STRATTEC SECURITY CORP
For the period ended Jun 28, 2026. Filed Aug 28, 2026.
View on SEC.govAbout this filing
A company's yearly report to the SEC, with audited financial statements. It is the fullest account a company gives of its business, its finances and the risks it sees.
FY2026 · Filed Aug 28, 2026
What changed in Risk Factors?
Read the current filingPrevious report: 10-K
Period ended 2025-06-29; filed 2025-08-25.
0000950170-25-111218
Item 1A. Risk FactorsCurrent report: 10-K
Period ended 2026-06-28; filed 2026-08-28.
0001193125-26-374333
Item 1A. Risk FactorsThe baseline is this issuer’s latest earlier reporting period of the same form that was filed before the current report. A previous 10-Q is a different quarter, not a year-over-year comparison. Amendments are excluded.
Compared 66 previous paragraphs and 69 current paragraphs.
44 unchanged; 17 reworded; 8 added; 4 removed; 1 previous and 0 current paragraphs rearranged.
Tables are not compared: 0 previous and 0 current tables excluded. Dates, whitespace, punctuation and numbering changes are ignored; changes to financial figures remain significant.
A changed paragraph is not evidence that risk increased or decreased. An unchanged paragraph does not establish that risk stayed the same.
Added paragraphs (8)
Current report
We generate a significant portion of our net sales from a limited number of North American automotive original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") customers. As a result, our financial performance is significantly influenced by the production volumes, sourcing decisions and strategic priorities of these customers. Changes in vehicle production schedules, consumer demand, platform mix, inventory levels, regulatory requirements, or market conditions affecting our major customers may directly impact demand for our products. In fiscal 2026, our three largest customers, General Motors Company, Ford Motor Company and Stellantis, accounted for 27%, 21% and 16%, respectively, of our annual sales.
Current report
Contracts with these customers do not specify a quantity of components to be supplied over the life of the vehicle, typically five to seven years. Components for certain customer models may also be “market tested” annually. The loss of a significant customer, the non-renewal or early cancellation of key vehicle programs, a substantial reduction in purchases by a major customer or adverse changes in customer relationships could result in reduced sales, lower operating margins, underutilization of manufacturing capacity, and increased operating costs. Due to our customer concentration, adverse developments affecting a single significant customer could have a disproportionate impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations. While we continually seek to win new business with our existing customers and diversify our customer base, our efforts may not be successful and, even if successful, may not offset the impact of the loss or reduction in purchases of a significant customer or the non-renewal or early cancellation of a program. In addition, as a result of the relatively long lead times required for some of our products and the time it takes to establish a commercial relationship with new customers, it may be difficult in the short term for us to obtain new sales sufficient to offset a significant decline in sales to existing customers.
Current report
The global automotive industry is also experiencing increased competition from automotive manufacturers and component suppliers based in China. Chinese original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") and suppliers have expanded their presence in key global markets through competitive pricing strategies, government-supported investments, technological advancements, vertical integration and increasing manufacturing scale. As Chinese vehicle manufacturers continue to gain market share, particularly in electric vehicles and related technologies, traditional global OEMs may experience reductions in vehicle production volumes, pricing pressures and shifts in sourcing strategies. Increased competition could put additional pressure on us to reduce prices or take other actions, which may have an adverse effect on our business, sales, financial condition and results of operations. We may also lose significant customers or lines of business to competitors.
Current report
We intend to develop new vehicle access and security products, including advanced mechanical, electronic, and smart access systems, to expand into emerging mobility and connected vehicle markets. These efforts involve risks and may not be successful. The launch of new and enhanced products is a complex process, the success of which depends on a wide range of factors, including product quality, cost efficiency, the competitive landscape, customer demand and other factors. If we are unable to design, launch, or improve products on a timely and cost-effective basis in line with OEM program requirements, our ability to secure new business and our operating results could be adversely affected. Additionally, our success depends on developing innovative technologies and processes that meet evolving customer and industry standards. If we fail to do so, or if our customers do not adopt or integrate our new products and technologies into their vehicle platforms, our competitive position, business, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
Current report
The manufacture of our products involves highly complex and precise processes. If we experience disruptions, quality issues, or inefficiencies in our manufacturing operations, whether internally or through our suppliers, our ability to meet OEM specifications and delivery requirements could be adversely affected. Such issues could harm our reputation, customer relationships, and financial results.
Removed paragraphs (4)
Previous report
In fiscal 2025, our three largest customers, General Motors Company, Ford Motor Company and Stellantis, accounted for 29%, 23% and 12%, respectively, of our annual sales, compared to 30%, 21% and 14%, respectively, in fiscal 2024. The contracts with these customers provide for meeting the customer’s requirements for a particular vehicle model with our products. The contracts do not specify a quantity of parts to be supplied over the life of the vehicle, which averages approximately four to five years. Components for certain customer models may also be “market tested” annually. Therefore, the loss of any one of these customers, the early cancellation or breach by either party of a contract for a specific vehicle model, a reduction in vehicle content, the early cancellation of a specific vehicle model, technological changes or a significant reduction in demand for certain models could occur, and if so, could have a material adverse effect on our existing and future revenue, operating results, financial condition and cash flows.
Previous report
Further, various stakeholders, including customers, suppliers, lenders, regulators, investors and those in the workforce, are increasing their expectations for businesses to do more to combat global climate change and its impact, and to conduct their operations in an environmentally sustainable manner with appropriate oversight by senior leadership. A failure to respond to the expectations and initiatives of our stakeholders could result in damage to our reputation and relationships with various stakeholders.
Previous report
Pandemics or disease outbreaks have disrupted, and may continue to disrupt, the global economy. Because we and our suppliers manufacture products in facilities around the world, we may be vulnerable to an outbreak of infectious disease in the regions in which we, or our customers or suppliers, operate. The effects of infectious disease outbreaks have included and may continue to include disruptions or restrictions on our ability to travel, our ability to manufacture our affected products and our ability to ship these affected products to customers as well as disruptions that have and may continue to affect our key customers and suppliers, including those in these regions or other affected regions of the world, including in the United States, Mexico, China and neighboring countries. Current and future disruption of our ability to manufacture or distribute our products or of the ability of our customers to take orders of our products or our suppliers to deliver key raw materials on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our sales levels, pricing for raw materials and components and our operating results. In addition, future outbreaks of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that adversely affects the economies and financial markets of many countries (including those where we operate or where our products are ultimately used), resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our products and impact our operating results.
Reworded paragraphs (17)
Previous wording
We also make investments in machinery and equipment used exclusively to manufacture products for specific customer programs. This machinery and equipment is capitalized and depreciated over the expected useful life of each respective asset. Therefore, the loss of any one of our major customers, the loss of specific vehicle models or the early cancellation of a vehicle model could result in impairment in the value of these assets.
Current wording
We also make investments in equipment, tooling and assembly lines used exclusively to manufacture products for specific customer programs. This equipment is capitalized and depreciated over the expected useful life of each respective asset. Therefore, the loss of any one of our major customers, the loss of specific vehicle models or the early cancellation of a vehicle model could result in impairment in the value of these assets.
Previous wording
Our business depends on, and is directly affected by, the global automobile industry. Our major customers and many of their suppliers can be significantly impacted by unfavorable global economic and industry conditions. In the past, many of our major customers have instituted production cuts and shuttered plants in light of these unfavorable conditions which adversely impacts demand for our products during these slowdowns and shutdowns. While production has increased and plants have reopened after these events, any additional economic slowdowns, global conflicts, pandemics or part supply shortages could bring about new production cuts which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, operating results, financial condition and cash flows. Furthermore, uncertain economic conditions and inflation may contribute to a reduction in consumer demand, which may reduce vehicle production over at least the next several quarters. We cannot be certain of the severity and length of the continued volatility in the global automotive market, and the extent of the adverse effect that such volatility could have on our results of operations, financial condition, and business in the long term.
Current wording
Our business depends on, and is directly affected by, the dynamics in the automobile industry. Our major customers and many of their suppliers can be significantly impacted by unfavorable global economic and industry conditions. In the past, many of our major customers have instituted production cuts and shuttered plants in light of these unfavorable conditions which adversely impacts demand for our products during these slowdowns and shutdowns. Additional economic slowdowns, global conflicts, pandemics or part supply shortages could result in new production cuts which could have a material adverse effect on our net sales. Furthermore, uncertain economic conditions and inflation may contribute to a reduction in consumer demand, which may reduce vehicle production. The use and consumption of our products fluctuates depending on order forecasts we receive from our customers. These order forecasts can change dramatically from quarter to quarter.
Previous wording
We manufacture our products in Mexico and rely on a global supply chain to provide raw materials and components that we need to manufacture our products. Our business benefits from certain free trade agreements, such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement ("USMCA"). However, recent shifts in trade policy have resulted in new or higher tariffs on goods imported from numerous countries, and some countries have imposed retaliatory tariffs on imports from the United States, which has created meaningful uncertainty. These changes may result in significantly increased production costs, pricing volatility and administrative complexity in determining country-of-origin compliance for automotive components.
Current wording
We manufacture a vast majority of our products in Mexico and rely on a global supply chain to provide raw materials and components that we need to manufacture our products. Our business benefits from certain free trade agreements, such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement ("USMCA"). However, recent shifts in trade policy have resulted in new or higher tariffs on goods imported from numerous countries, and some countries have imposed retaliatory tariffs on imports from the United States, which has created meaningful uncertainty. These changes may result in significantly increased production costs, pricing volatility and administrative complexity in determining country-of-origin compliance for automotive components.
Previous wording
In addition to potential increases in customs duties and tariffs in the United States and other countries, the USMCA is subject to renewal in 2026. There can be no assurance that the USMCA will be renewed or, if renewed, any newly negotiated terms in the USMCA will not adversely affect our business. Also, China presents unique risks to U.S. automotive manufacturers due to the strain in U.S.-China relations and the level of integration with key components in our global supply chain. It remains unclear what additional actions the current U.S. administration may take with respect to trade issues involving China and other countries.
Current wording
In addition to potential changes in customs duties and tariffs in the United States and other countries, the future terms of the USMCA remain uncertain following the July 2026 joint review process. Although the USMCA remains in effect, the United States did not agree to extend the agreement in its current form. There can be no assurance that future negotiations will preserve the current terms of the agreement or that any modifications to the USMCA, including changes to rules of origin, regional value content requirements, tariff treatment or customs procedures, will not adversely affect our business. Also, China presents unique risks to U.S. automotive manufacturers due to the strain in U.S.-China relations and the level of integration with key components in our global supply chain. It remains unclear what additional actions the current U.S. administration may take with respect to trade issues involving China and other countries.
Previous wording
The automotive component supply industry is highly competitive. New business is typically awarded to the supplier offering the most favorable combination of technological innovation, quality, delivery and price. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully with the products of our competitors. Our competitors' efforts to grow market share could exert downward pressure on our product pricing and margins. Vertical integration by competitors and customers, as well as within our supply chain, could complicate and impact sourcing decisions by our customers and adversely affect our sales. Some of our competitors may have larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, and marketing resources than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements by devoting greater resources than we can to the development, promotion and sale of automotive aftermarket products. Increased competition could put additional pressure on us to reduce prices or take other actions, which may have an adverse effect on our business, sales, financial condition and results of operations. We may also lose significant customers or lines of business to competitors.
Current wording
The automotive component supply industry is highly competitive. OEMs rigorously evaluate our products and performance against competitors on the basis of quality, reliability and cost-effectiveness. New business is typically awarded to the supplier offering the most favorable combination of technological innovation, quality, delivery and price. Our ability to compete successfully depends, in large part, on our success in continuing to innovate and manufacture products that resonate with our customers, differentiating our products from those of our competitors, delivering quality products in the time frames required by our customers and maintaining efficient production. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully with the products of our competitors. Our competitors' efforts to grow market share could exert downward pressure on our product pricing and margins. Vertical integration by competitors and customers, as well as within our supply chain, could complicate and impact sourcing decisions by our customers and adversely affect our sales. Some of our competitors may have larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, operational and procurement scale than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements by devoting greater resources than we can to the development, promotion and sale of automotive aftermarket products.
Previous wording
Historically, our operating results have fluctuated by quarter based on the ebbs and flows of automotive vehicle production levels. The automotive market is cyclical and is dependent on consumer spending, on the availability of consumer credit, interest rates, fuel prices, consumer preference and confidence, and to a certain extent, on customer sales incentives. Economic factors adversely affecting consumer demand for automobiles and automotive production, could adversely impact our financial results.
Current wording
Historically, our operating results have fluctuated by quarter based on the ebbs and flows of automotive vehicle production levels. The automotive market is cyclical and is dependent on consumer spending, availability of consumer credit, inflation, labor conditions, interest rates, fuel prices, consumer preference and confidence, geopolitical issues and to a certain extent, customer sales incentives. Economic factors adversely affecting consumer demand for automobiles and automotive production could adversely impact our financial results.
Previous wording
The growth of the Company's business will be dependent on the demand for innovative products. In order to increase sales in current markets and gain entry into new markets, the Company must innovate to maintain and improve existing products while successfully developing and introducing distinctive new and enhanced products that anticipate changing customer and consumer preferences and capitalize upon emerging software technologies, including hybrid and electric vehicle advances. We principally compete for new business at the beginning of the development of new models and upon the redesign of existing models by our customers. New model development generally begins two to five years prior to the marketing of such new models. The failure to obtain new business on new vehicle models or to retain or increase business on redesigned existing models could result in reduced net sales. In addition, we may incur significant product development expenses in preparing to meet anticipated customer requirements which may not be recovered.
Current wording
The growth of the Company's business will be dependent on the demand for innovative products. In order to increase sales in current markets and gain entry into new markets, the Company must innovate to maintain and improve existing products while successfully developing and introducing distinctive new and enhanced products that anticipate changing customer and consumer preferences and capitalize upon emerging software technologies, including hybrid and electric vehicle advances. We principally compete for new business at the beginning of the development of new models and upon the redesign of existing models by our customers. New model development generally begins three to five years prior to the marketing of such new models. The failure to obtain new business on new vehicle models or to retain or increase business on redesigned existing models could result in reduced net sales. In addition, we may incur significant product development expenses in preparing to meet anticipated customer requirements which may not be recovered.
Previous wording
Certain of our operations are conducted through a joint venture with ADAC Automotive. With respect to our joint venture, we may share ownership and management responsibilities with a partner that may not share our goals and objectives. Operating a joint venture requires us to manage the business pursuant to the terms of the agreement that we entered into in fiscal 2007 with our partner, which may require additional organizational formalities, as well as the sharing of information and decision making. Additional risks associated with joint ventures include one or more partners failing to satisfy contractual obligations, the ability to enforce such obligations, conflicts arising between us and our partner, a change in the ownership of any of our partners and a reduced ability to control compliance with applicable rules and regulations. Additionally, our ability to sell our interest in a joint venture may be subject to contractual and other limitations. Accordingly, any such occurrence could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
Current wording
Certain of our operations are conducted through a joint venture with ADAC Automotive. With respect to our joint venture, we may share ownership and management responsibilities with a partner that may not share our goals and objectives. Operating a joint venture requires us to manage the business pursuant to the terms of the operating agreement. Risks associated with joint ventures include one or more partners failing to satisfy contractual obligations, the ability to enforce such obligations, conflicts arising between us and our partner, a change in the ownership of any of our partners and a reduced ability to control compliance with applicable rules and regulations. Additionally, our ability to sell our interest in a joint venture may be subject to contractual and other limitations. Any such occurrence could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
Previous wording
We operate manufacturing operations in Mexico. As these operations continue to expand, their success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage certain risks inherent in international operations, including: enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems, payment cycles of foreign customers, compliance with foreign tax laws, general economic and political conditions in these countries and compliance with foreign laws and regulations.
Current wording
We conduct manufacturing operations in Mexico. As these operations continue to expand, their success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage certain risks inherent in international operations, including: enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems, payment cycles of foreign customers, compliance with foreign tax laws, general economic and political conditions in these countries and compliance with foreign laws and regulations.
Previous wording
Climate Change and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Matters
Current wording
Climate Change, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Matters, and Global Health Crises
Previous wording
Natural disasters or extreme weather conditions resulting from global climate change could lead us, our customers or our suppliers to experience disruptions in operations or disruptions in the availability of key components, which could lead to a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We could also experience adverse impacts to our financial condition due to volatility in the cost or availability of capital, difficulty obtaining new business or entering into new supplier relationships, a possible loss of market share on our current product portfolio, fines and penalties or difficulty attracting and retaining a skilled workforce.
Current wording
Natural disasters, extreme weather conditions resulting from global climate change, or pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks could lead us, our customers or our suppliers to experience disruptions in operations or disruptions in the availability of key components, which could lead to a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Pandemics or disease outbreaks have disrupted, and may continue to disrupt, the global economy, and because we and our suppliers manufacture products in facilities around the world, we may be vulnerable to an outbreak of infectious disease in the regions in which we, or our customers or suppliers, operate.
Previous wording
In addition to the increased stakeholder focus on climate change, customer, investor, and employee expectations in sustainability have been rapidly evolving and increasing. The enhanced stakeholder focus on sustainability requires continuous monitoring of various and evolving regulations and standards and their associated requirements. Our failure, or that of our supply base, to adequately meet stakeholder expectations may result in, among other things, the loss of business, diluted market valuation, an inability to attract customers or an inability to attract and retain top talent that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Current wording
In addition to the increased customer focus on supply chain resiliency, expectations on sustainability have been rapidly evolving and increasing. The enhanced focus on sustainability requires continuous monitoring of various and evolving regulations and standards and their associated requirements. Our failure, or that of our supply base, to adequately meet stakeholder expectations may result in, among other things, the loss of business, or an inability to attract customers which would adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Previous wording
Existing Indebtedness and Ability to Access Capital Markets
Previous wording
From time to time we have relied on our existing credit facilities to provide us with adequate working capital to operate our business and fund our capital expenditures, including any expansion initiatives. Escalation of any global inflationary pressures on our operating results may impact our ability to satisfy our lending covenants in the short term. Additionally, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to refinance, extend the maturity of, or otherwise amend the terms of our existing credit facilities, or that any refinancing, extension, or amendment will be on terms favorable to us or even on commercially reasonable terms. If our lenders reduce or terminate our access to amounts under our credit facilities, we may not have sufficient capital to fund our working capital needs and/or we may need to secure additional capital or financing to fund our working capital requirements or to repay outstanding debt under our credit facilities. Moreover, new credit facilities resulting from any refinancing of our existing facilities could have a significantly higher rate of interest and greater borrowing costs than our existing facilities. We can make no assurance that we will be successful in ensuring our availability of amounts under our credit facilities or in connection with raising additional capital and that any amount, if raised, will be sufficient to meet our cash flow requirements. If we are not able to maintain our borrowing availability under our credit facilities it may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Current wording
From time to time we have relied on our existing credit facilities to provide us with adequate working capital to operate our business and fund our capital expenditures, including any expansion initiatives. Escalation of any global inflationary pressures on our operating results may impact our ability to satisfy our lending covenants in the short term. Additionally, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to refinance, extend the maturity of, or otherwise amend the terms of our existing credit facilities, or that any refinancing, extension, or amendment will be on terms favorable to us or even on commercially reasonable terms. If our lenders reduce or terminate our access to amounts under our credit facilities, we may not have sufficient capital to fund our working capital needs and/or we may need to secure additional capital or financing to fund our working capital requirements or to repay outstanding debt under our credit facilities. Moreover, new credit facilities resulting from any refinancing of our existing facilities could have a significantly higher rate of interest and greater borrowing costs than our existing facilities. We can make no assurance that we will be successful in ensuring the availability of amounts under our credit facilities or in connection with raising additional capital and that any amount, if raised, will be sufficient to meet our cash flow requirements. If we are not able to maintain our borrowing availability under our credit facilities it may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Previous wording
We own intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, that are of importance to our business, in the aggregate. Our intellectual property plays an important role in maintaining our competitive position in the markets we serve. We may directly or through a supplied component utilize intellectual property in its products that requires a license from a third-party. While we believe that such licenses generally can be obtained by us, or supplier if a supplied component, we may not be able to obtain the necessary licenses on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Failure by us or our suppliers to obtain the right to use third-party intellectual property could preclude us from selling certain products, and developments or assertions by or against us relating to intellectual property rights, could have materially adverse effects on our business, operating results, financial condition, and cash flow.
Current wording
We own intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, that are important to our business. Our intellectual property plays an important role in maintaining our competitive position in the markets we serve. We may directly or through a supplied component utilize intellectual property in products that require a license from a third-party. While we believe that such licenses generally can be obtained by us, or a supplier if a supplied component, we may not be able to obtain the necessary licenses on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Failure by us or our suppliers to obtain the right to use third-party intellectual property could preclude us from selling certain products, and developments or assertions by or against us relating to intellectual property rights could have materially adverse effects on our business, operating results, financial condition, and cash flow.
Previous wording
We are involved in various legal and regulatory proceedings and claims that, from time to time, may be significant. These are typically claims that arise in the normal course of business, including, without limitation, commercial or contractual disputes, including disputes with our customers, suppliers or competitors, intellectual property matters, personal injury claims, environmental matters, tax matters, employment matters and antitrust matters. No assurances can be given that such proceedings and claims will not adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
Current wording
We are involved in various legal and regulatory proceedings and claims that, from time to time, may be significant. These are typically claims that arise in the normal course of business, including, without limitation, commercial or contractual disputes, intellectual property matters, personal injury claims, environmental matters, tax matters, employment matters and antitrust matters. No assurances can be given that such proceedings and claims will not adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
Previous wording
We are currently operating in a period of geopolitical instability, which has significantly contributed to economic uncertainty, capital market disruption and supply chain interruptions in the U.S. and global markets. While the length and impact of the ongoing global conflicts are unpredictable, they could lead to further market disruptions, including supply chain interruptions and significant volatility in commodity prices, and in credit and capital markets. The ongoing conflicts have led to sanctions and other penalties being levied by the U.S., the EU, and other countries. Additional potential sanctions and penalties have also been proposed. These global conflicts, as well as future geopolitical conflicts, could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially further disrupting the supply chain for necessary components and raw materials used by us or our customers in producing product. Any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flows.
Current wording
We are currently operating in a period of geopolitical instability, which has significantly contributed to economic uncertainty, capital market disruption and supply chain interruptions in the U.S. and global markets. While the length and impact of the ongoing global conflicts are unpredictable, they could lead to further market disruptions, including supply chain interruptions and significant volatility in commodity prices, and in credit and capital markets. The ongoing conflicts have led to sanctions and other penalties being levied by the U.S., the EU, and other countries. Additional potential sanctions and penalties have also been proposed. These global conflicts, as well as future geopolitical conflicts, could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially further disrupting the supply chain for necessary components and raw materials used by us or our customers in producing products. Any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flows.
Rearranged previous paragraphs (1)
Previous report — wording carried elsewhere
Pandemics, Epidemics and Infectious Disease Outbreaks