SOLIGENIX, INC.

Previous wording

Our Specialized BioTherapeutics business segment is developing synthetic hypericin for the treatment of psoriasis (SGX302), and our first-in-class Innate Defense Regulator technology, dusquetide, for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including aphthous ulcers in Behçet’s Disease (“BD”) (SGX945) and oral mucositis in head and neck cancer (SGX942). We are developing HyBryte™ (a proposed proprietary name of SGX301 or synthetic hypericin sodium), a photodynamic therapy (“PDT”) utilizing topical synthetic hypericin activated with visible light, for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (“CTCL”) in a Phase 3 study called “FLASH2” (Fluorescent Light Activated Synthetic Hypericin 2). The Data Monitoring Committee completed its interim efficacy analysis of the FLASH2 trial during April 2026, and under the terms of the interim analysis, the study was recommended to halt for futility. We are in the process of analyzing the data to better determine why the study did not meet expectations.

Current wording

Our Specialized BioTherapeutics business segment is developing synthetic hypericin for the treatment of psoriasis (SGX302), and our first-in-class Innate Defense Regulator technology, dusquetide, for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including aphthous ulcers in Behçet’s Disease (“BD”) (SGX945) and oral mucositis in head and neck cancer (SGX942). We were developing HyBryte™ (a proposed proprietary name of SGX301 or synthetic hypericin sodium), a photodynamic therapy (“PDT”) utilizing topical synthetic hypericin activated with visible light, for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (“CTCL”) in a Phase 3 study called “FLASH2” (Fluorescent Light Activated Synthetic Hypericin 2). The Data Monitoring Committee (“DMC”) completed its interim efficacy analysis of the FLASH2 trial during April 2026, and under the terms of the interim analysis, the study was recommended to halt for futility. In June 2026, following a thorough review of the DMC’s recommendation and evaluation of the program’s path forward, our Board of Directors determined that it was in our best interest and the interest of our stockholders to terminate the HyBryte™ development program.

Previous wording

Our Public Health Solutions business segment includes development programs for (i) RiVax®, a ricin toxin vaccine candidate, and (ii) various vaccine programs, including a program targeting filoviruses (such as Marburg virus (“MARV”) and Ebola virus (“EBOV”)) and CiVax™, a vaccine candidate for the prevention of COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2). The development of our vaccine programs incorporates the use of our proprietary heat stabilization platform technology, known as ThermoVax®. To date, this business segment has been supported with government grant and contract funding from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Current wording

Our Public Health Solutions business segment includes development programs for (i) RiVax®, a ricin toxin vaccine candidate, and (ii) various vaccine programs, including a program targeting filoviruses (such as Marburg virus (“MARV”) and Ebola virus (“EBOV”)). The development of our vaccine programs incorporates the use of our proprietary heat stabilization platform technology, known as ThermoVax®. To date, this business segment has been supported with government grant and contract funding from the National Institute of Allergy

Previous wording

Diseases (“NIAID”), the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

Current wording

and Infectious Diseases (“NIAID”), the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

Previous wording

synthetic hypericin coupled with directed visible light results in generation of singlet oxygen only at the treated site. We believe that the use of visible light (as opposed to cancer-causing UV light) is a major advance in photodynamic therapy. In a small published Phase 1/2 proof of concept pilot clinical study using synthetic hypericin twice weekly for six weeks, statistically significant efficacy was demonstrated in patients with CTCL (58.3% response, p=0.04) and psoriasis (80% response, p<0.02). Subsequently, a published Phase 3 study in CTCL has further confirmed the biological efficacy of synthetic hypericin (termed HyBryte™ in the context of CTCL). A second Phase 3 clinical trial was recommended to halt for futility at the interim efficacy analysis. We will analyze the data to better determine why the study did not meet expectations.

Current wording

synthetic hypericin coupled with directed visible light results in generation of singlet oxygen only at the treated site. We believe that the use of visible light (as opposed to cancer-causing UV light) is a major advance in photodynamic therapy. In a small published Phase 1/2 proof of concept pilot clinical study using synthetic hypericin twice weekly for six weeks, statistically significant efficacy was demonstrated in patients with CTCL (58.3% response, p=0.04) and psoriasis (80% response, p<0.02). Subsequently, a published Phase 3 study in CTCL has further confirmed the biological efficacy of synthetic hypericin (termed HyBryte™ in the context of CTCL). A second Phase 3 clinical trial was recommended to halt for futility at the interim efficacy analysis in April 2026. In June 2026, following a thorough review of the DMC’s recommendation and evaluation of the program’s path forward, our Board of Directors determined that it was in our best interest and the interest of our stockholders to terminate the HyBryte™ development program.

Previous wording

The optional third open-label treatment cycle (Cycle 3) focused on safety and all patients could elect to receive HyBryte™ treatment of all their lesions for an additional 6 weeks or up to 18 weeks in total. Of note, 66% of patients elected to continue with this optional safety cycle of the study. Of the subset of patients that received HyBryte™ throughout all three cycles of treatment (18 weeks), 49% of them demonstrated a treatment

Current wording

The optional third open-label treatment cycle (Cycle 3) focused on safety and all patients could elect to receive HyBryte™ treatment of all their lesions for an additional 6 weeks or up to 18 weeks in total. Of note, 66% of

Previous wording

response (p=0.046 vs. patients completing 12 weeks of HyBryte™ treatment in Cycle 2; p<0.0001 vs. patients receiving placebo in Cycle 1). Moreover, in a subset of patients evaluated in this cycle, it was demonstrated that HyBryte™ is not systemically available, consistent with the general safety of this topical product observed to date. At the end of Cycle 3, HyBryte™ continued to be well tolerated despite extended and increased use of the product to treat multiple lesions.

Current wording

patients elected to continue with this optional safety cycle of the study. Of the subset of patients that received HyBryte™ throughout all three cycles of treatment (18 weeks), 49% of them demonstrated a treatment response (p=0.046 vs. patients completing 12 weeks of HyBryte™ treatment in Cycle 2; p<0.0001 vs. patients receiving placebo in Cycle 1). Moreover, in a subset of patients evaluated in this cycle, it was demonstrated that HyBryte™ is not systemically available, consistent with the general safety of this topical product observed to date. At the end of Cycle 3, HyBryte™ continued to be well tolerated despite extended and increased use of the product to treat multiple lesions.

Previous wording

Following the first Phase 3 study of HyBryte™ for the treatment of CTCL, the FDA and the EMA indicated that they would require a second successful Phase 3 trial to support marketing approval. With agreement from the EMA on the key design components, the confirmatory Phase 3 trial will be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study treating approximately 80 subjects with early-stage CTCL. It will evaluate the efficacy and safety of HyBryte™ topically applied to CTCL lesions twice weekly for 18 weeks, with each application followed 21 (±3) hours later by the administration of safe, visible light at a wavelength of 500 to 650 nm. All of the patient’s lesions that are readily available for exposure to the visible light source will be treated and three to five index lesions of each patient will be prospectively identified and indexed for the modified composite assessment of index lesions severity (“mCAILS”) evaluation prior to randomization (baseline). The primary efficacy endpoint will be assessed on the percent of patients in each of the two treatment groups (i.e., HyBryte™ and placebo) achieving a Partial or Complete Response (yes/no) of the treated lesions defined as a ≥ 50% reduction in the total mCAILS score for the three to five index lesions following 18 weeks of treatment compared to the total mCAILS score at baseline. Other secondary measures will assess treatment response (including duration), degree of improvement, time to relapse and safety. Following treatment, all patients will be followed every four weeks for a total of 12 weeks (through Week 30). The Data Monitoring Committee conducted one (1) interim analysis when approximately 60% of the total subjects completed the primary endpoint evaluation. The Data Monitoring Committee completed its interim efficacy analysis of the FLASH2 trial during April 2026, and under the terms of the interim analysis, the study was recommended to halt for futility. We will analyze the data to better determine why the study did not meet expectations.

Current wording

Following the first Phase 3 study of HyBryte™ for the treatment of CTCL, the FDA and the EMA indicated that they would require a second successful Phase 3 trial to support marketing approval. With agreement from the EMA on the key design components, the confirmatory Phase 3 trial was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study treating approximately 80 subjects with early-stage CTCL, evaluating the efficacy and safety of HyBryte™ topically applied to CTCL lesions twice weekly for 18 weeks, with each application followed 21 (±3) hours later by the administration of safe, visible light at a wavelength of 500 to 650 nm. All of the patient’s lesions that were readily available for exposure to the visible light source were to be treated and three to five index lesions of each patient were prospectively identified and indexed for the modified composite assessment of index lesions severity (“mCAILS”) evaluation prior to randomization (baseline). The primary efficacy endpoint was to be assessed on the percent of patients in each of the two treatment groups (i.e., HyBryte™ and placebo) achieving a Partial or Complete Response (yes/no) of the treated lesions defined as a ≥ 50% reduction in the total mCAILS score for the three to five index lesions following 18 weeks of treatment compared to the total mCAILS score at baseline. Other secondary measures were to assess treatment response (including duration), degree of improvement, time to relapse and safety. Following treatment, all patients were to be followed every four weeks for a total of 12 weeks (through Week 30). The Data Monitoring Committee conducted one (1) interim analysis when approximately 60% of the total subjects completed the primary endpoint evaluation. The Data Monitoring Committee completed its interim efficacy analysis of the FLASH2 trial during April 2026, and under the terms of the interim analysis, the study was recommended to halt for futility. In June 2026, following a thorough review of the DMC’s recommendation and evaluation of the program’s path forward, our Board of Directors determined that it was in our best interest and the interest of our stockholders to terminate the HyBryte™ development program.

Previous wording

CTCL mortality is related to stage of disease, with median survival generally ranging from about 12 years in the early stages to only 2.5 years when the disease has advanced. There is currently no FDA-approved drug for front-line treatment of early-stage CTCL. Treatment of early-stage disease generally involves skin-directed

Current wording

CTCL mortality is related to stage of disease, with median survival generally ranging from about 12 years in the early stages to only 2.5 years when the disease has advanced. There is currently no FDA-approved drug for front-line treatment of early-stage CTCL. Treatment of early-stage disease generally involves skin-directed therapies. One of the most common unapproved therapies used for early-stage disease is oral 5 or 8-methoxypsoralen (“Psoralen”) given with ultraviolet A (“UVA”) light, referred to as PUVA, which is approved

Previous wording

therapies. One of the most common unapproved therapies used for early-stage disease is oral 5 or 8-methoxypsoralen (“Psoralen”) given with ultraviolet A (“UVA”) light, referred to as PUVA, which is approved for dermatological conditions such as disabling psoriasis not adequately responsive to other forms of therapy, idiopathic vitiligo and skin manifestations of CTCL in persons who have not been responsive to other forms of treatment. Psoralen is a mutagenic chemical that interferes with DNA causing mutations and other malignancies. Moreover, UVA is a carcinogenic light source that when combined with the Psoralen, results in serious adverse effects including secondary skin cancers; therefore, the FDA requires a Black Box warning for PUVA.

Current wording

for dermatological conditions such as disabling psoriasis not adequately responsive to other forms of therapy, idiopathic vitiligo and skin manifestations of CTCL in persons who have not been responsive to other forms of treatment. Psoralen is a mutagenic chemical that interferes with DNA causing mutations and other malignancies. Moreover, UVA is a carcinogenic light source that when combined with the Psoralen, results in serious adverse effects including secondary skin cancers; therefore, the FDA requires a Black Box warning for PUVA.

Previous wording

In April 2023, the United States Adopted Names (“USAN”) Council approved the use of the nonproprietary name of “hypericin sodium” for the novel active ingredient in both HyBryte™ (research name SGX301) for the treatment of CTCL and SGX302 for the treatment of mild-to-moderate psoriasis.

Current wording

In April 2023, the United States Adopted Names (“USAN”) Council approved the use of the nonproprietary name of “hypericin sodium” for the novel active ingredient in SGX302 for the treatment of mild-to-moderate psoriasis.

Previous wording

is a related patent to U.S. Pat. No. 10,053,413, previously issued in the U.S. Both patents are expected to expire in 2036, and form part of a larger patent family, including previously granted U.S. patents covering methods of use (U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,518) and methods of synthesis (U.S. Pat. No. 8,629,302), as well as other granted patents throughout the world.

Current wording

In September 2024, the European Patent Office granted the patent entitled "Systems and Methods for Producing Synthetic Hypericin". The newly issued patent's claims are directed to a novel, highly purified form of synthetic hypericin manufactured through a unique proprietary process. This new European granted patent (EP3423428) is a related patent to U.S. Pat. No. 10,053,413, previously issued in the U.S. Both patents are expected to expire in 2036, and form part of a larger patent family, including previously granted U.S. patents covering methods of use (U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,518) and methods of synthesis (U.S. Pat. No. 8,629,302), as well as other granted patents throughout the world.

Previous wording

In October 2024, the Hong Kong Patent Office granted the patent entitled "Systems and Methods for Producing Synthetic Hypericin". The newly issued patent's claims are directed to a novel, highly purified form of synthetic hypericin manufactured through a unique proprietary process. Synthetic hypericin is the active pharmaceutical ingredient in HyBryte™, our photodynamic therapy for the treatment of CTCL, for which a confirmatory Phase 3 clinical trial has been initiated. This new granted patent (HK1260757) is a related patent to U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,053,413 and 10,526,268, previously issued in the U.S., and is in the same family as another patent granted in Europe. These patents are expected to expire in 2036, and form part of a larger collection of different patent families, including previously granted foreign patents covering liquid formulations and methods of use (EP Pat. No. 2,571,507) and issued U.S. patents for methods of synthesis (U.S. Pat. No. 8,629,302), as well as other granted patents throughout the world.

Current wording

In October 2024, the Hong Kong Patent Office granted the patent entitled "Systems and Methods for Producing Synthetic Hypericin". The newly issued patent's claims are directed to a novel, highly purified form of synthetic hypericin manufactured through a unique proprietary process. Synthetic hypericin is the active pharmaceutical ingredient in SGX302, our photodynamic therapy for the treatment of Psoriasis. This new granted patent (HK1260757) is a related patent to U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,053,413 and 10,526,268, previously issued in the U.S., and is in the same family as another patent granted in Europe. These patents are expected to expire in 2036, and form part of a larger collection of different patent families, including previously granted foreign patents covering liquid formulations and methods of use (EP Pat. No. 2,571,507) and issued U.S. patents for methods of synthesis (U.S. Pat. No. 8,629,302), as well as other granted patents throughout the world.

Previous wording

Treatment of psoriasis is based on its severity at the time of presentation with the goal of controlling symptoms. It varies from topical options including PDT to reduce pain and itching, and potentially reduce the inflammation

Current wording

Treatment of psoriasis is based on its severity at the time of presentation with the goal of controlling symptoms. It varies from topical options including PDT to reduce pain and itching, and potentially reduce the inflammation driving plaque formation, to systemic treatments for more severe disease. Most common systemic treatments and even current topical photo/photodynamic therapy such as UV A and B, carry a risk of increased skin cancer.

Previous wording

Dusquetide has demonstrated efficacy in numerous animal disease models including mucositis, oncology, colitis, skin infection and other bacterial infections and has been evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1 clinical trial in 84 healthy volunteers with both single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose components. Dusquetide was shown to have a good safety profile and be well-tolerated in all dose groups when administered by IV over 7 days and was consistent with safety results seen in pre-clinical studies. We believe that market opportunities for dusquetide include, but are not limited to, oral and gastrointestinal mucositis, oncology (e.g., breast cancer), acute Gram-positive bacterial infections (e.g., methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (“MRSA”)), acute Gram-negative infections (e.g., acinetobacter, melioidosis), and acute radiation syndrome.

Current wording

Dusquetide has demonstrated efficacy in numerous animal disease models including mucositis, oncology, colitis, skin infection and other bacterial infections and has been evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1 clinical trial in 84 healthy volunteers with both single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose components. Dusquetide was shown to have a good safety profile and be well-tolerated in all dose groups when administered by IV over 7 days and was consistent with safety results seen in pre-clinical studies. We believe that market opportunities for dusquetide include, but are not limited to, oral and gastrointestinal mucositis, oncology (e.g., breast cancer), acute Gram-positive bacterial infections (e.g., methicillin resistant

Previous wording

relative to the placebo group from the Phase 3 apremilast study, whereas apremilast had a 37% improvement relative to placebo. This improvement was sustained throughout the 4-week follow-up after treatment with SGX945, with 32% improvement evaluated at Week 8 despite treatment having stopped at Week 4. In contrast, apremilast, which was continuously administered through Week 12, had a 41% improvement at Week 8.

Current wording

The primary endpoint in the Phase 3 apremilast study was the AUC of the mean number of ulcers versus time. Using this same endpoint after 4 weeks of treatment, the SGX945 treated group had a 40% improvement relative to the placebo group from the Phase 3 apremilast study, whereas apremilast had a 37% improvement relative to placebo. This improvement was sustained throughout the 4-week follow-up after treatment with SGX945, with 32% improvement evaluated at Week 8 despite treatment having stopped at Week 4. In contrast, apremilast, which was continuously administered through Week 12, had a 41% improvement at Week 8.

Previous wording

We estimate the potential worldwide market for SGX945 is in excess of $200 million for the treatment of aphthous ulcers in BD. This potential market information is a forward-looking statement, and investors are urged not to place undue reliance on this statement. While we have determined this potential market size based on assumptions that we believe are reasonable, there are a number of factors that could cause our expectations to change or not be realized.

Current wording

We estimate the potential worldwide market for SGX945 is in excess of $200 million for the treatment of aphthous ulcers in BD. This potential market information is a forward-looking statement, and investors are urged not to place undue reliance on this statement. While we have determined this potential market size based

Previous wording

long-term and have significant side effects that become more concerning with more chronic use. Genital ulcers are often associated with significant genital scarring while leg ulcers can result in a post-thrombotic syndrome. Other treatments for BD flares involve suppressing the immune system with drugs (e.g., cyclosporine or cyclophosphamide). These drugs come with a higher risk of infection, liver and kidney problems, low blood counts and high blood pressure. Finally, anti-inflammatory drugs are also used, including anti-TNF medications. The only approved drug in BD is apremilast, which is used as a maintenance therapy to prevent formation of oral ulcers. Unfortunately, apremilast is associated with both high cost and side effects including diarrhea, nausea, upper respiratory tract infection and headache.

Current wording

There is no cure for BD, rather treatments are prescribed to manage symptoms. Treatments may include both maintenance therapies and those specifically addressing mucocutaneous flares (e.g., mouth ulcers, genital ulcers and leg ulcers). Corticosteroids are generally applied topically to sores and as eyedrops and may also be given systemically to reduce inflammation. Although used frequently, they have limited efficacy over the long-term and have significant side effects that become more concerning with more chronic use. Genital ulcers are often associated with significant genital scarring while leg ulcers can result in a post-thrombotic syndrome. Other treatments for BD flares involve suppressing the immune system with drugs (e.g., cyclosporine or cyclophosphamide). These drugs come with a higher risk of infection, liver and kidney problems, low blood counts and high blood pressure. Finally, anti-inflammatory drugs are also used, including anti-TNF medications. The only approved drug in BD is apremilast, which is used as a maintenance therapy to prevent formation of oral ulcers. Unfortunately, apremilast is associated with both high cost and side effects including diarrhea, nausea, upper respiratory tract infection and headache.

Previous wording

The Phase 3 protocol was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multinational trial that sought to enroll approximately 260 subjects with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx who were scheduled to receive a minimum total cumulative radiation dose of 55 Gy fractionated as 2.0-2.2 Gy per day with concomitant cisplatin chemotherapy given as a dose of 80-100 mg/m2 every third week. Subjects were randomized to receive either 1.5 mg/kg SGX942 or placebo given twice a week during and for two weeks following completion of chemoradiation therapy (“CRT”). The primary endpoint for the study was the median duration of SOM, which was assessed by oral examination at each treatment visit and then through six weeks following completion of CRT. Oral mucositis is evaluated using the WHO Grading system. SOM is defined as a WHO Grade of ≥3. Subjects are followed for an additional 12 months after the completion of treatment.

Current wording

Based on the positive and previously published Phase 2 results, we conducted a Phase 3 clinical trial referred to as the “DOM–INNATE” (Dusquetide treatment in Oral Mucositis – by modulating INNATE immunity) study. The Phase 3 protocol was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multinational trial that sought to enroll approximately 260 subjects with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx who were scheduled to receive a minimum total cumulative radiation dose of 55 Gy fractionated as 2.0-2.2 Gy per day with concomitant cisplatin chemotherapy given as a dose of 80-100 mg/m2 every third week. Subjects were randomized to receive either 1.5 mg/kg SGX942 or placebo given twice a week during and for two weeks following completion of chemoradiation therapy (“CRT”). The primary endpoint for the study was the median duration of SOM, which was assessed by oral examination at each treatment visit and then through six weeks following completion of CRT. Oral mucositis is evaluated using the WHO Grading system. SOM is defined as a WHO Grade of ≥3. Subjects are followed for an additional 12 months after the completion of treatment.

Previous wording

ThermoVax® is a novel method for thermostabilizing vaccines with a variety of adjuvants, resulting in a single vial which can be reconstituted with water for injection immediately prior to use. One of the adjuvants utilized in ThermoVax® is aluminum salts (known colloquially as “Alum”). Alum is the most widely employed adjuvant technology in the vaccine industry.

Current wording

ThermoVax® is a novel method for thermostabilizing vaccines with a variety of adjuvants, resulting in a single vial which can be reconstituted with water for injection immediately prior to use.

Previous wording

The value of ThermoVax® lies in its potential ability to eliminate the need for cold chain production, transportation, and storage for Alum-adjuvanted vaccines. This would relieve the high costs of producing and maintaining vaccines under refrigerated conditions. Based on historical reports from WHO and other scientific reports, we believe that a meaningful proportion of vaccine doses globally are wasted due to excursions from required cold chain temperature ranges. This is due to the fact that many vaccines need to be maintained either between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius (“C”), frozen below -20 degrees C, or frozen below -60 degrees C, and even brief excursions from these temperature ranges usually necessitate the destruction of the product or the initiation of costly stability programs specific for the vaccine lots in question. ThermoVax® has the potential to facilitate easier storage and distribution of strategic national stockpile vaccines for ricin exposure in emergency settings.

Current wording

temperature ranges. This is due to the fact that many vaccines need to be maintained either between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius (“C”), frozen below -20 degrees C, or frozen below -60 degrees C, and even brief excursions from these temperature ranges usually necessitate the destruction of the product or the initiation of costly stability programs specific for the vaccine lots in question. ThermoVax® has the potential to facilitate easier storage and distribution of strategic national stockpile vaccines for ricin exposure in emergency settings.

Previous wording

ThermoVax® development, specifically in the context of an Alum adjuvant, was supported pursuant to a previous $9.4 million NIAID grant which enabled development of thermo-stable ricin (RiVax®) and anthrax vaccines. Proof-of-concept preclinical studies with ThermoVax® indicate that it is able to produce stable vaccine formulations using adjuvants, protein immunogens, and other components that ordinarily would not withstand long temperature variations exceeding customary refrigerated storage conditions. These studies were conducted with our Alum-adjuvanted ricin toxin vaccine, RiVax® and our Alum-adjuvanted anthrax vaccine. Each vaccine was manufactured under precise lyophilization conditions using excipients that aid in maintaining native protein structure of the key antigen. When RiVax® was kept at 40 degrees C (104 degrees Fahrenheit (“F”)) for up to one year, all of the animals vaccinated with the lyophilized RiVax® vaccine developed potent and high titer neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, animals that were vaccinated with the liquid RiVax® vaccine kept at 40 degrees C did not develop neutralizing antibodies and were not protected against ricin exposure. The ricin A chain is extremely sensitive to temperature and rapidly loses the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies when exposed to temperatures higher than 8 degrees C. When the anthrax vaccine was kept for up to 16 weeks at 70 degrees C, it was able to develop a potent antibody response, unlike the liquid formulation kept at the same temperature. Moreover, we also have demonstrated the compatibility of our thermostabilization technology with other secondary adjuvants such as TLR-4 agonists.

Current wording

ThermoVax® development was supported pursuant to a previous $9.4 million NIAID grant which enabled development of thermo-stable ricin (RiVax®) and anthrax vaccines. Proof-of-concept preclinical studies with ThermoVax® indicate that it is able to produce stable vaccine formulations using adjuvants, protein immunogens, and other components that ordinarily would not withstand long temperature variations exceeding customary refrigerated storage conditions. These studies were conducted with our Alum-adjuvanted ricin toxin vaccine, RiVax® and our Alum-adjuvanted anthrax vaccine. Each vaccine was manufactured under precise lyophilization conditions using excipients that aid in maintaining native protein structure of the key antigen. When RiVax® was kept at 40 degrees C (104 degrees Fahrenheit (“F”)) for up to one year, all of the animals vaccinated with the lyophilized RiVax® vaccine developed potent and high titer neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, animals that were vaccinated with the liquid RiVax® vaccine kept at 40 degrees C did not develop neutralizing antibodies and were not protected against ricin exposure. The ricin A chain is extremely sensitive to temperature and rapidly loses the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies when exposed to temperatures higher than 8 degrees C. When the anthrax vaccine was kept for up to 16 weeks at 70 degrees C, it was able to develop a potent antibody response, unlike the liquid formulation kept at the same temperature. Moreover, we also have demonstrated the compatibility of our thermostabilization technology with other secondary adjuvants such as TLR-4 agonists.

Previous wording

In September 2023, positive data demonstrated two-year stability of thermostabilized bivalent and trivalent filovirus vaccine candidates at temperatures of 40 degrees C (104 degrees F) when formulated in a single vial, needing reconstitution only with sterile water immediately prior to use. This important milestone is part of an ongoing collaboration with UH Manoa, demonstrating the successful presentation of one or more antigen(s) within the same formulation while maintaining full potency and thermostability. It further demonstrates the broad applicability of the heat stable vaccine platform, and its potential role in the U.S. government's initiative for pandemic preparedness.

Current wording

In September 2023, positive data demonstrated two-year stability of thermostabilized bivalent and trivalent filovirus vaccine candidates at temperatures of 40 degrees C (104 degrees F) when formulated in a single vial, needing reconstitution only with sterile water immediately prior to use. This important milestone is part of an ongoing collaboration with UH Manoa, demonstrating the successful presentation of one or more antigen(s) within the same formulation while maintaining full potency and thermostability. It further demonstrates the broad

Previous wording

In September 2025, we announced a publication describing the extended stability of filovirus vaccines using our ThermoVax® platform. Bivalent and trivalent vaccines, constructed from antigens against EBOV, SUDV and MARV and the CoVaccine HT™ antigen, were formulated in a single vial and subjected to long-term storage at up to 40°C (104°F). After two years of storage, all vaccines were unchanged and had equivalent potency as when initially manufactured. In collaboration with Axel Lehrer, PhD, Professor at the Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, UH Manoa, the manuscript entitled*"Thermostable Bivalent & Trivalent Filovirus Vaccines from Insect Cells: Potency Demonstrated after 3 Months and 2 Years"*, has been accepted for publication and is available online in Vaccine.

Current wording

In September 2025, we announced a publication describing the extended stability of filovirus vaccines using our ThermoVax® platform. Bivalent and trivalent vaccines, constructed from antigens against EBOV, SUDV, and MARV and the CoVaccine HT™ antigen, were formulated in a single vial and subjected to long-term storage at up to 40°C (104°F). After two years of storage, all vaccines were unchanged and had equivalent potency as when initially manufactured. In collaboration with Axel Lehrer, PhD, Professor at the Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, JABSOM, UH Manoa, the manuscript entitled*"Thermostable Bivalent & Trivalent Filovirus Vaccines from Insect Cells: Potency Demonstrated after 3 Months and 2 Years"*, has been accepted for publication and is available online in Vaccine.

Previous wording

As a vaccine for a neglected tropical disease, an FDA approved SuVax™, MarVax™ or combined vaccine has the potential to qualify for a Tropical Disease Priority Review Voucher (“PRV”). PRVs are transferable and can be sold, with sales in recent years of approximately $200 million. When redeemed, PRVs entitle the user to an accelerated review period of nine months, saving a median of seven months review time as calculated in 2009. However, FDA must be advised 90 days in advance of the use of the PRV and the use of a PRV is associated with an additional user fee (approximately $2.0 million for fiscal year 2026).

Current wording

As a vaccine for a neglected tropical disease, an FDA approved SUDV, MARV, BDBV or combined vaccine has the potential to qualify for a Tropical Disease Priority Review Voucher (“PRV”). PRVs are transferable and can be sold, with sales in recent years of approximately $200 million. When redeemed, PRVs entitle the user to an accelerated review period of nine months, saving a median of seven months review time as calculated in 2009. However, FDA must be advised 90 days in advance of the use of the PRV and the use of a PRV is associated with an additional user fee (approximately $2.0 million for fiscal year 2026).

Previous wording

and immunogenic in two Phase 1 clinical trials in healthy volunteers. Results of the first Phase 1 human trial of RiVax® established that the immunogen was safe and induced antibodies that we believe may protect humans from ricin exposure. The antibodies generated from vaccination, concentrated and purified, were capable of conferring immunity passively to recipient animals, indicating that the vaccine was capable of inducing functionally active antibodies in humans. The outcome of this study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Vitetta et al., 2006, A Pilot Clinical Trial of a Recombinant Ricin Vaccine in Normal Humans, PNAS, 103:2268-2273). The second trial that was completed in September 2012 and was sponsored by University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (“UTSW”) evaluated a more potent formulation of RiVax® that contained an Alum adjuvant. The results of the Phase 1b study indicated that Alum-adjuvanted RiVax® was safe and well tolerated, and induced greater ricin neutralizing antibody levels in humans than adjuvant-free RiVax®. The outcomes of this second study were published in the Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.

Current wording

RiVax® is our proprietary vaccine candidate being developed to protect against exposure to ricin toxin and if approved, would be the first ricin vaccine. The immunogen in RiVax® induces a protective immune response in animal models of ricin exposure and functionally active antibodies in humans. The immunogen consists of a genetically inactivated ricin A chain subunit that is enzymatically inactive and lacks residual toxicity of the holotoxin. RiVax® has demonstrated statistically significant (p < 0.0001) preclinical survival results, providing 100% protection against acute lethality in an aerosol exposure non-human primate model (Roy et al, 2015, Thermostable ricin vaccine protects rhesus macaques against aerosolized ricin: Epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection, PNAS USA 112:3782-3787), and has also been shown to be well tolerated and immunogenic in two Phase 1 clinical trials in healthy volunteers. Results of the first Phase 1 human trial of RiVax® established that the immunogen was safe and induced antibodies that we believe may protect humans from ricin exposure. The antibodies generated from vaccination, concentrated and purified, were capable of conferring immunity passively to recipient animals, indicating that the vaccine was capable of inducing functionally active antibodies in humans. The outcome of this study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Vitetta et al., 2006, A Pilot Clinical Trial of a Recombinant Ricin Vaccine in Normal Humans, PNAS, 103:2268-2273). The second trial that was completed in September 2012 and was sponsored by University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (“UTSW”) evaluated a more potent formulation of RiVax® that contained an Alum adjuvant. The results of the Phase 1b study indicated that Alum-adjuvanted RiVax® was safe and well tolerated, and induced greater ricin neutralizing antibody levels in humans than adjuvant-free RiVax®. The outcomes of this second study were published in the Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.

Previous wording

Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 Compared to March 31, 2025

Current wording

Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 Compared to June 30, 2025

Previous wording

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, we had a net loss of $2,824,965 as compared to a net loss of $2,951,268 for the same prior year period, representing decreased net loss of $126,303. This decrease in net loss was primarily due to a decrease in operating expenses.

Current wording

For the three months ended June 30, 2026, we had a net loss of $1,987,354 as compared to a net loss of $2,701,976 for the same prior year period, representing decreased net loss of $714,622. This decrease in net

Previous wording

We had no revenue or related costs for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Current wording

We had no revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Previous wording

Research and development expenses were $1,782,300 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 as compared to $1,941,680 for the same period in 2025, representing a decrease of $159,380. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in costs associated with third-party manufacturing, the completed Phase 2 study in BD and site initiation fees for the second confirmatory Phase 3 CTCL trial, partially offset by an increase in patient fees for the second confirmatory Phase 3 CTCL trial.

Current wording

Research and development expenses were $974,091 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 as compared to $1,677,014 for the same period in 2025, representing a decrease of $702,923. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in costs associated with the terminated FLASH2 trial and related HyBryte™ development activities. Research and development expenses were $2,756,391 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 as compared to $3,618,694 for the same period in 2025, representing a decrease of $862,303. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in costs associated with the terminated FLASH2 trial and related HyBryte™ development activities, and the completed Phase 2 study in BD.

Previous wording

General and administrative expenses of $1,102,538 for the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to $1,084,828 for the same period in 2025, were relatively flat with a de minimis increase of $17,710.

Current wording

General and administrative expenses of $1,125,372 for the three months ended June 30, 2026, as compared to $1,086,865 for the same period in 2025, were relatively flat with a de minimis increase of $38,507. General and administrative expenses of $2,227,910 for the six months ended June 30, 2026, as compared to $2,171,693 for the same period in 2025, were relatively flat with a de minimis increase of $56,217.

Previous wording

Interest income, net for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $61,389 as compared to $76,028 for the same period in 2025, representing a decrease of $14,639. The decrease is primarily associated with lower cash balances.

Current wording

Interest income, net for the three months ended June 30, 2026 was $53,598 as compared to $69,823 for the same period in 2025, representing a decrease of $16,225. The decrease is primarily associated with lower cash balances and decreasing interest rates. Interest income, net for the six months ended June 30, 2026 was $114,987 as compared to $145,851 for the same period in 2025, representing a decrease of $30,864. The decrease is primarily associated with lower cash balances and decreasing interest rates.

Previous wording

As of March 31, 2026, we had cash and cash equivalents of $6,029,430 as compared to $7,936,153 as of December 31, 2025, representing a decrease of $1,906,723. As of March 31, 2026, we had working capital of $2,945,938 as compared to working capital of $5,149,732 as of December 31, 2025, representing a decrease of $2,203,794. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents was primarily related to cash used in operating activities partially offset by proceeds received from at-the-market (“ATM”) sales of shares of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Current wording

As of June 30, 2026, we had cash and cash equivalents of $9,811,141 as compared to $7,936,153 as of December 31, 2025, representing an increase of $1,874,988. As of June 30, 2026, we had working capital of $6,499,947 as compared to working capital of $5,149,732 as of December 31, 2025, representing an increase of $1,350,215. The increase in cash and cash equivalents was primarily related to cash proceeds received from at-the-market (“ATM”) sales of shares of our common stock offset by issuance costs and cash used in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

Previous wording

Based on our operating budget, current rate of cash outflows, and cash on hand, we believe that we have cash runway to support development activities, business operations, and meet our obligations into 2027. However, as of the date of this filing, we do not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to fund operations for at least 12 months following the issuance of these financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Current wording

Based on our operating budget, current rate of cash outflows, and cash on hand, we believe that we have cash runway to support development activities, business operations, and meet our obligations into the second quarter of 2028. However, as of the date of this filing, we continue to explore various strategic alternatives but have not consummated any transaction or obtained any additional program assets to develop which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Previous wording

In January 2026, we entered into the Rodman Sales Agreement (see Note 4 – Shareholders’ Equity) to sell shares of our common stock from time to time, through ATM sales. The Rodman Sales Agreement provides for the offer and sale of shares of common stock having aggregate potential gross proceeds of up to approximately

Current wording

In January 2026, we entered into the Rodman Sales Agreement (see Note 4 – Shareholders’ Equity) to sell shares of our common stock from time to time, through ATM sales. The Rodman Sales Agreement originally provided for the offer and sale of shares of common stock having aggregate potential gross proceeds of up to approximately $3.5 million.

Previous wording

Under our budget and based upon our existing product development agreements and license agreements, we expect our total research and development expenditures for the next 12 months to be approximately $2.0 million, all of which relates to the Specialized BioTherapeutics business segment. We do not anticipate any contract and grant reimbursements revenue in the next 12 months to offset research and development expenses in the Specialized BioTherapeutics business segment.

Current wording

Under our budget and based upon our existing product development agreements and license agreements, we expect our total research and development expenditures for the next 12 months to be approximately $1.6 million, all of which relates to the Specialized BioTherapeutics business segment. We do not anticipate any contract and grant reimbursements revenue in the next 12 months to offset research and development expenses in the Specialized BioTherapeutics business segment.

Previous wording

The table below details our costs for research and development by program for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

Current wording

The table below details our costs for research and development by program for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

Previous wording

We have licensing fee commitments of approximately $230,000 as of March 31, 2026 over the next five years for several licensing agreements with partners and universities. Additionally, we are party to other agreements which include cash milestone payments, royalties and other fees payable, which are all contingent upon clinical or commercialization success. There can be no assurance that clinical or commercialization success will occur.

Current wording

We have licensing fee commitments of approximately $146,000 as of June 30, 2026 over the next five years for several licensing agreements with partners and universities. Additionally, we are party to other agreements which include cash milestone payments, royalties and other fees payable, which are all contingent upon clinical or commercialization success. There can be no assurance that clinical or commercialization success will occur.