in net proceeds, after deducting the initial purchasers’ discount, from the issuance of the Notes due 2025.

The Notes due 2025 may be converted prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 1, 2024, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holder only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2020 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (2) during thefive business day period after anyfive consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the relevant indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; or (3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On and after September 1, 2024 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2025, holders may convert their notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. These conversions will be settled in a combination settlement method with the principal value settled in cash and the remaining value in shares of the Company’s common stock. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the relevant indenture), holders may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes due 2025 for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

As the Notes due 2025 mature in less than a year, the Company classified the net carrying amount of the Notes due 2025 of $101.3 million as Debt, current on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.

Partial repurchase of Notes due 2025

On June 5, 2024, the Company received a request for conversion of $5,000 in the principal amount of the Notes due 2025. In July 2024, the principal amount of the converted Notes due 2025 was repaid in cash. In connection with the conversion, the Company also issued 16 shares of its common stock to the holders of the converted Notes due 2025, with an aggregate fair value of less than $0.1 million, representing the conversion value in excess of the principal amount of the Notes due 2025. These shares were offset by 14 shares the Company received from the corresponding exercise of the notes hedge.

On December 29, 2023, the Company received a request for conversion of $2,000 in the principal amount of the Notes due 2025. In February 2024, the principal amount of the converted Notes due 2025 was repaid in cash. In connection with the conversion, the Company also issuedsix shares of its common stock to the holders of the converted Notes due 2025, with an aggregate fair value of less than $0.1 million, representing the conversion value in excess of the principal amount of the Notes due 2025. Following the repurchase combined with repurchase in previous years, as of December 31, 2023, $102.2 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes due 2025 remained outstanding.

The derived effective interest rate on the Notes due 2025 host contract was determined to be 5.18%, which remains unchanged from the date of issuance. The remaining unamortized debt discount was $0.8 million as of December 31, 2024, and will be amortized over approximately 0.2 years from December 31, 2024.

Notes due 2025 Hedge and Warrant Transactions

In connection with the offering of the Notes due 2025, the Company entered into privately-negotiated convertible note hedge transactions (the “Notes due 2025 Hedge”) pursuant to which the Company has the option to purchase a total of approximately 3.9 million shares of its common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments), which is the same number of shares initially issuable upon conversion of the notes, at a price of $81.54 per share, which is the initial conversion price of the Notes due 2025. The total cost of the convertible note hedge transactions was approximately $89.1 million. The convertible note hedge transactions are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the Notes due 2025 and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be.

Additionally, the Company separately entered into privately-negotiated warrant transactions in connection with the offering of the Notes due 2025 whereby the Company sold the 2025 Warrants to acquire approximately 3.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments) at an initial strike price of $106.94 per share. The Company received aggregate proceeds of approximately $71.6 million from the sale of the 2025 Warrants. If the market value per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the 2025 Warrants, exceeds the strike price of the 2025 Warrants, the 2025 Warrants will have a dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the 2025 Warrants in cash. Taken together, the purchase of the convertible note hedges in connection with the Notes due 2025 Hedge and the sale of the 2025 Warrants are intended to reduce potential dilution from the conversion of the Notes due 2025 and to effectively increase the overall conversion price from $81.54 to $106.94 per share. The 2025 Warrants are only exercisable on the applicable expiration dates in accordance with the agreements relating to each of the 2025 Warrants. Subject to the other terms of the 2025 Warrants, the first expiration date applicable to the 2025 Warrants is June 1, 2025, and the final expiration date applicable to the 2025 Warrants is September 23, 2025.

As of December 31, 2024, options to purchase approximately 1.3 million shares of common stock remained outstanding under the Notes due 2025 Hedge, and 2025 Warrants exercisable to purchase approximately 1.3 million shares remained outstanding.

Given that the transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the Notes due 2025 Hedge and the 2025 Warrants transactions are recorded in stockholders’ equity, and they are not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period.

14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Operating Leases

The Company leases office facilities under noncancellable operating leases that expire on various dates through 2034, some of which may include options to extend the leases for up to 12 years.

The components of lease expense are presented as follows:

The components of lease liabilities are presented as follows:

Supplemental cash flow and other information related to operating leases were as follows:

Undiscounted cash flows of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Purchase Obligations

The Company has contractual obligations related to component inventory that its contract manufacturers procure on its behalf in accordance with its production forecast as well as other inventory related purchase commitments. As of December 31, 2024, these purchase obligations totaled approximately $130.9 million.

Litigation

The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business and that have not been fully resolved. An accrual for a loss contingency or loss recovery is recognized when it is probable and the amount of loss or recovery can be reasonably estimated. The outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. If one or more legal matters were resolved against the Company in a reporting period for amounts above management’s expectations, the Company’s business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for that reporting period could be materially adversely affected. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, in the opinion of management, there was not at least a reasonable possibility the Company may have incurred a material loss, or a material loss greater than a recorded accrual, concerning loss contingencies for asserted legal and other claims.

On July 17, 2024, Zola Electric International, Ltd. (“Zola”) filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against us, alleging breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing related to a joint development agreement and master supply agreement between Zola and the Company. On September 19, 2024, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, and all briefing papers were filed with the Court on or before November 8, 2024. The Company entered into a settlement and mutual release agreement with Zola on November 25, 2024 and Zola filed a stipulation of dismissal with prejudice on December 3, 2024, which was entered by the Court on December 4, 2024.

15. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

In May 2021, the board of directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “2021 Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $500.0 million of the Company’s common stock, from time to time in the open market or through structured repurchase agreements with third parties. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased and subsequently retired 1,254,474 shares of common stock from the open market at an average cost of $159.43 per share for a total of $200.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, no amount remains available for share repurchase under the 2021 Repurchase Program.

In July 2023, the board of directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “2023 Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of the Company’s common stock. The Company may repurchase shares of common stock from time to time through solicited or unsolicited transactions in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 plan. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased and subsequently retired 4,543,016 and 2,029,894 shares, respectively, of common stock from the open market at an average cost of $86.15 and $103.45 per share, respectively, for a total of $391.4 million and $210.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, $398.6 million remains available for repurchase of shares under the 2023 Repurchase Program.

16. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

2011 Plan

Under the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”), the Company could initially issue up to 2,643,171 shares of its common stock pursuant to stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARS”), restricted stock awards (“RSA”), RSUs, PSUs, and other forms of equity compensation, or collectively, stock awards, all of which may be granted to employees, including officers, and to non-employee directors and consultants. Options granted under the 2011 Plan before August 1, 2012 generally expire 10 years after the grant date and options granted thereafter generally expire seven years after the grant date. Equity awards granted under the 2011 Plan generally vested over afour year period from the date of grant based on continued service to the Company. As of May 19, 2021, no further stock options or other stock awards may be granted under the 2011 Plan.

2021 Plan

On May 19, 2021, at the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders of the Company, the stockholders approved the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), as the successor to the 2011 Plan. The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, SARS, RSAs, RSUs, PSUs and other forms of equity compensation. Eligible participants under the 2021 Plan include Company’s employees, directors and consultants. The 2021 Plan provides, among other things, that the number of shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.00001 par value per share, reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan (subject to adjustment for certain changes in the Company’s capitalization) is equal to: (A) the sum of (i)9,100,456 newly reserved shares of the Company’s common stock and (ii)5,256,517 Returning Shares (as defined below) as such shares become available from time to time as set forth in the 2021 Plan. “Returning Shares” means shares subject to any outstanding award granted under the 2011 Plan (“Prior Plan Award”) that are (i) not issued because such Prior Plan Award or any portion thereof expires or otherwise terminates without all of the shares covered by such Prior Plan Award having been issued, or is settled in cash; (ii) forfeited back to or repurchased by the Company because of a failure to vest; or (iii) reacquired or withheld (or not issued) by the Company to satisfy the purchase price of, or a tax withholding obligation in connection with, a Prior Plan Award that is a Full Value Award (as defined in the 2021 Plan). As of December 31, 2024,4,908,854 shares remained available for issuance under the 2021 Plan.

2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement for the Company’s initial public offering on March 29, 2012. The ESPP authorized the issuance of 669,603 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to purchase rights granted to employees. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase, on each January 1, by a lesser of (i)700,000 shares of the Company’s common stock or (ii)1.0% of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, as determined by the Company’s board of directors. In 2022, the Company’s board of directors waived the automatic increase of 700,000 shares that were to be added on January 1, 2023 for issuance under the 2011 ESPP plan and no additional shares were added to the plan on January 1, 2023. As of December 31, 2024,2,352,769 shares remained available for future issuance under the ESPP. On January 1, 2025, the shares available for issuance under the ESPP automatically increased by 700,000 shares.

The ESPP is implemented by concurrent offering periods and each offering period may contain up tofour interim purchase periods. In general, offering periods consist of the 24-month periods commencing on each May 15 and November 15 of a calendar year.

Generally, all full-time employees in the United States and certain other countries in which the Company operates, including executive officers, are eligible to participate in the ESPP. The ESPP permits eligible employees to purchase the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions, which may not exceed 15% of the employee’s total compensation subject to certain limits. Stock may be purchased under the plan at a price equal to 85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on either the date of purchase or the first day of an offering period, whichever is lower. Atwo‑year look-back feature in the Company’s ESPP causes an offering period to reset if the fair value of the Company’s common stock on a purchase date is less than that on the initial offering date for that offering period. The reset feature, when triggered, will be accounted for as a modification to the original offering, resulting in additional expense to be recognized over the 24-month period of the new offering. During any calendar year, participants may not purchase shares of the Company’s common stock having a value greater than $25,000, based on the fair market value per share of the Company’s common stock at the beginning of an offering period.

Valuation of Equity Awards

Stock Options

No stock options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Restricted Stock Units

The fair value of the Company’s RSU awards granted is based upon the closing price of the Company’s stock price on the date of grant.

Performance Stock Units

The fair value of the Company’s non-market PSU awards granted was based upon the closing price of the Company’s stock price on the date of grant. The fair value of awards of the Company’s PSU awards containing market conditions was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model based upon the terms of the conditions, the expected volatility of the underlying security, and other relevant factors.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based awards, which includes shares purchased under the Company’s ESPP, RSUs and PSUs, expected to vest is measured at fair value on the date of grant and recognized ratably over the requisite service period.

In addition, as part of certain business acquisitions, the Company was obligated to issue shares of common stock of the Company as payment subject to achievement of certain targets. For such payments, the Company recorded stock-based compensation classified as post-combination expense recognized ratably over the measurement period presuming the targets will be met.

The following table summarizes the components of total stock-based compensation expense included in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:

The following table summarizes the various types of stock-based compensation expense for the periods presented:

As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $400.2 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested equity awards, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years.

Equity Awards Activity

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity:

(1) The intrinsic value of options exercised is based upon the value of the Company’s stock at exercise. The intrinsic value of options outstanding, vested and expected to vest, and exercisable as of December 31, 2024 is based on the closing price of the last trading day during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company’s stock fair value used in this computation was $68.68 per share.

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2024:

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity:

(1) The intrinsic value of RSUs vested is based upon the value of the Company’s stock when vested. The intrinsic value of RSUs outstanding and expected to vest as of December 31, 2024 is based on the closing price of the last trading day during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company’s stock fair value used in this computation was $68.68 per share.

Performance Stock Units

The following summarizes PSU activity:

(1) The intrinsic value of PSUs vested is based upon the value of the Company’s stock when vested. The intrinsic value of PSUs outstanding and expected to vest as of December 31, 2024 is based on the closing price of the last trading day during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company’s stock fair value used in this computation was $68.68 per share.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

A summary of ESPP activity for the years presented is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

17. INCOME TAXES

The domestic and foreign components of income before income taxes consisted of the following:

The income tax provision the years presented is as follows:

A reconciliation of the income tax provision and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to income before income taxes for the years presented is as follows:

A summary of significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $2.0 million against certain of its net operating losses on one of its foreign operations, as it is more likely than not that such amounts will not be fully realized.

The Company's accounting for deferred taxes involves the evaluation of a number of factors concerning the realizability of the Company's deferred tax assets. Assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company's management forecasts taxable income by considering all available positive and negative evidence including its history of operating income or losses and its financial plans and estimates which are used to manage the business. These assumptions require significant judgment about future taxable income. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income are reduced.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company evaluated its undistributed foreign earnings and identified $79.2 million in earnings that it does not consider to be permanently reinvested that may be subject to withholding taxes in local jurisdictions when they are distributed. The Company has recorded a provision of approximately $6.8 million for the taxes that would fall due when such earnings are repatriated.

The Company has approximately $6.0 million of federal tax credit and $10.3 million of state tax credit carryforwards. The federal credits begin to expire in 2031 and the state credits can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has foreign net operating losses of $5.3 million from the acquisition of GreenCom, which can be carried over indefinitely.

Utilization of some of the federal credit carryforwards and state net operating loss and credit carryforwards are subject to annual limitations due to the “change in ownership” provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and similar state provisions. The Company believes that no such change has occurred through December 31, 2024.

Accounting for uncertain tax positions prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company is required to recognize in the financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more-likely than-not of being sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company recorded a net charge for unrecognized tax benefits in 2024 of $0.4 million.

The Company does not have any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits will increase or decrease over the next year. The unrecognized tax benefits may increase or change during the next year for items that arise in the ordinary course of business.

As of December 31, 2024, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was $27.7 million, of which $26.0 million, if recognized, would impact the Company’s effective tax rate.

A tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for the years presented is as follows (in thousands):

The Company includes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax provision. In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the total amount of gross interest and penalties accrued was $6.1 million, $2.9 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Both the unrecognized tax benefits and the associated interest and penalties that are not expected to result in payment or receipt of cash within one year are classified as other non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In connection with tax matters, the Company’s interest and penalty expense recognized in 2024, 2023 and 2022 in the consolidated statements of operations was $2.3 million, $3.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

The Company’s tax returns continue to remain effectively subject to examination by U.S. federal authorities for the years 2006 and onwards and by California state authorities for the years 2006 and onwards due to use and carryovers of net operating losses and tax credits. The Company is currently under audit in India and it is reasonably possible that its existing gross unrecognized tax benefits may be reduced by up to $5.1 million within the next 12 months.

In August 2022, the U.S. enacted the IRA, which included revisions to the Code. The IRA introduced a 15% corporate alternative minimum income tax (“CAMT”) for corporations whose average adjusted financial income for any consecutive three-year period ending after December 31, 2021, exceeds $1.0 billion. Further, the IRA also extended the investment tax credits for clean energy and expanded the incentives to clean energy manufacturing.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company is not subject to the CAMT based on its current operating results and interpretations of the latest IRA guidance. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, benefits recognized from the AMPTC of $157.5 million and $53.5 million, respectively, were recorded as a prepaid income tax of $94.9 million (included in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets) and reduction of income tax payable of $62.7 million on the consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2024, reduction to income tax payable of $53.5 million (included in Accrued Liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2023, and as a reduction to cost of revenues of $157.5 million and $53.5 million on the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In December 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion Profit Shifting released Model Global Anti-Base Erosion rules (“Model Rules”) under Pillar Two. The Model Rules set forth the “common approach” for a Global Minimum Tax at 15 percent for multinational enterprises with a turnover of more than 750 million euros. Rules under Pillar Two were effective from January 1, 2024. The adoption of Pillar Two rules did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements in 2024.

18. CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK AND MAJOR CUSTOMERS

The Company is potentially subject to financial instrument concentration of credit risk through its cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, marketable securities and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities with high quality institutions and performs periodic evaluations of their relative credit standing.

Accounts receivable can be potentially exposed to a concentration of credit risk with its major customers. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounts due from one customer represented approximately 43% and 40%, respectively, of the total accounts receivable balance.

In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, one customer accounted for approximately 48%,40% and 37%, respectively, of our net revenues.

19. NET INCOME PER SHARE

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed in a similar manner, but it also includes the effect of potential common shares outstanding during the period, when dilutive.

The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the periods presented:

Diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes the dilutive effect of potentially dilutive common shares by application of the treasury stock method for stock options, RSUs, PSUs, ESPP, Notes due 2025, and includes potentially dilutive common shares by application of the if-converted method for the Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028. Potentially dilutive common shares for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 include stock options, RSUs, PSUs, ESPP, Notes due 2023, Notes due 2025, Notes due 2026, Notes due 2028 and the 2025 Warrants. To the extent these potential common shares are antidilutive, they are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share.

Further, the Company under the relevant sections of the indentures, irrevocably may elect to settle principal in cash and any excess in cash or shares of the Company’s common stock for the Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028. If and when the Company makes such election, there will be no adjustment to the net income and the Company will use the average share price for the period to determine the potential number of shares to be issued based upon assumed conversion to be included in the diluted share count.

Holders of the Notes due 2025 may now convert their notes at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2025. These conversions will be settled in a combination settlement method with the principal value settled in cash and the remaining value in shares of the Company’s common stock, as a result there was no adjustment to the net income for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the Company used the average share price for the period to determine the potential number of shares that will be issued and included in the diluted share count for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of the diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would have been antidilutive:

20. SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”). The Company has one business activity, which entails the design, development, manufacture and sale of solutions for the solar PV industry. There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results or plans for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, management has determined that the Company has a single operating and reportable segment. The accounting policies related to operating and reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. The primary measure of segment profit or loss is consolidated net income as presented below and is used the by CEO for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and allocation of budget to support business expansion, new product development and operational efficiencies.

(1) Represents consolidated cost of revenue, excluding stock-based compensation, acquisition related amortization, income-based government grants and incremental costs for manufacturing in the United States.

(2) Represents the incremental manufacturing cost incurred in the U.S. relative to manufacturing in India. This is calculated based on the difference in product cost for manufacturing the product in the U.S. as compared to India for the same or similar products. It also includes the portion of the income-based government grants earned that the Company remits to its contract manufacturers.

(3) Represents consolidated restructuring and asset impairment charges, excluding stock-based compensation.

(4) Represents consolidated research and development, excluding stock-based compensation.

(5) Represents consolidated sales and marketing, excluding stock-based compensation and acquisition related amortization.

(6) Represents consolidated general and administrative, excluding stock-based compensation.

See Note 3. “Revenue Recognition,” for the table presenting net revenues (based on the destination of shipments). The following table presents long-lived assets by geographic region as of the periods presented:

Long-Lived Assets

The segment assets are not reviewed by the CODM at a different asset level or category and is reviewed at the consolidated level.