TRUSTCO BANK CORP N Y

Previous wording

The review that follows focuses on the factors affecting the financial condition and results of operations of TrustCo during the three month and nine month periods ended September 30, 2025, with comparisons to the corresponding period in 2024, as applicable. The consolidated interim financial statements and related notes, as well as the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on March 14, 2025 (the “2024 Form 10-K”), should also be read in conjunction with this review. Amounts in prior period consolidated interim financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current period’s presentation.

Current wording

The review that follows focuses on the factors affecting the financial condition and results of operations of TrustCo during the three month period ended March 31, 2026, with comparisons to the corresponding period in 2025, as applicable. The consolidated interim financial statements and related notes, as well as the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which was filed with the SEC on March 16, 2026 (the “2025 Form 10-K”), should also be read in conjunction with this review. Amounts in prior period consolidated interim financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current period’s presentation. These reclassifications have no effect on prior period net income or shareholders’ equity. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” on page 5 of this report for a description of important factors that could cause actual results to differ from expected results.

Previous wording

Following this Management’s Discussion and Analysis is the table “Distribution of Assets, Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity: Interest Rates and Interest Differential”, which gives a detailed breakdown of TrustCo’s average interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Current wording

Following this Management’s Discussion and Analysis is the table “Distribution of Assets, Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity: Interest Rates and Interest Differential,” which gives a detailed breakdown of TrustCo’s average interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities for the three month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Previous wording

During the third quarter of 2025, financial markets got off to a robust start with each of the major indexes reaching multiple record highs. For the third quarter of 2025, the S&P 500 Index was up 7.8%, Nasdaq was up 11.2%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average was up 5.22% compared to the second quarter of 2025. The 10‑year Treasury bond averaged 4.26% during the third quarter of 2025 compared to 4.36% in Q2 2025, a decrease of 10 basis points. The 2‑year Treasury bond average rate decreased 14 basis points to 3.72%. The spread between the 10‑year and the 2-year Treasury bonds increased from a 0.50% on average in Q2 2025 to 0.54% in Q3 2025. Generally, steeper yield curves are favorable for portfolio mortgage lenders like TrustCo, and the table below illustrates the range of rate movements for both short-term and longer-term rates. During the first nine months of 2025 the Federal Funds rate was lowered once in September 2025 to a range of 4.00% to 4.25% from 4.25% to 4.50%. It was also subsequently lowered on October 29, 2025 to a range of 3.75% to 4.00%.

Current wording

During the first quarter of 2026, financial markets started out strong to begin 2026, but declined by the end of the quarter driven by tensions in the Middle East, higher oil prices and labor market deterioration. As of the end of the first quarter of 2026, the S&P 500 Index was down 4.63%, Nasdaq was down 7.11%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average was down 3.58% compared to December 31, 2025. The 10‑year Treasury bond averaged 4.20% during Q1 2026 compared to 4.10% in Q4 2025, an increase of 10 basis points. The 2‑year Treasury bond averaged 3.58% during Q1 2026 compared to 3.52% in Q4 2025, and the spread between the 10‑year and the 2-year Treasury bonds increased from 0.58% on average in Q4 2025 to 0.62% in Q1 2026. Generally, steeper yield curves are favorable for portfolio mortgage lenders like TrustCo, and the table below illustrates the range of rate movements for both short term and longer term rates. During the first quarter of 2026 Federal Funds rate remained flat at a range of 3.50% to 3.75%.

Previous wording

The country has entered a period of heightened economic uncertainty as markets continue to adjust to rapidly evolving changes in tariff policies. Tariffs have the potential to increase inflation, and it is unknown if that would have a transitory or longer lasting impact. The Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) lowered the federal funds target rate range to 4.00%-4.25% in September 2025, and to a range of 3.75% to 4.00% in October 2025.

Current wording

The country has been experiencing economic uncertainty as markets continue to adjust to changes in tariff policies, Middle East tensions, increased oil prices and a volatile labor market. The Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) lowered the Federal Funds target rate range to 3.50-3.75% in December 2025 and there was no change in the first quarter of 2026.

Previous wording

Management believes that TrustCo’s long-term focus on traditional banking services and practices historically has enabled the Company to avoid significant impact from asset quality problems, and that the Company’s strong liquidity and solid capital positions have allowed the Company to continue to conduct business in a manner consistent with its past practice. While we continue to adhere to prudent underwriting standards, should general housing prices and other economic measures, such as unemployment in the Company’s market areas, deteriorate as a result of changes in interest rates, financial sector instability, a potential or actual default on the federal debt or other reasons, the Company may experience an increase in the level of credit risk and in the amount of its classified and nonperforming loans.

Current wording

Management believes that TrustCo’s long-term focus on traditional banking services and practices historically has enabled the Company to avoid significant impact from asset quality problems, and that the Company’s strong liquidity and solid capital positions have allowed the Company to continue to conduct business in a manner consistent with its past practice. While we continue to adhere to prudent underwriting standards, should general housing prices and other economic measures, such as unemployment in the Company’s market areas, deteriorate as a result of changes in interest rates, general economic instability, a potential or actual default on the federal debt or other reasons, the Company may experience an increase in the level of credit risk and in the amount of its classified and nonperforming loans.

Previous wording

TrustCo recorded net income of $16.3 million, or $0.86 of diluted earnings per share, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to net income of $12.9 million, or $0.68 of diluted earnings per share, in the same period in 2024. Return on average assets was 1.02% and 0.84%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Return on average equity was 9.29% and 7.74%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Current wording

TrustCo recorded net income of $16.3 million, or $0.91 of diluted earnings per share, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to net income of $14.3 million, or $0.75 of diluted earnings per share, in the same period in 2025. Return on average assets was 1.02% and 0.93%, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. Return on average equity was 9.66% and 8.49%, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Previous wording

TrustCo’s results are affected by a variety of factors including competitive and economic conditions in the specific markets in which the Company operates and, more generally, in the national economy, financial market conditions and the regulatory environment. Each of these factors is dynamic, and changes in any area can have an impact on TrustCo’s results. Included in the 2024 Form 10-K is a description of the effect that continued elevated interest rates had on the results for the year 2024 compared to 2023. Many of the same market factors discussed in the 2024 Form 10-K continued to have an impact on results through the third quarter of 2025.

Current wording

TrustCo’s results are affected by a variety of factors including competitive and economic conditions in the specific markets in which the Company operates and, more generally, in the national economy, financial market conditions and the regulatory environment. Each of these factors is dynamic, and changes in any area can have an impact on TrustCo’s results. Included in the 2025 Form 10-K is a description of the effect that changes in interest rates had on the results for the year 2025 compared to 2024. Many of the same market factors discussed in the 2025 Form 10-K continued to have an impact on results through the first quarter of 2026.

Previous wording

Interest rates have a significant impact on the operations and financial results of all financial services companies. One of the most important interest rates used to control national economic policy is the “Federal Funds” rate. This is the interest rate utilized within the banking system for overnight borrowings for institutions with the highest credit rating. During the first nine months of 2025 the Federal Funds rate was lowered once in September 2025 to a range of 4.00% to 4.25% from 4.25% to 4.50%. It was also subsequently lowered in October 2025 to a range of 3.75% to 4.00%.

Current wording

Interest rates have a significant impact on the operations and financial results of all financial services companies. One of the most important interest rates used to control national economic policy is the “Federal Funds” rate. This is the interest rate utilized within the banking system for overnight borrowings for institutions with the highest credit rating. During the first quarter of 2026 Federal Funds target rate remained flat at a range of 3.50% to 3.75%.

Previous wording

TrustCo’s principal loan products are residential real estate loans. Most of TrustCo’s residential real estate loans carry a fixed rate of interest. As noted above, residential real estate loans and longer‑term investments are most affected by the changes in longer term market interest rates such as the 10-year Treasury. The 10‑year Treasury yield decreased 10 basis points, on average, during the third quarter of 2025 compared to the second quarter of 2025 and increased 31 basis points as compared to the third quarter of 2024.

Current wording

TrustCo’s principal loan products are residential real estate loans. Most of TrustCo’s residential real estate loans carry a fixed rate of interest. As noted above, residential real estate loans and longer‑term investments are most affected by the changes in longer-term market interest rates such as the 10-year Treasury. The 10‑year Treasury yield was up 10 basis points, on average, during the first quarter of 2026 compared to the fourth quarter of 2025, and it was down 25 basis points as compared to the first quarter of 2025.

Previous wording

A fundamental component of TrustCo’s strategy has been to grow customer relationships and the deposits and loans that are part of those relationships. Management believes that the Company has significant capacity to grow its balance sheet given its extensive branch network. The Company expects that growth to be profitable. The current interest rate environment, however, has narrowed the margin on incremental balance sheet expansion. While the Company has not changed its fundamental long term strategy in regard to utilizing its excess capacity, management continually evaluates changing conditions and may seek to limit growth or reduce the size of the balance sheet if its analysis indicates that doing so would be beneficial.

Current wording

A fundamental component of TrustCo’s strategy has been to grow customer relationships and the deposits and loans that are part of those relationships. Management believes that the Company has significant capacity to grow its balance sheet given its extensive branch network. The Company expects that growth to be profitable. While the Company has not changed its fundamental long-term strategy in regard to utilizing its excess capacity, management continually evaluates changing conditions and may seek to limit growth or reduce the size of the balance sheet if its analysis indicates that doing so would be beneficial.

Previous wording

For the third quarter of 2025, the net interest margin was 2.79%, up 18 basis points versus the prior year’s quarter. The quarterly results reflect the following significant factors:

Current wording

For the first quarter of 2026, the net interest margin was 2.84%, up 20 basis points versus the prior year’s first quarter. The quarterly results reflect the following significant factors:

Previous wording

During the third quarter of 2025, the Company continued to focus on its strategy to expand its loan portfolio by offering competitive interest rates. Management believes that the TrustCo residential real estate loan product is very competitive compared to local and national competitors. Competition remains strong in the Company’s market areas.

Current wording

During the first quarter of 2026, the Company continued to focus on its strategy to expand its loan portfolio by offering competitive interest rates. Management believes that the TrustCo residential real estate loan product is very competitive compared to local and national competitors. Competition remains strong in the Company’s market areas.

Previous wording

The strategy on the funding side of the balance sheet was to offer competitive core deposit products coupled with short term time accounts. We believe that this strategy has sustained TrustCo’s strong liquidity position and continues to allow us to cross sell products to new and existing relationships and take advantage of opportunities as they arise.

Current wording

The strategy on the funding side of the balance sheet was to offer competitive core deposit products coupled with short term time accounts. We believe that this strategy has sustained TrustCo’s strong liquidity position and continues to allow us to cross sell products to new and existing customer relationships and take advantage of opportunities as they arise.

Previous wording

Total average interest earning assets increased from $5.94 billion in the third quarter of 2024 to $6.20 billion in the same period of 2025 with an average yield of 4.25% in the third quarter of 2025 and 4.11% in the third quarter of 2024. The mix of assets invested in Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments and loans increased, while securities available for sale and held to maturity securities decreased over the prior year period. Interest income on average earning assets increased from $61.1 million in the third quarter of 2024 to $66.0 million in the third quarter of 2025. This increase was primarily driven by the increase in average balances and an increase in interest income on federal funds sold and other short-term investments and loans due to higher interest rates on loan originations over the last year and variable rate loans repricing upwards.

Current wording

Total average interest earning assets increased from $6.11 billion in the first quarter of 2025 to $6.27 billion in the same period of 2026 with an average yield of 4.23% in the first quarter of 2026 and 4.13% in the first quarter of 2025. The mix of assets invested in securities available for sale decreased while Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments and loans increased over the prior year period. Interest income on average earning assets increased $3.4 million in the first quarter of 2026 from the prior year period. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in interest income on loans due to higher interest rates on loan originations over the last year.

Previous wording

The average balance of residential mortgage loans was $4.41 billion in the third quarter of 2025 compared to $4.38 billion in 2024, an increase of 0.8%. The average yield on residential mortgage loans increased by 18 basis points to 4.00% in the third quarter of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily as a result of the higher interest rates on new originations compared to the existing portfolio yield.

Current wording

Compared to the first quarter of 2025, the average balance of residential mortgage loans, commercial loans, and home equity loans all increased, while installment loans decreased. The average balance of residential mortgage loans was $4.48 billion in 2026 compared to $4.39 billion in 2025, an increase of 2.1%. The average yield on residential mortgage loans increased by 20 basis points to 4.09% in the first quarter of 2026 compared to 2025, primarily as a result of the higher interest rates on new originations compared to the existing portfolio yield.

Previous wording

Commercial loans, which consist primarily of loans secured by commercial real estate, increased $34.6 million to an average balance of $313.8 million in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in the prior year. The average yield on this portfolio was up 19 basis points to 5.64% compared to the prior year period, primarily as a result of higher interest rates on new originations compared to the existing portfolio yield and certain variable rate loans that repriced upwards prior to the recent Federal Funds target rate decrease in September 2025. The Company continues to be selective in underwriting commercial loans, aiming to the apparent risk/reward during the underwriting process.

Current wording

Commercial loans, which consist primarily of loans secured by commercial real estate, increased $17.1 million to an average balance of $315.1 million in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the same period in the prior year. The average yield on this portfolio was flat at 5.59% compared to the prior year period. The Company has remained selective in underwriting commercial loans in 2026 as the apparent risk/reward balance has been less favorable in some cases.

Previous wording

The average yield on home equity credit lines decreased 3 basis points to 6.50% during the third quarter of 2025 compared to the year earlier period. The average balances of home equity credit lines increased 15.7% to $440.3 million in the third quarter of 2025 as compared to the prior year.

Current wording

The average yield on home equity credit lines decreased 4 basis points to 6.26% during the first quarter of 2026 compared to the prior year period. The average balances of home equity lines increased 12.3% to $464.8 million in the first quarter of 2026 as compared to the prior year.

Previous wording

The average balance of the securities available for sale portfolio for the third quarter of 2025 was $347.0 million compared to $409.3 million for the comparable period in 2024. The decrease in the balance reflects routine paydowns, calls and maturities, partially offset by new investment purchases. The average yield was 2.91% for the third quarter of 2025 compared to 2.51% for the third quarter of 2024. The increase in average yield is a result of higher yields on bonds purchased as well as lower rate bonds maturing since the prior year quarter. This portfolio is primarily comprised of agency issued residential mortgage backed securities, bonds issued by government sponsored enterprises (such as Fannie Mae, the Federal Home Loan Bank, and Freddie Mac), Small Business Administration participation certificates, corporate bonds and municipal bonds. These securities are recorded at fair value with any adjustment in fair value included in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

Current wording

The average balance of the securities available for sale portfolio for the first quarter of 2026 was $323.9 million compared to $369.9 million for the comparable period in 2025. The decrease in the balance reflects routine paydowns, calls and maturities, partially offset by new investment purchases. The average yield was 2.94% for the first quarter of 2026 compared to 2.62% for the first quarter of 2025. The increase in average yield is a result of higher yields on bonds purchased as well as lower rate bonds maturing since the prior year quarter. This portfolio is primarily comprised of agency issued residential mortgage-backed securities, bonds issued by government sponsored enterprises (such as Fannie Mae, the Federal Home Loan Bank, and Freddie Mac), Small Business Administration participation certificates, corporate bonds and municipal bonds. These securities are recorded at fair value with any adjustment in fair value included in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

Previous wording

The net unrealized loss in the available for sale securities portfolio was $18.5 million as of September 30, 2025 compared to a net unrealized loss of $29.3 million as of December 31, 2024. The decrease in net unrealized losses in the portfolio is the result of the current interest rate environment.

Current wording

The net unrealized loss in the available for sale securities portfolio was $17.9 million as of March 31, 2026 compared to a net unrealized loss of $16.2 million as of December 31, 2025. The increase in the net unrealized losses in the portfolio is the result of the current interest rate environment.

Previous wording

The average balance of held to maturity securities was $4.7 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared to $5.8 million in the third quarter of 2024. The decrease in balances reflects routine paydowns. No new securities were added to this portfolio during the period. The average yield was 4.40% for the third quarter of 2025 up from 4.29% for the year earlier period. TrustCo expects to hold the securities in this portfolio until they mature or are called.

Current wording

The average balance of held to maturity securities was $4.2 million for the first quarter of 2026 compared to $5.2 million in the first quarter of 2025. The decrease in balances reflects routine paydowns. No new securities were added to this portfolio during the period. The average yield was 4.47% for the first quarter of 2026 compared to 4.34% for the year earlier period. TrustCo expects to hold the securities in this portfolio until they mature or are called.

Previous wording

The net unrecognized gain in the held to maturity securities portfolio was $36 thousand as of September 30, 2025 compared to a net unrecognized loss of $59 thousand as of December 31, 2024. The increase in the net unrecognized gain in the portfolio is the result of changes in market interest rate levels.

Current wording

The net unrealized gain in the held to maturity securities portfolio was $37 thousand as of March 31, 2026 compared to a net unrealized gain of $50 thousand as of December 31, 2025. The decrease in the net unrealized gains in the portfolio is the result of changes in market interest rate levels.

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2025, this portfolio consisted solely of agency issued residential mortgage-backed securities. The balances for these securities are recorded at amortized cost.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2026, this portfolio consisted solely of residential mortgage-backed securities. The balances for these securities are recorded at amortized cost.

Previous wording

The average balance of Federal Funds sold and other short‑term investments was $662.7 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared to $465.9 million in the third quarter of 2024, primarily due to an increase in deposits, loan payments, and funds from maturing and called securities which have not yet been deployed. The yield was 4.42% for the third quarter of 2025 and 5.27% for the comparable period in 2024. Interest income from this portfolio increased $1.2 million from $6.2 million in 2024 to $7.4 million in 2025. The increase in the average balance was enough to offset the decrease in yield over the same period.

Current wording

The 2026 first quarter average balance of Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments was $670.0 million, a $56.3 million increase from the $613.6 million average for the same period in 2025, primarily due to an increase in deposits and funds from maturing securities which have not yet been deployed. The yield was 3.70% for the first quarter of 2026 and 4.45% for the comparable period in 2025. Interest income from this portfolio decreased $627 thousand from the prior year period. While the average balances increased year over year, the decreases in the Federal Funds target rate in 2025 resulted in a decrease in interest income over the same period in the prior year.

Previous wording

Total average interest bearing deposit accounts (which includes interest bearing checking, money market accounts, savings and time deposits) increased $200.6 million to $4.70 billion for the third quarter of 2025 versus the third quarter in the prior year, and the average rate paid decreased from 1.96% for 2024 to 1.92% for 2025. Total interest expense on these deposits increased from $22.2 million to $22.7 million in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the year earlier period. From the third quarter of 2024 to the third quarter of 2025, interest bearing checking account average balances were up 3.5%, certificates of deposit average balances were up 13.1%, non-interest demand average balances were up 6.8%, average savings balances decreased 4.0% and money market balances were down 7.0%. Overall, average balances are up from a year ago as we continue to encourage customers to retain their funds in the expanded product offerings of the Bank through aggressive marketing and product differentiation.

Current wording

Total average interest bearing deposits (which includes interest bearing checking, money market accounts, savings and time deposits) increased $118.3 million to $4.77 billion for the first quarter of 2026 versus the first quarter in the prior year, and the average rate paid decreased from 1.94% for 2025 to 1.80% for 2026. Total interest expense on these deposits decreased $1.1 million to $21.1 million in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the year earlier period. From the first quarter of 2025 to the first quarter of 2026, interest bearing checking account average balances were up 2.1%, certificates of deposit average balances were up 6.7%, non‑interest demand average balances were up 5.2%, average savings balances decreased 2.1% and money market balances were down 3.9%. Overall, average balances are up from a year ago as we continue to encourage customers to retain their funds in the expanded product offerings of the Bank through aggressive marketing and product differentiation.

Previous wording

At September 30, 2025, the maturity of total time deposits was as follows:

Current wording

As of March 31, 2026, the maturity of total time deposits was as follows:

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, approximately $1.24 billion and $1.11 billion, respectively, of our deposit portfolio were uninsured. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank’s regulatory reporting requirements.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, approximately $1.23 billion and $1.22 billion, respectively, of our deposit portfolio was uninsured. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank’s regulatory reporting requirements.

Previous wording

Average short-term borrowings for the third quarter were $87.3 million in 2025 compared to $87.7 million in 2024. The weighted average interest rate for short-term borrowings increased 2 basis points to 0.90% during this time period. The short-term borrowings of the Company are cash management accounts, which represent retail accounts with customers for which the Bank has pledged certain assets as collateral.

Current wording

Average short-term borrowings for the first quarter of 2026 were $116.5 million compared to $83.2 million in the same period in 2025. The increase in the average balance from the prior year period is primarily a result of increases in customer balances. The average rate increased to 1.40% in the first quarter of 2026 compared to 0.88% in the prior year quarter. The short-term borrowings of the Company are cash management accounts, which represent retail accounts with customers for which the Bank has pledged certain assets as collateral.

Previous wording

The Company has a number of contingent funding alternatives available in addition to the large cash and cash equivalents position and the investment securities positions it maintains on its balance sheet. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) and is an eligible borrower at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”) and has the ability to borrow utilizing securities and/or loans as collateral at either institution. The Bank does not utilize brokered deposits as a part of its funding strategy, but does incorporate them as a potential contingent funding source within its Asset/Liability Management Policy. Like other contingent funding sources, brokered CDs may be tested from time to time to ensure operational and market readiness. As of September 30, 2025 the Company also has borrowing capacity of $979.1 million available with the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York. The borrowings capacity is secured by the loans pledged by the Company. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no outstanding borrowings with the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York.

Current wording

The Company has a number of contingent funding alternatives available in addition to the large cash and cash equivalents position and the investment securities positions it maintains on its balance sheet. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) and is an eligible borrower at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”) and has the ability to borrow utilizing securities and/or loans as collateral at either institution. The Bank does not utilize brokered deposits as a part of its funding strategy, but does incorporate them as a potential contingent funding source within its Asset/Liability Management Policy. Like other contingent funding sources, brokered deposits may be tested from time to time to ensure operational and market readiness. As of March 31, 2026 the Company also has borrowing capacity of $967 million available with the FHLBNY and $539 thousand available with the FRBNY. The borrowings capacity is secured by the loans pledged by the Company. As of March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company had no outstanding borrowings with the FHLBNY or the FRBNY.

Previous wording

Net interest income increased by $4.4 million to $43.1 million in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The net interest spread was up 18 basis points to 2.35% in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. As previously noted, the net interest margin was also up 18 basis points to 2.79% for the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Yields on earning assets increased in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the third quarter of 2024, and rates on interest-bearing liabilities decreased causing margin expansion. The Federal Reserve’s decision regarding whether to cut or hold rates in upcoming meetings will have an effect on the Company’s timing and ability to cover deposit costs which should help margin in future quarters. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company has been able to lower the rates offered on our time deposits while continuing to retain and grow that product. This is expected bring down the cost of time deposits over time.

Current wording

Net interest income was up $4.3 million from $40.4 million in the first quarter of 2025 to $44.7 million in the first quarter of 2026, driven by loan growth at higher interest rates and less interest expense on deposit products, partially offset by lower investment interest income and a decrease in interest on Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments. The net interest spread was up 23 basis points to 2.44% in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the same period in 2025. As previously noted, the net interest margin was up 20 basis points to 2.84% for the first quarter of 2026 compared to the same period in 2025. Yields on earning assets increased in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the first quarter of 2025, and rates on interest-bearing liabilities decreased causing margin expansion. The Federal Reserve’s decision regarding whether to cut, raise or hold rates in upcoming meetings will have an effect on the Company’s ability to decrease deposit costs which should help margin in future quarters. During the first quarter of 2026, the Company was able to lower the rates offered on our time deposits while continuing to retain and grow that product.

Previous wording

Nonperforming loans and foreclosed real estate: Total NPLs were $18.5 million at September 30, 2025 compared to $18.8 million at December 31, 2024. There were no loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 that were past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest. The coverage ratio, or allowance for credit losses on loans to NPLs, was 280.8% at September 30, 2025 compared to 267.3% at December 31,2024.

Current wording

Nonperforming loans and foreclosed real estate: Total NPLs were $21.5 million and $20.7 million as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. There were no loans as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 that were past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest.

Previous wording

At September 30, 2025, nonperforming loans primarily include a mix of commercial and residential loans. Of total nonperforming loans of $18.5 million at September 30, 2025, $18.1 million were residential real estate loans, $292 thousand were commercial loans and mortgages and $43 thousand were installment loans, compared to $18.3 million, $343 thousand and $130 thousand, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2026, nonperforming loans primarily include a mix of commercial and residential loans. Of total nonperforming loans of $21.5 million as of March 31, 2026, $19.4 million were residential real estate loans, $2.0 million were commercial loans and mortgages and $63 thousand were installment loans, compared to $18.6 million, $2.0 million and $51 thousand, respectively, at December 31, 2025.

Previous wording

A significant percentage of nonperforming loans are residential real estate loans, which are historically lower-risk than most other types of loans. Net recoveries were $194 thousand on residential real estate loans (including home equity lines of credit) for the third quarter of 2025 compared to net charge-offs of $104 thousand for the third quarter of 2024. Management believes that these loans have been appropriately written down where required.

Current wording

A significant percentage of nonperforming loans are residential real estate loans, which are historically lower-risk than most other types of loans. Net recoveries were $43 thousand on residential real estate loans (including home equity lines of credit) for the first quarter of 2026 as compared to net charge-offs of $41 thousand in the first quarter of 2025. Management believes that these loans have been appropriately written down where required.

Previous wording

Ongoing portfolio management is intended to result in early identification and disengagement from deteriorating credits. TrustCo has a diversified loan portfolio that includes a significant balance of residential mortgage loans to borrowers in the Capital Region of New York and Central Florida, and avoids concentrations to any one borrower or any single industry. TrustCo has no advances to borrowers or projects located outside the United States. TrustCo continues to identify delinquent loans as quickly as possible and to move promptly to resolve problem loans. Efforts to resolve delinquencies begin immediately after the payment grace period expires, with repeated, automatically generated notices, as well as personalized phone calls and letters. Loans are placed in nonaccrual status once they are 90 days past due, or earlier if management has determined that such classification is appropriate. Once in nonaccrual status, loans are either brought current and maintained current, at which point they may be returned to accrual status, or they proceed through the foreclosure process. The collateral on nonaccrual loans is evaluated periodically, and the loan value is written down if the collateral value is insufficient.

Current wording

Ongoing portfolio management is intended to result in early identification and disengagement from deteriorating credits. TrustCo has a diversified loan portfolio that includes a significant balance of residential mortgage loans to borrowers in the Capital Region of New York and Central Florida, and avoids concentrations to any one borrower or any single industry. TrustCo has no advances to borrowers or projects located outside the U.S. TrustCo continues to identify delinquent loans as quickly as possible and to move promptly to resolve problem loans. Efforts to resolve delinquencies begin immediately after the payment grace period expires, with repeated, automatically generated notices, as well as personalized phone calls and letters. Loans are placed in non-accrual status once they are 90 days past due, or earlier if management has determined that such classification is appropriate. Once in non-accrual status, loans are either brought current and maintained current, at which point they may be returned to accrual status, or they proceed through the foreclosure process. The collateral on non-accrual loans is evaluated periodically, and the loan value is written down if the collateral value is insufficient.

Previous wording

The Company originates loans throughout its branch franchise area. At September 30, 2025, 64.4% of its gross loan portfolio balances were in New York State and the immediately surrounding areas (including New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts), and 35.6% were in Florida. Those figures compare to 64.3% and 35.7%, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

Current wording

The Company originates loans throughout its branch franchise area. As of March 31, 2026, 64.5% of its gross loan portfolio balances were in New York State and the immediately surrounding areas (including New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts), and 35.5% were in Florida. Those figures compare to 64.3% and 35.7%, respectively at December 31, 2025.

Previous wording

Economic conditions vary widely by geographic location. As a percentage of the total nonperforming loans as of September 30, 2025, 19.4% were to Florida borrowers, compared to 80.6% to borrowers in New York and surrounding areas. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, New York and surrounding areas experienced net recoveries of approximately $196 thousand and Florida experienced net charge-offs of $20 thousand for the third quarter of 2025.

Current wording

Economic conditions vary widely by geographic location. As a percentage of the total nonperforming loans as of March 31, 2026, 19.8% were to Florida borrowers, compared to 80.2% to borrowers in New York and surrounding areas. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, New York and surrounding areas experienced net recoveries of approximately $13 thousand, and Florida experienced net recoveries of $26 thousand.

Previous wording

Loans individually evaluated for impairment are non-accrual loans delinquent greater than 180 days, non-accrual commercial loans, as well as loans classified as loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. There were $386 thousand of commercial mortgages and commercial loans classified as individually evaluated as of September 30, 2025 compared to $443 thousand classified as individually evaluated at December 31, 2024. There were $22.6 million of individually evaluated residential loans at September 30, 2025 compared to $23.8 million classified as individually evaluated at December 31, 2024.

Current wording

Loans individually evaluated for impairment are non-accrual loans delinquent greater than 180 days, non-accrual commercial loans, as well as loans classified as loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. There were $2.1 million of commercial mortgages and commercial loans classified as individually evaluated as of both March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. There were $24.3 million and 23.7 million of individually evaluated residential loans as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Previous wording

In the third quarter of 2025, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $250 thousand, which is the result of a provision for credit losses on loans of $450 thousand, and benefit for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $200 thousand. The increase in the ACLL during the third quarter of 2025 was primarily a result of loan growth. The benefit for credit losses on unfunded commitments is a result of a corresponding decrease in unfunded loan commitments. In the third quarter of 2024, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $500 thousand, which is the result of a provision for credit losses on loans of $400 thousand, and provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $100 thousand. The increase in the ACLL during the third quarter of 2024 was primarily a result of loan growth. The increase in the provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments is a result of a corresponding increase in unfunded loan commitments.

Current wording

In the first quarter of 2026, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $950 thousand, which is the result of a provision for credit losses on loans of $750 thousand, and provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $200 thousand. The increase in the ACLL during the first quarter of 2026 was primarily a result of loan growth and economic conditions. The increase in the provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments is a result of an increase in unfunded loan commitments.

Previous wording

See Note 5 of the consolidated interim financial statements for additional discussion related the process for determining the provision for credit losses.

Current wording

See Note 5 of the consolidated financial statements for additional discussion related to the process for determining the provision for credit losses.

Previous wording

The allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans is as follows:

Current wording

The allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans asof March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 was as follows:

Previous wording

At September 30, 2025, the allowance for loan losses was $51.9 million, compared to $50.2 million at December 31, 2024. The allowance represents 1.00% of the loan portfolio as of September 30, 2025, and 0.99% at December 31, 2024. The coverage ratio, or the allowance for credit losses on loans to NPLs, was 280.8% and 267.3% as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2026, the allowance for credit losses on loans was $53.0 million, compared $52.2 million at December 31, 2025. The allowance represents 1.00% of the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2026 and 0.99% as of December 31, 2025. The coverage ratio, or the allowance for credit losses on loans to NPLs, was 246.9% and 252.5% as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The ratio of non-performing loans to total loans was 0.41% and 0.39% as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.