Western Union CO
For the period ended Dec 31, 2025. Filed Feb 20, 2026.
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FY2025 · Filed Feb 20, 2026
What changed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis?
Read the current filingPrevious report: 10-K
Period ended 2024-12-31; filed 2025-02-20.
0000950170-25-024137
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsCurrent report: 10-K
Period ended 2025-12-31; filed 2026-02-20.
0001193125-26-061340
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsResults of OperationsThe baseline is this issuer’s latest earlier reporting period of the same form that was filed before the current report. A previous 10-Q is a different quarter, not a year-over-year comparison. Amendments are excluded.
Compared 154 previous paragraphs and 142 current paragraphs.
83 unchanged; 43 reworded; 14 added; 26 removed; 2 previous and 2 current paragraphs rearranged.
Tables are not compared: 9 previous and 9 current tables excluded. Dates, whitespace, punctuation and numbering changes are ignored; changes to financial figures remain significant.
A changed paragraph is not evidence that risk increased or decreased. An unchanged paragraph does not establish that risk stayed the same.
Added paragraphs (14)
Current report
International Money Express, Inc. Acquisition
Current report
On August 10, 2025, we entered into an agreement to purchase the entire share capital of International Money Express, Inc. (“Intermex”) for approximately $500 million in cash. This transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2026, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including receipt of remaining regulatory approvals. Intermex is a leading omnichannel money transfer provider, focused primarily on the United States to Latin America and the Caribbean corridors, through a network of agent retail locations, Intermex-operated stores, its mobile app, and websites.
Current report
In addition to the impacts from foreign currency, net of Argentina hyperinflation, for the year ended December 31, 2025 when compared to the prior year, GAAP and Adjusted revenues decreased due to a reduction in transactions originating from Iraq, which negatively impacted revenues by 3%. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we experienced decreases in transactions and revenues in the North America and Latin America and the Caribbean regions of our Consumer Money Transfer segment, as further discussed below.
Current report
Total other expense, net increased for the year ended December 31, 2025 when compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in interest expense associated with our term loan facility borrowings, partially offset by the repayment of our notes which matured in January 2025.
Current report
On July 4, 2025, the United States government enacted into law the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBB”). The OBBB includes a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting businesses, and while we continue to evaluate the provisions of the OBBB as they become effective, we do not expect the income tax provisions of the OBBB will have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations in future periods.
Current report
For the year ended December 31, 2025, in our Consumer Money Transfer regions, NA revenue and transactions decreased compared to the prior year. The region was impacted by declines in transactions sent from the United States to Mexico and within the United States, as well as broader geopolitical and macroeconomic conditions, evolving migration patterns across the Americas, a reduction in active agent locations, and price reductions. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our EU & CIS revenues increased due to growth in Spain and the U.K. For the year ended December 31, 2025, declines in MEASA revenues compared to the prior period were primarily driven by a reduction in transactions originating from Iraq due to changes in monetary policy and related central bank actions, as well as declines in revenue in Saudi Arabia. The revenue decline in LACA was primarily driven by decreases in Ecuador, Mexico, and Brazil and was impacted by evolving migration patterns across the Americas.
Current report
Beginning January 1, 2026, the OBBB assesses a 1% excise tax on certain remittances sent internationally from the United States that are funded with cash or a similar, physical instrument. We believe this remittance tax will make it more expensive for consumers to transfer money in this way and therefore could have a negative impact on NA and Consumer Money Transfer revenues and transactions in subsequent periods.
Current report
Fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, net of the impact of foreign currency hedges and Argentina hyperinflation, resulted in an increase to Consumer Services revenues of $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, when compared to the prior year. Beginning with the second quarter of 2025, we no longer adjust for the estimated impact of Argentina hyperinflation in our non-GAAP revenue results, as inflation in the country has moderated significantly - from over 200% in recent years to less than 50% since the second quarter of 2025. For the first quarter of 2025, we calculated Argentina hyperinflation as the revenue growth not attributable to either transaction growth or the change in price (revenue divided by principal).
Current report
For the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year, Consumer Services GAAP and Adjusted revenues increased primarily due to revenue growth in our travel money services, including the benefit from the acquisition of Eurochange Limited, and growth in our cash-based bill payments services offered at retail locations in Argentina.
Current report
Consumer Services operating income for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year was impacted by an increase in revenue, as discussed above, partially offset by an increase in expenses associated with the expansion of our travel money services.
Current report
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased to $543.7 million from $406.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the impact of an income tax settlement in the prior year and fluctuations in the amounts advanced to agents and disbursement partners and other working capital balances. Cash provided by operating activities is impacted by changes to our consolidated net income, in addition to fluctuations in our working capital balances, among other factors.
Removed paragraphs (26)
Previous report
Overview
Previous report
On August 4, 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell our Business Solutions business, and the final closing for this transaction occurred on July 1, 2023. Accordingly, we no longer report Business Solutions revenues and operating expenses after July 1, 2023. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, Divestitures and Goodwill for further information related to our Business Solutions divestiture.
Previous report
Results of Operations
Previous report
Business Solutions revenues included in our results were $29.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Previous report
For the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the prior year, GAAP and Adjusted revenues decreased due to a reduction in transactions originating from Iraq, which negatively impacted revenues by slightly more than 3%. We believe that we will continue to see a reduction in transactions originating in Iraq, compared to recent years, primarily driven by changes in monetary policy and related central bank actions.
Previous report
Redeployment program
Previous report
On October 20, 2022, we announced an operating expense redeployment program, which aims to redeploy and reallocate investment and expenses in our cost base, accomplished through optimizations in vendor management, our real estate footprint, marketing, and people strategy. We believe these changes have allowed us to invest in strategic initiatives. We incurred $92.7 million of total expenses under this program, including severance, from inception through December 31, 2024.
Previous report
The following table presents the location and amount of operating expenses associated with our redeployment program in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Previous report
Total other expense, net increased for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the prior year as a result of the prior year gain on the final closing of the Business Solutions divestiture, which occurred on July 1, 2023, as well as increased interest expense in the current year due to higher average commercial paper balances outstanding.
Previous report
A significant proportion of our profits are foreign-derived. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 112% and 105%, respectively, of our pre-tax income was derived from foreign sources. While the income tax imposed by any one foreign country is not material to us, our overall effective tax rate could be adversely affected by changes in foreign tax laws.
Previous report
Segment Discussion
Previous report
Beginning in 2024, we changed our segment reporting methodology to no longer allocate acquisition, separation, and integration costs to our segments. These costs were previously allocated entirely to Consumer Services while it was called Other, and the amounts included in the segment were immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2023. The expenses are no longer included in the measurement of segment operating income provided to the CODM for purposes of performance assessment and resource allocation.
Previous report
Branded Digital, which is included in the regional percentages above, represented approximately 24% and 22% of our Consumer Money Transfer revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Previous report
For the year ended December 31, 2024, in our Consumer Money Transfer regions, NA revenue decreased and transactions increased compared to the prior year. Price reductions were partially offset by an increase in cross-border transactions sent from the United States. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our EU & CIS revenues were negatively impacted by price reductions and by one of our retail agents no longer offering cash-based services at its retail locations. Declines in revenue in the MEASA region were driven by a reduction in transactions originating from Iraq primarily driven by changes in monetary policy and related central bank actions, as discussed above.
Previous report
For the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year, Consumer Services revenues increased primarily due to an increase in retail foreign exchange services, growth in new services we are continuing to introduce to our customers, including media network, and an increase in our money order business. Argentina inflation, net of the impact of fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, resulted in an increase to revenue growth of 13% for the year ended December 31, 2024 relative to the prior year.
Previous report
Consumer Services operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year was negatively impacted by increased expenses associated with our retail foreign exchange services and new services we are continuing to introduce to our customers, including media network, increased investment in information technology, and higher credit losses.
Previous report
Capital Resources and Liquidity
Previous report
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased to $406.3 million from $783.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year, cash provided by operating activitieswas negatively impacted by higher income taxes paid related to the Tax Act, as further discussed below, as well as payments related to United States federal tax liabilities arising from the examination of our tax returns for the 2017 and 2018 tax years, in addition to other changes in working capital balances.
Previous report
(b)
Previous report
On January 10, 2025, we repaid these notes in full. See additional information in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 14, Borrowings.
Previous report
(d)
Previous report
2017 United States Federal Tax Liability
Previous report
The Tax Act imposed a tax on certain of our previously undistributed foreign earnings. This tax charge, combined with our other 2017 United States taxable income and tax attributes, resulted in a 2017 United States federal tax liability of approximately $800 million. We elected to pay this liability in periodic installments through 2025 and in the second quarter of 2024, we made an installment payment of $159 million towards this liability. Under the terms of the law, we are required to pay the final installment of approximately $221 million in the second quarter of 2025. These payments have affected and will continue to adversely affect our cash flows and liquidity and may adversely affect future share repurchases.
Previous report
Other Commercial Commitments
Previous report
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Previous report
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Reworded paragraphs (43)
Previous wording
Consumer Money Transfer - Our Consumer Money Transfer segment facilitates money transfers, which are primarily sent from our retail agent and owned locations worldwide or through websites and mobile devices. Our money transfer service is provided through one interconnected global network. This service is available for international cross-border transfers and, in certain countries, intra-country transfers.
Current wording
Consumer Money Transfer - Our Consumer Money Transfer segment facilitates money transfers, which are primarily sent from our retail agent and Company-operated locations worldwide or through websites and mobile devices. Our money transfer service is provided through one interconnected global network. This service is available for international cross-border transfers and, in certain countries, intra-country transfers.
Previous wording
Consumer Services - Our Consumer Services segment includes our bill payment services, money order services, retail foreign exchange services, media network, prepaid cards, lending partnerships, and digital wallets.
Current wording
Consumer Services - Our Consumer Services segment includes our bill payment services, money order services, travel money services, check acceptance services, media network, prepaid cards, lending partnerships, and digital wallets.
Previous wording
Due to the significance of the effect that foreign exchange fluctuations against the United States dollar can have on our reported revenues, constant currency results have been provided in the table below for consolidated revenues. Constant currency revenues translate revenues denominated in foreign currencies to the United States dollar, net of the effect of foreign currency hedges, at rates consistent with those in the prior year. Constant currency results are also net of the impact of Argentina inflation due to its economy being hyperinflationary. We have also disclosed the impact of the Business Solutions divestiture on our revenues in the table below. Constant currency measures and measures that exclude the impact of divestitures are non-GAAP financial measures and are provided so that revenue can be viewed without the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, net of the hyperinflationary Argentine economy, and divestitures of our businesses, which is consistent with how management evaluates our revenue results and trends. We believe that these measures provide management and investors with information about revenue results and trends that eliminates currency volatility and divestitures, thereby providing greater clarity regarding, and increasing the comparability of, our underlying results and trends. These disclosures are provided in addition to, and not as a substitute for, the percentage change in revenue on a GAAP basis for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. Other companies may calculate and define similarly labeled items differently, which may limit the usefulness of this measure for comparative purposes.
Current wording
Due to the significance of the effect that foreign exchange fluctuations against the United States dollar can have on our reported revenues, constant currency results have been provided in the table below for consolidated revenues. Constant currency revenues translate revenues denominated in foreign currencies to the United States dollar, net of the effect of foreign currency hedges, at rates consistent with those in the prior year. Constant currency results are also net of the impact of Argentina inflation while its economy was hyperinflationary. Beginning with the second quarter of 2025, we no longer exclude the effect of Argentina hyperinflation in our non-GAAP revenue results, in light of significantly moderating inflation in the Argentine economy. Constant currency measures are non-GAAP financial measures and are provided so that revenue can be viewed without the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, net of the hyperinflationary Argentine economy, which is consistent with how management evaluates our revenue results and trends. We believe that these measures provide management and investors with information about revenue results and trends that eliminates currency volatility, thereby providing greater clarity regarding, and increasing the comparability of, our underlying results and trends. These disclosures are provided in addition to, and not as a substitute for, the percentage change in revenue on a GAAP basis for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year. Other companies may calculate and define similarly labeled items differently, which may limit the usefulness of this measure for comparative purposes.
Previous wording
Fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, net of the impact of foreign currency hedges and Argentina inflation, resulted in an increase to GAAP revenues of $11.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the prior year. We calculate Argentina inflation as the revenue growth not attributable to either transaction growth or the change in price (revenue divided by principal).
Current wording
Fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, net of the impact of foreign currency hedges and Argentina hyperinflation, resulted in an increase to revenues of $37.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 when compared to the prior year. Beginning with the second quarter of 2025, we no longer adjust for the estimated impact of Argentina hyperinflation in our non-GAAP revenue results, as inflation in the country has moderated significantly - from over 200% in recent years to less than 50% since the second quarter of 2025. For the first quarter of 2025, we calculated Argentina hyperinflation as the revenue growth not attributable to either transaction growth or the change in price (revenue divided by principal).
Previous wording
Cost of services primarily consists of agent commissions, which represented approximately 60% of total cost of services for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, Cost of services decreased compared to the prior year primarily due to decreases in agent commissions, which generally vary with revenue, lower information technology expenses, and a decrease associated with the Business Solutions divestiture, partially offset by increases in certain variable expenses, including bank fees and credit and non-credit losses, and higher employee compensation primarily associated with our expansion of Company-owned locations.
Current wording
Cost of services primarily consists of agent commissions, which represented nearly 60% of total cost of services for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2025, Cost of services decreased compared to the prior year primarily due to decreases in agent commissions and technology expenses, partially offset by increased expenses associated with our expansion of Company-operated locations. In addition, the year ended December 31, 2024 included expenses associated with our operating expense redeployment program.
Previous wording
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the prior year due to a decrease in advertising costs and decreases associated with the Business Solutions divestiture. These were partially offset by fluctuations between the United States dollar and foreign currencies.
Current wording
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased for the year ended December 31, 2025 when compared to the prior year due to a decrease in advertising costs, a reduction in employee compensation, including incentive compensation, and fluctuations between the United States dollar and foreign currencies. In addition, the year ended December 31, 2024 included expenses associated with our operating expense redeployment program and impairments related to our assets in Russia.
Previous wording
Our effective tax rates on pre-tax income were (51.0)% and 16.1% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The change in our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year was primarily due to the recognition of deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, associated with the reorganization of our international operations and a settlement of the IRS examination of our 2017 and 2018 federal income tax returns, which resulted in tax benefits of $255.2 million and $137.8 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Current wording
Our effective tax rates on pre-tax income were 20.2% and (51.0)% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year, the change in the effective tax rate was primarily due to the recognition of deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, associated with the reorganization of our international operations and a settlement of the IRS examination of our 2017 and 2018 federal income tax returns, which resulted in tax benefits of $255.2 million and $137.8 million, respectively. Both of these items occurred and were recognized in the year ended December 31, 2024.
Previous wording
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, basic earnings per share were $2.75 and $1.69, respectively, and diluted earnings per share were $2.74 and $1.68, respectively. Outstanding options to purchase Western Union stock and unvested shares of restricted stock are excluded from basic shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if outstanding stock options at the presented dates are exercised and shares of restricted stock have vested. Shares excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation were 11.6 million and 9.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The effect of these shares was anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method, as the assumed proceeds of the options and restricted stock per unit were above our average share price during the periods.
Current wording
During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, basic earnings per share were $1.53 and $2.75, respectively, and diluted earnings per share were $1.52 and $2.74, respectively. Outstanding options to purchase Western Union stock and unvested shares of restricted stock are excluded from basic shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if outstanding stock options at the presented dates are exercised and shares of restricted stock have vested. Shares excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation were 15.3 million and 11.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The effect of these shares was anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method, as the assumed proceeds of the options and restricted stock per unit were above our average share price during the periods.
Previous wording
Earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year were impacted by the previously described factors impacting net income and a lower number of average shares outstanding.
Current wording
Earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year were impacted by the previously described factors impacting net income, partially offset by a lower number of average shares outstanding.
Previous wording
We manage our business around the consumers and businesses we serve and the types of services we offer. Each of our segments address a different combination of customer groups, distribution networks, and services offered. Our segments are Consumer Money Transfer and Consumer Services. On August 4, 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell our Business Solutions business and the final closing for this transaction was on July 1, 2023. Accordingly, we no longer report Business Solutions revenues and operating expenses after July 1, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Business Solutions revenues and operating income included in our Consolidated Statements of Income were $29.7 million and $3.7 million, respectively.
Current wording
We manage our business around the consumers and businesses we serve and the types of services we offer. Each of our segments addresses a different combination of customer groups, distribution networks, and services offered. Our segments are Consumer Money Transfer and Consumer Services.
Previous wording
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we incurred $41.4 million and $29.5 million, respectively, of costs associated with our operating expense redeployment program, as described above, primarily related to severance, expenses associated with streamlining our organizational and legal structure, and non-cash impairments of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and property and equipment. We also recorded non-cash amortization and impairment of acquired intangible assets in connection with recent business acquisitions. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred costs associated with operating our Russian entity and impairment costs related to our assets in Russia, as we have decided to pursue either liquidating or selling these assets. In estimating this impairment, we did not include the cash that we believe will be necessary to pay for future costs as we work to liquidate and exit the business. While certain of the above expenses are identifiable to our segments, the expenses are not included in the measurement of segment operating income provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) for purposes of performance assessment and resource allocation. These expenses are therefore excluded from our segment operating income results.
Current wording
During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we incurred expenses that are not included in the measurement of segment operating income provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) for purposes of performance assessment and resource allocation. These expenses are therefore excluded from our segment operating income results. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 16, Segments for further discussion.
Previous wording
Our Consumer Money Transfer service facilitates money transfers sent from our retail agent locations worldwide and money transfer transactions conducted and funded through websites and mobile applications marketed under our brands (“Branded Digital”). The segment includes five geographic regions whose functions are primarily related to generating, managing, and maintaining agent relationships and localized marketing activities. We include Branded Digital transactions in our regions. By means of common processes and systems, these regions, including Branded Digital transactions, create one interconnected global network for consumer transactions, thereby constituting one Consumer Money Transfer business and one operating segment.
Current wording
Our Consumer Money Transfer service facilitates money transfers sent from our retail agent and Company-operated locations worldwide and money transfer transactions marketed under our brands and initiated through our websites and mobile applications and our third-party digital partners’ websites and mobile applications (“Branded Digital”). This segment includes five geographic regions whose functions are primarily related to generating, managing, and maintaining agent relationships and localized marketing activities. We include Branded Digital transactions in our regions. We exclude transactions and revenues generated from Iraq websites and mobile applications from the definition of Branded Digital, given the significant volatility in that business and disruptions in offering services in the country. By means of common processes and systems, these regions, including Branded Digital transactions, create one interconnected global network for consumer transactions, thereby constituting one Consumer Money Transfer business and one operating segment.
Previous wording
Transaction volume is the primary generator of revenue in our Consumer Money Transfer segment. A Consumer Money Transfer transaction constitutes the transfer of funds to a designated recipient utilizing one of our consumer money transfer services. The geographic split for transactions and revenue in the table that follows is determined based upon the region where the money transfer is initiated. Included in each region’s transaction and revenue percentages in the tables below are Branded Digital transactions for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Where reported separately in the discussion below, Branded Digital consists of 100% of the transactions conducted and funded through that channel.
Current wording
Transaction volume is the primary generator of revenue in our Consumer Money Transfer segment. A Consumer Money Transfer transaction constitutes the transfer of funds to a designated recipient utilizing one of our consumer money transfer services. The geographic split for transactions and revenue in the table that follows is determined based upon the region where the money transfer is initiated. Included in each region’s transaction and revenue percentages in the tables below are Branded Digital transactions for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Where reported separately in the discussion below, Branded Digital consists of all transactions and revenue included under the definition provided above.
Previous wording
The table below sets forth revenue and transaction changes by geographic region compared to the prior year. Additionally, due to the significance of our Consumer Money Transfer segment to our overall results, we have also provided constant currency results for our Consumer Money Transfer segment revenues. Consumer Money Transfer segment adjusted revenue growth/(decline) is a non-GAAP financial measure, as further discussed in Revenues Overview above.
Current wording
The table below sets forth revenue and transaction changes by geographic region compared to the prior year. Additionally, we have also provided adjusted revenue results for our Consumer Money Transfer and Consumer Services segment revenues, which are net of the impact of foreign currency hedges and Argentina hyperinflation, as discussed above. Consumer Money Transfer segment adjusted revenue growth/(decline) is a non-GAAP financial measure, as further discussed in Revenues Overview above.
Previous wording
Adjusted revenue growth/(decline) assumes that revenues denominated in foreign currencies are translated to the United States dollar, net of the effect of foreign currency hedges, at rates consistent with those in the prior year. LACA, total Consumer Money Transfer, and Branded Digital adjusted revenue growth excludes the effect of increases in local currency revenue due to inflation in Argentina, which is hyperinflationary. We calculate Argentina inflation as the revenue growth not attributable to either transaction growth or the change in price (revenue divided by principal).
Current wording
Adjusted revenue growth/(decline) assumes that revenues denominated in foreign currencies are translated to the United States dollar, net of the effect of foreign currency hedges, at rates consistent with those in the corresponding prior year. LACA, total Consumer Money Transfer, and Branded Digital adjusted revenue growth also exclude the effect of increases in local currency revenue due to hyperinflation in Argentina. Beginning with the second quarter of 2025, we no longer adjust for the estimated impact of Argentina hyperinflation in our non-GAAP revenue results, as inflation in the country has moderated significantly - from over 200% in recent years to less than 50% since the second quarter of 2025. For the first quarter of 2025, we calculated Argentina hyperinflation as the revenue growth not attributable to either transaction growth or the change in price (revenue divided by principal).
Previous wording
Our consumers transferred $102.9 billion and $101.7 billion in cross-border principal for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Consumer Money Transfer cross-border principal is the amount of consumer funds transferred to a designated recipient in a country or territory that differs from the country or territory from which the transaction was initiated. Consumer Money Transfer cross-border principal is a metric used by management to monitor and better understand the growth in our underlying business relative to competitors, as well as changes in our market share of global remittances.
Current wording
Our consumers transferred $107.4 billion and $102.9 billion in cross-border principal for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Consumer Money Transfer cross-border principal is the amount of consumer funds transferred to a designated recipient in a country or territory that differs from the country or territory from which the transaction was initiated. Consumer Money Transfer cross-border principal is a metric used by management to monitor and better understand the growth in our underlying business relative to competitors, as well as changes in our market share of global remittances.
Previous wording
Consumer Money Transfer revenue decreased 5%, and transactions increased 4% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year. Fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, net of the impact of foreign currency hedges and Argentina inflation, negatively impacted revenue by 1% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year.
Current wording
Consumer Money Transfer revenue and transactions decreased 8% and 1%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the prior year. Fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, net of the impact of foreign currency hedges and Argentina hyperinflation in the first quarter of 2025, had no impact on revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the prior year.
Previous wording
Consumer Money Transfer operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased compared to the prior year due to a decrease in revenue, as discussed above, and fluctuations between the United States dollar and foreign currencies, partially offset by reduced agent commissions, a decrease in advertising costs, and lower information technology expenses.
Current wording
Consumer Money Transfer operating income for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased compared to the prior year due to a decrease in revenue, as discussed above, partially offset by decreases in agent commissions, employee compensation, including incentive compensation, technology expenses, and advertising costs, and fluctuations between the United States dollar and foreign currencies.
Previous wording
Our primary source of liquidity has been cash generated from our operating activities, primarily from net income and fluctuations in working capital. Our working capital is affected by the timing of payments for employee and agent incentives, interest payments on our outstanding borrowings, and timing of income tax payments, among other items. Many of our annual employee incentive compensation and agent incentive payments are made in the first quarter following the year they were incurred. The majority of our interest payments are due in the second and fourth quarters, which results in a decrease in the amount of cash provided by operating activities in those quarters and a corresponding increase to the first and third quarters. The annual payments resulting from the United States tax reform legislation enacted in 2017 (the “Tax Act”) include amounts related to the United States taxation of certain previously undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The final payment of approximately $221 million is due in the second quarter of 2025.
Current wording
Our primary source of liquidity has been cash generated from our operating activities, primarily from net income and fluctuations in working capital. Our working capital is affected by the timing of payments for employee and agent incentives, interest payments on our outstanding borrowings, and timing of income tax payments, among other items. Many of our annual employee incentive compensation and agent incentive payments are made in the first quarter following the year they were incurred. The majority of our interest payments are due in the second and fourth quarters, which results in a decrease in the amount of cash provided by operating activities in those quarters and a corresponding increase to the first and third quarters. The annual payments resulting from the United States tax reform legislation enacted in 2017 (the “Tax Act”) included amounts related to the United States taxation of certain previously undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The final payment of approximately $220 million was made during the second quarter of 2025.
Previous wording
We currently believe we have adequate liquidity to meet our business needs, including payments under our debt and other obligations, through our existing cash balances, our ability to generate cash flows through operations, and our $1.56 billion revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”), which supports our commercial paper program. Our commercial paper program enables us to issue unsecured commercial paper notes in an amount not to exceed $1.56 billion outstanding at any time, reduced to the extent of any borrowings outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings on our Revolving Credit Facility and no outstanding borrowings on our commercial paper program.
Current wording
We currently believe we have adequate liquidity to meet our business needs, including payments under our debt and other obligations, through our existing cash balances, our ability to generate cash flows through operations, our revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”), and our $800 million delayed draw term loan credit agreement (“Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility”). We increased our Revolving Credit Facility, which supports our commercial paper program, to $1.62 billion on February 28, 2025. Our commercial paper program enables us to issue unsecured commercial paper notes in an amount not to exceed $1.62 billion outstanding at any time, reduced to the extent of any borrowings outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2025, we had no outstanding borrowings on our Revolving Credit Facility and $392.0 million of outstanding borrowings on the commercial paper program.
Previous wording
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had Cash and cash equivalents of $1,474.0 million and $1,268.6 million, respectively.
Current wording
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had Cash and cash equivalents of $1,234.4 million and $1,474.0 million, respectively.
Previous wording
Investment securities, net, classified within Settlement assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were $1,332.2 million and $1,458.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and consist primarily of highly-rated state and municipal debt securities. These investment securities are held in order to comply with state licensing requirements in the United States and are required to have credit ratings of “A-” or better from a major credit rating agency. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, Settlement Assets and Obligations for more details regarding investment securities.
Current wording
Investment securities, net, classified within Settlement assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were $1,445.0 million and $1,332.2 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and consist primarily of highly-rated state and municipal debt securities. These investment securities are held in order to comply with state licensing requirements in the United States and are required to have credit ratings of “A-” or better from a major credit rating agency. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, Settlement Assets and Obligations for more details regarding investment securities.
Previous wording
In December 2024, we drew upon our Term Loan Facility. See additional information in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 14, Borrowings.
Current wording
One of our subsidiaries utilizes a short-term revolving credit facility agreement to fund certain operating activities in the United Kingdom. See additional information in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 14, Borrowings.
Previous wording
Pursuant to our commercial paper program, we may issue unsecured commercial paper notes in an amount not to exceed $1.56 billion outstanding at any time, reduced to the extent of borrowings outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. Our commercial paper borrowings may have maturities of up to 397 days from date of issuance. Interest rates for borrowings are based on market rates at the time of issuance. As of December 31, 2024, we had no commercial paper borrowings outstanding, and as of December 31, 2023, we had $364.9 million in commercial paper borrowings outstanding. Proceeds from our commercial paper borrowings were used for general corporate purposes and working capital needs, including the settlement of our money transfer obligations prior to collecting receivables from agents or others.
Current wording
Pursuant to our commercial paper program, we may issue unsecured commercial paper notes in an amount not to exceed $1.62 billion outstanding at any time, reduced to the extent of borrowings outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. Our commercial paper borrowings may have maturities of up to 397 days from date of issuance. Interest rates for borrowings are based on market rates at the time of issuance. As of December 31, 2025, we had $392.0 million in commercial paper borrowings outstanding, and as of December 31, 2024, we had no commercial paper borrowings outstanding. Our commercial paper borrowings as of December 31, 2025 had a weighted-average annual interest rate of approximately 3.9% and a weighted-average term of approximately 4 days. Proceeds from our commercial paper borrowings were used for general corporate purposes and working capital needs, including the settlement of our money transfer obligations prior to collecting receivables from agents or others.
Previous wording
Our Revolving Credit Facility provides for unsecured financing facilities and allows us to draw loans payable based upon the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, or the Sterling Overnight Index Average. On November 30, 2024, we increased the aggregate revolving credit commitments to $1.56 billion, including a $250.0 million letter of credit subfacility and $300.0 million swing line sublimit, and extended the maturity date to November 30, 2029.
Current wording
Our Revolving Credit Facility provides for unsecured financing facilities, including a $250.0 million letter of credit subfacility and $300.0 million swing line sublimit, and allows us to draw loans payable based upon the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, or the Sterling Overnight Index Average. On February 28, 2025, we increased the aggregate revolving credit commitments to $1.62 billion. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on November 30, 2029.
Previous wording
The purpose of our Revolving Credit Facility, which is diversified through a group of 18 participating institutions, is to provide general liquidity and to support our commercial paper program, which we believe enhances our short-term credit rating. The largest commitment from any single financial institution within the total committed balance of $1.56 billion is approximately 13%. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings under the facility. If the amount available to borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility decreased, or if the Revolving Credit Facility were eliminated, the cost and availability of borrowing under the commercial paper program may be impacted.
Current wording
The purpose of our Revolving Credit Facility, which is diversified through a group of 19 participating institutions, is to provide general liquidity and to support our commercial paper program, which we believe enhances our short-term credit rating. The largest commitment from any single financial institution within the total committed balance of $1.62 billion is approximately 12%. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under the facility. If the amount available to borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility decreased, or if the Revolving Credit Facility were eliminated, the cost and availability of borrowing under the commercial paper program may be impacted.
Previous wording
On June 25, 2024, we entered into a delayed draw term loan credit agreement providing for an unsecured term loan facility in an aggregate amount of $800.0 million (the “Term Loan Facility”). On December 13, 2024, we drew upon the Term Loan Facility in the total amount of $800.0 million, and such borrowings mature on December 13, 2027. We have the option to increase the commitments under the Term Loan Facility by an amount such that the commitments do not exceed $1.0 billion in the aggregate (after giving effect to any such increases). Any such increases would be subject to obtaining additional commitments from existing or new lenders under the Term Loan Facility. We used the proceeds from the Term Loan Facility borrowings to repay our issued and outstanding 2.850% notes due January 2025, to reduce commercial paper balances, and for general corporate purposes.
Current wording
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $800.0 million outstanding under our unsecured term loan facility (“Term Loan Facility”), and such borrowings mature on December 13, 2027. We have the option to increase the commitments under the Term Loan Facility by an amount such that the commitments do not exceed $1.0 billion in the aggregate (after giving effect to any such increases). Any such increases would be subject to obtaining additional commitments from existing or new lenders under the Term Loan Facility. We used the proceeds from the Term Loan Facility borrowings to repay our 2.850% notes which matured in January 2025, to reduce commercial paper balances, and for general corporate purposes.
Previous wording
Our Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan Facility contain interest rate margins which are determined based on certain of our credit ratings and the Revolving Credit Facility also contains a facility fee that is based on our credit ratings. In addition, the interest rates payable on our notes due in 2026 and 2031 can be impacted by our credit ratings. We are also subject to certain provisions in many of our notes and certain of our derivative contracts, which could require settlement or collateral posting in the event of a change in control combined with a downgrade below investment grade, as further described below. We do not have any other terms within our debt agreements that are tied to changes in our credit ratings.
Current wording
Our Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan Facility, and Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility contain interest rate margins which are determined based on certain of our credit ratings. The Revolving Credit Facility and Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility also contain a facility fee and a ticking fee, respectively, that is based on our credit ratings. In addition, the interest rates payable on our notes due in 2026 and 2031 can be impacted by our credit ratings. We are also subject to certain provisions in many of our notes and certain of our derivative contracts, which could require settlement or collateral posting in the event of a change in control combined with a downgrade below investment grade, as further described below. We do not have any other terms within our debt agreements that are tied to changes in our credit ratings.
Previous wording
The Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan Facility contain covenants, subject to certain exceptions, that, among other things, limit or restrict our ability to sell or transfer assets or merge or consolidate with another company, grant certain types of security interests, incur certain types of liens, impose restrictions on subsidiary dividends, enter into sale and leaseback transactions, incur certain subsidiary level indebtedness, or use proceeds in violation of anti-corruption or anti-money laundering laws. Our notes are subject to similar covenants except that only the notes due in 2036 contain covenants limiting or restricting subsidiary indebtedness, and none of our notes are subject to a covenant that limits our ability to impose restrictions on subsidiary dividends. Both our Revolving Credit Facility and our Term Loan Facility require us to maintain a consolidated adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“EBITDA”) interest coverage ratio of greater than 3:1 (ratio of consolidated adjusted EBITDA, defined as net income/(loss) plus the sum of (i) interest expense, (ii) income tax expense, (iii) depreciation expense, (iv) amortization expense, (v) any other non-cash deductions, losses, or charges made in determining net income/(loss) for such period, and (vi) extraordinary, non-recurring, or unusual losses or charges (including costs and expenses of litigation included in operating income), minus extraordinary, non-recurring, or unusual gains provided that the amount added back to net income (or net loss) for such extraordinary, non-recurring, or unusual losses, expenses or charges may not exceed 10% of adjusted EBITDA, in each case determined in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles for such period, to interest expense) for each period comprising the four most recent consecutive fiscal quarters. Our consolidated interest coverage ratio was 9:1 for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Current wording
The Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan Facility, and Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility contain covenants, subject to certain exceptions, that, among other things, limit or restrict our ability to sell or transfer assets or merge or consolidate with another company, grant certain types of security interests, incur certain types of liens, impose restrictions on subsidiary dividends, enter into sale and leaseback transactions, incur certain subsidiary level indebtedness, or use proceeds in violation of anti-corruption or anti-money laundering laws. Our notes are subject to similar covenants except that only the notes due in 2036 contain covenants limiting or restricting subsidiary indebtedness, and none of our notes are subject to a covenant that limits our ability to impose restrictions on subsidiary dividends. Under our Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan Facility, and Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility, we are required to maintain a consolidated adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“EBITDA”) interest coverage ratio of greater than 3:1 (ratio of consolidated adjusted EBITDA, defined as net income/(loss) plus the sum of (i) interest expense, (ii) income tax expense, (iii) depreciation expense, (iv) amortization expense, (v) any other non-cash deductions, losses, or charges made in determining net income/(loss) for such period, and (vi) extraordinary, non-recurring, or unusual losses or charges (including costs and expenses of litigation included in operating income), minus extraordinary, non-recurring, or unusual gains provided that the amount added back to net income (or net loss) for such extraordinary, non-recurring, or unusual losses, expenses or charges may not exceed 10% of adjusted EBITDA to interest expense) for each period comprising the four most recent consecutive fiscal quarters. Our consolidated interest coverage ratio was 7:1 for the year ended December 31, 2025.
Previous wording
Our objective is to maintain strong liquidity and a capital structure consistent with investment-grade credit ratings. We have existing cash balances, cash flows from operating activities, access to the commercial paper markets, and our Revolving Credit Facility available to support the needs of our business.
Current wording
Our objective is to maintain strong liquidity and a capital structure consistent with investment-grade credit ratings. We have existing cash balances, cash flows from operating activities, access to the commercial paper markets, our Revolving Credit Facility, and our Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility available to support the needs of our business.
Previous wording
The total aggregate amount paid for purchased and developed software, contract costs, and purchases of property and equipment was $130.6 million and $147.8 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Capital expenditures during these periods included investments in our information technology infrastructure. Amounts paid for new and renewed agent contracts vary depending on the terms of existing contracts as well as the timing of new and renewed contract signings.
Current wording
The total aggregate amount paid for purchased and developed software, contract costs, and purchases of property and equipment was $150.8 million and $130.6 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Capital expenditures during these periods included investments in our information technology infrastructure. Amounts paid for new and renewed agent contracts vary depending on the terms of existing contracts as well as the timing of new and renewed contract signings.
Previous wording
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 13.9 million and 24.3 million shares, respectively, were repurchased for $177.3 million and $300.0 million, respectively, excluding commissions, at an average cost of $12.75 and $12.35, respectively, under the share repurchase authorization approved by our Board of Directors which expired on December 31, 2024. On December 13, 2024, our Board of Directors authorized $1.0 billion of common stock repurchases with no expiration date.
Current wording
During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, 23.7 million and 13.9 million shares, respectively, were repurchased for $224.7 million and $177.3 million, respectively, excluding commissions, at an average cost of $9.49 and $12.75, respectively, under the share repurchase authorizations approved by our Board of Directors, including one which expired on December 31, 2024. On December 13, 2024, our Board of Directors authorized $1.0 billion of common stock repurchases with no expiration date. As of December 31, 2025, $775.3 million remained available under this share repurchase authorization.
Previous wording
Our Board of Directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.235 per common share in all four quarters of 2024 and 2023, representing $318.3 million and $346.1 million in total dividends, respectively. These amounts were paid to shareholders of record in the respective quarter the dividend was declared.
Current wording
Our Board of Directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.235 per common share in all four quarters of 2025 and 2024, representing $304.7 million and $318.3 million in total dividends, respectively. These amounts were paid to shareholders of record in the respective quarter the dividend was declared.
Previous wording
On February 4, 2025, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.235 per common share payable on March 31, 2025.
Current wording
On February 19, 2026, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.235 per common share payable on March 31, 2026 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 17, 2026.
Previous wording
Our 2025 and future debt service requirements will include payments on all outstanding indebtedness, including any borrowings under our commercial paper program. On January 10, 2025, we repaid our notes due in 2025 using proceeds from our Term Loan Facility borrowings.
Current wording
Our 2025 and future debt service requirements will include payments on all outstanding indebtedness, including any borrowings under our commercial paper program. We repaid our notes that were payable on January 10, 2025, using proceeds from our Term Loan Facility borrowings. Our next scheduled principal payment on our outstanding notes is in March 2026. We plan to refinance this maturity through proceeds from the issuance of new notes, our Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility, or commercial paper issuance.
Previous wording
As of December 31, 2024, the total projected interest payments on outstanding borrowings were $812.8 million, of which $114.2 million is expected to be paid in the next 12 months. We have estimated our future interest payments based on the assumption that no debt issuances or renewals will occur upon the maturity dates of our notes. However, we may refinance all or a portion of our borrowings in future periods, and we expect to continue to borrow under our commercial paper program for general corporate purposes and working capital needs. Estimated interest payments on floating-rate debt are calculated by utilizing the effective rate and forward rates as of December 31, 2024 for our current and future interest rates, respectively.
Current wording
As of December 31, 2025, the total projected interest payments on outstanding borrowings were $698.6 million, of which $101.4 million is expected to be paid in the next 12 months. We have estimated our future interest payments based on the assumption that no debt issuances or renewals will occur upon the maturity dates of our notes. However, we may refinance all or a portion of our borrowings in future periods, and we expect to continue to borrow under our commercial paper program for general corporate purposes and working capital needs. We also expect to draw on our Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility or issue new debt for our purchase of Intermex. This transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2026, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including receipt of remaining regulatory approvals. Estimated interest payments on floating-rate debt are calculated by utilizing the effective rate and forward rates as of December 31, 2025 for our current and future interest rates, respectively.
Previous wording
We lease real properties for use as administrative and sales offices, in addition to transportation, office, and other equipment. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 11, Leases for details on our leasing arrangements, including future maturities of our operating lease liabilities.
Current wording
We lease real properties for use as Company-operated locations, administrative offices, and sales offices, in addition to transportation, office, and other equipment. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 11, Leases for details on our leasing arrangements, including future maturities of our operating lease liabilities.
Previous wording
A purchase obligation is an agreement to purchase goods or services that is enforceable, legally binding, and specifies all significant terms. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $150 million of outstanding purchase obligations, of which approximately $100 million is expected to be paid in the next 12 months. Many of our contracts contain clauses that allow us to terminate the contract with notice and with a termination penalty. Termination penalties are generally an amount less than the original obligation. Obligations under certain contracts are usage-based and are, therefore, estimated in the above amounts. Historically, we have not had any significant defaults on our contractual obligations or incurred significant penalties for termination of our contractual obligations.
Current wording
A purchase obligation is an agreement to purchase goods or services that is enforceable, legally binding, and specifies all significant terms. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $250 million of outstanding purchase obligations, of which approximately $130 million is expected to be paid in the next 12 months. Many of our contracts contain clauses that allow us to terminate the contract with notice and with a termination penalty. Termination penalties are generally an amount less than the original obligation. Obligations under certain contracts are usage-based and are, therefore, estimated in the above amounts. Historically, we have not had any significant defaults on our contractual obligations or incurred significant penalties for termination of our contractual obligations.
Previous wording
We had approximately $60 million in outstanding letters of credit and bank guarantees as of December 31, 2024 primarily held in connection with regulatory requirements, lease arrangements, and certain agent agreements. We expect to renew many of our letters of credit and bank guarantees prior to expiration.
Current wording
We had approximately $120 million in outstanding letters of credit and bank guarantees as of December 31, 2025 primarily held in connection with regulatory requirements, lease arrangements, and certain agent agreements. We expect to renew many of our letters of credit and bank guarantees prior to expiration.
Previous wording
The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes requires significant judgment. We routinely receive, and may in the future receive, questions from taxing authorities on various tax-related assertions. In many of these instances, the ultimate tax determination is uncertain, given the complexities in interpreting tax laws and applying our facts and circumstances to these laws in many jurisdictions throughout the world.
Current wording
The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes requires significant judgment. We earn pre-tax income in multiple jurisdictions and incur income tax obligations in these jurisdictions. Complexities can arise in determining the geographic mix of pre-tax income between certain tax jurisdictions. Our tax calculations and positions are subject to audit by various taxing authorities, and we routinely receive, and may in the future receive, questions from taxing authorities on various tax-related assertions. In many of these instances, the ultimate tax determination is uncertain, given the complexities in interpreting tax laws and applying our facts and circumstances to these laws in many jurisdictions throughout the world.
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Rearranged current paragraphs (2)
Current report — wording carried from elsewhere
The following table sets forth our Consumer Services revenue results for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Consumer Services segment adjusted revenue growth/(decline) is a non-GAAP financial measure, as further discussed in Revenues Overview above.
Current report — wording carried from elsewhere
On January 9, 2026, we entered into the Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility, providing for an unsecured term loan facility in an aggregate amount of $800.0 million. We have the option to increase the commitments under the Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility by an amount such that the commitments do not exceed $1.0 billion in the aggregate (after giving effect to any such increases). Any such increases would be subject to obtaining additional commitments from existing or new banks under the Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility. We may use the proceeds from the Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility to repay our 1.350% notes due March 2026 or finance the cash consideration for our acquisition of the outstanding equity interests of Intermex.
Rearranged previous paragraphs (2)
Previous report — wording carried elsewhere
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Previous report — wording carried elsewhere
We have established contingency reserves for a variety of tax exposures. As of December 31, 2024, the total amount of tax contingency reserves was $17.9 million, including accrued interest and penalties, net of related items. Our tax reserves reflect our judgment as to the resolution of the issues involved if subject to judicial review or other settlement. While we believe that our reserves are adequate to cover reasonably expected tax risks, there can be no assurance that, in all instances, an issue raised by a tax authority will be resolved at a financial cost that does not exceed our related reserve. With respect to these reserves, our income tax expense would include: (i) any changes in tax reserves arising from material changes in the facts and circumstances (i.e., new information) surrounding a tax issue during the period, and (ii) any difference from our tax position as recorded in the financial statements and the final resolution of a tax issue during the period. Such resolution could materially increase or decrease income tax expense in our consolidated financial statements in future periods and could impact our operating cash flows.