Fluent, Inc.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Risks Related to Our Financial Position

Management has concluded that there exists a substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and our independent registered public accounting firm included in its opinion for the year ended December 31, 2025 an explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have experienced a continued decline in user registrations on our O&O Sites due to changes in traffic sourcing practices, regulatory constraints, and broader media supply challenges, which have reduced the availability of high-quality traffic and adversely affected our revenue and profitability. We do not expect registration volume to return to prior levels.

Historically, we were unable to consistently meet our financial covenants under the credit agreement (as amended, the "SLR Credit Agreement") by and among Fluent, LLC, as Borrower, the Company and certain subsidiaries of the Borrower as guarantors, and Crystal Financial LLC d/b/a SLR Credit Solutions, as administrative agent, lead arranger and bookrunner, and each other lender from time to time party thereto, which restricted our borrowing capacity and created a risk of default and acceleration of our debt obligations, which we would not have had sufficient funds to repay. In November 2025, we entered into a Financing Agreement (as defined below) with CSNK Working Capital Finance Corp. d/b/a Bay View Funding ("Bay View") to replace the SLR Credit Agreement. Under this Financing Agreement, there are no financial covenants that could cause non-compliance, and the facility provides up to $30.0 million, net, in advances on eligible accounts receivables. Availability under the facility fluctuates based on the amount and eligibility of receivables and may be reduced due to customer disputes, credit issues, aging, concentration limits, or other criteria. Bay View is not committed to advance funds against any particular receivable, and advances are made at its discretion in accordance with the terms of the Financing Agreement. Although Bay View has indicated in writing its intention, absent an event of default, to continue purchasing eligible receivables in the ordinary course, and has a history of doing so under similar facilities with other customers, such funding remains subject to the discretion of Bay View and the terms and conditions of the Financing Agreement. If availability under the facility were reduced or if Bay View were to cease advancing, we could have insufficient funds to support our operations and meet our obligations as they come due unless we found another lender or purchaser of our receivables.

For the three months ended December 31, 2025, we met our forecast for revenue and net income. However, our forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions that may not be realized. We have a history of not meeting our forecasts, and any significant deviations from our forecasts could adversely affect our liquidity and ability to access financing. With this, we have shifted our strategic focus toward scaling our Commerce Media Solutions business. While Commerce Media Solutions has demonstrated growth and operates under a different economic model that reduces exposure to certain media sourcing risks, it represents a relatively new and evolving component of our business. However, the success of this transition depends on our ability to onboard and retain media partners, achieve favorable economics under long-term agreements, and maintain advertiser demand, and there can be no assurance that this strategy will be successful.

In addition, we entered into an At-the-Market Issuance Sales Agreement under which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock. Our ability to raise capital under this program, or through other financing sources, is subject to market conditions and other factors and may be limited or unavailable on acceptable terms, or at all.

If our expected facility becomes limited by the lender or our business does not perform to expectations, we may need to consider other strategic alternatives, including seeking additional equity or debt financing, reducing or delaying our business activities and strategic initiatives, selling assets, or other measures. We have relied upon financing provided by our officers, directors and largest stockholders, and such holders may be unwilling or unable to provide financing should additional financing be required. Other financing sources may be unwilling to provide such funding to us, especially if there remains substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Furthermore, the perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may cause publishers, vendors, advertisers and other clients (current and potential) to review their business relationships and terms with us. The reaction of investors to the inclusion of a going concern statement in the accompanying financial statements, and our potential inability to continue as a going concern, could materially adversely affect our share price, which could negatively impact our ability to obtain stock-based financing or enter into strategic transactions.

Risks Related to Our Industry

We operate in a competitive, rapidly changing industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects.

We derive substantially all of our revenue from digital marketing services, which is an intensely competitive industry characterized by rapidly evolving industry standards, user and client demands, laws and regulations, and technology.

We compete for advertiser clients against other digital marketing companies and online and traditional media companies based on many factors, including ROAS, scale, and client service. Our clients may curtail their advertising spend with us or stop using our services altogether if we fail to meet their expectations in terms of their ROAS or the quality and convertibility of leads we provide or otherwise fail to compete effectively against other online marketing and advertising companies. Conversion rates for leads can be impacted by factors outside our control, such as competition in our clients' industries and our clients' sales practices. Lower conversion rates may become more likely as we expand our services and relationships with our clients by moving our conversion point further "down the funnel," closer to where our clients are able to monetize the users we provide. To the extent we cannot meet the challenges from existing or new competitors or develop new product offerings to meet client preferences or needs, our revenues and profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

Recent changes to the regulatory landscape have resulted in substantial changes and thus subjected our industry to added uncertainty. Our future success depends on our ability to effectively respond to the constant changes in our industry and our ability to develop new products and strategies to navigate the changing regulatory landscape so we can remain competitive. See risk factor "The regulatory landscape in which we and our clients operate is constantly evolving and subject to significant change" within Risks Relating to Legal and Regulatory Matters for additional information.

As part of our strategic evolution, we launched Commerce Media Solutions in the first quarter of 2023. While Commerce Media Solutions has already become an important part of our strategy, it represents an expansion of our business into a highly competitive segment of the digital advertising industry. There are many established dominant players in commerce media and entry into the commerce media market has its own challenges and risks as further discussed below.

We have also invested in developing new products, markets, and services to enable us to upgrade our systems. However, based on our experience, new websites, systems, products, and services may be less predictable and have lower margins than more established websites, products and services and may be more prone to technological instability or failure. If we are unsuccessful in enhancing and upgrading our websites, products, services, and back-end systems, we may fail to maintain our profitability, attract new clients, or grow our revenue, or we may suffer service disruptions.

Additionally, we rely on AI and machine learning to optimize the performance of our digital marketing campaigns and performance analytics. Our platforms also operate on cloud-based infrastructure. These technologies may contain design or performance defects that are not readily apparent. If the proprietary technologies, cloud infrastructure, or related systems fail to operate as intended, do not scale effectively, or are less effective than technologies used by our competitors, our business could be harmed.

A material percentage of our consolidated revenue is derived from gaming (apps) advertisers, sowe are exposed to risks associated with the gaming industry in general.

Approximately 38% and 35% of our consolidated revenue was derived from gaming advertisers in 2025 and 2024, respectively. This revenue derives from app installations and app-related user actions. The stability and potential growth of this client base depends in part on the state of the app-based gaming industry, which is subject to numerous risks including:

Although no single gaming advertiser accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenue in 2025, adverse developments affecting our gaming advertiser base, including reductions in marketing spend or loss of significant clients, could adversely affect our results of operations.

Unfavorable publicity and negative public perception about our industry or us may damage our reputation, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

With the growth of online advertising and e-commerce, there is increasing awareness and concern regarding online marketing, advertising, and telecommunications, particularly as they relate to individual privacy interests. Our ability to attract potential users, and thereby clients, depends in part on users trusting us enough to provide self-declared registration data and other personal information. If we fail to maintain the quality and user acceptance and expectations of our O&O Sites and Commerce Media Solutions, or our advertiser clients misuse consumer data or fail to comply with applicable marketing and privacy requirements, our reputation could be harmed, damaging our ability to attract and retain users, media partners, and advertiser clients, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

An increasing regulatory burden relating to data privacy may lead to general distrust of our industry, consumer reluctance to share and permit use of personal data and increased consumer opt-out rates, any of which could negatively influence, change, or reduce our current and prospective clients' demand for our products and services. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or enhance our reputation, and failure to do so would harm our business growth prospects and results of operations.

A sudden reduction in online marketing spend by our clients, a loss of clients or lower advertising yields may seriously harm our business.

Because the majority of our advertiser clients can unilaterally terminate their agreements with us, pause their campaigns, demand changes to the campaign pricing or terms or materially reduce the amount of business they conduct with us at any time, with little or no prior notice, there is no guarantee that we will be able to retain or renew existing agreements with any of our advertisers on acceptable terms, or at all.

Additionally, because of the performance-based nature of many of our agreements with our owned and operated media partners, our O&O Sites bear the costs of purchasing media without the assurance of advertising spend by any particular advertiser client. To be profitable, we must be able to generate more revenue from our users than our costs to acquire such users. Our ability to do so is dependent on many factors, including having the right media sources to drive users who engage with our O&O Sites and providing content, experiences and advertisements that retain users' attention.

While the majority of our commerce media business operates on a revenue share basis, certain media partners include guaranteed minimum arrangements. The performance of our commerce media placements depends on several factors, including the quality and scale of the e-commerce site owners we contract with, the placement of our solution on their post-transaction confirmation page and their users’ receptivity to the offers we select to deploy. If we are unable to achieve the optimal mix of these and other factors, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve profitability from our commerce media partners with minimum guarantee arrangements.

Our results are also subject to fluctuation from seasonality and cyclicality in ours and our clients' businesses. Specifically, most of our Commerce Media Solutions media partners operate e-commerce websites that experience the heaviest consumer traffic during the fourth quarter holiday season, which can affect advertiser demand and campaign performance. In addition, advertiser marketing budgets may fluctuate throughout the year based on seasonal spending patterns, economic conditions, and other factors, which can impact the timing and volume of advertising spend across our platform.

We are exposed to credit risk from our clients, and we may not be able to collect on amounts owed to us.

We regularly extend payment terms to our clients, which exposes us to risk of bad debt. Some of our clients are thinly capitalized and pose credit risks, and some of our clients may challenge the determination of amounts we believe they owe or may dispute payments, including due to performance-based pricing arrangements, attribution determinations, or other claims. In these circumstances, we may have difficulty collecting on amounts we believe are owed to us. Many of our advertising agency and broker clients are not required to pay us unless and until they are paid by the underlying client. We are particularly exposed in certain verticals where there is a risk of tightening regulations or restrictions on sourcing consumer traffic. For example, if new regulations affect our clients such that their businesses are no longer viable, our clients may become insolvent or otherwise unable to pay amounts owed to us. In such circumstances, we may be exposed to risks of significant bad debt, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Commerce Media Solutions

We operate in the commerce media segment of the digital advertising ecosystem, which is highly competitive and dominated by larger, well-capitalized competitors with existing advertiser and media partner relationships.

We have scaled our commerce media offerings focusing on post-action and post-transaction placements embedded within media partner-owned digital properties and have developed our own proprietary ad-serving technology. The development and scaling of post-action and post-transaction advertising may present technological, implementation, and acceptance challenges on both our part and the part of prospective media partners. While we have established a presence in the U.S. and are continuing to expand internationally, this space is highly competitive, with new entrants entering the field and existing e-commerce site owners building their own commerce media networks. Certain competitors have longer operating histories, greater scale, and more established relationships, which may provide them with competitive advantages. In addition, we have experienced competitive displacement in certain instances, and we may lose additional media partner or advertiser relationships to these competitors in the future, which could adversely affect our growth and profitability. These challenges to our owned and operated business have had, and are expected to continue to have, a material adverse effect on our owned and operated media business and may negatively impact our results of operations and liquidity, particularly if registration volume declines more significantly or more rapidly than we currently expect.

We will need to continue to invest in technology for our Commerce Media Solutions business.

The performance of Commerce Media Solutions is typically measured on a revenue per session or on an impression basis, both of which are dependent on access to user information and the performance of our ad serving technology. We have invested in developing our solutions and plan to continue to invest in our technology to maintain and grow our business. We use a combination of internal and third parties to do this and will need sufficient capital and resources to develop the capabilities, reliability, and enhancements the market demands to remain competitive.

We attract hundreds of thousands of consumers to our O&O sites on a daily basis and maintain a large, proprietary database of first-party user information. This database, coupled with user information from our media partners and third-party data sources, enables us to provide robust user profiles to our AI-enabled technology to enhance our solutions’ performance. However, there are other factors, some of which are outside of our control, that can impact performance, such as the types and preferences of users of our media partners, how and when they interact with our solution, how quickly our solution is displayed, and how to display the right mix of offers to users. There can be no assurance that we will have the resources and be able to invest sufficient capital to continue developing and improving our technology to meet our partners' or advertiser clients' demand or keep pace with our competitors.

Given that we will need to rely on internal and external developers to continue to develop our technology, we will need to have sufficient cash resources to fund our continued investment in technology at desired levels. Many of our competitors have greater resources and may be part of larger organizations through which they could deploy their solutions across affiliated media properties. Should we fail to have the required resources to develop and improve our technology, our competitive position could suffer, and our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Owned and Operated Media Properties

We are at a competitive disadvantage to other rewards sites because we are more selective in our traffic sources.

Our O&O Sites have experienced declining user traffic over the last several years. We believe this decline is attributable to our various initiatives to remove lower quality consumer traffic. In addition, the FTC Consent Order (as defined herein) necessitated a heightened level of vigilance in monitoring our publishers, which contributed to reduced consumer traffic sources and, as a result, lower registration volume.

This decline in traffic volume has negatively impacted our owned and operated business, while other reward site operators with more lenient standards have seen increased traffic, often sourced from our former publishers. We currently do not expect registration volume to return to prior levels. Although we have sought to improve the quality and monetization of our users and pursue other traffic sources to counteract this decline, our owned and operated business may not return to the same level of profitability. These challenges to our owned and operated business have had, and are expected to continue to have, a material adverse effect on our business and may negatively impact our results of operations and liquidity, particularly if registration volume declines more significantly or more rapidly than we currently expect.

A decline in the supply of media available to us through third parties or an increase in the price of this media would increase the cost of attracting consumers and reduce our profitability.

The success of our O&O Sites depends on our ability to attract users to such sites and generate revenue from their activities in a cost-effective manner. There is substantial competition for web traffic among both established media buyers and smaller operators, and we expect this competition to continue to increase, given the limited barriers to entry into the market. A portion** **of our revenue on our O&O Sites is from visitor traffic originating from third-party publishers, including ad networks, social media platforms, and search engines.

Our ability to maintain the number of users who come to our O&O Sites and our third-party publishers' websites is not entirely within our control. For example, if a third-party publisher decides not to make media inventory available to us, decides to demand higher pricing or a higher revenue share, or places significant restrictions on the use of such inventory, we may not be able to find media inventory from other media sources that satisfies our quality requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner.

We obtain a meaningful portion of our user traffic through "walled garden" social media platforms. These platforms change their algorithms and rules on the acceptability of ads frequently and without notice. We may lose access to a platform without knowing the reasons for such loss or how to regain access. The platforms adjust their pricing based on market demand as well as many other factors, known and unknown, most of which are outside of our control. If we lose access to a platform or the pricing increases, our results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our media spend on social media platforms includes the use of affiliates and influencers, many of whom use Instagram, YouTube and TikTok to buy ads or post content in an effort to drive traffic to our sites. Social media platforms are subject to evolving regulatory, political, and business environments that may affect their availability, operations, or advertising policies.

A substantial majority of users access our media through mobile devices and tablets, and our business is therefore highly dependent on mobile platforms and operating system providers***.***

Mobile devices are now the primary means by which people access online content, increasingly through mobile applications rather than mobile browsers. While our O&O Sites are designed with a "mobile first" approach, our consumer-facing experiences are currently delivered primarily through mobile web, and our mobile application offerings are more limited than those of certain competitors.

Moreover, the mobile ecosystem is controlled by two operating systems, Apple iOS and Google Android. More than 90% of our users access our O&O Sites from mobile devices, and we believe a similar percentage access our Commerce Media Solutions from mobile devices as well. The dependence on two operating systems subjects us to their control over, pricing, policies and terms which impacts a substantial portion of our business, as well as the businesses of our advertisers, app developers, e-commerce sites, mobile carriers and other partners. If our advertiser clients or partners experience difficulties developing or promoting their apps, our revenue and growth may be impaired.

Ouruse of CRM may be hindered, which in turn could harm our business. *** ***

We and our third-party publishers use email, text messages, and push notifications, among other channels, to reach users for re-engagement and other marketing purposes. Email service providers ("ESPs"), internet service providers and mobile carriers may implement new or more restrictive email or content delivery or accessibility policies. If ESPs materially limit or halt the delivery of emails advertising our O&O Sites, or if we fail to deliver emails to users in a manner compatible with email providers' handling or authentication technologies, our ability to contact users through email could be significantly restricted.

Moreover, with a heightened aversion to marketing calls and emails, consumers increasingly screen or block their incoming telephone calls, texts, and emails, so users may not reliably receive our messaging. If we are unable to contact users effectively by email, telephone, text, or other means, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be harmed.

Other Business Risks

It may be difficult to effectively manage any future growth and scale our infrastructure and products quickly enough to meet the needs of our business while maintaining profitability.

Our future success depends in part on the efficient performance of our ad serving consumer data collection platforms and technology infrastructure used in our O&O Sites and Commerce Media Solutions. As Commerce Media Solutions represents a growing and increasingly significant component of our business, we are continuing to enhance and scale our technology infrastructure to meet the evolving needs of this business. To address the growing volume of data privacy requests, we rearchitected our consumer information database to ensure compliance with new data privacy and data protection laws. However, unexpected performance issues, such as increased session or user volume or technical challenges with our systems and infrastructure could lead to latency delivering our solutions and user responses. This could significantly affect performance, resulting in slower response times or system failures of our O&O Sites or Commerce Media Solutions, potentially affecting our revenue and profits.

We are continuously upgrading our systems, procedures, processes, and controls to support our future operations as we adjust our business priorities. We have made significant investments and reallocated valuable management resources to support these upgrades. This includes substantial costs for secure hosting services, additional technical support, expanding data storage, and upgrading our technology and network infrastructure to accommodate the traffic on our O&O Sites and the growing user interactions with Commerce Media Solutions. These interactions increase with each new media partner and higher user session volume. We have also deployed new products, services, and third-party solutions addressing the rising volume of data privacy requests. However, these upgrades and expansions are both costly and complex and could result in inefficiencies or operational challenges that could damage our reputation, result in the loss of current and potential users and clients, and/or harm our operating results.

We rely on AI capabilities and machine learning that are embedded within our business to support campaign optimization, data analysis, and operational decision-making. These technologies require ongoing oversight, refinement, and investment, and their effectiveness depends on data quality, system integration, and continued development. If our AI-enabled systems fail to operate as intended, do not scale effectively, or become less competitive than alternative solutions, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, as with many innovations, the use of AI presents risks, challenges, and unintended consequences that could affect its adoption, and therefore our business. AI algorithms and training methodologies may be flawed, ineffective or inadequate. AI development or deployment practices by us or third-party providers could result in incidents that could increase the resources we need to implement cybersecurity measures to protect the security of our data. These deficiencies and other failures of any potential AI and systems enhancements could subject us to competitive harm, regulatory action, legal liability, and brand or reputational harm as well adversely affecting the results of our operations.

Economic or political instability could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy, including events or factors that are outside of our control. Such events or factors could include war, terrorism and other international conflicts, public health issues including health epidemics or pandemics, and natural disasters such as fire, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornados or other adverse weather and climate conditions, whether occurring in the U.S. or elsewhere. Changes in interest rates, inflationary pressures, and broader macroeconomic conditions may cause reduced consumer confidence, result in uncertainty, and may cause our customers and/or clients to be cautious in their ad spending.

Many of our advertisers and media partners operate internationally, including in regions that have experienced military conflict or geopolitical instability. Escalation or expansion of such conflicts could disrupt our partners’ operations, reduce advertising spend, or impair payment collections, potentially having a negative impact on our operations.

Recent macroeconomic trends, including inflationary pressures and changes in interest rates, have created uncertainty in the global economy. Elevated inflation could increase our operating expenses, including compensation, technology, and other general and administrative costs, and may outpace our ability to increase revenue or improve margins. In response to inflationary pressures, from 2021 to 2023 the U.S. Federal Reserve and other global central banks increased interest rates, and future monetary policy actions remain uncertain. Although benchmark interest rates have declined between September 2024 and December 2025, such benchmark rates remain elevated relative to recent historical standards. To the extent we incur or maintain variable-rate indebtedness, increases in interest rates could increase our borrowing costs and adversely affect our cash flows and financial condition. In addition, sustained economic uncertainty or higher interest rates could lead our advertiser clients and media partners to reduce spending, delay purchasing decisions, or seek more conservative pricing arrangements, which could negatively impact our revenue and results of operations.

Such events or factors could decrease the spending of our existing and potential new customers, adversely affect demand for our products, cause one or more of our customers, vendors, and partners to file for bankruptcy, impact expected spending and pricing levels from existing and potential new customers, or negatively impact our collections of accounts receivable. The full extent to which these factors may negatively affect our business and operations, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Our international operations subject us to increased challenges and risks.

We currently operate our O&O Sites in the U.S., UK, Canada, and Australia from servers in the Cloud. As we continue to expand our Commerce Media Solutions internationally, we need to reassess the locations of our servers to mitigate potential latency issues that could impact the performance of these solutions. Continued international expansion will require us to invest significant funds and other resources and may subject us to additional risks, including those related to cross-border data transfers; retooling our consumer facing product offerings to better align with local customs, practices, and consumer preferences; compliance with anti-bribery laws; recruiting, training, managing, and retaining contractors and service providers in foreign countries; increased competition from local providers; economic and political instability; and less protective or restrictive intellectual property laws.

Our ability to manage our business and conduct our operations internationally requires considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the challenges of supporting a growing business in an environment of multiple languages, cultures, legal and regulatory systems, taxation regimes, and commercial infrastructures. If our revenue from our international operations does not exceed the expense of establishing and maintaining these operations, our business and operating results could suffer, and we may decide to make changes to our business or exit certain countries to mitigate losses. If we are unable to successfully manage the risks and costs associated with international operations, our business and/or results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our evaluation of strategic alternatives could complicate operations, or could result in other harmful consequences that may adversely impact our business and results of operations.

From time to time, we evaluate strategic transactions, including acquisitions, investments, or divestitures, as part of our capital allocation and business strategy. We have divested certain underperforming assets and businesses and may continue to evaluate additional strategic alternatives. In addition, we regularly review and assess strategic alternatives in the ordinary course of business, including potential acquisitions, investments, or divestitures. These potential strategic alternatives may result in strategic transactions that could be material to our financial condition and results of operations.

The process of evaluating strategic alternatives involves a number of risks and uncertainties and may distract management from our other businesses or result in significant expenses. Moreover, we may invest significant resources towards evaluating and negotiating strategic alternatives that do not ultimately result in a strategic transaction. The success of our investments will depend in part on our ability to successfully integrate and leverage them to enhance our existing products and services or develop compelling new ones. It may take longer than expected to realize the full benefits from these transactions, or the benefits may ultimately be smaller than we expected because of performance and/or market conditions. Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with any strategic alternatives could cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities and harm our business generally.

Our failure to recruit or the loss of management and highly trained and qualified personnel could adversely affect our business.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to attract and retain key personnel, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Strategy Officer, and Chief Customer Officer. It also depends upon our ability to hire and retain highly skilled managerial, technical, and operational personnel in all areas of our organization, each of whom is important to the management of certain aspects of our business and operations and the development of our strategic direction and may be difficult to replace. The loss of the services of these key individuals and the process to replace these individuals could involve significant time and expense and could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives.

We are dependent upon third-party service providers in our operations and may be adversely affected if any of their platforms malfunction.

In addition to risks associated with purchasing online media from third-party publishers discussed above, we utilize numerous third-party service providers in our operations such as cloud-based hosting services, enterprise resource planning systems and other software as a service platforms and services. As with all software and web applications and systems, there may be occasional technical malfunctions that arise with some of these third-party providers. A failure by a third-party service provider could prevent us from operating our websites, connecting our advertiser clients with users, providing online marketing and advertising services, or tracking the performance and results of our online marketing activities and our operations in general. Remedying any such situation could require substantial time, resources, and technical knowledge that we may not have or be able to acquire in a timely fashion. If any of these platforms or applications malfunctions for an extended time period, we may lose clients and/or incur significant costs to either internalize some of these services or find suitable alternatives, which could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

Risks Relating to Legal and Regulatory Matters

The regulatory landscape in which we and our clients operate is constantly evolving and subject to significant change.

We, our third-party publishers', and our clients' businesses operate in highly regulated industries, subject to many federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing data privacy, consumer protection, advertising, telemarketing, text messaging, and personal information. In addition to the TCPA and "mini TCPAs" of various states, we are subject to CAN-SPAM and the California Business and Professions Code Sec. 17529.5, among others. Many of these laws and regulations are frequently changing and can be subject to various interpretations, and the extent and evolution of future government regulation is uncertain. Evolving privacy laws, including state comprehensive privacy statutes and international data protection regulations, may impose additional restrictions on data collection, processing, sharing, and cross-border transfers. As such, keeping our business in compliance with new and evolving laws and regulations, therefore, may be costly and affect our ability to generate revenue and harm our financial results.

We may also face liability for any failure of our third-party publishers, strategic partners, or vendors to comply with legal and regulatory requirements. The FTC Consent Order (as defined herein) requires us to monitor and discipline our publishers. Users or clients may raise concerns about the content of publisher ads or the methods used by third-party publishers to deliver ads. These publishers might use unapproved creative or marketing channels, such as text messaging, to drive users to our sites, potentially exposing us to liability under the TCPA and other laws regulating advertising, telemarketing, and text messaging. If we are unable to cause our third-party publishers and strategic partners to monitor their affiliates and enforce our clients’ contractual restrictions on such affiliates, our clients may terminate their relationships with us or decrease their marketing budgets with us.

Many of our contracts also expose us to liability, including indemnification obligations, for the acts of our third-party publishers or vendors. Despite our efforts to monitor and deter unauthorized or unlawful actions by these third-party publishers, and to contractually limit our liability in such instances, we may be held responsible for this behavior. As a result, we could be subject to costly litigation and, if we are unsuccessful in defending ourselves, could incur damages for the unauthorized or unlawful acts of third-party publishers, strategic partners, or vendors.

The use of AI and machine learning in our platforms is subject to the same data protection, consumer protection, advertising, and marketing laws and regulations that apply to our broader business. Regulatory authorities are increasingly scrutinizing the use of automated and algorithmic technologies in areas such as consumer profiling, marketing practices, and data processing. Evolving interpretations or new requirements in these areas may impose additional compliance obligations, increase costs, or limit certain uses of AI-enabled technologies, which may have a material adverse effect on our operations

Our use of email marketing and other direct marketing channels is subject to laws and rules in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate.

We conduct direct marketing through channels such as email, messaging, and other electronic communications to promote our O&O Sites and utilize third party publishers who use email to generate traffic for our O&O Sites and to promote our advertisers' products. As discussed above, we are subject to CAN-SPAM and the California Business and Professions Code Sec. 17529.5 on our domestic email marketing activities. In addition, the FTC Consent Order (as defined herein) required us to obtain "affirmative express consent" for e-mail marketing, which may be more stringent than industry practices.

Further, foreign laws and regulations, such as the Canadian Anti-Spam Law, also apply to our business activities in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. If we or any of our third-party publishers fail to comply with any provisions of these laws or regulations, we could be subject to regulatory investigation, enforcement actions and litigation, as well as indemnification obligations with respect to our clients. Any negative outcomes from such regulatory actions or litigation, including monetary penalties or damages, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

The outcome of litigation, inquiries, investigations, examinations, or other legal proceedings in which we are or may become involved, or in which our clients or competitors are involved, could distract management, increase our expenses, or subject us to significant monetary damages or restrictions on our ability to do business.

From time to time, we are subject to audits, inquiries, investigations, claims of non-compliance and lawsuits by private litigants or federal and state governmental agencies, regulatory agencies, attorneys general, and other governmental or regulatory bodies, any of whom may allege violations of legal and regulatory requirements. The scope and outcome of these proceedings is often difficult to assess or quantify. Plaintiffs in lawsuits may seek recovery of large amounts, and the cost to defend such litigation may be significant.

Legal proceedings, regardless of merit or outcome, may be costly to defend, may divert management attention from our operations, require changes to our business practices, or result in adverse publicity. There may also be adverse publicity and uncertainty associated with investigations, litigation, and orders (whether pertaining to us, our clients, or our competitors) that could impact our ability to buy media and source advertisers and/or diminish consumers' view of our services. Regardless of whether any current or future claims in which we are involved have merit, or whether we are ultimately held liable or subject to payment of penalties or consumer redress, such investigations and claims have been and may continue to be costly and may result in changes to our business practices that adversely affect our results of operations.

Our business and the businesses of our advertiser clients may be subject to sales and use taxes and other taxes.

The application of sales and use taxes, business taxes, and gross receipts taxes on our digital marketing, advertising, data, and performance-based services is complex and evolving. Because of changes in the state laws governing our business, we are potentially subject to taxes in more states than was previously the case. The line between exempt services and enumerated services subject to sales tax is unclear and varies from state to state. While our advertising services are generally not subject to sales tax, some states, like New York, impose sales tax on information services and some of our lead generation services may be characterized as sales taxable information services. Further complicating the determination of the sales taxability of services is the need to determine the source of revenues from the services (i.e., where the service is rendered, where the service is consumed or where the information is accessed).

Changes in tax laws, interpretation, and implementation of regulations, rules, or guidance on taxes may result in our revenues being subject to sales or other taxes. We may also be subject to audits, assessments, penalties, interest, or retroactive tax liabilities. Were any of these to occur, our operating costs could increase or demand for our services could be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Risks Relating to Data Security and Intellectual Property

Our actual or perceived failure to safeguard any personal information or user privacy could damage our reputation and results of operations.

We maintain data that contains user information such as name, age, personal address, phone number, email address, survey responses and transactional data. Our ability to protect such information and to provide services using such information without unauthorized disclosure is critical. A breach of the security measures on our systems or on those of our third-party vendors could result in the misappropriation of either our proprietary information or our users' personal information, or the interruption or breakdown of our operations. Our owned and operated business is largely dependent on consumer-facing websites, which could become inaccessible due to service interruptions or attacks. If our websites are unavailable when users attempt to access them, or if they do not load as quickly as expected, users may not return as often in the future, or at all.

Cybersecurity risks have significantly increased in recent years, in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the increased use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to exchange information and conduct transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of computer hackers, organized crime, terrorists, and other external parties, including foreign state actors. Although we continue to enhance our physical and cyber security controls and associated procedures, we may be unable to proactively address these cybersecurity risks or to implement adequate preventative measures. We have been subject to and are likely to continue to be the target of future cyberattacks. These risks include, among others, phishing and other social engineering attacks, credential stuffing, malware, vulnerabilities in third-party software or service providers, and human or technological error. Any such incident could also require us to notify affected individuals or regulators, conduct forensic investigations, provide remediation services, defend litigation or regulatory proceedings, and incur significant costs, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We, or any of our third-party partners or service providers, could experience compromises to security that result in the decreased performance or availability of our websites, mobile applications, the platforms and systems; the loss or unauthorized disclosure, access, acquisition, alteration; or use of confidential information. As a result, consumers, publishers, or advertisers may lose trust and confidence in us, and consumers may decrease the use of our websites, advertisers may stop using our services and/or publishers may stop providing media to us.

Any or all of these issues could disrupt our business operations or subject us to governmental or third-party lawsuits, investigations, regulatory fines or other actions or liability, thereby harming our business. Although we are not aware of any material information security incidents to date, we have detected common types of attempts to attack our information systems and data using means that have included denial of service attacks and phishing.

See also risk factor "Laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection and the handling of personal information are complex and continuously evolving, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations" for additional information.

If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position and business may suffer.

Our ability to compete effectively depends upon our proprietary systems and technology. We rely on trade secret, trademark and copyright law, confidentiality agreements, and technical measures to protect our proprietary rights. We enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, advisers, client vendors and publishers. However, these agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or unauthorized parties from copying aspects of our services or obtaining and using our proprietary information. Further, these agreements may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosures or uses, and we cannot guarantee that our rights under such agreements will be enforceable.

Policing unauthorized use of our proprietary rights can be difficult and costly. Litigation, while it may be necessary to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention, and could adversely affect our business, even if we are successful on the merits. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases, we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties.

Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our website features, software and functionality or obtain and use our proprietary information. For example, third party website operators have created look-alike sites of our O&O Sites, some of which contain links to our terms, privacy policies and/or customer service. These sites divert traffic away from our sites, expose us to regulatory scrutiny as the look-alike sites often have compliance issues, and create consumer confusion. Despite our efforts to monitor the internet for look-alike sites, there can be no assurance that we will be able to quickly detect and remove all look-alike sites, which could impair our reputation, expose us to regulatory scrutiny, and adversely affect our business.

As a creator and a distributor of digital media content, we face liability and expenses for legal claims based on the nature and content of the materials that we create or distribute, including materials provided by third parties.

We display original and third-party content, including advertisements, on our O&O Sites and Commerce Media Solutions and in our marketing messages. As a result, we have faced and may continue to face potential liability based on a variety of legal theories, including copyright or trademark infringement. We generally rely on the "fair use" exception for our use of third-party brand names and marks, but these third parties may disagree, and the laws governing the fair use of these third-party materials are imprecise and adjudicated on a case-by-case basis. We also create content we believe to be original for our websites. While we do not believe that this content infringes on any third-party copyrights or other intellectual property rights, owners of competitive websites that present similar content have taken and may take the position that our content infringes on their intellectual property rights.

We are also exposed to risk that content provided by third parties and posted to our websites is inaccurate or misleading. These claims could divert management's time and attention away from our business and result in significant costs to investigate and defend, regardless of the merit of these claims. The general liability and cyber insurance we maintain may not cover potential claims of this type or may not be adequate to indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed. Any imposition of liability that is not covered by insurance, or that exceeds our insurance coverage, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, and the handling of personal information are complex and continuously evolving, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Because we collect, store, process, use and sell data, some of which contains personal information, we are subject to complex and evolving federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations, as well as contractual requirements, regarding privacy, data protection and the collection, maintenance, protection, use, transmission, disclosure, and disposal of personal information. These laws and regulations continuously evolve and involve matters central to our business, including user privacy, data protection, content, intellectual property, electronic contracts and other communications, e-commerce, rewards and other promotional marketing campaigns, competition, protection of minors, consumer protection, taxation, libel, defamation, internet or data usage, and online payment services. While we strive to comply with all applicable laws, policies, legal obligations, and industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data protection, these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways or inconsistently across jurisdictions, and new regulations may be enacted.

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") imposed new requirements on entities and granted individuals new rights in connection with the collection, use and storage of the personal information of European Union residents. Our operations in the UK are subject to the UK-GDPR, which took effect prior to Brexit and is largely identical to the GDPR. The fines for failing to comply with the GDPR or UK-GDPR are significant and the potential ways that the regimes could be applied to a business such as ours are uncertain. Similarly, the data privacy laws in Canada and Australia are becoming more stringent and we must comply with these laws or risk regulatory inquiries, fines, and penalties.

In the U.S., while there is no federal version of GDPR yet, as of March 13, 2026, approxi mately 20 states have enacted data privacy laws, including the CCPA. As of March 13, 2026, similar bills are being considered in approximately sixteen additional states. Some of the proposed laws include a private right of action to enforce noncompliance, which, if enacted, would expose us to potential litigation and claims. Because of the variation in these states' laws, it is extremely difficult and expensive to comply with this patchwork of data privacy laws. There can be no assurance that we will be able to do so or that the costs of compliance will not be prohibitively expensive, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Due to the high volume of user registrations on our O&O Sites, we receive many requests from users seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. In response, we implemented a third-party solution to support our systems and processes to handle these requests and have already devoted significant resources to handling data privacy requests. However, we expect to incur additional costs to maintain compliance with the evolving data privacy and data protection laws and regulations.

Risks Related to Financial Matters

We may require additional capital in the future to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, and such capital may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

Although management believes that our current liquidity sources are sufficient to fund operations for at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of this report, we have experienced declining revenue and operating losses in recent periods. In addition, management’s projections are based on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could exhaust our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our ability to execute our business plan and support future growth may depend in part on our ability to access additional sources of capital, and we may require additional financing in the future to fund our operations and strategic initiatives.

We may seek to raise additional capital through equity, equity-linked, or subordinated debt financings; however, when we can effect such financings and how much capital we can raise depends on a variety of factors, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and our determination as to the appropriate sources of funding for our operations. Disruptions in the global equity and credit markets may also limit our ability to access capital. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue certain operations. Any of these events could significantly harm our business and results of operations.

In November 2025, we entered into an Accounts Receivable Finance Agreement (the "Financing Agreement") with CSNK Working Capital Finance Corp. d/b/a Bay View Funding ("Bay View") under which we may receive advances based on eligible accounts receivable, subject to a maximum aggregate amount. Availability under this facility fluctuates with the amount and eligibility of our receivables and may be reduced due to customer disputes, credit issues, aging, concentration limits, or other eligibility criteria. In addition, Bay View is not obligated to advance funds against any particular receivable, and advances are made at its discretion in accordance with the terms of the Financing Agreement.

In addition, our revenue from business operations and proceeds from our transaction with Bay View, the Company's primary source of working capital to date has been through the sale of equity and subordinated convertible notes to officers, directors and the largest stockholder of the Company. Equity or debt financings may have a dilutive effect on the holdings of our existing stockholders, and debt financings may subject us to restrictive covenants, operational restrictions, or security interests in our assets. Any of these events could significantly harm our business and results of operations.

We may, in the future, experience significant charges to our intangible assets, which may affect our results of operations in the future.

Unfavorable changes in the business climate or competitive environment, our revenue forecasts, our market capitalization, capital structure, capital expenditure levels, operating cash flows, as well as adverse legal or regulatory actions or developments could cause material impairments to the carrying value of our intangible assets or intangible assets we may obtain in future periods.

We will continue to monitor indicators of possible impairment that would cause a triggering event requiring us to complete an interim impairment analysis and possibly recognize additional impairment charges in the future. Impairment charges to our intangible assets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock and the Securities Markets

We are currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). If we are unable to maintain listing of our securities on Nasdaq or any stock exchange, our stock price could be adversely affected and the liquidity of our stock and our ability to obtain financing could be impaired and it may be more difficult for our stockholders to sell their securities.

Although our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq, there is no assurance that we will continue to meet the exchange’s minimum listing requirements or those of any other national exchange. The Listing Rules of Nasdaq require listing issuers to comply with certain standards in order to remain listed on its exchange. If, for any reason, we should fail to maintain compliance with these listing standards and Nasdaq should delist our securities from trading on its exchange and we are unable to obtain listing on another national securities exchange, a reduction in some or all of the following may occur, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our stockholders:

Our stock price has been and may be volatile in the future, and as a result, investors in our securities could incur substantial losses.

There can be no guarantee that our stock price will remain at current prices or that future sales of our common stock will not be at prices lower than those sold to investors. We may incur rapid and substantial increases or decreases in our stock price in the foreseeable future attributable to various factors including those discussed in the “Risk Factors" section included in this report. Some factors may be unrelated to our operating performance or prospects or may be beyond our control. The price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including investor reaction to our business strategy; the success of our services, products, or technologies; compliance with Nasdaq listing standards; variations in our financial results; any major change in our board or management; or our involvement in regulatory investigations or litigation. In addition, if one or more analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our common stock or the stock of other companies in our industry, the price of our common stock could decline. If one or more analysts cease to cover our common stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our common stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

Since our stock price may continue to be volatile in the future, investors in our common stock could incur substantial losses. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Securities litigation and stockholder activism, including potential proxy contests, could result in substantial costs and divert management's and our Board of Directors' attention and resources from our business. Such securities litigation and stockholder activism could give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future, adversely affect our relationships with service providers and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. We may be required to incur significant legal fees and other expenses related to any securities litigation and activist stockholder matters. Further, our stock price could be subject to significant fluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks and uncertainties of any securities litigation and stockholder activism.

The concentration of our stock ownership presents risks, including lack of liquidity in the trading market for our common stock and limitations on any individual stockholder's ability to influence corporate matters.

As of December 31, 2025, our executive officers, directors, and holders of 10% or more of our outstanding common stock, in the aggregate, beneficially owned and have the ability to exercise some voting control over approximately 60.5% of our outstanding shares of common stock. On January 17, 2025, the Board appointed James P. Geygan to the Board. Mr. Geygan serves as the Chief Executive Officer and Director of one of our institutional investors, Global Value Investment Corporation. As a result, these stockholders could exert significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and determination of significant corporate actions. The interests of these stockholders may not always coincide with the interests of other stockholders, and these stockholders may act in a manner that advances their interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders, which might affect the trading price of our common stock.

The concentration of stock ownership may also serve to limit the trading volume of our common stock and lead to greater volatility in ourstock price. As of December 31, 2025, our largest stockholder, Dr. Phillip Frost, owned, directly or indirectly, approximately 25.3% of our outstanding common stock. Dr. Frost has no obligation to provide us with advance notice of any sale orpurchase of our common stock. If the concentration of our common stock ownership were to significantly shift, via sales of shares currently held by Dr. Frost or otherwise, we cannot predict the impact that any resulting change to the trading volume might have on our stock price.

Future issuances of shares of our common stock could have a dilutive effect on your investment in us.

Pursuant to our incentive plans, our Board of Directors has granted and may continue to grant stock options, restricted stock units, or other equity awards to our directors and employees. When these awards vest or are exercised, the issuance of shares of common stock underlying these awards may have a dilutive effect on our common stock, which could cause our stock price to decline. During 2025 and 2024, we issued 485,276 and 319,933 shares of common stock, respectively, in connection with prior acquisitions, vesting of awards made under our 2018 Stock Incentive Plan, our 2022 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the "2022 Plan"), and for other business purposes. On June 18, 2025, our stockholders authorized for issuance under the 2022 Plan an additional 2,000,000 shares. As of December 31, 2025, there were an additional 368,563 shares of restricted stock and options granted under the 2022 Plan, as well as other compensatory arrangements that might vest and be delivered through 2031. When these awards vest or are exercised, the issuance of shares of common stock underlying these awards may have a dilutive effect on our common stock, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Additionally, any future equity or debt financing may have a dilutive effect on the holdings of our existing stockholders.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock and we do not expect to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, stockholders may only receive a return on their investment in our common stock if the trading price of their shares increases.

We are a smaller reporting company anda non-accelerated filer, and we benefit from certain reduced governance and disclosure requirements, but we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements*** make our common stock less attractive to investors.***

Currently, we are a "smaller reporting company," meaning that our outstanding common stock held by nonaffiliates had a value of less than $250 million at the end of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We are also a non-accelerated filer because we had a public float of less than $75 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second quarter. As a non-accelerated filer, we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the** **Sarbanes-Oxley Act, meaning our auditors are not required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

As a result, investors and others may be less comfortable with the effectiveness of our internal controls and the risk that material weaknesses or other deficiencies in internal controls go undetected may increase. In addition, as a smaller reporting company, we take advantage of our ability to provide certain other less comprehensive disclosures in our SEC filings, including, among other things, providing only** **two years of audited financial statements in annual reports and simplified executive compensation disclosures. Consequently, it may be more challenging for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects, as the information we provide to investors is less robust than the disclosure investors receive from public companies that are not a smaller reporting company.