PRUDENTIAL FINANCIAL INC

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Introduction

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The purpose of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is to provide readers with a foundational understanding of our Company, our consolidated financial statements, and the significant internal and external drivers of our results. The discussion of financial results within is focused on adjusted operating income, which is the Company’s segment-level measure of performance, and provides readers with period-over-period analysis of operating results and significant drivers. In addition to discussing our detailed segment results of operations, we have also provided supplemental information that we believe assists with a greater understanding of our overall financial results.

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A brief description of these key informational sections follows:

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•“Executive Summary” provides an overview of the Company and its operations, along with any recent significant events that have impacted our organizational structure or financial results.

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•“External and Economic Factors” includes a discussion of how the impact of potential changes in foreign currency exchange rates may impact our overall operations and financial position.

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•“Accounting Policies & Pronouncements” discusses the equity and interest rate assumptions used in evaluating liabilities for future policy benefits for certain of our products. This section should be read in conjunction with “Accounting Policies & Pronouncements” and Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

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•“Liquidity and Capital Resources” provides information about our liquidity and capital positions, including any significant actions that have impacted, or are expected to impact, these positions. Information is also provided on our insurance companies’ regulatory capital positions, the sources and uses of our holding company’s cash, and additional information about financing activities of the Company.

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•“General Account Investments” provides information about the overall portfolio composition of the general account that supports the liabilities of our insurance companies. Investment results are presented separately for our U.S.-based and Japanese-based operations, our Closed Block division, and our Funds Withheld portfolios, the latter of which supports liabilities relating to reinsurance agreements where the economic benefits and associated investment risk ultimately inure to the reinsurer. This section should be read in conjunction with Note 3 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

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•“Valuation of Assets and Liabilities” provides additional breakouts of the fair value of assets and liabilities for Prudential Financial Inc., excluding those held in the Closed Block division and Funds Withheld portfolios, and separately for the Closed Block division and Funds Withheld portfolios. This section should be read in conjunction with Note 6 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Company Overview

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Effective January 1, 2026, the Company made the following segment reporting changes to isolate the impacts of certain discontinued products that were previously commingled with the results of actively sold products that more closely reflect the Company’s strategic focus. These changes are consistent with the Company’s recent organizational changes and strategy and reflect how the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) assesses performance and allocates resources:

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•“U.S. Legacy Products” segment: (i) traditional variable annuities with guaranteed living benefit riders and certain other annuity products, previously included in the former Individual Retirement Strategies segment, and (ii) guaranteed universal life policies, previously included in the Individual Life segment, have been combined into a new reportable segment named “U.S. Legacy Products.” This segment represents run-off blocks of business consisting of products that are no longer being sold in U.S. markets and will be managed with a focus on reducing risk and optimizing value.

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•“Retirement” segment: The blocks of business in the former Individual Retirement Strategies segment that were not moved into the U.S. Legacy Products segment, discussed above, consisting primarily of registered index-linked annuity and fixed annuity products, and the products previously included in the former Institutional Retirement Strategies segment have been combined into a new reportable segment named “Retirement.” This combined segment better represents the Company’s strategic management, growth trajectory, and resource allocation policies.

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•“Individual Life” segment: There were no other impacts to this segment other than the transfer of the guaranteed universal life policies, discussed above. The remaining blocks of business contained within this segment primarily consist of term, indexed universal life, and variable universal life products.

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These segment reporting changes are being applied retrospectively and do not have an impact on any of the Company’s previously issued Consolidated Financial Statements.

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As previously disclosed, in January 2026, The Prudential Life Insurance Company, Ltd. (“Prudential of Japan”), a Japanese insurance subsidiary of the Company, reported the findings of its internal investigation into incidents of misconduct involving certain employees of Prudential of Japan. In response to these findings, Prudential of Japan is implementing a series of actions which include strengthening oversight of sales practices, governance and risk management, as well as leadership changes. Moreover, in February 2026, following discussions with the Japanese regulator, the Company voluntarily suspended new sales activity at Prudential of Japan for a 90-day period commencing February 9, 2026. In April 2026, the Company announced the voluntary extension of the suspension of new sales for an additional 180 days through November 5, 2026. See Note 21 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements “—Litigation and Regulatory Matters—Regulatory” for additional information.

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The suspension of sales resulted in an estimated reduction of $130 million in International Businesses’ pre-tax adjusted operating income for the first quarter of 2026. We estimate that the suspension of new sales as extended will result in a reduction of pre-tax adjusted operating income in the range of $525 to $575 million for 2026, inclusive of the first quarter impact, and in the range of $400 to $450 million for 2027, reflecting remediation costs associated with sustaining the business, one-time and other operating costs, and lower earnings attributable to the gradual ramp-up of new sales after sales resume. Should the suspension of new sales activities extend beyond November 2026, we estimate that International Businesses’ pre-tax adjusted operating income would be reduced by $50 to $60 million per each additional month. We do not expect a material impact to capital, Economic Solvency Ratios (“ESR”) or cash flows. It is also possible that reputational and other harm resulting from or in connection with this matter will negatively impact our other businesses in Japan beyond Prudential of Japan. We are proactively reviewing the sales practices of Gibraltar Life Insurance Company, which distributes its products through life consultants and independent agencies. Actual results may differ materially from these preliminary expectations, as covered under “Forward-Looking Statements.”

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Impact of Foreign Currency Exchange Rates

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Foreign currency exchange rate movements and related hedging strategies

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As a U.S.-based company with significant business operations outside the U.S., particularly in Japan, we are subject to foreign currency exchange rate movements that could impact our USD-equivalent shareholder return on equity. We seek to mitigate this impact through various hedging strategies, including holding USD-denominated assets in certain of our foreign subsidiaries.

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In order to reduce equity volatility from foreign currency exchange rate movements, we primarily utilize a yen hedging strategy that calibrates the hedge level to preserve the relative contribution of our yen-based business to the Company’s overall return on equity on a leverage neutral basis. We implement this hedging strategy utilizing a variety of instruments, including USD-denominated assets and dual currency and synthetic dual currency investments held locally in our Japanese insurance subsidiaries. The total hedge level may vary based on our periodic assessment of the relative contribution of our yen-based business to the Company’s overall return on equity.

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The table below presents the aggregate amount of instruments that serve to hedge the impact of foreign currency exchange movements on our USD-equivalent shareholder return on equity from our Japanese insurance subsidiaries as of the dates indicated.

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(1)Includes USD-denominated fixed maturities at amortized cost plus any related accrued investment income, as well as USD notional amount of foreign currency derivative contracts outstanding. Note this amount represents only those USD assets serving to hedge the impact of foreign currency volatility on equity. Separate from this program, our Japanese operations also have $91.6 billion and $90.0 billion as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, of USD-denominated assets supporting USD-denominated liabilities related to USD-denominated products.

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(2)Dual currency and synthetic dual currency investments are held by our yen-based entities in the form of fixed maturities and loans with a yen-denominated principal component and USD-denominated interest income. The amounts shown represent the present value of future USD-denominated cash flows.

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The USD-denominated investments that hedge the impact of foreign currency exchange rate movements on USD-equivalent shareholder return on equity from our Japanese insurance operations are reported within yen-based entities and, as a result, foreign currency exchange rate movements will impact their value reported within our yen-based Japanese insurance entities. We seek to mitigate the risk that future unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate movements will decrease the value of these USD-denominated investments reported within our yen-based Japanese insurance entities, and therefore negatively impact their equity and regulatory solvency measures, by having our Japanese insurance operations enter into currency hedging transactions with a subsidiary of Prudential Financial. These hedging strategies have the economic effect of moving the change in value of these USD-denominated investments due to foreign currency exchange rate movements from our Japanese yen-based entities to our USD-based entities.

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These USD-denominated investments also pay a coupon which is generally higher than what a similar yen-denominated investment would pay. The incremental impact of this higher yield on our USD-denominated investments, as well as our dual currency and synthetic dual currency investments, will vary over time, and is dependent on the duration of the underlying investments as well as interest rate environments in both the U.S. and Japan at the time of the investments.

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Impact of intercompany foreign currency exchange rate arrangements on segment results of operations

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The financial results of our International Businesses and PGIM reflect the impact of intercompany arrangements with our Corporate and Other operations pursuant to which these segments’ non-USD-denominated earnings are translated at fixed currency exchange rates that are predetermined during the third quarter of the prior year using forward currency exchange rates. Results of our Corporate and Other operations include differences between the translation adjustments recorded by the segments at the fixed currency exchange rate versus the actual average rate during the period.

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In addition, specific to our International Businesses where we hedge certain currencies utilizing forward currency contracts with third parties, the results of our Corporate and Other operations also include the impact of any gains or losses recorded from these contracts that settled during the period, which include the impact of any over or under hedging of actual earnings that differ from projected earnings.

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The table below presents, for the periods indicated, the increase (decrease) to revenues and adjusted operating income for our International Businesses, PGIM and Corporate and Other operations, reflecting the impact of these intercompany arrangements.

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(1)Represents the difference between non-USD-denominated earnings translated on the basis of weighted average monthly currency exchange rates versus fixed currency exchange rates determined in connection with the foreign currency income hedging program.

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(2)As of both March 31, 2026 and 2025, the total notional amount of these forward currency contracts within our Corporate and Other operations was $0.8 billion.

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Impact of products denominated in non-local currencies on U.S. GAAP earnings

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While our international insurance operations offer products denominated in local currency, several also offer products denominated in non-local currencies. This is most notable in our Japanese operations, which currently offer primarily USD-denominated products, but have also historically offered Australian dollar (“AUD”)-denominated products. The non-local currency-denominated insurance liabilities related to these products are supported by investments denominated in corresponding currencies, including a significant portion designated as available-for-sale. While the impact from foreign currency exchange rate movements on these non-local currency-denominated assets and liabilities is economically matched, differences in the accounting for changes in the value of these assets and liabilities due to changes in foreign currency exchange rate movements have historically resulted in volatility in U.S. GAAP earnings.

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As a result, we implemented a structure in certain of our Japanese operations that disaggregated the USD- and AUD-denominated businesses into separate divisions, each with its own functional currency that aligns with the underlying products and investments. The result of this alignment was to reduce differences in the accounting for changes in the value of these assets and liabilities that arise due to changes in foreign currency exchange rate movements. For the USD- and AUD-denominated assets that were transferred under this structure, the net cumulative unrealized investment gains associated with foreign exchange remeasurement that were recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” (“AOCI”) totaled $0.8 billion and $1.0 billion as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and will be recognized in earnings within “Realized investment gains (losses), net” over time as these assets mature or are sold. Absent the sale of any of these assets prior to their stated maturity, approximately 3% of the $0.8 billion balance as of March 31, 2026 will be recognized throughout the remainder of 2026, approximately 3% will be recognized in 2027, and the remaining balance will be recognized from 2028 through 2051.

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Highly inflationary economy

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Enterprise Group, our strategic investment in Ghana, has historically utilized the Ghanaian cedi as its functional currency given it is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. In the fourth quarter of 2023, Ghana experienced a cumulative inflation rate that exceeded 100% over a 3-year period. As a result, Ghana’s economy was deemed to be highly inflationary, resulting in reporting changes effective January 1, 2024. Under U.S. GAAP, the financial statements of a foreign entity in a highly inflationary economy are to be remeasured as if its functional currency (formerly the Ghanaian cedi) is the reporting currency of its parent reporting entity (the USD) on a prospective basis. While this changed how the results of Enterprise Group were remeasured and/or translated into USD, the impact to our financial statements was not material nor is it expected to have a material impact to our financial statements in future periods given the relative size of the investment.

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Overview

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Effective in the first quarter of 2025, consistent with changes to the Company’s internal management structure, our International Businesses are reflected as a single operating and reportable segment, which is how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) now assesses its performance and allocates resources. Prior to the first quarter of 2025, our International Businesses consisted of the Life Planner and Gibraltar Life and Other operating segments, each of which was a reportable segment under U.S. GAAP. The change has been applied retrospectively and did not have any impact on the Company’s Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements contained herein or to any previously issued financial statements.

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Regulatory Developments

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Interest Maintenance Reserves

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In August 2025, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) extended the temporary statutory accounting treatment of net negative interest maintenance reserves (“IMR”) through December 31, 2026. This provision, which was set to expire on December 31, 2025, permits an insurer to admit net negative IMR up to 10% of their adjusted statutory surplus, provided such insurer’s risk-based capital (“RBC”) ratio remains above 300% of its Authorized Control Level RBC.

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H.R.1 — One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Tax Act of 2025”)

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See Note 14 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for information about tax law changes included in the Tax Act of 2025.

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Current Market Conditions

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The imposition of tariffs and retaliatory actions, as we have seen this year, could result in, among other things, rising interest rates, significant equity market declines, stagnant economic growth and high inflation, which could adversely impact our liquidity and capital positions, cash flows, results of operations, and financial position. For example, the combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation would increase investment risk, including the underperformance of investments in more leveraged companies or companies exposed to weaker consumers. Also, the statutory capital of certain of our insurance subsidiaries could be negatively affected by such things as increased reserve requirements, which could be caused by equity market declines, and asymmetrical and non-economic statutory accounting impacts from rising rates. As we navigate through the current environment, we may take actions consistent with our risk and capital frameworks, as necessary, to preserve our liquidity and capital positions.

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•investment-related activity, including: investment income returns, net investment spread results, new money rates, mortgage loan prepayments and bond redemptions;

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•the valuation of fixed income investments and derivative instruments;

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•collateral posting requirements, hedging costs and other risk mitigation activities;

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•customer account values and assets under management, including their impacts on fee-related income;

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•insurance reserve levels, including market risk benefits (“MRBs”), and market experience true-ups;

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•policyholder behavior, including surrender or withdrawal activity;

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•product offerings, design features, crediting rates and sales mix; and

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•the fair value of, and possible impairments on, intangible assets such as goodwill.

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For additional information regarding interest rate risks, see “Risk Factors—Market Risk” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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See below for a discussion of the current interest rate environment and its impact to net investment spread in our U.S. and Japanese operations along with the composition of their insurance liabilities and policyholder account balances.

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U.S. Operations excluding the Closed Block Division

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While interest rates in the U.S. have experienced a sustained period of historically low levels since the financial crisis of 2007, rates began to increase in 2022 and have continued to sustain higher levels through the first nine months of 2025, and our average reinvestment yield is generally now exceeding our current average portfolio yield.

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In order to manage the impacts that changes in interest rates have on our net investment spread, we employ a proactive asset/liability management program, which includes strategic asset allocation and hedging strategies within a disciplined risk management framework. These strategies seek to match the liability characteristics of our products, and to closely approximate the interest rate sensitivity of the assets with the estimated interest rate sensitivity of the product liabilities. Our asset/liability management program also helps manage duration gaps, currency and other risks between assets and liabilities through the use of derivatives. We adjust this dynamic process as products change, as customer behavior changes and as changes in the market environment occur. As a result, our asset/liability management process has permitted us to manage the interest rate risk associated with our products through several market cycles. Our interest rate exposure is also mitigated by our business mix, which includes lines of business for which fee-based and insurance underwriting earnings play a more prominent role in product profitability. We also regularly examine our product offerings and their profitability. As a result, we may reprice certain products and discontinue sales of other products that do not meet our profit expectations.

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The portion of the general account supporting our U.S. operations has approximately $229 billion of fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans (based on net carrying value) as of September 30, 2025, with an average portfolio yield of approximately 5.0%. For this portion of the general account attributable to these operations, we estimate annual principal payments and prepayments that we would be required to reinvest to be approximately 7.2% of the fixed maturity security and commercial mortgage loan portfolios through 2026.

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Included inthe $229 billion of fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans are approximately $191 billion that are subject to call or redemption features at the issuer’s option and have a weighted average interest rate of approximately 5%. Of this $191 billion, approximately 53% contain provisions for prepa yment premiums. Future operating results will be impacted by (i) the reinves tment of scheduled payments or prepayments (not subject to a prepayment fee) at different rates compared to the current portfolio yield, including in some cases at rates below those guaranteed under our insurance contracts, and (ii) our utilization of other asset/liability management strategies, as described above, in order to maintain favorable net investment spread.

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The following table sets forth the insurance liabilities and policyholder account balances of our U.S. operations excluding the Closed Block Division, by type, for the date indicated:

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The $213 billion above relates to long-duration products such as group annuities, structured settlements and other insurance products that have fixed and guaranteed terms. We seek to manage the impact of changes in interest rates on these contracts through asset/liability management, as discussed above.

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The $37 billion above relates to contracts with crediting rates that may be adjusted over the life of the contract, subject to guaranteed minimums. Although we may have the ability to lower crediting rates for those contracts above guaranteed minimums, our willingness to do so may be limited by competitive pressures. For additional information regarding contracts with adjustable crediting rates subject to guaranteed minimums, see Note 10 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The remaining $1 billion of insurance liabilities and policyholder account balances in these operations relates to participating contracts for which the investment income risk is expected to ultimately accrue to contractholders. The crediting rates for these contracts are periodically adjusted based on the return earned on the related assets.

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Closed Block Division

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Substantially all of the $47 billion of general account investments in the Closed Block division support obligations and liabilities relating to the Closed Block policies only. See Note 13 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Closed Block.

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Japanese Operations

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Japan has experienced a low interest rate environment for many years, during which the Bank of Japan’s monetary policy has resulted in even lower and, at times, negative yields for certain tenors of government bonds; however, recent actions by the Bank of Japan have resulted in an increase in interest rates in 2024 and through the first nine months of 2025.

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In order to manage, to the extent possible, the impact that the current interest rate environment has on our net investment spread, our Japanese operations employ a proactive asset/liability management program. We continue to purchase long-term bonds with tenors of 10 years or greater. We also regularly examine our product offerings and their profitability. As a result, we may reprice certain products, adjust commissions for certain products and discontinue sales of other products that do not meet our profit expectations. Additionally, our diverse product portfolio in terms of currency mix and premium payment structure allows us to further manage any impacts from changes in the interest rate environment. For additional information regarding sales within these operations, see “—International Businesses—Sales Results,” below.

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The portion of the general account supporting our Japanese operations has approximately $144 billion of fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans (based on net carrying value) as of September 30, 2025, with an average portfolio yield of approximately 3.1%. Our Japanese operations have continued to invest in U.S. dollar (“USD”)-denominated assets supporting our USD-denominated product portfolio, which has now driven average reinvestment rates to exceed current average portfolio rates. For this portion of the general account attributable to these operations, we estimate annual principal payments and prepayments that we would be required to reinvest to be approximately 6.6% of the fixed maturity security and commercial mortgage loan portfolios through 2026.

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Included in the $144 billion of fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans are approximately $13 billion that are subject to call or redemption features at the issuer’s option and have a weighted average interest rate of approximately 4%.

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Of this $13 billion, approximately 7% contain provisions for prepayment premiums. Future operating results will be impacted by (i) the reinvestment of scheduled payments or prepayments (not subject to a prepayment fee) at different rates compared to the current portfolio yield, including in some cases at rates below those guaranteed under our insurance contracts, and (ii) our utilization of other asset/liability management strategies, as described above, in order to maintain favorable net investment spread.

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The following table sets forth the insurance liabilities and policyholder account balances of our Japanese operations, by type, for the date indicated:

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The$108 billion primarily consists of long-duration insurance products that have fixed and guaranteed terms for which underlying assets may have to be reinvested at interest rates that are lower than current portfolio yields. The remaining insurance liabilities and policyholder account balances include $41 billion related to contracts that impose a market value adjustment if the contracts are canceled before maturity and $9 billion related to contracts with crediting rates that may be adjusted over the life of the contract, subject to guaranteed minimums. Most of the current crediting rates on these contracts, however, are at or near contractual minimums. Although we have the ability in some cases to lower crediting rates for those contracts that are above guaranteed minimum crediting rates, the majority of this business has interest crediting rates that are determined by formula. See Note 10 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding crediting rates on policyholder account balances.