Bancorp, Inc.

Previous wording

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) provides information about our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and asset quality. This information is intended to facilitate your understanding and assessment of significant changes and trends related to our financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our financial information in our Form 10-K, as amended, for the fiscal year ended 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K, as amended”) and the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Current wording

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) provides information about our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and asset quality. This information is intended to facilitate your understanding and assessment of significant changes and trends related to our financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our financial information in our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended 2025 (the “2025 Form 10-K”) and the interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Previous wording

When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, statements regarding The Bancorp’s business, that are not historical facts, are “forward-looking statements.” These statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including, but not limited to the words “intend,” “may,” “believe,” “will,” “expect,” “look,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “estimate,” “continue,” or similar words. Forward-looking statements include but are not limited to, statements regarding our annual fiscal 2025 results, profitability, and increased volumes, and relate to our current assumptions, projections, and expectations about our business and future events, including current expectations about important economic, political, and technological factors, among other factors, and are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause the actual results, events, or achievements to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by the forward-looking statements and related assumptions. Factors that could cause results to differ from those expressed in the forward-looking statements also include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties referenced or described in The Bancorp’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and other documents that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission as well as the following:

Current wording

When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, statements regarding The Bancorp’s business, that are not historical facts, are “forward-looking statements.” These statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including, but not limited to the words “intend,” “may,” “believe,” “will,” “expect,” “look,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “estimate,” “continue,” or similar words. Forward-looking statements include but are not limited to, statements regarding our annual fiscal 2026 results, increased growth, profitability, and volumes, and our ability to reallocate or reduce resources, and relate to our current assumptions, projections, and expectations about our business and future events, including current expectations about important economic, political, and technological factors, among other factors, and are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause the actual results, events, or achievements to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by the forward-looking statements and related assumptions. Factors that could cause results to differ from those expressed in the forward-looking statements also include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties referenced or described in The Bancorp’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and other documents that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission as well as the following:

Previous wording

natural disasters, pandemics, other public health crises, acts of terrorism, geopolitical conflict, including trade disputes and tariffs, sanctions, war or armed conflict, such as the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East as well as the possible expansion of such conflicts in surrounding areas, or other catastrophic events could disrupt the systems of us or third party service providers and negatively impact general economic conditions;

Current wording

natural disasters, pandemics, other public health crises, acts of terrorism, geopolitical conflict, including trade disputes and tariffs, sanctions, war or armed conflict, such as the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and the ongoing military operations involving the U.S., Israel and Iran, and the possible expansion of such conflicts in surrounding areas, or other catastrophic events could disrupt the systems of us or third-party service providers and negatively impact general economic conditions;

Previous wording

our entry into consumer fintech lending and its future potential impact on our operations and financial condition may result in new operational, legal and financial risks;

Current wording

our focus on growth in fintech solutions and its future potential impact on our operations and financial condition may result in new operational, legal and financial risks;

Previous wording

our ability to remediate the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting identified, and to subsequently maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

Current wording

our ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

Previous wording

We are a Delaware financial holding company and our primary, wholly owned subsidiary is The Bancorp Bank, National Association. The vast majority of our revenue and income is currently generated through the Bank. In our continuing operations, we have four primary lines of specialty lending in our national specialty finance segment:

Current wording

We are a Delaware financial holding company, and our primary, wholly-owned subsidiary is The Bancorp Bank, National Association. The Bank is a federally chartered commercial bank located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and is a FDIC insured institution. Most of our revenue and income is currently generated through the Bank. An overview of our operations follows, including discussion of Fintech Solutions and Credit Solutions.

Previous wording

The majority of our deposits and non-interest income are generated in our fintech segment, which consists of consumer transaction accounts accessed by Bank-issued prepaid or debit cards and payment companies that process their clients’ corporate and consumer payments, automated clearing house (“ACH”) accounts, the collection of card payments on behalf of merchants and other payments through our Bank. The card-accessed deposit accounts are comprised of debit and prepaid card accounts that are generated by companies that market directly to end users. Our card-accessed deposit account types are diverse and include: consumer and business debit, general purpose reloadable prepaid, pre-tax medical spending benefit, payroll, gift, government, corporate incentive, reward, business payment accounts and others. Our ACH accounts facilitate bill payments, and our acquiring accounts provide clearing and settlement services for payments made to merchants which must be settled through associations such as Visa or Mastercard. Consumer transaction account banking services are provided to organizations with a pre-existing customer base tailored to support or complement the services provided by these organizations to their customers, which we refer to as “affinity or private label banking.” These services include loan and deposit accounts for investment advisory companies through our Institutional Banking department. We typically provide these services under the name and through the facilities of each organization with whom we develop a relationship.

Current wording

Our business strategy is focused on Fintech Solutions, which partners with fintech companies and other technology focused payment-based providers (collectively “partners”) to deliver payment, deposit, and sponsored lending products that attract stable, lower-cost deposits and generate fee income. Our fintech servicesare provided to organizations with a pre-existing customer base, and the products are tailored to support or complement the services provided by these organizations to their customers. We typically provide these services under the name and through the facilities of each organization with whom we develop a relationship. Fintech services include:

Previous wording

We remain focused on growing our fintech revenues through new partnerships, products and services. Consumer fintech loans of $785.0 million as of September 30, 2025 increased 15% compared to a $680.5 million balance at June 30, 2025 and increased 180% compared to the September 30, 2024 balance of $280.1 million. Certain loan fees on consumer fintech loans are recorded as non-interest income, and totaled $4.5 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2024. In addition, as part of our strategies we will reallocate or reduce resources where appropriate. As part of those efforts, in the fourth quarter of 2025 we plan to restructure our institutional banking business to de-emphasize growth and reallocate space on our balance sheet. We expect this action will result in a $1.3 million restructuring charge in the fourth quarter of 2025 and $8.0 million in run-rate expense reductions in 2026.

Current wording

We remain focused on growing our fintech revenues through new partnerships, products and services. Fintech loans of $1.65 billion as of March 31, 2026 increased 50% compared to the $1.10 billion balance at December 31, 2025 and increased 187% compared to the March 31, 2025 balance of $574.0 million. Certain loan fees on fintech loans are recorded as non-interest income and totaled $5.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2026 compared to $3.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2025.

Previous wording

We repurchased 2,034,053 shares of our common stock at an average cost of $73.74 per share during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, and our share repurchases for the nine months of 2025 were 3,472,396 shares at an average price of $64.80. As a result of share repurchases, outstanding shares, net of treasury shares, at September 30, 2025 amounted to 44.5 million, compared to 47.3 million shares at December 31, 2024, or a reduction of 6%.

Current wording

We remain focused on returning capital through share repurchases and repurchased 843,061 shares of our common stock at an average cost of $59.31 per share during the quarter ended March 31, 2026. Primarily driven byshare repurchases, outstanding shares, net of treasury shares at March 31, 2026 decreased 1% to 41.859 million from 42.355 million shares at December 31, 2025.

Previous wording

Non-interest income—fintech fees increased to $35.1 million in the third quarter of 2025, up 19.3% from $29.4 million in the third quarter of 2024 and up 24.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the comparable prior year, which reflected continued organic volume growth with existing partners and products and the impact of new products launched within the past year.

Current wording

Non-interest income—consumer credit fintech fees increased to $5.6 million in the first quarter of 2026, up 55.4% from $3.6 million in the first quarter of 2025 which reflected continued organic volume growth with existing partners and products and the impact of new products launched within the past year. Prepaid and debit card gross dollar volume (“GDV”) increased to $52.51 billion, up 17.6% from $44.65 billion in the first quarter of 2025, which directly contributed to a $1.0 million, or 3.7%, increase in Prepaid, debit card and related fees within Non-interest income—fintech fees. GDV growth may not have a direct impact on the related fee income due to the different product fee structures within the total mix.

Previous wording

At September 30, 2025, the ratio of equity to assets was 9.05%, compared to 10.07% at September 30, 2024, primarily driven by reductions in equity from share repurchases partially offset by an increase in equity capital from retained earnings.

Current wording

Our efforts to return capital to shareholders through share repurchases had an impact on our ratio of equity to assets. At March 31, 2026, the ratio of equity to assets was 7.04%, compared to 7.38% at December 31, 2025, primarily driven by reductions in equity from share repurchases partially offset by an increase in equity capital from retained earnings.

Previous wording

Our provision for credit losses was $45.1 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared to a provision of $3.6 million for the third quarter of 2024, an increase of $41.5 million. The increase in provision is primarily attributable to a provision for consumer fintech loans of $39.8 million in the third quarter of 2025, compared to no related provision in the same quarter of 2024. We recognized a related $39.8 million non-interest income amount in the third quarter of 2025 related to a credit enhancement provided contractually by a third party. Accordingly, there have been no related net losses. See further discussion of this program in “Financial Condition—Portfolio Performance” in MD&A.

Current wording

Our provision for credit losses was $27.6 million for the first quarter of 2026, a decrease of $19.3 million compared to a provision of $46.9 million for the first quarter of 2025. The decrease is primarily attributable to $17.0 million lower provision for fintech loans driven by improved performance of that loan portfolio. The lower fintech loan provision correlates to a lower amount of related non-interest income from a credit enhancement contractually provided by a third party. Accordingly, there have been no related net impact from these amounts. See further discussion of this program in “Financial Condition—Allowance for Credit Loss—Fintech Programs” in MD&A.

Previous wording

In addition, the provision for credit losses on non-consumer fintech loans was $5.8 million in the third quarter of 2025, an increase of $2.3 million compared to the third quarter of 2024, primarily driven by $3.1 million higher provision for the direct lease financing portfolio. The higher provision for the lease portfolio reflects the impact of elevated charge-offs in the third quarter of 2025.

Current wording

In addition, the provision for credit losses on non-fintech loans was a reversal of $1.3 million in the first quarter of 2026 compared to provision expense of $0.9 million in the first quarter of 2025. The provision reversal in the first quarter of 2026 is primarily driven by improvements in credit quality of the direct lease financing portfolio.

Previous wording

For more information about our provision, allowance and credit loss experience, see “Financial Condition—Portfolio Performance” below and “Note 6. Loans” to the unaudited consolidated financial statements herein.

Current wording

For more information about our provision, allowance and credit loss experience, see “Financial Condition—Portfolio Performance” below and “Note 5. Loans” to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Previous wording

Non-interest income was $80.4 million in the third quarter of 2025 compared to $32.1 million in the third quarter of 2024. The $48.3 million, or 150.5%, increase between those respective periods is primarily driven by$39.8 million of consumer fintech loan credit enhancement income. Consumer fintech loan credit enhancement income correlates to a like amount for provision for credit losses on consumer fintech loans. See further discussion above under “Provision for Credit Losses on Loans.”

Current wording

Fintech loan credit enhancement income decreased $17.0 million driven by improved performance of fintech loans, which correlates to a like amount for provision for credit losses on fintech loans. See further discussion above under “Provision for Credit Losses”.

Previous wording

Prepaid, debit card and related fees increased $1.6 million, or 6.7%, to $25.5 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $23.9 million in the third quarter of 2024. The increase reflected higher transaction volume from new clients and organic growth from existing clients. ACH, card and other payment processing fees increased $1.2 million, or 30.4%, to $5.1 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $3.9 million in the third quarter of 2024, reflecting an increase in rapid funds transfer volume.

Current wording

Total fintech fees increased $3.6 million, which includes a $1.0 million increase in prepaid, debit card and related fees, or 3.7%, to $26.7 million for the first quarter of 2026, compared to $25.7 million in the first quarter of 2025, driven by higher transaction volume from new clients and organic growth from existing clients. In addition, ACH, card and other payment processing fees increased $0.7 million, or 12.9%, to $5.8 million for the first quarter of 2026, compared to $5.1 million in the first quarter of 2025, reflecting an increase in rapid funds transfer volume. Consumer credit fintech fees increased $2.0 million to $5.6 million for the first quarter of 2026, compared to $3.6 million in the first quarter of 2025, reflecting increased loan volume.

Previous wording

Income tax expense was $18.2 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared to $17.5 million in the third quarter of 2024. A 24.9% effective tax rate in 2025 and a 25.4% effective tax rate in 2024, based on a 21% federal tax rate and the impact of various state income taxes.

Current wording

Income tax expense was $18.6 million for the first quarter of 2026 compared to $18.1 million in the first quarter of 2025. A 23.7% effective tax rate and a 24.0% effective tax rate in the first quarters of 2026 and 2025, respectively, based on a 21% federal tax rate and the impact of various state income taxes. The tax rate in the first quarter of the year is typically lower than our full-year effective rate, which was 24.7% for full year 2025, due to the tax impact of stock-based compensation activity from the first quarter of each year.

Previous wording

(1)If adjusted to their taxable equivalents, yields would approximate 4.05%, 2.91%, 4.90%, and 5.62% for zero to one year, one to five years, five to ten years, and over ten years, respectively, at a federal tax rate of 21%.

Current wording

(1)If adjusted to their taxable equivalents, yields would approximate 2.91%, 4.90%, and 5.73% for zero to one year, five to ten years, and over ten years, respectively, at a federal tax rate of 21%.

Previous wording

The majority of our loan portfolio is loans recorded at amortized cost, which are recognized net of an allowance for credit loss. Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs increased to $6.67 billion at September 30, 2025 from $6.11 billion at December 31, 2024. This $555.9 million increase primarily reflected growth in our consumer fintech of $330.7 million, of which $214.8 million is secured credit card loans and $86.7 million is unsecured short-term extensions of credit that are covered by a third-party credit enhancement agreement. The $53.2 million increase in other loans includes$56.9 million of warehouse financing related to real estate bridge loan sales to third-party purchasers.

Current wording

The majority of our loan portfolio is loans recorded at amortized cost, which are recognized net of an allowance for credit loss. Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs increased to $7.75 billion at March 31, 2026 from $7.12 billion at December 31, 2025. This$637.0 million increase is primarily driven by growth in fintech loans of $548.6 million, and a $90.5 million increase in REBL loans.

Previous wording

Commercial loans, at fair value are comprised of non-SBA commercial real estate loans and SBA loans which had been originated for sale or securitization through the first quarter of 2020, and which are now being held for investment on the balance sheet. These loans continue to be recognized at fair value, and this portfolio declined $80.5 million from December 31, 2024, as this portfolio continues to runoff. All originations are now being recognized at amortized cost.

Current wording

Commercial loans, at fair value are comprised of non-SBA commercial real estate loans and SBA loans which had been originated for sale or securitization through the first quarter of 2020, and which are now being held for investment on the balance sheet. These loans continue to be recognized at fair value, and this portfolio declined $11.1 million from December 31, 2025, as this portfolio continues to runoff. All originations are now being recognized at amortized cost.

Previous wording

(1)SBLOC are collateralized by marketable securities, while IBLOC, are collateralized by the cash surrender value of insurance policies. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, IBLOC loans amounted to $471.6 million and $548.1 million, respectively.

Current wording

SBLOC are collateralized by marketable investment securities while IBLOC are collateralized by the cash value of life insurance;

Previous wording

SBLOCs and IBLOCs are loans that are generated through affinity groups and are respectively collateralized by marketable securities and the cash value of insurance policies. SBLOCs are typically offered in conjunction with brokerage accounts and are offered nationally. IBLOC loans are typically viewed as an alternative to standard policy loans from insurance companies and are utilized by our existing advisor base as well as insurance agents throughout the country. Investment advisor financing are loans made to investment advisors for purposes of debt refinance, acquisition of another investment firm or internal succession. Vehicle fleet and, to a lesser extent, other equipment leases are generated in a number of Atlantic Coast and other states and are collateralized primarily by vehicles. SBA loans are generated nationally and are collateralized by commercial properties and other types of collateral. Our non-SBA commercial real estate bridge loans, at fair value, are primarily collateralized by multifamily properties (apartment buildings), and to a lesser extent, by hotel and retail properties. These loans were originally generated for sale through securitizations. In 2020, we decided to retain these loans on our balance sheet as interest-earning assets and resumed originating such loans in the third quarter of 2021. These new originations are identified as real estate bridge loans, consist of apartment building loans, and are held for investment in the loan portfolio. Prior originations originally intended for securitizations continue to be accounted for at fair value, and are included on the balance sheet in “Commercial loans, at fair value.”

Current wording

Direct lease financing are collateralized primarily by vehicles or equipment.

Previous wording

Loans are considered to be non-performing if they are on a non-accrual basis or they are past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest. A loan which is past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest remains on accrual status only when it is both adequately secured as to principal and interest and is in the process of collection.

Current wording

Loans are considered to be non-performing if they are on a non-accrual basis, or are past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest. A loan which is past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest remains on accrual status only when it is both adequately secured as to principal and interest and is in the process of collection.

Previous wording

We evaluate loans under an internal loan risk rating system as a means of identifying problem loans. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, classified loans were segregated by year of origination and are shown in“Note 6. Loans” to the unaudited consolidated financial statements herein. At September 30, 2025, there were $268.7 million of loans classified as special mention and substandard in total, which included $185.3 million REBL loans. Through November 2025, $84.1 million of the $185.3 million in REBL loans as of September 30, 2025 were refinanced with borrowers with greater financial capacity (including the $26.9 million loan discussed above).

Current wording

We evaluate loans under an internal loan risk rating system as a means of identifying problem loans. At March 31, 2026, there were $163.1 million of loans classified as special mention and substandard in total, a decrease of$31.4 million, or 16%, from $194.5 million at December 31, 2025. The decrease is primarily driven by a $24.4 million decrease in criticized Real estate bridge loans, and a $6.3 million decrease in criticized small business commercial mortgage loans.

Previous wording

We review the adequacy of our ACL on at least a quarterly basis to determinea provision for credit losses to maintain our ACL at a level we believe is appropriate to recognize current expected credit losses. Our Chief Credit Officer oversees the loan review department, which measures the adequacy of the ACL independently of loan production officers. For detailed information on the ACL methodology, see“Note 6. Loans” to the unaudited consolidated financial statements herein.

Current wording

We review the adequacy of our ACL on at least a quarterly basis to determine a provision for credit losses to maintain our ACL at a level we believe is appropriate to recognize current expected credit losses. A summary of loans recorded at amortized cost and the allowance follows (dollars in thousands):

Previous wording

Our fintech programs include consumer transaction accounts and consumer fintech loans.

Current wording

Our fintech programs include consumer transaction accounts and fintech loans.

Previous wording

Consumer fintech loans consist of short-term loans originated by our Bank, with the marketing and servicing assistance of third-party relationships. Loans receivable originated under these consumer fintech agreements are governed by an agreement with the borrower and may include: secured credit cards and unsecured short-term extensions of credit. For the secured credit card program, we recognize a loan receivable and a deposit liability for the cash collateral that secures those accounts. Unsecured fintech loans include payroll advance and other short term-extensions of credit; those accounts are typically repaid within a year of origination.

Current wording

Fintech loans consist of short-term loans originated by our Bank, with the marketing and servicing assistance of third-party relationships. Loans receivable originated under these fintech agreements are governed by an agreement with the borrower and may include: secured credit cards and unsecured short-term extensions of credit. For the secured credit card program, we recognize a loan receivable and a deposit liability for the cash collateral that secures those accounts. Unsecured fintech loans include payroll advance and other short term-extensions of credit; those accounts are typically repaid within a year of origination.

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, all fintech loans, both secured and unsecured, are covered by credit enhancement agreements. The third-party agreements governing the fintech loans include provisions for credit enhancements, through which the third party guarantees losses on such consumer fintech loans (either in whole or in part). When a fintech loan meets a defined delinquency level, we recognize a charge-off of the receivable, and the incurred losses are covered by the third party. Any subsequent recoveries from the charged-off loan are credited to the third party.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2026, and December 31, 2025, all fintech loans, both secured and unsecured, are covered by credit enhancement agreements. The third-party agreements governing the fintech loans include provisions for credit enhancements, through which the third party guarantees losses on such fintech loans (either in whole or in part). When a fintech loan meets a defined delinquency level, we recognize a charge-off of the receivable, and the incurred losses are covered by the third party. Any subsequent recoveries from the charged-off loan are credited to the third party.

Previous wording

Consumer fintech loans receivable from the borrower are recognized on the Balance sheet, along with an estimate of credit loss for fintech loans through the allowance. Provision for credit losses on consumer fintech loans is recognized on the Statement of operations.

Current wording

Fintech loans receivable from the borrower are recognized on the Balance sheet, along with an estimate of credit loss for fintech loans through the allowance. Provision for credit losses on fintech loans is recognized on the Statement of Operations.

Previous wording

A credit enhancement asset is recognized on the Balance sheet for the estimated recovery under the third-party credit enhancement agreement, and the Company recognizes Non-interest income—Consumer fintech loan credit enhancement on the Statement of Operations. In addition, Deposit liability on our Balance sheet includes amounts for reserve account collateral held to fund losses under the credit enhancement agreements.

Current wording

A credit enhancement asset is recognized on the Balance Sheet for the estimated recovery under the third-party credit enhancement agreement, and the Company recognizes non-interest income—fintech loan credit enhancement on the Statement of Operations. In addition, deposit liability on our Balance Sheets includes amounts for reserve account collateral held to fund losses under the credit enhancement agreements.

Previous wording

The measurement of the estimated credit losses and the expected recovery from the credit enhancement are based on the same estimate and correlate to like amounts in our financial statements. We recognized credit enhancement assets of $29.3 million and $12.9 million on the Balance sheets as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Current wording

The measurement of the estimated credit losses and the expected recovery from the credit enhancement are based on the same estimate and correlate to like amounts in our financial statements. We recognized credit enhancement assets of $29.8 million and $31.1 million on the Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2026, and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Previous wording

(1) Of the amounts shown for 2025 and 2024, $134.8 million and $149.1 million, respectively, represented balances on which the Bank paid interest. The remaining balance for each period reflects amounts subject to fees paid to third parties, which are based upon contractual percentages applied to a rate index, generally the effective federal funds rate, and therefore classified as interest expense.

Current wording

Of the demand and interest checking balance shown above, $136.4 million and $136.0 million for 2026 and 2025, respectively, represented balances on which we paid interest. The remaining balance for each period reflects amounts subject to fees paid to third parties, which are based upon a contractual percentage applied to a rate index, generally the effective federal funds rate, and therefore classified as interest expense.

Previous wording

Short-term borrowings consist of amounts borrowed on our lines of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank or FHLB. There were $200.0 million of borrowings with FHLB at September 30, 2025. There were no borrowings on either line at December 31, 2024. We generally utilize overnight borrowings to manage our daily reserve requirements at the Federal Reserve. Period-end and year-to-date information for the dates shown is as follows.

Current wording

Short-term borrowings consist of amounts borrowed on our lines of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank or FHLB. There were $470.0 million and $199.0 million of borrowings with FHLB at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Our use of short-term borrowings fluctuates based on our current funding needs for loans. We generally utilize overnight borrowings to manage our daily reserve requirements at the Federal Reserve.

Previous wording

Liquidity defines our ability to generate funds at a reasonable cost to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals, satisfy borrowing needs and otherwise operate on an ongoing basis. Maintaining an adequate level of liquidity depends on the institution’s ability to efficiently meet both expected and unexpected cash flows without adversely affecting daily operations or financial condition. The Company’s liquidity management policy requirements include sustaining defined liquidity minimums, concentration monitoring and management, stress testing, contingency planning and related oversight. Based on our sources of funding and liquidity discussed below, we believe we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available for our needs in the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. We invest the funds we do not need for daily operations primarily in overnight federal funds or in our interest-bearing account at the Federal Reserve. We actively monitor our positions and contingent funding sources daily.

Current wording

Liquidity defines our ability to generate funds at a reasonable cost to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals, satisfy borrowing needs and otherwise operate on an ongoing basis. Maintaining an adequate level of liquidity depends on the institution’s ability to efficiently meet both expected and unexpected cash flows without adversely affecting daily operations or financial condition. The Company’s liquidity management policy requirements include sustaining defined liquidity minimums, concentration monitoring and management, stress testing, contingency planning and related oversight. Based on our sources of funding and liquidity discussed below, we believe we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available for our needs in the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. We invest the funds we do not need for daily operations primarily in our interest-bearing account at the Federal Reserve. We actively monitor our positions and contingent funding sources daily.

Previous wording

Certain components of our deposits experience seasonality, creating greater excess liquidity at certain times. The largest deposit inflows occur in the first quarter of the year when certain of our accounts are credited with tax refund payments from the U.S. Treasury.

Current wording

Deposits. Our primary source of funding has been consumer deposits generated through partner relationships. Average total deposits increased by $5.3 million, or 0.1%, to $8.32 billion for the first quarter of 2026 compared to the first quarter of 2025. While we do not have a traditional branch system, we believe that our core deposits, which include our demand, interest checking, savings and money market accounts, have similar characteristics to those of a bank with a branch system, but are tied to long-term partner contracts. Certain components of our deposits experience seasonality, creating greater excess liquidity at certain times. The largest deposit inflows occur in the first quarter of the year when certain of our accounts are credited with tax refund payments from the U.S. Treasury.

Previous wording

While we do not have a traditional branch system, we believe that our core deposits, which include our demand, interest checking, savings and money market accounts, have similar characteristics to those of a bank with a branch system. The majority of our deposit accounts are obtained with the assistance of third-parties and as a result have historically been classified as brokered by the FDIC. Prior to December 2020, FDIC guidance for classification of deposit accounts as brokered was relatively broad, and generally included accounts which were referred to or “placed” with the institution by other companies. If the Bank ceases to be categorized as “well capitalized” under banking regulations, it will be prohibited from accepting, renewing or rolling over any of its deposits classified as brokered without the consent of the FDIC. In such a case, the FDIC’s refusal to grant consent to our accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits could effectively restrict or eliminate the ability of the Bank to operate its business lines as presently conducted. In December 2020, the FDIC issued a new regulation which, in the third quarter of 2021, resulted in the majority of our deposits being reclassified from brokered to non-brokered. On July 30, 2024, the FDIC proposed a regulation eliminating certain automatic exceptions which resulted in the reclassification of significant amounts of our deposits from brokered to non-brokered as a result of the December 2020 rules changes, while retaining the ability of financial institutions to reapply. If the proposed regulation were to be adopted, significant amounts of our deposits could be reclassified as brokered, which could also result in an increase in our federal deposit insurance rate and expense. On January 21, 2025, the FDIC announced that the proposed regulation would not be adopted. Of our total deposits of $7.33 billion as of September 30, 2025, $509.3 million were classified as brokered and an estimated $623.4 million were not insured by FDIC insurance, which requires identification of the depositor and is limited to $250,000 per identified depositor. Uninsured accounts may represent a greater liquidity risk than FDIC-insured accounts should large depositors withdraw funds as a result of negative financial developments either at the Bank or in the economy. Significant amounts of our uninsured deposits are comprised of small balances, such as anonymous gift cards and corporate incentive cards for which there is no identified depositor. We do not believe that such uninsured accounts present a significant liquidity risk.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2026, 94% of the deposits are insured, 3% are low balance accounts (such as anonymous gift cards and corporate incentive cards for which there is no identified depositor) and 3% are other uninsured deposits. We do not believe that such uninsured accounts present a significant liquidity risk.

Previous wording

While consumer deposit accounts, including prepaid and debit card accounts, comprise the vast majority of our funding needs, we maintain secured borrowing lines with the FHLB and the Federal Reserve that are collateralized by pledged loans. As of September 30, 2025, we had $200.0 million borrowed under these facilities, and $2.78 billion of additional available capacity which we can access anytime. We expect to continue to maintain our facilities with the FHLB and Federal Reserve.

Current wording

Other Funding Sources. While consumer deposit accounts, including prepaid and debit card accounts, comprise the vast majority of our funding sources, we maintain secured borrowing lines with the FHLB and the Federal Reserve that are collateralized by pledged loans and investment securities. As of March 31, 2026, we had $470.0 million borrowed under these facilities, and based on the current amount of loans and securities pledged there currently is $2.98 billion of additional available capacity which we can access anytime. We expect to continue to maintain our facilities with the FHLB and Federal Reserve.

Previous wording

Included in our cash and cash-equivalents at September 30, 2025 were $74.5 million of interest-earning deposits which primarily consisted of deposits with the Federal Reserve.

Current wording

Cash. At March 31, 2026, our interest-earning deposits within cash and cash equivalents were $58.5 million, and primarily consisted of deposits with the Federal Reserve. Interest-earning deposit average balances decreased to $250.0 million in the first quarter of 2026 from $1.14 billion in the first quarter of 2025.

Previous wording

As a holding company conducting substantially all our business through our subsidiaries, our near-term need for liquidity consists principally of cash for required interest payments on our subordinated debentures, consisting of 2038 Debentures, and senior debt, consisting of $200.0 million senior notes with an interest rate of 7.375% and maturing in September 2030 (the “2030 Senior Notes”). Semi-annual interest payments on the 2030 Senior Notes are approximately $7.4 million, and quarterly interest payments on the 2038 Debentures are approximately $300,000. As of September 30, 2025, we had cash reserves of approximately $96.0 million at the holding company. We expect that a significant portion of that cash will fund share repurchases. Stock repurchases have historically been funded by dividends from the Bank, as have been interest payments on the above debt instruments. Stock repurchases may be terminated at any time. The holding company’s sources of liquidity are primarily comprised of dividends paid by the Bank to the Company, and the issuance of debt.

Current wording

Funding Commitments and Uses. As a holding company conducting substantially all our business through our subsidiaries, our near-term need for liquidity consists principally of cash for required interest payments on debt, which includes semi-annual interest payments on the 2030 Senior Notes of $7.4 million, and quarterly interest payments on the subordinated debentures of $300,000, and cash required to fund operating costs.

Previous wording

In 2025, $117.1 million of securities purchases were exceeded by $272.0 million of securities redemptions. We had outstanding commitments to fund loans, including unused lines of credit, of $1.95 billion and $1.98 billion as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. The majority of our commitments are variable rate and originate with SBLOC. The recorded amount of such commitments has, for many accounts, been based on the full amount of collateral in a customer’s investment account. The funding requirements for such commitments occur on a measured basis over time and would be funded by normal deposit growth. Additionally, these loans are “demand” loans and as such, represent a contingent source of funding.

Current wording

We had outstanding commitments to fund loans, including unused lines of credit, of $2.33 billion as of March 31, 2026. The majority of our commitments are variable rate and originate with SBLOC. The amount of such commitments represents amounts unfunded under existing loan agreements, where there is capacity for the customer to borrow additional amounts as long as there is no violation of any condition of the contract. The funding requirements for such commitments occur on a measured basis over time and would be funded by normal deposit growth.