TRANSACT TECHNOLOGIES INC

1. Description of business

TransAct Technologies Incorporated (together with its subsidiaries, “TransAct,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), which has its headquarters in Hamden, Connecticut and its primary operating facility in Ithaca, New York, operates inone operating segment: software-driven technology and printing solutions for high growth markets including food service technology, casino and gaming and “point of sale” (“POS”) automation markets. Our solutions are designed from the ground up based on market and customer requirements and are sold under the BOHA! TM, AccuDate™, Epic, Ithaca®, and EPICENTRAL® product brands. We sell our products to original equipment manufacturers, value-added resellers, select distributors, and directly to end-users. Our product distribution spans across the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the Caribbean Islands and the South Pacific. TransAct also provides world-class service, spare parts, accessories and printing supplies to its growing worldwide installed base of products. We also generate revenue from the after-market side of the business, providing printer and terminal service, consumables and spare parts in addition to revenue from ourtwo software solutions; (i) our line of BOHA! software applications used to automate the back-of-house operations of restaurants, convenience stores and food service operators and (ii) the EPICENTRAL Print System (“EPICENTRAL”), that enables casino operators to create promotional coupons and marketing messages and print them in real time at the slot machine.

After strong demand during most of 2023 due in part to our primary competitor’s struggle to deliver products in the face of supply chain constraints, in late 2023, we began to see indications of a temporary slowdown in demand in the casino and gaming market, as customers that had built up excess inventory due to supply chain concerns advised us that they would temporarily reduce orders until their stock normalized. This slowdown impacted our results in the fourth quarter of 2023 and during the year ended December 31, 2024. After reviewing whether conditions and/or events raise substantial doubt about our ability to meet future financial obligations over the 12 months following the date on which the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) were issued, including consideration of the actions taken to manage expenses and liquidity, we believe that our net cash to be provided by operations combined with our cash and cash equivalents and borrowing availability under our revolving credit facility will provide sufficient liquidity to fund our current obligations, capital spending, and working capital requirements and to comply with the financial covenants of our credit facility over at least 12 months following such issuance date.

Use of Assumptions and Estimates

Management’s belief that the Company will be able to fund its planned operations over the 12 months following the date on which the Consolidated Financial Statements were issued is based on assumptions which involve significant judgment and estimates of future revenues, inflation, interest rates, capital expenditures and other operating costs. Our current assumption is that consumer traffic will continue to remain strong ay casinos and restaurants during 2025. We cannot predict the ultimate impact of the current economic environment, including inflation, interest rates and supply chain disruptions on our customers, which may impact sales. We believe that we are positioned to withstand the impact of any potential economic downturn and we would be able to take additional financial and operational actions to cut costs and/or increase liquidity.

In addition, the presentation of the accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Our estimates include those related to revenue recognition, accounts receivable, inventory obsolescence, goodwill and intangible assets, the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, depreciable lives of equipment, share-based compensation and contingent liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates used.

Smaller Reporting Company

As a smaller reporting company, as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, we may choose to prepare our disclosures relying on certain scaled disclosure requirements for smaller reporting companies in Regulation S-K and in Article 8 of Regulation S-X.

The scaled disclosure requirements for smaller reporting companies permit us (i) to include less extensive narrative disclosure than required of other reporting companies, particularly in the description of executive compensation in our proxy statement and (ii) to provide audited financial statements for two fiscal years in our Form 10-K, in contrast to other reporting companies, which must provide audited financial statements for three years.

We will cease to be a smaller reporting company if we have (i) equal to or greater than $250 million in market value of our shares held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, (ii) equal to or greater than $100 million in annual revenue for the most recent fiscal year or (iii) less than $100 million in annual revenue for the most recent fiscal year and the market value of our shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

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2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Principles of consolidation: The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the audited Consolidated Financial Statements of TransAct and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, which require consolidation, after the elimination of intercompany accounts, transactions and unrealized profit.

Certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of estimates: The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of sales and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and cash equivalents: We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Accounts receivable and credit losses: The Company records accounts receivable when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses to ensure trade receivables are valued appropriately.

We are exposed to credit losses primarily through our net sales of products and services to our customers which are recorded as Accounts Receivable, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We evaluate each customer’s ability to pay through assessing customer creditworthiness, historical experience and current economic conditions through a reasonable forecast period. Factors considered in our evaluation of assessing collectability and risk include: underlying value of any collateral or security interests, significant past due balances, historical losses and existing economic conditions including country and political risk. There can be no assurance that actual results will not differ from estimates or that consideration of these factors in the future will not result in an increase or decrease to the allowance for credit losses. We may require collateral or prepayment to mitigate credit risk.

We estimate expected credit losses of financial assets with similar risk characteristics. We determine an asset is impaired when our assessment identifies there is a risk that we will be unable to collect amounts due according to the contractual terms of the agreement. We monitor our ongoing credit exposure through reviews of customer balances against contract terms and due dates, current economic conditions and dispute resolution. Estimated credit losses are written off in the period in which the financial asset is no longer collectible.

The following table summarizes the activity recorded in the allowance for expected credit losses related to accounts receivable:

Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. We review net realizable value based on estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business less estimated costs of completion, disposal and transportation, historical usage and estimates of future demand. Based on these reviews, inventory write-downs are recorded, as necessary, to reflect estimated obsolescence, excess quantities and net realizable value.

Fixed assets: Fixed assets are stated at cost. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life of tooling isfive years; machinery and equipment isten years; furniture and office equipment isfive years toten years; and computer software and equipment isthree years toseven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the term of the lease or the useful life of the asset. Costs related to repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The costs of sold or retired assets are removed from the related asset and accumulated depreciation accounts and any gain or loss is recognized. Depreciation expense was $0.9 and $1.3 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Leases: We account for leases in accordance with ASC 842, “Leases” (“ASC 842”), which requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification determines whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method for finance leases or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease for operating leases. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are accounted for based on existing guidance for operating leases. If risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control, the lease is treated as financing. If the lessor does not convey risks and rewards or control, the lease is treated as operating.

We elected certain practical expedients available under ASC 842 upon adoption. We applied the practical expedient for short-term leases. We have lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components, and we did not elect the practical expedients to combine these components for any of our leases.

We enter into lease agreements for the use of real estate space and certain equipment under operating leases and we have no financing or sales-type leases. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. Our leases are included in “Right-of-use assets, net” and “Lease liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Right of use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease right of use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.

Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company determines its incremental borrowing rate by using the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Our lease right of use asset excludes lease incentives. Our leases have remaining lease terms ofone year tothree years, some of which include options to extend. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion and our lease right of use assets and liabilities reflect only the options we are reasonably certain that we will exercise.

Goodwill and Intangible assets: We acquire businesses in purchase transactions that result in the recognition of goodwill and intangible assets. The determination of the value of intangible assets requires management to make estimates and assumptions. In accordance with ASC 350-20 “Goodwill,” acquired goodwill is not amortized but is subject to impairment testing at least annually and when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate it is more likely than not an impairment exists. We perform a fair value-based impairment test to the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on an annual basis and, if certain events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred, on an interim basis. The Company utilizes the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the Step 1 quantitative goodwill impairment test in accordance with the applicable accounting standards. Under the qualitative assessment, management considers relevant events and circumstances including but not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, Company performance and events directly affecting the Company. If the Company determines that the Step 1 quantitative impairment test is required, management estimates the fair value of the reporting unit primarily using the income approach, which reflects management’s cash flow projections, and also evaluates the fair value using the market approach. Factors considered that may trigger an interim period impairment review of either acquired goodwill or intangible assets are: significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; significant changes in the manner of use of acquired assets or the strategy for the overall business; significant negative industry or economic trends; and significant decline in market capitalization relative to net book value. Finite lived intangible assets are amortized and are tested for impairment when appropriate. All of our finite lived intangible assets are fully amortized as of December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, we have determined thatno goodwill or intangible asset impairment has occurred and the fair value of goodwill was substantially higher than our carrying value based on our assessment as of December 31, 2024 when our annual review for impairment was performed.

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Revenue recognition: We account for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In accordance with ASC 606, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. Some of our contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation, while other contracts contain multiple performance obligations (most commonly when contracts include a hardware product, software and extended warranties). A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied.

The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company will be entitled in exchange for transferring services to the customer. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, such as price protection, reserves for returns and other allowances, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the “expected value” method or the “most likely amount” method depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur.

For a majority of our revenue, which consists of printers, terminals, consumables, and replacement parts, the Company recognizes revenue as of a point of time. The transaction price is recognized upon shipment of the order when control of the goods is transferred to the customer and at the time the performance obligation is fulfilled. We also sell a software solution in our casino and gaming market, EPICENTRAL, that enables casino operators to create promotional coupons and marketing messages and to print them in real time at the slot machine. EPICENTRAL is primarily comprised of both a software component, which is licensed to the customer, and a hardware component. EPICENTRAL software and hardware are integrated to deliver the system’s full functionality. The transaction prices from EPICENTRAL software license and hardware are recognized upon installation and formal acceptance by the customer when control of the license is transferred to the customer. For out-of-warranty repairs, the transaction price is recognized after the repair work is completed and the printer or terminal is returned to the customer, as control of the product is transferred to the customer and our performance obligation is completed.

Performance obligations are satisfied over time if the customer receives the benefits as we perform work, if the customer controls the asset as it is being produced, or if the product being produced for the customer has no alternative use and we have a contractual right to payment. For our separately priced extended warranty, BOHA! cloud-based software applications, technical support for our food service technology terminals and maintenance agreements (including freeone-year maintenance received by customers upon completion of EPICENTRAL installation) revenue is recognized over time as the customer receives the benefit. The transaction price from the maintenance services is recognized ratably over time, using output methods, as control of the services is transferred to the customer. Our cloud-based BOHA! software allows customers to use hosted software over the contract period on a subscription basis without taking possession of the software and the subscription price is recognized ratably over the contract period. For extended warranties, the transaction price is recognized ratably over the warranty period, using output methods, as control of the services is transferred to the customer.

When there is more than one performance obligation in a customer arrangement, the Company typically uses the “standalone selling price” method to determine the transaction price to allocate to each performance obligation. The Company sells the performance obligations separately and has established standalone selling prices for its products and services. In the case of an overall price discount, the discount is applied to each performance obligation proportionately based on standalone selling price. To determine the standalone selling price for initial EPICENTRAL installations, the Company uses the adjusted market assessment approach.

For contracts with terms of less than 12 months, the Company expenses sales commissions as they are incurred, since the expected amortization period of the cost to obtain a contract is less than 12 months.

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Disaggregation of revenue

The following table disaggregates our revenue by market type, as we believe it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Sales and usage-based taxes are excluded from revenues.

Contract balances

Contract assets consist of unbilled receivables. Pursuant to the over-time revenue recognition model, revenue may be recognized prior to the customer being invoiced. An unbilled receivable is recorded to reflect revenue that is recognized when such revenue exceeds the amount invoiced to the customer. Unbilled receivables are separated into current and non-current assets and included within “Accounts Receivable, net” and “Other Assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We first recorded contract assets during 2020 upon the start of a long-term BOHA! contract.

Contract liabilities consist of customer prepayments and deferred revenue. Customer prepayments are reported as “Accrued Liabilities” in current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and represent customer payments made in advance of performance obligations in instances where credit has not been extended and is recognized as revenue when the performance obligation is complete. Deferred revenue is reported separately in current liabilities and non-current liabilities and consists of our extended warranty contracts, technical support for our food service technology terminals, EPICENTRAL maintenance contracts and prepaid software subscriptions for our BOHA! software applications, and is recognized as revenue as (or when) we perform under the contract. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized revenue of $1.1 million related to our contract liabilities as of December 31, 2023.

Net contract (liabilities) assets consist of the following:

Remaining performance obligations

Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of firm orders for which a good or service has not been delivered to our customer. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $6.3 million. The Company expects to recognize revenue on $6.0 million of its remaining performance obligations within the next 12 months following December 31, 2024, $0.2 million within the next 24 months following December 31, 2024 and thebalance of these remaining performance obligations within the next 36 months following December 31, 2024.

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Concentration of credit risk: Financial instruments that potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk are limited to cash and cash equivalents held by our banks in excess of insured limits and accounts receivable.

Accounts receivable from customers representing 10% or more of total accounts receivable, net during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Sales to customers representing 10% or more of total net sales during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Engineering, design and product development: Engineering, design and product development expenses include expenses incurred in connection with specialized engineering and design to introduce new products and to customize existing products, and are expensed as a component of operating expenses as incurred. We recorded $7.0 million and $9.4 million of research and development expenses in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Costs incurred in the engineering, design and product development of a computer software product are charged to expense until technological feasibility has been established, at which point all material software costs are capitalized within Intangible assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheet until the product is available for general release to customers. While judgment is required in determining when technological feasibility of a product is established, we have determined that it is reached after all high-risk development issues have been documented in a formal detailed plan design. The amortization of these costs has been included in cost of sales over the estimated life of the product.

Advertising: Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses, which are included in selling and marketing expense on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for 2024 and 2023 totaled $1.2 million and $1.7 million, respectively. These expenses include items such as consulting, professional services, tradeshows, and print advertising.

Income taxes: The income tax amounts reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are accounted for under the liability method in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is provided for certain deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize some portion of the deferred tax assets through future operations. In accordance with ASC 740, we identified, evaluated and measured the amount of benefits to be recognized for our tax return positions. See Note 11 – Income Taxes.

Foreign currency translation: The financial position and results of operations of our foreign subsidiary in the UK are measured using local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of such subsidiary have been translated into U.S. dollars at the year-end exchange rate, related sales and expenses have been translated at the weighted average rate for the period, and shareholders’ equity has been translated at historical exchange rates. The resulting translation gains or losses, net of tax, are recorded in shareholders’ equity as a cumulative translation adjustment, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and loss. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses, including those related to intercompany balances, are recognized in Other, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Share-based payments: At December 31, 2024, we have share-based employee compensation plans, which are described more fully in Note 10 - Stock incentive plans. We account for those plans under the recognition and measurement principles of ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation.” Share-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the employee’s requisite service period.

We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of share-based awards. The key assumptions for this valuation method include the expected term of the option, our stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, market price of our underlying stock and exercise price. Many of these assumptions require judgment and are highly sensitive in the determination of compensation expense. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

Net income (loss) per share: We report net income or loss per share in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share (EPS).” Under this guidance, basic EPS, which excludes dilution, is computed by dividing income or loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. Diluted EPS includes in-the-money stock options using the treasury stock method. During a loss period, the assumed exercise of in-the-money stock options has an anti-dilutive effect, and therefore, these instruments are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS. See Note 12 - Earnings per share.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements:

On November 27, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280). The amendments improve reportable segment disclosures requirements and clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment and contain other disclosure requirements. These amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. These segment disclosure requirements must be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements. We adopted this standard effective January 1, 2024, and this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. We have adopted this standard for our fiscal year 2024 annual financial statements and interim financial statements thereafter and have applied this standard retrospectively for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. See Note 7 – Segment Reporting for further information.

On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This ASU requires the use of consistent categories and greater disaggregation in tax rate reconciliations and income taxes paid disclosures. These amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. These income tax disclosure requirements can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard; however, we do not expect it to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The amendments in this update require footnote disclosures on disaggregated information about specific categories underlying certain income statement expense line items that are considered relevant. This includes items such as the purchase of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this ASU will result in additional disclosure, but will not impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

3. Inventories

The components of inventories are:

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4. Fixed assets, net

The components of fixed assets, net are:

5. Intangible assets, net

Identifiable intangible assets are recorded in Intangible assets, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and are comprised of the following:

Amortization expense was $88 thousand and $154 thousand in 2024 and 2023, respectively. We currently do not anticipate any amortization expense for each of the next five years ending December 31.

6. Accrued liabilities

The components of accrued liabilities are:

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7. Segment reporting

We apply the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 280, “Segment Reporting.” We view our operations and manage our business asone segment: the design, development and marketing of software-driven technology and printing solutions and the sale of printer and terminal related software, services, supplies and spare parts. Factors used to identify TransAct’s single operating segment include the similar design, construction and functionality of our products and services, the combined research & development team that supports the entire company, a combined assembly, production and supply chain logistics process used to construct our products and services and a similar class of customers within our core markets (distributors, resellers, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and end users). Other factors used to identify TransAct’s single operating segment include the organizational structure of the Company and the financial information available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) in making decisions about how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s chief operating decision makers, who are the Company’s chief executive officer and the Company’s chief financial officer, utilize a consolidated approach to assess the performance of and allocate resources to the business.

We generally use measures of sales, gross margin percentage, net income, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and adjusted EBITDA to make operational and strategic decisions. These financial measures are compared to budgeted and forecasted amounts by the CODMs on a regular basis to measure our progress towards our strategic plans, pursue product enhancements, conduct research and development initiatives and make any other necessary overall strategic changes to the business.

The following table provides the operating financial results of our segment:

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A reconciliation of net (loss) income to EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA follows:

Please see Note 14 for net sales and long-lived assets by geographic area.

8. Retirement savings plan

We maintain a 401(k) plan under which all full-time employees are eligible to participate at the beginning of the month immediately following their date of hire. We match employees’ contributions at a rate of 50% of employees’ contributions up to the first 6% of the employees’ compensation contributed to the 401(k) plan. Our matching contributions, net of applied forfeitures, were $364 thousand and $230 thousand in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

9. Borrowings

Credit Facility

On March 13, 2020, we entered into the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) governing a credit facility (the “Siena Credit Facility”) with Siena Lending Group LLC (the “Lender”). The Siena Credit Facility provides for a revolving credit line of up to $10.0 million and was originally scheduled to expire on March 13, 2023, prior to being extended, as discussed below. Borrowings under the Siena Credit Facility bear a floating rate of interest equal to the greatest of (i) the prime rate plus 1.75%, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 2.25%, and (iii)6.50%. The total deferred financing costs related to expenses incurred to complete the Siena Credit Facility were $245 thousand which were reported as “Other current assets” in current assets and “Other assets” in non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also pay a fee of 0.50% on unused borrowings under the Siena Credit Facility. Borrowings under the Siena Credit Facility are secured by a lien on substantially all the assets of the Company. Borrowings under the Siena Credit Facility are subject to a borrowing base based on 85% of eligible accounts receivable plus the lesser of (a) $5.0 million and (b)50% of eligible raw material and 60% of finished goods inventory.

The Siena Credit Facility imposes a financial covenant on the Company and restricts, among other things, our ability to incur additional indebtedness and create other liens. On July 21, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment (“Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 1”) to the Loan Agreement. Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 1 changed the financial covenant under the Siena Credit Facility from a minimum EBITDA covenant to an excess availability covenant requiring that the Company maintain excess availability of at least $750 thousand under the Siena Credit Facility, tested as of the end of each calendar month, beginning with the calendar month ended July 31, 2021. From July 31, 2021 through December 31, 2024, we remained in compliance with our excess availability covenant.

On July 19, 2022, the Company and the Lender entered into Amendment No. 2 (“Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 2”) to the Loan Agreement as amended by Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 1. Also on July 19, 2022, the Company and the Lender entered into an Amended and Restated Fee Letter (the “Amended Fee Letter”) in connection with Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 2. Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 2 did not modify the aggregate amount of the revolving commitment or the interest rate applicable to the loans. Among other changes, Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 2 extended the maturity date from March 13, 2023 to March 13, 2025. In addition, the Amended Fee Letter required the Company to maintain outstanding borrowings of at least $2.25 million in principal amount or, during any period during which the Lender had control of the Company’s deposit account in accordance with the Loan Agreement, as amended by Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 2, to pay interest on at least $2.25 million in principal amount of outstanding borrowings, whether or not such amount of loans was actually outstanding.

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On May 1, 2023, the Company and the Lender agreed to a letter amendment (Amendment No. 3) to the Loan Agreement. Prior to such amendment, Section 7.1(m) of the Loan Agreement required that any successor to the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer be reasonably acceptable to the Lender. This amendment confirmed that Mr. John Dillon, the Company’s current Chief Executive Officer, is an acceptable successor, and applied the same requirement to any future successor to Mr. Dillon as Chief Executive Officer.

On November 20, 2024, the Company and the Lender entered into Amendment No. 4 (“Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 4”) to the Loan Agreement. The changes to the Loan Agreement provided for in Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 4 include, among other things, the extension of the maturity date from March 13, 2025 to March 31, 2027. Also on November 20, 2024, the Company and the Lender entered into a Second Amended and Restated Fee Letter (the “Second Amended Fee Letter”) in connection with Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 4. The Second Amended Fee Letter increases the minimum borrowing amount from $2.25 million to $3.0 million, such that the Company is required to either maintain outstanding borrowings of at least $3.0 million in principal amount, or during any period during which the Lender has control of the Company’s deposit account in accordance with the Loan Agreement, as amended by Siena Credit Facility Amendment No. 4, to pay interest on at least $3.0 million principal amount of loans, whether or not such amount of loans is actually outstanding. The Second Amended Fee Letter also extends the dates before which a prepayment and termination of the Loan Agreement requires the Company to pay to the Lender an early payment/termination premium, providing for (i) atwo percent premium for prepayment on or prior to March 31, 2025, (ii) aone percent premium for prepayment from April 1, 2025 through March 31, 2026, andno premium for prepayment thereafter.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $3.0 million and $2.3 million, respectively, of outstanding borrowings under the Siena Credit Facility at interest rates of 9.25% and 10.25%, respectively. We had $3.2 million of net borrowing capacity available under the Siena Credit Facility at December 31, 2024.

10. Stock incentive plans

Stock incentive plans. We currently havetwo stock incentive plans: the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, which provide for awards to executives, key employees, directors and consultants. The plans generally provide for awards in the form of: (i) incentive stock options, (ii) non-qualified stock options, (iii) restricted stock, (iv) restricted stock units (which may include performance-based vesting), (v) stock appreciation rights or (vi) limited stock appreciation rights. Awards granted under these plans have exercise prices equal to 100% of the fair market value of the common stock at the date of grant. Awards granted have aten-year term and generally vest over atwo-year tofour-year period, unless automatically accelerated for certain defined events. As of May 2014, no new awards may be made under the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan. Under our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended in May 2023, we are authorized to grant awards of up to 2.9 million shares of TransAct common stock. At December 31, 2024,655,672 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan.

Under the assumptions indicated below, the weighted-average per share fair value of stock option grants for 2024 and 2023 was $3.98 and $4.16, respectively. We also issued restricted stock units for certain executives and directors that vest over a specified period of time, and in some instances require achieving certain performance metrics. The weighted-average per share fair value of these restricted stock units was $5.81 and $7.21 in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The per share fair value of restricted stock units is the trading value of the stock on the date of the grant.

The table below indicates the key assumptions (on a weighted-average basis) used in the option valuation calculations for options granted in 2024 and 2023 and a discussion of our methodology for developing each of the assumptions used in the valuation model:

Expected Option Term - This is the weighted average period of time over which the options granted are expected to remain outstanding giving consideration to our historical exercise patterns. Options granted have a maximum term often years and an increase in the expected term will increase compensation expense.

Expected Volatility – The stock volatility for each grant is measured using the weighted average of historical daily price changes of our common stock over the most recent period approximately equal to the expected option term of the grant. An increase in the expected volatility factor will increase compensation expense.

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Risk-Free Interest Rate - This is the U.S. Treasury rate in effect at the time of grant having a term approximately equal to the expected term of the option. An increase in the risk-free interest rate will increase compensation expense.

Dividend Yield –The dividend yield is calculated by dividing the annual dividend declared per common share by the weighted average market value of our common stock on the date of grant. An increase in the dividend yield will decrease compensation expense.

We recorded $1.2 and $0.9 million of share-based compensation expense for 2024 and 2023, respectively, included primarily in general and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We also recorded income tax benefits of $0.3 million in 2024 and $0.2 million in 2023, related to such share-based compensation. At December 31, 2024, these benefits are recorded as a deferred tax asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Equity award activity in the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, is summarized below:

The following summarizes information about equity awards outstanding that are vested and expect to vest and equity awards that are exercisable at December 31, 2024:

Shares that are issued upon exercise of employee stock awards are newly issued shares and not issued from treasury stock. As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested equity awards granted under our stock incentive plans is approximately $2.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.7 years.

The total fair value of awards vested was $0.9 million and $1.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The total intrinsic value (which is the amount by which the stock price exceeded the exercise price on the date of exercise) of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 waszero and $3 thousand, respectively, and cash received from option exercises waszero in both 2024 and 2023. Zero and 1,875 stock options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We recorded zero realized tax provision in 2024 and 2023 from equity-based awards, related to options exercised.

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11. Income taxes

The components of the income tax expense are as follows:

Our effective tax rates were(176.4%) and 19.6% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our 2024 tax rate was impacted by an income tax charge of $7.3 million related to the write down of our U.S. net deferred income tax asset as more fully described below.

At December 31, 2024, we have $276 thousand of federal net operating loss carryforwards which can be carried over indefinitely, $135 thousand of state net operating loss carryforwards which expire in various years, $903 thousand of R&D credit carryforwards which can be carried forward for 20 years, andno state tax credit carryforwards. All of these items have a full valuation allowance against them as of December 31, 2024. Foreign income before taxes was $79 thousand and $322 thousand in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our deferred tax assets and liabilities were comprised of the following:

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As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $8.1 million and $719 thousand, respectively, of valuation allowance against our deferred income tax assets. The following table summarizes the activity recorded in the valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets:

Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all potential sources of taxable income, including income available in carryback periods, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, projections of taxable income, income from tax planning strategies, as well as all available positive and negative evidence. Positive evidence includes factors such as a history of profitable operations, projections of future profitability within the carryforward period, including any potential tax planning strategies. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses and projections of future losses. Upon changes in facts and circumstances, management may conclude that deferred tax assets for which no valuation allowance is currently recorded may not be realized, resulting in a charge to establish a valuation allowance. Existing valuation allowances are re-examined under the same standards of positive and negative evidence. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized, the appropriate amount of the valuation allowance, if any, is released. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are also re-measured to reflect changes in underlying tax rates due to law changes and the granting and lapse of tax holidays.

In 2024, TransAct recognized a $7.3 million discrete income tax charge for a valuation allowance on the full value of the net deferred tax assets in the United States. After weighing all available positive and negative evidence, as described above, management determined that it was no longer more likely than not that TransAct will realize the tax benefit of these deferred tax assets. This was mainly driven by a cumulative taxable loss experienced over the previous three fiscal years (2022 through 2024) combined with a near term outlook of future taxable losses. The need for this valuation allowance will be assessed on a continuous basis in future periods and, as a result, a portion, or all of the allowance, may be reversed based on changes in facts and circumstances.

Differences between the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate are analyzed below:

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We had $203 and $197 thousand of total gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in any future periods. We are not aware of any events that could occur within the next twelve months that could cause a significant change in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits. A tabular reconciliation of the gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning and end of the year is as follows:

We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision.

We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of certain state and foreign jurisdictions. We have substantially concluded all U.S. federal income tax, state and local, and foreign tax matters through 2019. However, our federal tax returns for the years 2021 through 2024 remain open to examination. Various state and foreign tax jurisdiction tax years remain open to examination as well, though we believe that any additional assessment would be immaterial to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

12. Earnings per share

Earnings per share was computed as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

The computation of diluted earnings per share excludes the effect of the potential exercise of stock awards, including stock options, restricted stock units and performance stock awards, when the average market price of the common stock is lower than the exercise price of the related stock award during the period. These outstanding stock awards are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would be anti-dilutive. Furthermore, in periods when a net loss is reported, such as in 2024, basic and diluted net loss per common share are calculated using the same method. Anti-dilutive option awards excluded from the computation of earnings per dilutive share were 1.4 million and 1.1 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Anti-dilutive restricted stock awards excluded from the computation of earnings per dilutive share were 0.3 million andzero at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Anti-dilutive performance stock awards excluded from the computation of earnings per dilutive share were 0.1 million andzero at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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13. Stock repurchase program

We use the cost method to account for treasury stock purchases, under which the price paid for the stock is charged to the treasury stock account. Repurchases of our common stock are accounted for as of the settlement date. During 2024 and 2023, we didnot repurchase any shares of our common stock. From January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2019, we repurchased a total of 4,044,842 shares of common stock for $32.1 million, at an average price of $7.94 per share.

14. Geographic area information

Information regarding our operations by geographic area is contained in the following table. These amounts in the geographic area table are based on the location of the customer and asset.

Sales to international customers were 23% and 20% of total sales in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Sales to Europe represented 55% and 64%, sales to the Pacific Rim (which includes Australia and Asia) represented 34% and 29%, and sales to Canada represented 10% and 4% of total international sales in 2024 and 2023, respectively. International long-lived assets consist of net fixed assets located at our foreign subsidiary in the UK, as well as our contract manufacturer in Thailand.

15. Leases

Operating lease expense was $1.0 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31,2024 and 2023, respectively, and is reported as“Cost of sales,” “Engineering, design and product development expense,” “Selling and marketing expense,” and “General and administrative expense” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Operating costs include short-term lease costs.

The following information represents supplemental disclosure for the statement of cash flows related to operating leases (in thousands):

The following summarizes additional information related to our leases:

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The maturity of the Company’s operating lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

16. Quarterly results of operations (unaudited)

Our quarterly results of operations for 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

17. Related party transactions

One of the Company’s directors serves as President and Chief Executive Officer of The One Group Hospitality, Inc. The Company sold various food service technology products to The One Group Hospitality, Inc. on an arms’ length basis totaling $117 thousand and $246 thousand in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company’s accounts receivable from The One Group Hospitality, Inc. amounted to $5 thousand and $34 thousand at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

18. Subsequent events

The Company has evaluated all events or transactions that occurred up to the date the consolidated financial statements were available to issue. Based upon this review, the Company did not identify any subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.