Dave Inc./DE

Note 1 Organization and Nature of Business

Overview:

Dave Inc. (the "Company") was launched in 2017 to provide a faster, more transparent, and lower-cost alternative to traditional financial institutions, particularly for those living paycheck to paycheck. Inspired by the story of David vs. Goliath, the Company set out to challenge legacy banking by leveraging technology to expand financial access and improve consumer financial health. Through its fully integrated, mobile-first platform, the Company delivers innovative financial products designed to help underserved consumers manage their money more effectively. The Company's mission is to level the financial playing field by providing intuitive, transparent, and accessible solutions that empower its Members to navigate life’s financial challenges with confidence.

ExtraCash:

ExtraCash is an overdraft product offered through the Company's bank partners that provides Members with up to $500 of credit to bridge liquidity gaps between paychecks. Using its proprietary AI-powered underwriting system, CashAI, the Company analyzes a Member’s checking account transaction data to determine eligibility and set the credit approval amount. This fully automated process requires no credit check and does not rely on FICO or credit bureau data. Once an ExtraCash transaction is initiated, repayment is scheduled based on the Member’s forecasted next paycheck or deposit date.

The Company designs and manages the complete risk management value chain—including underwriting, fraud and risk mitigation, payment processing, servicing, and collections. Each ExtraCash transaction is underwritten by CashAI when a Member accesses the Dave App, enabling near real-time evaluation of transaction data. This approach determines the optimal amount a Member can responsibly repay, delivering benefits for both the Member and the business.

Dave Checking:

Dave Checking is a digital demand deposit account offered through its bank partners with premium features, no account minimums or corresponding fees, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") pass-through insurance. Members can open a Dave Checking account in minutes through the Dave mobile application, add funds to their account, and begin spending using a Dave Checking virtual debit card. Dave Checking accounts also include a physical Dave branded debit Mastercard (“Dave Card”) that can be used for everyday purchases and spending transactions as well as at any of the approximately 40,000 MoneyPass ATM network locations to make no-fee withdrawals at these in-network ATMs.

Dave Checking revenues are primarily driven by merchant interchange, incentives from Mastercard, interest on deposits paid by our partner bank, and other ancillary fees paid by customers (e.g., out of network ATM fees, instant withdrawal fees).

Personal Financial Management:

Budget: The Budget tool utilizes historical bank account data to identify recurring and common charges, enabling Members to anticipate upcoming transactions that may affect their account balances. It also provides timely notifications when there is a risk of an overdraft.

Side Hustle: Side Hustle is a streamlined job application portal for Dave Members to find supplemental or temporary work. The portal focuses on “gig economy,” part-time, seasonal, remote and other flexible types of employment opportunities. Members can apply to dozens of jobs in-app using saved information and credentials. A side hustle can be an important part of a Member’s long-term financial health, as it allows Members to quickly address unexpected expenses or cash needs with incremental income.

Surveys: The Company's Surveys product allows for additional earning opportunities, allowing Members to take paid surveys anytime within the Dave mobile application. This functionality drives engagement within the Dave ecosystem and deepens its relationship to its Members’ financial wellbeing.

The Company generates monthly subscription revenue from Members enrolled in the Company's Personal Financial Management and other subscription-based services.

Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

During the second quarter of 2025, the Company revised the presentation of certain items within its condensed consolidated statement of operations. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These changes have been applied retrospectively to all periods presented and did not impact previously reported net income or earnings per share.

Specifically:

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Financial network and transaction costs now appear as a separate line item within operating expenses (formerly included in other operating expenses).

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Advertising and marketing is now presented as advertising and activation under operating expenses and includes Member activation costs (activation costs were formerly included in processing and servicing costs and other operating expenses).

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Technology and infrastructure costs now appear as a separate line item within operating expenses (formerly included in other operating expenses).

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and a variable interest entity (“VIE”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

In accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation, the Company consolidates any VIE of which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The typical condition for a controlling financial interest ownership is holding a majority of the voting interests of an entity; however, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as VIEs, through arrangements that do not involve controlling voting interests. ASC 810 requires a variable interest holder to consolidate a VIE if that party has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company does not consolidate a VIE in which it has a majority ownership interest when it is not considered the primary beneficiary. The Company evaluates its relationships with its VIEs on an ongoing basis to ensure that the Company continues to be the primary beneficiary. The Company is considered the primary beneficiary of Dave OD Funding I, LLC (“Dave OD”), as it has the power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Dave OD and has the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive expected benefits that could be significant, in accordance with accounting guidance. As a result, the Company consolidated Dave OD and all intercompany accounts have been eliminated. The carrying value of Dave OD’s assets and liabilities, after elimination of any intercompany transactions and balances are shown in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The assets of Dave OD are restricted and may only be used to settle obligations of Dave OD.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. The Company’s estimates are based on its historical experience and various other factors that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The Company’s critical accounting estimates and assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis including those related to the:

(i) Allowance for credit losses; and

(ii) Income taxes.

Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Revenue Recognition

Below is detail of operating revenues (in thousands):

Service Based Revenue, Net

Service based revenue, net primarily consists of optional processing fees, optional tips, overdraft service fees and subscriptions charged to Members, net of processor costs associated with ExtraCash originations. The Company operates concurrent receivable programs where receivables originated and held under legacy arrangements are accounted for as financial receivables in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables. Receivables originated and subsequently purchased under partner arrangements meet the criteria of sales accounting in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, and are accounted for as purchases of financial assets. These receivables are purchased at par value, which approximates the fair value, within one business day since the initial origination of the loans to Members. Processing and overdraft service fees, net and tips are recognized under the effective interest method for both arrangements.

Processing and Overdraft Service Fees, Net:

Processing and overdraft service fees apply in connection with a Member’s use of ExtraCash. The Company's new fee model, rolled out to all Members in February 2025, is a mandatory overdraft service fee. For accounting purposes, these fees are considered non-refundable origination fees and are recognized as revenue over the average expected contractual term of the related ExtraCash transactions.

Costs incurred by the Company to originate ExtraCash are treated, for accounting purposes, as direct origination costs. These direct origination costs are netted against ExtraCash-related income over the average expected contractual term of an ExtraCash. Direct origination costs recognized as a reduction of ExtraCash-related income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were$1.7 million and$4.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized direct origination costs as a reduction of ExtraCash-related income of $1.1 million and $2.6 million, respectively.

Tips:

Prior to the second quarter of 2025, the Company encouraged, but did not contractually require, its Members who receive ExtraCash to leave a discretionary tip. For accounting purposes, tips are treated as an adjustment of yield to ExtraCash and are recognized over the average expected contractual term of its ExtraCash receivables. The Company discontinued optional tips from its business model in February 2025.

Subscriptions:

The Company accounts for subscriptions in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers(“ASC 606”). Under ASC 606, the Company must identify the contract with a Member, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligations. For revenue sources that are within the scope of Topic 606, the Company fully satisfies its performance obligations and recognizes revenue in the period it is earned as services are rendered. Transaction prices are typically fixed, charged on a periodic basis or based on activity. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, there is little judgment involved in applying ASC 606 that significantly affects the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with the Company’s Members.

Subscription fees are received on a monthly basis from Members who subscribe to the Company’s application. The Company continually fulfills its obligation to each Member over the subscription term. The series of distinct services represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenue ratably as the Member receives and consumes the benefits of the platform throughout the monthly contract period.

Price concessions granted to Members who have insufficient funds when subscription fees are due and not collected are forms of variable consideration under the Company’s contracts with Members. For price concessions, the Company has elected, as an accounting policy, to account for price concessions for the month at the end of the reporting month based on the actual amounts collected from Members.

Other service based revenue consists of lead generation fees from the Company’s Side Hustle advertising partners and revenue share from the Company's Surveys partners.

Transaction Based Revenue, Net

Transaction based revenue, net primarily consists of interchange and ATM revenues from the Company’s Checking Product, net of certain interchange and ATM-related fees, fees earned from funding and withdrawal-related transactions of Member's funds, volume support from a certain co-branded agreement, dormant account fees, fees earned related to the Rewards Product for Members who make debit card spending transactions at participating merchants and deposit referrals and are recognized at the point in time the transactions occur, as the performance obligations are satisfied and the variable consideration is not constrained. The Company earns interchange fees from Members spend on Dave-branded debit cards, which are reduced by interchange-related costs payable to fulfillment partners. Interchange revenue is remitted by merchants and represents a percentage of the underlying transaction value processed through a payment network. ATM fees earned from Members' usage of out-of-network ATMs reduced by related ATM transaction costs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $0.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively. ATM-related fees recognized as a reduction of transaction based revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $0.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively. ATM fees earned from Members' usage of out-of-network ATMs reduced by related ATM transaction costs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $0.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively. ATM-related fees recognized as a reduction of transaction based revenue during thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $0.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

Processing and Servicing Costs

Processing and servicing costs consist of amounts paid to third-party processors for the recovery of ExtraCash, tips, processing fees, overdraft service fees and subscriptions. These expenses also include fees paid for services to connect Member’s bank accounts to the Company’s application. Except for processing and servicing costs associated with ExtraCash originations, which are recorded net against processing and service fee revenue, all other processing and servicing costs are expensed as incurred.

Financial Network and Transaction costs

Financial network and transaction costs consistof program management fees, card network association fees, payment processing costs, losses related to Member-disputed transactions, bank card fees and fraud-related losses. All other financial network and transaction costs are expensed as incurred.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company classifies all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily represents cash held at financial institutions that is pledged as collateral for specific accounts that may become overdrawn.

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of a publicly traded money market mutual fund. The underlying money market instruments are primarily comprised of certificates of deposit and financial company asset backed commercial paper.

Investments

Investments consist of corporate bonds and notes, asset backed securities, and government securities and are classified as “available-for-sale” as the sale of such securities may be required prior to maturity to implement the Company’s strategies. The fair value of investments is determined by quoted prices in active markets with unrealized gains and losses (other than credit related impairment) reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income. For securities with unrealized losses, any credit related portion of the loss is recognized in earnings. If it is more likely than not that the Company will be unable or does not intend to hold the security torecovery of the non-credit related unrealized loss, the loss is recognized in earnings. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Any related amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to earnings (on a pre-tax basis).

ExtraCash Receivables

ExtraCash Receivables include ExtraCash, processing and overdraft service fees and tips, net of certain direct origination costs and allowance for credit losses. The Company operates concurrent receivable programs where receivables originated and held under legacy arrangements are accounted for as financial receivables under ASC 310. Receivables originated and subsequently purchased under partner arrangements are accounted for as purchases of financial assets under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. Management's intent for receivables under ASC 310 is to hold until the earlier of repayment or payoff date, while receivables under ASC 860 represent purchased financial assets subject to the partner arrangement terms.

ExtraCash Receivables to Members are not interest-bearing. For receivables accounted for under ASC 310, the Company recognizes these ExtraCash Receivables at the origination amount and does not use discounting techniques to determine present value of originations due to their short-term nature. For receivables accounted for under ASC 860, the Company recognizes purchased financial assets at fair value upon acquisition.

The Company does not provide modifications to ExtraCash and does not charge late fees.

Allowance for Credit Losses

ExtraCash receivables from contracts with Members as of the balance sheet dates are recorded at their original origination amounts, inclusive of outstanding processing fees, overdraft service fees and tips, and reduced by an allowance for expected credit losses. The Company pools its ExtraCash receivables, all of which are short-term (average term of approximately 11 days) in nature and arise from contracts with Members, based on shared risk characteristics to assess their risk of loss, even when that risk is remote. The Company uses an aging method and historical loss rates as a basis for estimating the percentage of current and delinquent ExtraCash receivables balances that will result in credit losses to derive the allowance for credit losses. The Company considers whether the conditions at the measurement date and reasonable and supportable forecasts about future conditions warrant an adjustment to its historical loss experience. In assessing such adjustments, the Company primarily evaluates current economic conditions, expectations of near-term economic trends and changes in customer payment terms, collection trends and cash collections subsequent to the balance sheet date. For the measurement dates presented herein, given its methods of collecting funds, and that the Company has not observed meaningful changes in its customers’ payment behavior, it determined that its historical loss rates remain most indicative of its lifetime expected losses. The Company immediately recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses at the time of the ExtraCash origination. Adjustments to the allowance each period for changes in the estimate of lifetime expected credit losses are recognized in operating expenses—provision for credit losses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

When the Company determines that an ExtraCash receivable is not collectible, or after 120 days from origination has passed, the uncollectible amount is written-off as a reduction to both the allowance and the gross asset balance. Subsequent recoveries are recorded when received and are recorded as a recovery of the allowance for expected credit losses. Based on the average ExtraCash receivables term of approximately 11 days, ExtraCash receivables outstanding 12 or more days from origination may be considered past due. Any change in circumstances related to a specific Member ExtraCash receivables may result in an additional allowance for expected credit losses being recognized in the period in which the change occurs.

Internally Developed Software

Internally developed software is capitalized when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used as intended. Capitalized costs consist of salaries and other compensation costs for employees incurred for time spent on upgrades and enhancements to add functionality to the software and fees paid to third-party consultants who are directly involved in development efforts. These capitalized costs are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as intangible assets, net. Other costs are expensed as incurred and included within other operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Capitalized costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $1.7 and $4.8 million, respectively. Capitalized costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $1.7 million and $5.5 million, respectively.

Amortization of internally developed software commences when the software is ready for its intended use (i.e., after all substantial testing is complete). Internally developed software is amortized over its estimated useful life of 3 years.

The Company’s accounting policy is to perform annual reviews of capitalized internally developed software projects to determine whether any impairment indicators are present as of December 31, or whenever a change in circumstances suggests an impairment indicator is present. If any impairment indicators are present, the Company will perform a recoverability test by comparing the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows attributed to the asset group to their carrying value. If the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the remaining use of the asset (i.e., cash flows when testing recoverability) are less than the asset group’s carrying value, the Company will determine the fair value of the asset group and recognize an impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its fair value. If based on the results of the recoverability test, no impairment is indicated as the remaining undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying value of the software asset group, the carrying value of the asset group as of the assessment date is deemed fully recoverable. In addition, the Company evaluates the remaining useful life of an intangible asset that is being amortized each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying value of the intangible asset shall be amortized prospectively over that revised remaining useful life.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 7 years using the straight-line method. Maintenance and repair costs are charged to operations as incurred and included within other operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets, primarily property and equipment and amortizable intangible assets, whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that carrying amounts of the assets may not be fully recoverable. If the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows from an asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, the Company estimates the fair value of the assets. The Company measures the loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value calculated using the present value of estimated net future cash flows.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), provides a single definition of fair value and a common framework for measuring fair value as well as disclosure requirements for fair value measurements used in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Under ASC 820, fair value is determined based upon the exit price that would be received by a company to sell an asset or paid by a company to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, exclusive of any transaction costs. Fair value measurements are determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market. The principal market is the market with the greatest level of activity and volume for the asset or liability. Absent a principal market to measure fair value, the Company uses the most advantageous market, which is the market from which the Company would receive the highest selling price for the asset or pay the lowest price to settle the liability, after considering transaction costs. However, when using the most advantageous market, transaction costs are only considered to determine which market is the most advantageous and these costs are then excluded when applying a fair value measurement. ASC 820 creates a three-level hierarchy to prioritize the inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values. The basis for fair value measurements for each level within the hierarchy is described below, with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest.

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets and liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Valuations are based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the assets or liabilities. Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

Concentration of Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, principally consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, ExtraCash receivables, and accounts receivable. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in excess of the FDIC insured limits were $48.9 million at September 30, 2025 and $61.1 million at December 31, 2024. The Company’s payment processors also collect cash on the Company’s behalf and will hold these cash balances temporarily until they are settled the next business day. Also, the Company does not believe its marketable securities are exposed to any significant credit risk due to the quality and nature of the securities in which the money is held.

We rely on agreements with Evolve Bank & Trust, our primary bank partner, and Coastal Community Bank to provide ExtraCash and other deposit accounts, debit card services and other transaction services to us and our Members.

No Member individually exceeded 10% or more of the Company’s ExtraCash receivables balance as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Leases

ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) requires lessees to recognize most leases on the condensed consolidated balance sheet with a corresponding right-of-use asset. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term. Leases are classified as financing or operating which will drive the expense recognition pattern. Lease payments on short-term leases are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. At the time of a lease abandonment, the operating lease right-of-use asset is derecognized, while the corresponding lease liability is evaluated by the Company based any remaining contractual obligations as of the lease abandonment date.

The Company leases office space under two separate leases, both of which are considered operating leases. Options to extend or terminate a lease are considered as part of calculating the lease term to the extent that the option is reasonably certain of exercise. The leases do not include the options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term. Covenants imposed by the leases include letters of credit required to be obtained by the lessee.

The incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) represents the rate of interest the Company would expect to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms. When determinable, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease to determine the present value of lease payments. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Option Awards:

ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), requires the estimate of the fair value of all stock-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, to be recognized in the statement of operations over the requisite service period. Under ASC 718, employee option grants are generally valued at the grant date and those valuations do not change once they have been established. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. As allowed by ASC 718, the Company’s estimate of expected volatility is based on its peer company average volatilities, including industry, stage of life cycle, size, and financial leverage. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant valuation. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. Subsequent modifications to outstanding awards result in incremental cost if the fair value is increased as a result of the modification.

Restricted Stock Unit Awards:

Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are valued on the grant date. The fair value of the RSUs that vest based solely on a service condition is equal to the estimated fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the grant date. This compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. For RSUs that contain both a market condition and a service condition, market volatility and other factors are taken into consideration in determining the grant date fair value and the related compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each separately vesting tranche, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service has been provided. These costs are a component of stock-based compensation expense, presented within compensation and benefits in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Awards:

Performance-based RSUs are valued on the grant date and the compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period if and when the Company concludes it is probable that the performance metrics will be satisfied. The grant-date fair value of the awards are not subsequently remeasured; however, the Company reassesses the probability of vesting at each reporting period and records a cumulative adjustment to compensation expense based on the likelihood the performance metric will be achieved. These costs are a component of stock-based compensation expense, presented within compensation and benefits in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Advertising and Activation Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs consist primarily of expenses related to digital marketing, paid social media, influencer partnerships, content marketing and referral programs. Advertising costs for the three and nine months ended

September 30, 2025, were $16.4 million and $40.1 million, respectively, and are presented within advertising and activation costs in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Advertising costs for the three months ended September 30, 2024 were $12.5 million and $32.3 million, respectively. Activation costs, which consist primarily of expenses incurred to onboard and activate new users, are also expensed as incurred. Activation costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were $2.5 million and$6.2 million, respectively, and are presented within advertising and activation costs in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Activation costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $2.4 million and $6.4 million, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company follows ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the condensed consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on the differences between the condensed consolidated financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management concludes it is more-likely-than-not that the asset will not be realized.

ASC 740 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained in a court of last resort, based on the technical merits. If more-likely-than-not, the amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination, including compromise settlements. For tax positions not meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company has estimated $2.5 and $2.0 million of uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, related to state income taxes and federal and state research and development tax credits.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest expense and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense within the statement of operations. The Company recognized $0.02 million and $0.004 million of interest expense and penalties as a component of income tax expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were $0.05 million and $0.02 million of accrued interest expense and penalties as of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively.

The Company regularly assesses the need for a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets each quarter. In making that assessment, the Company considers both positive and negative evidence in the various jurisdictions in which it operates related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets to determine, based on the weight of available evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of September 30, 2025, based on all available positive and negative evidence, having demonstrated sustained profitability, which is objective and verifiable, and taking into account anticipated future earnings, the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that its U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets will be realizable. When a change in valuation allowance is recognized during an interim period, the change in valuation allowance resulting from current year income is included in the annual effective tax rate and the release of valuation allowance supported by projections of future taxable income is recorded as a discrete tax benefit in the interim period. The Company released $27.4 million of its valuation allowance as a discrete tax benefit during the three months ended September 30, 2025. The Company will continue to monitor the need for a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis.

On June 27, 2025, California enacted legislation requiring financial institutions to utilize a single sales factor apportionment method, effective for tax years beginning in 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this legislation on its income tax provision, but anticipates that the new law will decrease its California apportioned income and state income tax expense beginning in 2025.

On July 4, 2025, new U.S. tax legislation H.R.1, known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA"), was enacted. The OBBBA introduces significant amendments to corporate taxation, including the modification of research and development (R&D) expense capitalization, additional limitations on interest expense deductions, and provisions for accelerated depreciation of fixed assets. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company completed its assessment of OBBBA and elected to accelerate the amortization of its previously capitalized and unamortized U.S. research and development costs over a one-year period as permitted under the new legislation. The impact of this election was reflected in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, and did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Segment Information

The Company determines its operating segment based on how its chief operating decision makers manage operations, make operating decisions, and evaluate operating performance. The Company has determined that the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is a joint role shared by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based upon the way the CODM reviews financial information and makes operating decisions and considering that the CODM reviews financial information on a consolidated basis for purposesof allocating resources and evaluating financial performance, the operations of the Company constitute a single operating segment and reportable segment. Refer to Note 19 Segment Information for further details.

Net Income Per Share Attributable to Stockholders

The Company has two classes of participating securities (Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share ("Class A Common Stock") and Class V common stock, par value $0.0001 per share ("Class V Common Stock")) issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 (the Class V Common Stock and together with the Class A Common Stock, the “Common Stock”). The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the holders of the Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock are identical, except with respect to voting.

Basic net income attributable to holders of Common Stock per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to holders of Common Stock by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.

Diluted net income per share attributable to holders of common stock is computed by dividing net income per share attributable to stockholders and the weighted-average number of shares outstanding and the effect of potentially dilutive stock options, warrants, and restricted stock using the treasury stock method.

The following table sets forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income per share attributable to holders of common stock (in thousands, except share data):

The following potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

The Company also excluded 11,444,235 public and private warrants and 49,653 earnout shares that were potentially dilutive from the computation of diluted net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as including them would have been antidilutive. In connection with the 32-for-1 reverse stock split effected on January 4, 2023,32 warrants are exercisable for one share of Class A Common Stock. Refer to Note 10 Warrant Liabilities and Note 14 Fair Value of Financial Instruments for further details.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted:

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments require enhanced disclosures in connection with an entity's effective tax rate reconciliation, income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, and clarification on uncertain tax positions and related financial statement impacts. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses and in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Clarifying the Effective Date. The amendments require entities to disclose the following amounts in each relevant income statement expense captions: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization. Entities are also required to disclose the total amount of selling expense and the entities definition of selling expenses. The amendments, as clarified by ASU No. 2025-01, are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted, and may be applied retrospectively or prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statement disclosures.

In May 2025, the FASB released ASU 2025-04, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Simplifying Accounting for Certain Modifications to Equity Awards. This new standard provides guidance to streamline the accounting for certain modifications of equity awards, including modifications related to equity-classified share-based payment awards. The ASU clarifies when a modification is considered substantive, how to measure the effects, and which disclosures are required upon modification. ASU 2025-04 becomes effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statement disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, to simplify the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. The amendments introduce a practical expedient, available to all entities, that permits assuming current economic conditions as of the balance sheet date remain unchanged over the asset’s remaining life when estimating expected credit losses, and an accounting policy election, available to nonpublic entities that apply the expedient, allowing consideration of collection activity after the balance sheet date. Entities must disclose whether they elected the practical expedient and, if applicable, the accounting policy election and the date through which subsequent collection activity was evaluated. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted and prospective application required. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. This standard eliminates references to software development project stages and clarifies the capitalization threshold for internal-use software costs. The amendments also supersede Subtopic 350-50, incorporating website development cost guidance into Subtopic 350-40. ASU 2025-06 requires capitalization of internal-use software costs once management authorizes funding and it is probable the project will be completed for its intended use, provided there is no significant development uncertainty. Disclosure requirements under Subtopic 360-10 will apply to all capitalized and amortized software costs. The amendments are effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. Entities may apply the new guidance using prospective, modified, or retrospective transition methods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statements and related disclosures.

Note 3 Marketable Securities

Below is a detail of marketable securities (in thousands):

At September 30, 2025, the Company didnot hold any marketable securities. At December 31, 2024, the Company's marketable securities consisted of investments in a publicly traded money market mutual fund with a fair value of $0.1 million. The underlying money market instruments were primarily comprised of certificates of deposit and financial company asset-backed commercial paper with a weighted-average maturity of 35 days.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, gains recognized in connection with the investment in marketable securities were $0.001 and $0.003 million, respectively, and were recorded as a component of interest income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. During thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2024, gains recognized in connection with the investment in marketable securities were $0.001 and $0.08 million, respectively, and were recorded as a component of interest income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Note 4 Investments

Below is a summary of investments, which are measured at fair value as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

Below is a summary of investments, which are measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

The gross unrealized losses and fair values of available-for-sale investment securities that were in unrealized loss positions were as follows (in thousands):

Net realized gains recorded in connection with the investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $0.002 million and $0.01 million, respectively, and were recorded as a component of interest income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Net realized gains (losses) recorded in connection with the investments for thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were ($0.01) million and $0.8 million, respectively, and were recorded as a component of interest income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Accrued interest of $0.02 million and $0.1 million is included in investments within the condensed consolidated balance sheets for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

During the periods when the Company held available-for-sale investment securities, the Company did not intend to sell nor anticipate that it would be required to sell these investments before recovery of the amortized cost basis. As such, unrealized losses were determined not to be related to credit losses and the Company did not record any credit-related impairment losses on the available-for-sale investment securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

As of September 30, 2025, the contractual maturities of available-for-sale investment securities were as follows (in thousands):

Note 5 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

The Company’s prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

Partner receivables represent amounts due from strategic partners for contractual reimbursements and credits earned under partnership agreements, primarily related to the Company's checking product. These receivables increased $6.5 million from December 31, 2024, primarily due to increases in transaction volume in addition to the timing of payments which are typically received during the fourth quarter of each year. Partner receivables are typically collected within 60-90 days of the contract period and are not subject to significant credit risk.

Prepaid expenses primarily consist of prepaid software subscriptions, insurance premiums, marketing commitments, and professional services. These amounts are amortized to expense over the period benefited, typically 12 months or less. The Company evaluates prepaid expenses and other current assets for realizability on a quarterly basis.

Insurance receivables relate to insurance claims filed during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 related to litigation and settlement-related expenses. The Company expects to collect substantially all insurance receivables within the next 12 months.

Rebate receivables represent volume-based rebates and credits earned from technology vendors and service providers. The decrease of $4.9 million from December 31, 2024 reflects the collection of year-end 2024 vendor rebates during the first nine months of 2025, partially offset by rebates earned during the period.

Note 6 ExtraCash Receivables, Net

ExtraCash receivables, net, represent outstanding ExtraCash originations, processing fees, tips and overdraft service fees, less an allowance for credit losses.

Below is a detail of ExtraCash receivables, net as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

Below is a detail of ExtraCash receivables, net as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

The roll-forward of the allowance for credit losses is as follows (in thousands):

The provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased compared to the period ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to ExtraCash origination volume growth from approximately$3.6 billion to$5.3 billion, driven by strong Member demand and platform expansion. Credit performance evolved as expected with portfolio maturation, reflecting natural seasoning dynamics and the Company's strategic emphasis on maximizing gross profit dollars. Loss rates increased moderately in line with anticipated seasonal patterns and portfolio scaling. The increase in write-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was similarly driven by higher origination volume and the maturing credit profile of the expanding portfolio.

Note 7 Intangible Assets, Net

The Company’s intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

The future estimated amortization expenses as of September 30, 2025, were as follows (in thousands):

Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $1.7 million and $4.5 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $1.6 million and $4.7 million, respectively. No significant impairment charges were recognized related to long-lived assets for thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Note 8 Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued Expenses

The Company’s accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

Prior to the second quarter of 2025, accrued charitable contributions included amounts the Company had pledged related to charitable meal donations. The Company used a portion of tips received to make charitable cash donations to third parties who use the funds to provide meals to those in need. In February 2025, the Company discontinued the optional tips feature from Dave's business model. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company pledged$0 and approximately $0.5 million related to charitable donations, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company pledged approximately$1.3 million and $3.2 million related to charitable donations, respectively. These costs are expensed as incurred and are presented within other operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Other Current Liabilities

The Company’s other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

Other current liabilities includes deferred transaction costs associated with the transactions consummated on January 5, 2022 as contemplated by that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 7, 2021 among VPC Impact Acquisition Holdings III, Inc. (“VPCC”), Dave Inc., a Delaware corporation and other entities (the “Business Combination”). These transaction costs were also capitalized and included within additional paid in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 9 Convertible Note

On March 21, 2022, the Company entered into a Convertible Note Purchase Agreement (“Note Purchase Agreement”) with FTX Ventures Ltd. (the “Purchaser”), owner of FTX US (“FTX”), providing for the purchase and sale of a convertible note in the initial principal amount of $100.0 million (the “Note”). The Note bore interest at a rate of 3.00% per year (compounded semi-annually), payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30th and December 31st of each year. Interest may be paid in-kind or in cash, at the Company’s option. Forty-eight months (the “Maturity Date”) after the date of the initial issuance of the Note (the “Issuance Date”), the Company would pay the Purchaser the sum of (i) the outstanding principal amount of the Note, plus (ii) all accrued but unpaid interest thereon, plus (iii) all expenses incurred by the Purchaser (the “Redemption Price”). Payment of the Redemption Price on the Maturity Date will constitute a redemption of the Note in whole.

On January 29, 2024, the Company repurchased the $105.7 million outstanding balance of the Note as of January 29, 2024 for $71.0 million. The Company reduced the net carrying amount of debt by unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.03 millionat the extinguishment date. The Company also incurred third-party costs totaling $1.3 million in conjunction with the settlement of the Note. The third-party costs are included in the reacquisition price and the gain on extinguishment of $33.4 million was calculated as the difference between the net carrying amount of debt and the reacquisition price.

Note 10 Warrant Liabilities

As of September 30, 2025, there were 6,344,021 public warrants (“Public Warrants”) outstanding and 5,100,214 private placement warrants (“Private Warrants”) outstanding. In connection with the 32-for-1 reverse stock split effected on January 4, 2023,32 warrants are exercisable for one share of Class A Common Stock. Public Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional Public Warrants were issued upon separation of the units into their component parts upon the closing of the Business Combination and only whole Public Warrants trade. The Public Warrants are exercisable, provided that the Company continues to have an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and a current prospectus relating to them is available (or the Company permits holders to exercise their Public Warrants on a cashless basis and such cashless exercise is exempt from registration under the Securities Act).

The Company filed a registration statement covering the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and the Private Warrants. If the Company’s shares of Class A Common Stock are at the time of any exercise of a warrant not listed on a national securities exchange such that they satisfy the definition of a “covered security” under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act, the Company may, at its option, require holders of Public Warrants who exercise their warrants to do so on a “cashless basis” in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act and, in the event the Company so elects, it will not be required to file or maintain in effect a registration statement, and in the event the Company does not so elect, it will use its best efforts to register or qualify the shares under applicable blue sky laws to the extent an exemption is not available.

The Public Warrants and Private Warrants have an exercise price of $11.50 per share, or $368 in total after giving effect to the 32-for-1 stock split, subject to adjustments. These warrants will expire five years after the completion of the Business Combination, or earlier if redeemed or upon liquidation.

Redemption of Public Warrants when the price per share of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $576.00:

Once the Public Warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants for cash:

• in whole and not in part;

• at a price of $0.01 per warrant;

• upon a minimum of 30 days prior written notice of redemption; and if, and only if, the closing price of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $576.00 per share (as adjusted) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on thethird trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

The Company will not redeem the Public Warrants as described above unless an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants is effective and a current prospectus relating to those shares of Class A Common Stock is available throughout the 30-day redemption period.

Redemption of Public Warrants for when the price per share of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $320.00:

Once the Public Warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants:

• in whole and not in part;

• at $0.10 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption provided that holders will be able to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis prior to redemption and receive that number of shares determined by reference to an agreed table based on the redemption date and the “fair market value” (as defined below) of the Class A Common Stock; and

• if, and only if, the closing price of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $320.00 per Public Share (as adjusted) for any 20 trading days within the 30-trading day period ending three trading days before the Company sends notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

If the Company calls the Public Warrants for redemption, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a “cashless basis,” as described in the warrant agreement. The exercise price and number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the Public Warrants will not be adjusted for issuance of Class A Common Stock at a price below its exercise price. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the Public Warrants.

The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that the Private Placement Warrants will be non-redeemable so long as they are held by VPC Impact Acquisition Holdings Sponsor III, LLC, which was the sponsor of VPCC and an affiliate of certain of VPCC’s officers and directors prior to the Business Combination, (the “Sponsor”) or its permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

Contemporaneously with the execution of the Debt Facility, the Company issued warrants to the various lenders (the “Lenders”) associated with Victory Park Management, LLC as consideration for entering into the Debt Facility, representing a loan commitment fee. The warrants vest and become exercisable based on the Company’s aggregated draw on the Debt Facility in incremental $10.0 million tranches and terminate upon the earliest to occur of (i) the fifth anniversary of the occurrence of a qualified financing event and (ii) the consummation of a liquidity event. The holders of the warrants have the ability to exercise their right to acquire a number of common shares equal to 0.2% of the fully diluted equity of the Company as of the closing date (“Equity Closing Date”) of the Company’s next equity financing with proceeds of at least $40.0 million (“Qualified Financing Event”) or immediately prior to the consummation of a liquidity event. The exercise price of the warrants is the greater of (i)80% of the fair market value of each share of Common Stock at the Equity Closing Date and (ii) $120.0656 per share, subject to certain down-round adjustments. The warrants meet the definition of a derivative under ASC 815 and will be accounted for as a liability at fair value and subsequently remeasured to fair value at the end of each reporting period with the changes in fair value recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The initial offsetting entry to the warrant liability was an asset recorded to reflect the loan commitment fee. The loan commitment fee asset will be amortized to interest expense over the commitment period of four years. The Company estimated the fair value of the warrants at the issuance date to be $0.1 million using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Determining the fair value of these warrants under this model requires subjective assumptions. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

Immediately prior to the close of the Business Combination, all, or 1,664,394 of the vested warrants were exercised and net settled for 14,087 shares of Legacy Dave’s Class A Common Stock after applying the Exchange Ratio.

Note 11 Debt Facility

In January 2021, Dave OD Funding I, LLC (“Borrower”) entered into a delayed draw senior secured loan facility (the “Debt Facility”) with Victory Park Management, LLC (“Agent”), and allowed the Borrower to draw up to $100 million from the Lenders. The Debt Facility had an interest rate of 6.95% annually plus a base rate defined as the greater of thethree-month London interbank offered rate ("LIBOR") as of the last business day of each calendar month and 2.55%. Interest is payable monthly in arrears. The Debt Facility contained certain financial covenants, including a requirement to maintain a minimum cash, cash equivalents, or marketable securities balance of $15.0 million.

On September 13, 2023, the Company executed the Third Amendment to the Debt Facility with the existing Lenders. The Third Amendment, among other things: (i) increases the secured loan facility commitment amount by $50 million to a total of $150 million; (ii) extends the maturity date of the Debt Facility from January 2025 to December 2026; (iii) adds a liquidity trigger threshold, measured as of the last day of any calendar month, equal to the lesser of (a) the trailing six-month EBITDA as of such date, (b) the product of (A) the trailing three-month EBITDA as of such date, multiplied by (B) two (2), and (c) zero ($0); (iv) increases the minimum liquidity threshold, a requirement to maintain a minimum cash, cash equivalents, or marketable securities balance, from $8.0 million to $15 million (v) replaces LIBOR with the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") and updates interest rates to the base rate (or if greater, SOFR for such date for a 3-month tenor and 3.00%) plus 5.00% per annum on that portion of the aggregate outstanding principal balance that is less than or equal to $75 million, plus the base rate plus 4.50% per annum on that portion of the aggregate outstanding principal balance, if any, that is greater than $75 million; (vi) updates prepayment premiums for early or voluntary principal repayments and (vii) the Company's guaranty (the limited guaranty was secured by a first-priority lien against substantially all of the Company's assets) of up to $25 million of the Borrower's obligations under the Debt Facility has been terminated.

Payments of the loan draws are due at the following dates: (i) within five business days after the date of receipt by the Borrower of any net cash proceeds in excess of $0.25 million in the aggregate during any fiscal year from any asset sales (other than certain permitted dispositions), Borrower must prepay the loans or remit such net cash proceeds in an aggregate amount equal to 100% of such net cash proceeds; (ii) within five business days after the date of receipt by Borrower, or the Agent as loss payee, of any net cash proceeds from any destruction or taking, the Borrower must prepay the loans or remit such net cash proceeds in an aggregate amount equal to 100% of such net cash proceeds; (iii) within three business days after the date of receipt by Borrower of any net cash proceeds from the incurrence of any indebtedness of Borrower (other than with respect to permitted borrower indebtedness), the Borrower will prepay the loans or remit such net cash proceeds in an aggregate amount equal to 100% of such net cash proceeds; and (iv) (a) if extraordinary receipts are received by Borrower in the aggregate amount in any fiscal year in excess of $0.25 million or (b) if an event of default has occurred and is continuing at any time when any extraordinary receipts are received by Borrower, then within five business days of the receipt by Borrower of any such extraordinary receipts, the Borrower must prepay the loans or remit such net cash proceeds in an aggregate amount equal to (x)100% of such extraordinary receipts in excess of $0.25 million in respect of clause (a) above and (y)100% of such extraordinary receipts in respect of clause (b) above.

On October 18, 2024, the Company executed the Fourth Amendment to the Debt Facility with the existing Lenders to expand the Company's borrowing capacity. The amendment also updates interest rates to the sum of the base rate plus 5.00% per annum on the aggregate outstanding principal balance and updates prepayment premiums for early or voluntary principal repayments, among other administrative terms. The Fourth Amendment was accounted for as a debt modification and, accordingly, the Company incurred $0.03 million in associated costs which will be recognized within the consolidated statement of operations evenly through maturity date of the Debt Facility, andno gain or loss was recognized. As of June 30, 2025, the Company was not in compliance with a specific debt covenant under its existing Debt Facility. In particular, a breach existed relating to the Minimum Receivable Loan-to-Value ("LTV Ratio"), which exceeded the allowable limits set forth in the covenant. The Agent, on behalf of the Lenders, provided a one-time limited waiver of this covenant, effective from October 18, 2024 until June 30, 2025. This waiver is solely for that period and for addressing this specific breach, and does not constitute a waiver of any default or event of default under the Debt Facility. On July 14, 2025, the Company entered into the Fifth Amendment to the Financing Agreement, which, among other updates, removed the LTV ratio covenant from the agreement entirely. The Fifth Amendment also implemented additional reporting requirements and enhanced cash management provisions to strengthen the Company's covenant structure and operational oversight under the facility.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had drawn $75.0 million on the Debt Facility and had made no repayments.

Note 12 Commitments and Contingencies

From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims, either asserted or unasserted, that arise in the ordinary course of business. Other than as described below, management does not believe that any of these proceedings or claims will have a significant adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. However, legal proceedings and claims are subject to many factors that are difficult to predict, so there can be no assurance that, in the event of a material unfavorable result in one or more claims, the Company will not incur material costs.

1. United States of America v. Dave, Inc. and Jason Wilk (filed December 30, 2024 in the United States District Court for the Central District of California)

In January 2023, the Company received a Civil Investigative Demand from the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) staff seeking information in connection with the sale, offering, advertising, marketing or other promotion of cash advance products and online financial services. In response, the Company cooperated with the FTC staff while seeking to engage constructively with the FTC to resolve this matter.

On August 21, 2024, the FTC staff sent the Company a proposed consent order and draft complaint, alleging that the Company had violated Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act ("FTC Act") which prohibits "unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce" and certain provisions of the Restore Online Shoppers’ Confidence Act related to the Company’s platform and offering of the ExtraCash Product (the “Complaint”), and advising that it would recommend the filing of a Complaint if the Company did not settle the FTC’s claims. The Company engaged in good faith negotiations with the FTC staff to settle the claims but these negotiations were unsuccessful, and on November 5, 2024, the FTC filed the Complaint in the United States District Court for the Central District of California against the Company. The Complaint sought a permanent injunction, monetary relief for an unspecified amount and “other relief as the court determines to be just and proper.”The FTC then referred the case to the Department of Justice (the “DOJ”), and on December 30, 2024, the DOJ filed an amended civil complaint in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, naming the Company and our Chief Executive Officer, Jason Wilk as defendants (the "Amended Complaint"). The Amended Complaint alleges that Dave violated Section 5(a) of the FTC Act as well as the Restore Online Shoppers' Confidence Act. The DOJ is seeking injunctive relief, civil penalties, monetary relief and other relief. On February 28, 2025, we filed a motion to dismiss the DOJ’s Amended Complaint. On April 7, 2025, the DOJ filed an opposition to the Company's motion to dismiss and on April 21, 2025 the Company filed its reply in support of the Company's motion to dismiss. The hearing on the Company's motion to dismiss was held on June 30, 2025. On September 12, 2025, the Court denied the Company's motion to dismiss. On October 10, 2025, the Company answered the Amended Complaint.

Although the Company believes that its practices have at all times been in compliance with applicable law, the outcome of any case in litigation is uncertain. Therefore, as of the period ended September 30, 2025, the Company has recorded a $7.0 million litigation and settlement accrual for this matter. Significant changes in the accrual may be required in future periods as the case progresses and additional information becomes available. At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably predict the possible outcome of this matter due to, among other things, the fact that it raises difficult factual and legal issues and is subject to many uncertainties and complexities. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in the litigation, and the Company may incur a loss in excess of the amount accrued. The defense or resolution of this matter could involve significant monetary costs and have a material impact on the Company’s business, financial results and operations.

Note 13 Leases

In December 2018, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with PCJW Properties LLC ("PCJW"), controlled by Company’s founders (including the Company’s CEO), for general office space next to the aforementioned leased property in Los Angeles, California. The lease term wasfive years subject to early termination by either party, beginning November 2018 and ending October 2023. In November 2023, the Company extended the sublease for five more years ending October 2028. Under the terms of the sublease, the current monthly rent is $0.006 million, subject to annual escalations of 4%.

In January 2019, the Company entered into a second lease agreement with PCJW for office space located in Los Angeles, California. The lease term isseven years, beginning January 1, 2019 and ending December 31, 2025. The current monthly lease payment is $0.03 million, subject to annual escalations of 5%.

All leases were classified as operating and operating lease expenses are presented within Other operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not have any finance leases or sublease arrangements where the Company is the sublessor. The Company’s leasing activities are as follows (in thousands):

The future minimum lease payments as of September 30, 2025, were as follows (in thousands):

Note 14 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following are the major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1), significant other observable inputs (Level 2), and significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands):

The Company hadno assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company also has financial instruments not measured at fair value. The Company has evaluated cash (Level 1), restricted cash (Level 1), accounts payable (Level 2), accrued expenses (Level 2) and ExtraCash receivables (Level 3) and believes the carrying value approximates the fair value due to the short-term nature of these balances. The fair value of the debt facility (Level 2) approximates its carrying value.

Marketable Securities:

The Company evaluated the quoted market prices in active markets for its marketable securities and has classified its securities as Level 1. The Company’s investments in marketable securities are exposed to price fluctuations. The fair value measurements for the securities are based upon the quoted prices of similar items in active markets multiplied by the number of securities owned.

Investments:

The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure the fair value of investments held as of September 30, 2025 and 2024.

U.S. Government Securities

The fair value of U.S. government securities is estimated by independent pricing services who use computerized valuation formulas to calculate current values. U.S. government securities are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Corporate Bonds and Notes

The fair value of corporate bonds and notes is estimated by independent pricing services who use computerized valuation formulas to calculate current values. These securities are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy or in Level 3 when market-based transaction activity is unavailable and significant unobservable inputs are used.

Asset-Backed Securities

The fair value of these asset-backed securities is estimated by independent pricing services who use computerized valuation formulas to calculate current values. These securities are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy or in Level 3 when market-based transaction activity is unavailable and significant unobservable inputs are used.

Public Warrants:

As discussed further in Note 10, Warrant Liabilities, in January 2022, upon completion of the Business Combination, public warrants were automatically converted to warrants to purchase Common Stock of the Company. These public warrants met the definition of a derivative under ASC 815, and due to the terms of the warrants, were required to be liability classified. This warrant liability was initially recorded as a liability at fair value, with the offsetting entry recorded as a non-cash expense within the statement of operations. The derivative liability was subsequently recorded at fair value at each reporting period, with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. The gain/ (loss) related to the change in fair value of the public warrant liability for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $4.6 million and ($5.9) million, respectively, which is presented within changes in fair value of public warrant liability in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

A roll-forward of the Level 1 public warrant liability is as follows (in thousands):

Private Warrants:

As discussed further in Note 10, Warrant Liabilities, in January 2022, upon completion of the Business Combination, private warrants were automatically converted to warrants to purchase Common Stock of the Company. These private warrants met the definition of a derivative under ASC 815, and due to the terms of the warrants, were required to be liability classified. This warrant liability was initially recorded as a liability at fair value, with the offsetting entry recorded as a non-cash expense within the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The derivative liability was subsequently recorded at fair value at each reporting period, with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. The gain/(loss) related to the change in fair value of the private warrant liability for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $4.6 million and ($5.8) million, respectively, which is presented within changes in fair value of private warrant liabilities in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

A roll-forward of the Level 3 private warrant liability is as follows (in thousands):

The Company used a Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the private warrant liability. The following table presents the assumptions used to value the private warrant liability for the three months ended September 30, 2025:

Earnout Shares Liability:

As part of therecapitalization and business combination in January 2022,49,563 shares of Class A Common Stock held by founders of VPCC are subject toforfeiture if the vesting condition is not met over thefive-year term following the Closing Date (“Founder Holder Earnout Shares”). These Founder Holder Earnout Shares were initially recorded as a liability at fair value and subsequently recorded at fair value at each reporting period, with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. The gain/(loss) related to the change in fair value of the Founder Holder Earnout Shares liabilities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $4.8 million and ($2.7) million, respectively, which are presented within changes in fair value of earnout liabilities in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

A roll-forward of the Level 3 Founder Holder Earnout Shares liability is as follows (in thousands):

The Company used a Monte Carlo Simulation Method to determine the fair value of the Founder Holder Earnout Shares liability. The following table presents the assumptions used to value the Founder Holder Earnout Shares liability for the three months ended September 30, 2025:

There wereno other assets or liabilities that were required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Note 15 Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

As of September 30, 2025, no shares of preferred stock were outstanding.

Pursuant to the terms of the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Company’s Board of Directors is authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers and preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series of preferred stock. The Company’s Board of Directors is able to, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of the common stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of the Company’s Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control or the removal of existing management.

Class A and Class V Common Stock

The Company’s Board of Directors has authorized two classes of common stock, Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock. The Company had authorized 500,000,000 and 100,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, respectively. Shares of Class V Common Stock have 10 votes per share, while shares of Class A Common Stock have one vote per share. Theholders of shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock shall at all times vote together as a single class on all matters (including the election of directors) submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Shares of Class V Common Stock are convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock on aone-to-one basis at the option of the holders of Class V Common Stock at any time upon written notice to the Company. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had 12,452,402 and 1,314,082 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock issued, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had 12,189,314 and 1,314,082 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock outstanding, respectively.

Net Share Settlement of RSU Tax Withholding

The Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) expressly authorizes share withholding (net settlement) to satisfy tax obligations related to equity awards. In a net share settlement, the Company withholds a portion of the shares that would otherwise be delivered to the employee upon vesting, in an amount sufficient to cover the employee’s minimum statutory tax withholding requirements, and remits the equivalent value in cash to the tax authorities.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2025, the Company satisfied employee tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock units using a net share settlement method. Accordingly, the Company used approximately $13.3 million in cash during the quarter to fund these tax payments on the employees’ behalf, which resulted in 132,312 shares not issued to employees.

Note 16 Stock-Based Compensation

In 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Dave Inc. 2017 Stock Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2017 Plan authorized the award of stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units. On January 4, 2022, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan was previously approved, subject to stockholder approval, by the Company’s Board of Directors on January 4, 2022. Upon the consummation of the Business Combination with VPCC, the 2017 Plan was terminated and replaced by the 2021 Plan. The maximum term of stock options granted under the 2021 Plan is 10 years and the awards generally vest over afour-year period.

The Company recognized $7.2 million and $23.0 million of stock-based compensation expense arising from stock options, restricted stock unit grants and performance-based restricted stock unit grants which is recorded as a component of compensation and benefits in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized $13.4 million and $27.2 million of stock-based compensation expense arising from stock option and restricted stock unit grants for thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Stock Options:

Management has valued stock options at their date of grant utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of the underlying shares was estimated by using a number of inputs, including recent arm’s length transactions involving the sale of the Company’s common stock.

Expected term—The expected term represents the period of time that options are expected to be outstanding. As the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise behavior, it determines the expected life assumption using the simplified method, which is an average of the contractual term of the option and its vesting period.

Risk free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury issues with an equivalent term approximating the expected life of the options depending on the date of the grant and expected life of the options.

Expected dividend yield—The Company bases the expected dividend yield assumption on the fact that it has never paid cash dividends and has no present intention to pay cash dividends.

Expected volatility—Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility, the expected volatility assumption is based on historical volatilities of a peer group of similar companies whose share prices are publicly available. The Company identified a group of peer companies and considered their historical stock prices. In identifying peer companies, the Company considered the industry, stage of life cycle, size, and financial leverage of such other entities.

Activity with respect to stock options is summarized as follows:

At September 30, 2025, total estimated unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to unvested stock options prior to that date was $1.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.7 years.

On March 3, 2021, the Company granted the Chief Executive Officer stock options to purchase up to 358,001 shares of Common Stock innine tranches. Each of the nine tranches contain service, market and performance conditions. The market conditions relate to the achievement of certain specified price targets. Vesting commences on the grant date; however, no compensation charges are recognized until the service and performance condition are probable, which is upon the completion of a liquidity event, the achievement of specified price targets for each tranche of shares, and continuous employment. Upon the completion of the Business Combination, the performance condition was met and the Company recorded a cumulative stock-based compensation expense of $1.9 million. The options have a strike price of $23.16 per share. The Company determined the fair value of the options on the grant date to be $10.5 million using a Monte Carlo simulation with key inputs and assumptions such as stock price, term, dividend yield, risk-free interest rate, and volatility. The derived service periods determined by the valuation for each of the nine tranches range from approximately 3 years to approximately 7 years. Each tranche will be expensed monthly over the derived service period unless vesting conditions for a particular tranche are met, at which point all remaining compensation charges related to that particular tranche will be expensed in the period in which the vesting conditions were met. During the quarter ended June 30, 2025, a price target milestone was achieved and 119,321 stock options were considered vested.

The following table presents the key inputs and assumptions used to value the options granted to the Chief Executive Officer on the grant date:

Restricted Stock Units:

Activity with respect to RSUs is summarized as follows:

At September 30, 2025, total estimated unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to nonvested RSUs was approximately$34.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company granted 629,454 RSUs to certain employees insix tranches. Each of the six tranches contain service and market conditions. The market conditions relate to the achievement of certain specified price targets. Vesting commences on the grant date and the Company determined the fair value of the RSUs on the grant date to be approximately $3.0 million using a Monte Carlo simulation with key inputs and assumptions such as stock price, term, risk-free interest rate, and volatility. The derived service periods determined by the valuation for each of the six tranches range from approximatelytwo years to approximately three years. Each tranche will be expensed monthly over the derived service period unless vesting conditions for a particular tranche are met, at which point all remaining compensation charges related to that particular tranche will be expensed in the period in which the vesting conditions were met.

The following table presents the key inputs and assumptions used to value the RSUs that contain service and market conditions on the grant date:

During October 2023, the Company granted 71,844 RSUs to certain employees insix tranches. Each of the six tranches contain service and market conditions. The market conditions relate to the achievement of certain specified price targets. Vesting commences on the grant date and the Company determined the fair value of the RSUs on the grant date to be approximately $0.2 million using a Monte Carlo simulation with key inputs and assumptions such as stock price, term, risk-free interest rate, and volatility. The derived service periods determined by the valuation ranges from approximatelytwo years to approximately three years. Each grant will be expensed monthly over the derived service period unless vesting conditions for a particular grant are met, at which point all remaining compensation charges related to that particular grant will be expensed in the period in which the vesting conditions were met.

The following table presents the key inputs and assumptions used to value the RSUs granted during October 2023 that contain service and market conditions on the grant date:

During the quarter ended June 30, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved a modification to the price targets in the market conditions and the addition of alternative performance conditions for 333,275 unvested RSUs. The modification of the unvested RSUs resulted in an incremental stock-based compensation expense of$1.0 million, which will be expensed monthly over the derived service period. The weighted average modification-date fair value of the RSUs was $5.36 per award. The Company determined the fair value of the RSUs on the modification date using a Monte Carlo simulation with key inputs and assumptions such as stock price, term, risk-free interest rate, and volatility. The derived service periods determined by the valuation range from approximatelyone year to approximatelytwo years. The RSUs will be expensed monthly over the derived service period unless vesting conditions for a particular tranche are met, at which point all remaining compensation charges will be expensed in the period in which the vesting conditions were met. As a result of the modification, the RSUs are now classified as performance-based RSUs and included in the activity table below.

The following table presents the key inputs and assumptions used to value the RSUs modified during the quarter ended June 30, 2024:

During the quarter ended September 30, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved a modification to the price targets in the market conditions and the addition of alternative performance conditions for 50,000 unvested RSUs and during the quarter the Company achieved the performance conditions. The modification and achievement of the performance conditions resulted in an incremental cumulative stock-based compensation expense of approximately $0.4 million. As a result of the modification, the RSUs were classified as performance-based RSUs and included in the activity table below. As of September 30, 2025, the 50,000 performance-based RSUs were vested and issued based upon the achievement of the remaining service requirement as outlined in the award agreements.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units:

The Company grants performance-based RSUs to certain executives and employees as part of its long-term incentive plan. The performance-based RSUs are subject to the attainment of defined performance and service conditions, such as specific adjusted EBITDA targets and specific share price targets, both subject to continued employment with the Company through certain dates. The actual number of shares subject to the award is determined at the end of the performance period and may range from 0% to 150% of the target shares granted depending upon the terms of the award. Compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period if and when the Company concludes it is probable that the performance metrics will be satisfied.

Activity with respect to Performance-Based RSUs is summarized as follows:

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company achieved certain performance conditions as outlined in its grant agreements and recorded a cumulative stock-based compensation expense of approximately $5.6 million.

At September 30, 2025, total estimated unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to nonvested performance-based RSUs was approximately $13.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years.

Note 17 Related-Party Transactions

Leasing Arrangements

During each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company paid $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, under lease agreements with PCJW, which is controlled by the Company's founders (including the Company's current CEO), for general office space in Los Angeles, California. During thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company paid $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, under the lease agreements with PCJW.

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments as of September 30, 2025 under Company’s sublease for the properties located in Los Angeles, California, signed with PCJW (in thousands):

The related-party components of the lease right-of-use assets, lease liabilities, short-term, and lease liabilities, long-term are presented as part of the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Debt Facility

Brendan Carroll, a Senior Partner at Victory Park Capital Advisors, LLC ("VPC"), joined the board of directors of the Company upon closing of the Business Combination. Interest expense related to the Debt Facility totaled $1.8 million and $5.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. For more information about the Debt Facility with VPC, refer to Note 11, Debt Facility.

Legal Services

The law firm of Mitchell Sandler LLC, of which the Company's director Andrea Mitchell is a partner, provided legal services to the Company, which totaled $0.2 million and $0.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Note 18 401(k) Savings Plan

The Company maintains a 401(k) savings plan for the benefit of its employees. Employees can defer up to 90% of their compensation subject to fixed annual limits. All current employees are eligible to participate in the 401(k) savings plan. Beginning January 2021, the Company began matching contributions to the 401(k) savings plan equal to 100% of the first 4% of wages deferred by each participating employee. The Company incurred expenses for employer matching contributions of$0.5 million and $1.6 million for thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $0.5 million and $1.5 million for thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Note 19 Segment Information

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the operations of the Company constitute asingle operating and reportable segment. This conclusion reflects the manner in which the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), a joint responsibility, shared by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, reviews financial information and makes operating decisions. The determination of the reportable segment is based on the nature of the Company’s products and services, as well as the financial performance, on a consolidated entity-wide basis, that are regularly reviewed by the CODM to guide resource allocation and assess performance.

The Company’s operations, all of which are located in the United States, collectively support this single-segment structure. No Member individually contributed to 10% or more of the Company’s revenues for thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

For further information regarding the Company’s products, services, and the accounting policies applied to its reportable segment, refer to Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies.

The key performance measure used by the CODM to make key operating decisions is consolidated net income, as reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. This measure to assess overall financial performance, identify areas for operation improvement, resource allocation and the allocation of budget between the provision for credit losses, processing and servicing costs, advertising and marketing, compensation and benefits and other operating expenses. This measure helps to ensure alignment with the Company’s long-term financial objectives and supports consistent evaluation across all business activities.

The segment assets and liabilities reviewed by the CODM are those reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, with particular focus on available liquidity, including cash, cash equivalents, investments, restricted cash, and ExtraCash receivables, offset by current liabilities and outstanding debt.

The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company’s single operating and reportable segment for thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

Other operating expenses primarily include charitable commitments, depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and intangible assets, legal fees and settlements, rent, sales tax-related costs, office expenses, public relations, professional services, travel and entertainment, and insurance. These costs generally reflect our investments in infrastructure, business development, risk management, and administrative costs, and may vary period to period based on operational needs and strategic initiatives.

Significant noncash items that impact net income include provision for credit losses, stock based compensation, depreciation expense, amortization expense (see Note 7, Intangible Assets, Net), changes in fair value of earnout liabilities (see Note 14, Fair Value of Financial Instruments), and changes in fair value of public and private warrant liabilities (see Note 14, Fair Value of Financial Instruments).

Note 20 Treasury Shares

In March 2025, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company could repurchase up to $50.0 million of Class A common stock (the "March Repurchase Plan"). During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company repurchased 81,370 shares of Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $6.9 million, inclusive of transaction costs.

In August 2025, the Company repurchased 132,155 shares of Class A common stock under the March Repurchase Plan for an aggregate purchase price of $25.0 million, inclusive of transaction costs. All repurchased shares were funded using general corporate funds, were recorded as treasury shares and are carried at cost as a component of stockholders’ equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. No treasury shares were retired or reissued during the period. The Inflation Reduction Act imposed a nondeductible 1% excise tax on the net value of certain share repurchases. During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the excise tax on net share repurchases was approximately $0.3 million.

In August 2025, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $125.0 million of outstanding Class A common stock (the "August Repurchase Plan"), which replaced the March Repurchase Plan. Prior to being replaced, $18.1 million remained available for share repurchases under the March Repurchase Plan. The repurchases may be conducted through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, one or more Rule 10b5-1 trading plans or other means our management deems appropriate. The program is part of the Company's capital allocation strategy to return capital to shareholders and manage dilution from equity compensation. The timing, price, and volume of repurchases are subject to management’s discretion and depend on market conditions, legal requirements, and other factors. We may suspend or discontinue the program at any time without prior notice. The program has no expiration date.

As of September 30, 2025, $125.0 million remained available for future repurchases under the current authorization.

Note 21 Subsequent Events

Subsequent events are events or transactions that occur after the condensed consolidated balance sheet date, but before the condensed consolidated financial statements are available to be issued. The Company recognizes in the condensed consolidated financial statements the effects of all subsequent events that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the condensed consolidated balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements do not recognize subsequent events that provide evidence about conditions that did not exist at the date of the condensed consolidated balance sheet but arose after the condensed consolidated balance sheet date and before the condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.