LITHIA MOTORS INC

Previous wording

States and in our particular geographic markets and the level of gross profit margins that we can achieve on our sales of new vehicles, all of which are very difficult to predict.

Current wording

The automotive retail industry is sensitive to changing economic conditions and various other factors. Our business and results of operations are substantially dependent on new vehicle sales levels in the United States and in our particular geographic markets and the level of gross profit margins that we can achieve on our sales of new vehicles, all of which are very difficult to predict.

Previous wording

Our business is heavily dependent on consumer demand and preferences. A downturn in overall levels of consumer spending may materially and adversely affect our revenues and gross profit margins. Retail vehicle sales are cyclical and historically have experienced periodic downturns characterized by weak demand. These cycles are often dependent on general economic conditions and consumer confidence, as well as the level of discretionary personal income and credit availability. Additionally, other economic factors, such as rising and sustained periods of high crude oil and fuel prices, may impact consumer demand and preferences. As we operate internationally, including across the U.S., Canada, and the U.K., changes in and the severity of economic conditions may vary by market. Economic conditions may be anemic for an extended period of time, or deteriorate in the future. This would have a material adverse effect on our retail business, particularly sales of new and used vehicles.

Current wording

Our business is heavily dependent on consumer demand and preferences. A downturn in overall levels of consumer spending may materially and adversely affect our revenues and gross profit margins. Retail vehicle sales are cyclical and historically have experienced periodic downturns characterized by weak demand. These cycles are often dependent on general economic conditions and consumer confidence, as well as the level of discretionary personal income and credit availability. Additionally, other economic factors, such as rising and sustained periods of high crude oil and fuel prices, may impact consumer demand and preferences. As we operate internationally, including across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, changes in and the severity of economic conditions may vary by market. Economic conditions may be anemic for an extended period of time, or deteriorate in the future. This would have a material adverse effect on our retail business, particularly sales of new and used vehicles.

Previous wording

The economies of the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom have recently experienced heightened inflationary pressures, impacting the costs of labor, fuel and other costs. Additionally, recent increases in interest rates have impacted new and used vehicle sales and vehicle affordability due to the direct relationship between interest rates and monthly loan payments, a critical factor for many vehicle buyers, and the impact interest rates have on customers’ borrowing capacity and disposable income. Consumer demand may be further adversely impacted if interest rates continue to increase or are sustained at current levels. In an inflationary environment, depending on automotive industry and other economic conditions, we may be unable to raise prices to keep up with the rate of inflation, which would reduce our profit margins. A period of sustained inflationary and interest rate pressures could impact our profitability.

Current wording

The economies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada have recently experienced heightened inflationary pressures, impacting the costs of labor, fuel, and other costs. Additionally, interest rates remain significantly elevated above the rates available in 2021, which has impacted new and used vehicle sales and vehicle affordability due to the direct relationship between interest rates and monthly loan payments, a critical factor for many vehicle buyers, and the impact interest rates have on customers’ borrowing capacity and disposable income. Consumer demand may be further adversely impacted if interest rates continue to increase or are sustained at current levels. In an inflationary environment, depending on automotive industry and other economic conditions, we may be unable to raise prices to keep up with the rate of inflation, which would reduce our profit margins. A period of sustained inflationary and interest rate pressures could impact our profitability.

Previous wording

Approximately 15.6 million, 13.9 million, and 15.1 million new vehicles were sold in the United States in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Certain industry analysts have predicted that new vehicle sales will be approximately 15.7 million for 2024. If new vehicle production exceeds the rate at which new vehicles are sold, our gross profit per vehicle could be adversely affected by this excess and any resulting changes in manufacturer incentive and marketing programs. See the risk factor “If manufacturers or distributors discontinue or change sales incentives, warranties and other promotional programs, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be materially adversely affected” below. Economic conditions and the other factors described above may also materially adversely impact our sales of used vehicles, parts and repair and maintenance services, and automotive finance and insurance products.

Current wording

If new vehicle production exceeds the rate at which new vehicles are sold, our gross profit per vehicle could be adversely affected by this excess and any resulting changes in manufacturer incentive and marketing programs. See the risk factor “If manufacturers or distributors discontinue or change sales incentives, warranties, and other promotional programs, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows may be materially adversely affected” below. Economic conditions and the other factors described above may also materially adversely impact our parts and repair and maintenance aftersales, and automotive finance and insurance (F&I) products.

Previous wording

Our dealerships are in states and regions in the United States, Canada, and the U.K. in which actual or threatened natural disasters and severe weather events (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods, landslides, wind and/or hail storms) or other extraordinary events have in the past, and may in the future, disrupt our dealership operations and impair the value of our dealership property. A disruption in our operations may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition to business interruption, the automotive retailing business is subject to substantial risk of property loss due to the significant concentration of property at dealership locations. The exposure on any single claim under our property and casualty insurance, medical insurance and workers’ compensation insurance varies based upon type of coverage. Our maximum exposure on any single claim is $5.5 million, subject to certain aggregate limit thresholds. Under our self-insurance programs, we retain various levels of aggregate loss limits, per claim deductibles and claims-handling expenses. Costs in excess of these retained risks may be insured under various contracts with third-party insurance carriers. As of December 31, 2023, we had total reserve amounts associated with these programs of $77.1 million.

Current wording

Our dealerships are in states and regions in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada in which actual or threatened natural disasters and severe weather events (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods, landslides, wind and/or hail storms) or other extraordinary events have in the past, and may in the future, disrupt our dealership operations and impair the value of our dealership property. A disruption in our operations may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. In addition to business interruption, the automotive retailing business is subject to substantial risk of property loss due to the significant concentration of property at dealership locations. The exposure on any single claim under our property and casualty insurance, medical insurance, and workers’ compensation insurance varies based upon type of coverage. Our maximum exposure on any single claim is $5.5 million, subject to certain aggregate limit thresholds. Under our self-insurance programs, we retain various levels of aggregate loss limits, per claim deductibles and claims-handling expenses. Costs in excess of these retained risks may be insured under various contracts with third-party insurance carriers. As of December 31, 2024, we had total reserve amounts associated with these programs of $95.6 million.

Previous wording

The occurrence of regional epidemics or a global pandemic such as COVID-19 may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The extent to which global pandemics impact our business going forward will depend on factors such as the duration and scope of the pandemic; governmental, business, and individuals' actions in response to the pandemic; and the impact on economic activity, including the possibility of recession or financial market instability.

Current wording

The occurrence of public health emergencies or other extraordinary events, such as regional epidemics or a global pandemic, such as COVID-19, may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. The extent to which public health emergencies or other extraordinary events impact our business going forward will depend on factors such as the duration and scope of the event; governmental, business, and individuals' actions in response to the event; and the impact on economic activity, including the possibility of recession or financial market instability.

Previous wording

Increasing competition among automotive retailers reduces our profit margins on vehicle sales and related businesses. Further, the use of the Internet in the car purchasing process could materially adversely affect us.

Current wording

Increasing competition among automotive retailers reduces our profit margins on vehicle sales and related businesses. Further, the use of the Internet, e-commerce, and digital technology in the car purchasing process could materially adversely affect us.

Previous wording

Our finance and insurance business and other related businesses, which have higher margins than sales of new and used vehicles, are subject to strong competition from various financial institutions and others.

Current wording

Our F&I business and other related businesses, which have higher margins than sales of new and used vehicles, are subject to strong competition from various financial institutions and others.

Previous wording

The Internet has become a significant part of the sales process in our industry. Customers are using the Internet to compare pricing for vehicles and related finance and insurance services, which may further reduce margins for new and used vehicles and profits for related finance and insurance services. If Internet new vehicle sales are allowed to be conducted without the involvement of franchised dealers, our business could be materially adversely affected. In addition, other franchise groups have aligned themselves with services offered on the Internet or are investing heavily in the development of their own Internet capabilities, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Current wording

The Internet has become a significant part of the sales process in our industry. Customers are using the Internet to compare pricing for vehicles and related F&I services, which may further reduce margins for new and used vehicles and profits for related F&I services. If Internet new vehicle sales are allowed to be conducted without the involvement of franchised dealers, our business could be materially adversely affected. In addition, other franchise groups have aligned themselves with services offered on the Internet or are investing heavily in the development of their own Internet capabilities, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Previous wording

In addition, we may face increasingly significant competition as we strive to gain market share through acquisitions or otherwise. Our operating margins may decline over time as we expand into markets where we do not have a leading position.

Current wording

In addition, we may face increasingly significant competition as we strive to gain market share through acquisitions or otherwise. Our operating margins may decline over time as we expand into markets where we do not have a leading position or that operate under higher pressure on margins.

Previous wording

The automotive industry is predicted to experience rapid change in the years to come, including advances in electric vehicle production, driverless technology, co-ownership and subscription business models. Certain manufacturers and governments have declared commitments to various electric vehicle and zero emissions goals, such as the state of California’s executive order to require all new cars and passenger trucks sold in the state to be zero-emission vehicles by 2035. In addition, the U.K. government has proposed a ban on the sale of gasoline engines in new cars and new vans that would take effect as early as 2030 and a ban on the sale of gasoline hybrid engines in new cars and new vans as early as 2035. The overall impact of these options on the automotive industry is uncertain, and may include costly compliance challenges and lower levels of new vehicle sales or sales through channels that do not include us.

Current wording

The automotive industry is predicted to experience rapid change in the years to come, including advances in electric vehicle production, driverless technology, and subscription business models. Certain manufacturers and governments have declared commitments to various electric vehicle and zero emissions goals, such as the state of California’s executive order to require all new cars and passenger trucks sold in the state to be zero-emission vehicles by 2035. In addition, the U.K. government has proposed a ban on the sale of gasoline engines in new cars and new vans that would take effect as early as 2030 and a ban on the sale of gasoline hybrid engines in new cars and new vans as early as 2035. The overall impact of these options on the automotive industry is uncertain, and may include costly compliance challenges and lower levels of new vehicle sales or sales through channels that do not include us.

Previous wording

Manufacturers continue to invest in increasing production and quality of electric vehicles, including Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. BEVs generally require less maintenance than traditional cars and trucks. The effects of BEVs on the automotive industry are uncertain and may include reduced parts and service revenues, as well as changes in the level of sales of certain Finance and Insurance (F&I) products such as extended warranty and lifetime lube, oil and filter contracts.

Current wording

Manufacturers continue to invest in increasing production and quality of electric vehicles, including Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. BEVs generally require less maintenance than traditional cars and trucks. The effects of BEVs on the automotive industry are uncertain and may include reduced aftersales revenues, as well as changes in the level of sales of certain F&I products such as extended warranty and lifetime lube, oil and filter contracts.

Previous wording

We compete in a dynamic industry, and we may invest significant resources to pursue strategies and develop new offerings that do not prove effective.

Current wording

We compete in a dynamic industry, and we may invest significant resources to pursue strategies, develop new offerings, and enter into adjacent businesses that do not prove effective.

Previous wording

The vehicle retailing industry is experiencing significant changes as the expectations and behaviors of customers are shifting, and e-commerce and digital technology have become a more significant part of the sales process. We have made and may continue to make significant investments to drive the development of and support of e-commerce and digital technology capabilities, including the launch of Driveway, our e-commerce home solution, and DFC, our in-house consumer financing business. Changes or additions to our offerings may not attract or engage our customers or prove sufficiently profitable, and may reduce confidence in our brands, expose us to increased market or legal risks, subject us to new laws and regulations, or otherwise harm our business.

Current wording

The vehicle retailing industry is experiencing significant changes as the expectations and behaviors of customers are shifting, and e-commerce and digital technology have become a more significant part of the sales process. We have made and may continue to make significant investments to drive the development of and support of e-commerce and digital technology capabilities, including the launch of Driveway, our e-commerce home solution, and DFC, our in-house consumer financing business. We have also recently invested in a dealer-management technology business and a fleet management business. Changes or additions to our offerings or businesses may not prove sufficiently profitable, attract, or engage our customers, and may reduce confidence in our brands, expose us to increased market or legal risks, subject us to new laws and regulations, or otherwise harm our business.

Previous wording

Customers may prefer other channels for vehicle sales and related finance and insurance services, because they may offer different or superior platforms, or because customers find those platforms easier to use, faster, or more cost effective than our services. We may not successfully anticipate or keep pace with industry changes, and we have and may continue to invest considerable financial resources, personnel, or other resources to pursue strategies that do not ultimately prove effective. A failure to capture the anticipated benefits of such investments could harm our results of operations and financial condition.

Current wording

Customers may prefer other channels for vehicle sales and related F&I services, because they may offer different or superior platforms, or because customers find those platforms easier to use, faster, or more cost effective than our services. We may not successfully anticipate or keep pace with industry changes, and we have and may continue to invest considerable financial resources, personnel, or other resources to pursue strategies that do not ultimately prove effective. A failure to capture the anticipated benefits of such investments could harm our results of operations and financial condition.

Previous wording

We depend on our manufacturers to provide a supply of vehicles which supports expected sales levels. Any event that adversely affects a manufacturer’s ability to timely deliver new vehicles may adversely affect us by reducing our supply of popular new vehicles, leading to lower sales in our stores during those periods than would otherwise occur. For example, the shortage of chip supply and labor disruptions in 2021 and 2022 caused a significant constraint in the supply of new cars resulting in reduced volumes and increased gross profit margins on retail vehicle sales. As new vehicle availability continues to improve, volumes may improve; however, gross profit margins may be impacted. We depend on our manufacturers to deliver high-quality, defect-free vehicles. If a manufacturer experiences quality issues, our sales and financial performance may be adversely impacted. In addition, the discontinuance of a particular brand that is profitable to us could negatively impact our revenues and profitability.

Current wording

We depend on our manufacturers to provide a supply of vehicles which supports expected sales levels. Any event that adversely affects a manufacturer’s ability to timely deliver new vehicles may adversely affect us by reducing our supply of popular new vehicles, leading to lower sales in our stores during those periods than would otherwise occur. For example, the shortage of chip supply and labor disruptions in 2021 and 2022 caused a significant constraint in the supply of new vehicles resulting in reduced volumes and increased gross profit margins on retail vehicle sales. As new vehicle availability has improved, gross profit margins have been negatively impacted.

Previous wording

Vehicle manufacturers would be adversely affected by economic downturns or recessions, adverse fluctuations in currency exchange rates, significant declines in the sales of their new vehicles, increases in interest rates, declines in their credit ratings, port closures, labor strikes or similar disruptions (including within their major suppliers), supply shortages or rising raw material costs, rising employee benefit costs, adverse publicity that may reduce consumer demand for their products, product defects, vehicle recall campaigns, litigation, poor product mix or unappealing vehicle design, or other adverse events. These and other risks could materially adversely affect any manufacturer and limit its ability to profitably design, market, produce or distribute new vehicles, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Current wording

Vehicle manufacturers would be adversely affected by economic downturns or recessions, adverse fluctuations in currency exchange rates, significant declines in the sales of their new vehicles, increases in interest rates, declines in their credit ratings, port closures, labor strikes or similar disruptions (including within their major suppliers), supply shortages or rising raw material costs, rising team member benefit costs, adverse publicity that may reduce consumer demand for their products, product defects, vehicle recall campaigns, litigation, poor product mix or unappealing vehicle design, or other adverse events. These and other risks could materially adversely affect any manufacturer and limit its ability to profitably design, market, produce or distribute new vehicles, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Previous wording

•special financing rates on certified, pre-owned cars; and

Current wording

•special financing rates on certified, pre-owned vehicles; and

Previous wording

Our financial condition could be materially adversely impacted by a discontinuation or change in our manufacturers’ or distributors’ incentive programs. In addition, certain manufacturers use criteria such as a dealership’s manufacturer-determined customer satisfaction index (CSI score), facility image compliance, employee training, digital marketing and parts purchase programs as factors governing participation in incentive programs. To the extent we do not meet minimum score requirements, we may be precluded from receiving certain incentives, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Current wording

Our financial condition could be materially adversely impacted by a discontinuation or change in our manufacturers’ or distributors’ incentive programs. In addition, certain manufacturers use criteria such as a dealership’s manufacturer-determined customer satisfaction index (CSI score), facility image compliance, team member training, digital marketing and parts purchase programs as factors governing participation in incentive programs. To the extent we do not meet minimum score requirements, we may be precluded from receiving certain incentives, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Previous wording

Franchised automotive retailers perform factory authorized service work and sell original replacement parts on vehicles covered by warranties issued by the automotive manufacturer. For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 21% of our service, body and parts revenue was for work covered by manufacturer warranties or manufacturer-sponsored maintenance services. To the extent a manufacturer reduces the labor rates or markup of replacement parts for such warranty work, our service, body and parts sales volume could be adversely affected.

Current wording

Franchised automotive retailers perform factory authorized service work and sell original replacement parts on vehicles covered by warranties issued by the automotive manufacturer. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 24% of our aftersales revenue was for work covered by manufacturer warranties or manufacturer-sponsored maintenance services. To the extent a manufacturer reduces the labor rates or markup of replacement parts for such warranty work, our aftersales volume could be adversely affected.

Previous wording

In addition, state dealer laws restrict the ability of vehicle manufacturers to directly enter the retail market. Manufacturer lobbying efforts and lawsuits may lead to the repeal or revision of these laws. For example, Tesla has received a favorable ruling in certain states allowing direct to consumer sales and service. In addition, many states have recently passed or are introducing legislation to permit direct to consumer auto sales in certain circumstances, allowing additional electric vehicle manufacturers such as Rivian to enter the market. If manufacturers obtain the ability to directly retail vehicles in our markets, such competition could negatively impact our sales and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Current wording

Generally, state dealer laws restrict the ability of vehicle manufacturers to directly enter the retail market. Manufacturer lobbying efforts and lawsuits have led to the repeal or revision of these laws. For example, Tesla received a favorable ruling in certain states allowing direct to consumer sales and service. In addition, some states are considering introducing legislation to permit direct to consumer auto sales in certain circumstances, allowing additional electric vehicle manufacturers such as Rivian to enter the market. Other manufacturers, such as Scout have signaled a desire to commence a direct-to-consumer model. If manufacturers obtain the ability to directly retail vehicles in our markets, our role in the auto retail market would change and we could experience a loss of revenue and profits and could experience other negative impacts that have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Previous wording

Further, changes by manufacturers to their distribution models may impact our operations in the U.K. Certain manufacturers are moving to an agency model in other countries, whereby the consumer places an order directly with the manufacturer and names a preferred delivery dealer. The agency model is being used by manufacturers such as Volkswagen in Germany for all EVs and Mercedes-Benz in the U.K. and other European regions. Under an agency model, our dealerships receive a fee for facilitating the sale by the manufacturer of a new vehicle but do not hold the vehicle in inventory. The agency model will reduce reported revenues (as only the fee we receive, and not the price of the vehicle, will be reported as revenue), reduce SG&A expenses, and reduce floorplan interest expense, although the other impacts to our results of operations remain uncertain. If the agency model or another new model is implemented in the U.K. or other countries and regions in which we operate for the sale of electric or other vehicles, it could negatively affect our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

Current wording

In addition, other changes by manufacturers to their distribution models may impact our operations in the United Kingdom. Certain manufacturers, such as Honda, Volvo, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz and Smart, have already transitioned to an agency model in the United Kingdom, whereby the consumer places an order directly with the manufacturer and names a preferred delivery dealer. We have such an agency relationship with Mercedes-Benz with our U.K. dealers. Other manufacturers have announced their intentions to transition to an agency model in coming years, including, among others, BMW, Ford, Jeep, Peugeot, Citroen, Jaguar and Land Rover. Under an agency model, our dealerships receive a fee for facilitating the sale by the manufacturer of a new vehicle but do not hold such vehicle in inventory. The agency model will reduce reported revenues (as only the fee we receive, and not the price of the vehicle, will be reported as revenue), reduce SG&A expenses, and reduce floorplan interest expense, although the other impacts to our results of operations remain uncertain. If manufacturers continue to transition to an agency model in the United Kingdom or another new model is implemented in the United Kingdom or other countries and regions in which we operate, including in the United States and Canada, for the sale of electric or other vehicles, it could negatively affect our revenues, results of operations, and financial condition.

Previous wording

We have granted a security interest in a substantial portion of our assets to certain of our lenders and other secured parties, including those under our $4.6 billion syndicated credit facility and $1.1 billion CAD Canadian syndicated credit facility. If we default on our obligations under those agreements, the secured parties may be able to foreclose upon their security interests and otherwise be entitled to obtain or control those assets.

Current wording

We have granted a security interest in a substantial portion of our assets to certain of our lenders and other secured parties, including those under our $6.0 billion syndicated credit facility and $1.1 billion CAD Canadian syndicated credit facility. If we default on our obligations under those agreements, the secured parties may be able to foreclose upon their security interests and otherwise be entitled to obtain or control those assets.

Previous wording

Our floor plan notes payable, credit facilities and a portion of our real estate debt are subject to variable interest rates. As of December 31, 2023, 63% of our total debt was variable rate. In the event interest rates increase, our borrowing costs may increase substantially. Additionally, fixed rate debt that matures may be renewed at interest rates significantly higher than current levels. As a result, this could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We may use interest rate derivatives to hedge a portion of our variable rate debt, when appropriate, based upon market conditions. See Note 11 – Derivative Financial Instruments, related to current hedge activity.

Current wording

Our floor plan notes payable, credit facilities and a portion of our real estate debt are subject to variable interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, 66% of our total debt was variable rate. In the event interest rates increase, our borrowing costs may increase substantially. Additionally, fixed rate debt that matures may be renewed at interest rates significantly higher than current levels. As a result, this could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. We may use interest rate derivatives to hedge a portion of our variable rate debt, when appropriate, based upon market conditions. See Note 12 – Derivative Financial Instruments, related to current hedge activity.

Previous wording

We may experience greater credit losses in DFC’s portfolio of auto loan and lease receivables than anticipated.

Current wording

We may experience greater credit losses in DFC’s portfolio of finance receivables than anticipated.

Previous wording

Customers who finance a vehicle purchase or lease a vehicle through a DFC auto loan or lease may be unable to repay the loans based on the original terms and that the fair value of the vehicles used as collateral against the loans may not be sufficient to ensure full repayment. Credit and residual value losses are an inherent risk of our auto loan and lease portfolio and could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Current wording

Customers who finance a vehicle purchase or lease a vehicle through a DFC auto loan or lease may be unable to repay the loans based on the original terms and that the fair value of the vehicles used as collateral against the loans may not be sufficient to ensure full repayment. Credit and residual value losses are an inherent risk of our finance receivable portfolio and could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Previous wording

We estimate an allowance for loan losses based on a variety of assumptions about DFC’s portfolio of auto loan receivables and lease receivables. Although management prepares an estimate it believes appropriate based on available information, this allowance may not be a sufficient reserve for loan and lease losses. For example, sudden economic changes such as an economic downturn or a change in consumer spending may result in additional losses incurred that we did not estimate in our original allowance. Losses in excess of our allowance for losses could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Current wording

We estimate an allowance for credit losses based on a variety of assumptions about DFC’s portfolio of finance receivables. Although management prepares an estimate it believes appropriate based on available information, this allowance for credit losses may not be a sufficient reserve for loan and lease losses. For example, sudden economic changes such as an economic downturn or a change in consumer spending may result in additional losses incurred that we did not estimate in our original allowance for credit losses. Losses in excess of our allowance for credit losses could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Previous wording

The growth and success of our DFC business is dependent upon obtaining sufficient capital to grow our auto loan portfolio.

Current wording

The growth and success of our DFC business is dependent upon obtaining sufficient capital to grow our finance receivable portfolio.

Previous wording

Changes in the availability or cost of financing to support our auto loan portfolio under DFC could adversely affect our results of operations. Our auto loan portfolio is funded through a combination of free cash flows from operations and securitized funding, including asset-backed securitization. Changes in the condition of the asset backed securitization market may result in increased costs to access funds in the market or require us to explore new financing options to fund new auto loans. In the event that there is no alternative financing available, we may be forced to pause our auto loan financing business for a period of time. The impact of reducing or pausing our auto loan financing business could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Current wording

Changes in the availability or cost of financing to support our finance receivable portfolio under DFC could adversely affect our results of operations. Our finance receivable portfolio is funded through a combination of free cash flows from operations and securitized funding, including asset-backed securitization. Changes in the condition of the asset backed securitization market may result in increased costs to access funds in the market or require us to explore new financing options to fund new auto loans and leases. In the event that there is no alternative financing available, we may be forced to pause our auto loan and lease financing business for a period of time. The impact of reducing or pausing our auto loan and lease financing business could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Previous wording

Changes to the retail delivery model and increased e-commerce and omni-channel competition could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Current wording

Changes to the retail delivery model and increased e-commerce and omnichannel competition could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Previous wording

The automotive industry is beginning to experience change and disruption in the retail delivery model, including growing competition in the used vehicle market from companies with a primarily online e-commerce business model. Competition in this market includes companies such as CarMax, Carvana, and Cazoo. In addition, larger traditional automotive retailers are transforming their models to support omni-channel retail experiences, providing consumers with vehicle purchasing experiences outside of the traditional brick and mortar automotive dealership model.

Current wording

The automotive industry is beginning to experience change and disruption in the retail delivery model, including growing competition in the used vehicle market from companies with a primarily online e-commerce business model. Competition in this market includes companies such as CarMax, Carvana, and Cazoo. In addition, larger traditional automotive retailers are transforming their models to support omnichannel retail experiences, providing consumers with vehicle purchasing experiences outside of the traditional brick and mortar automotive dealership model.

Previous wording

We continue to develop our own internal technology solutions to further expand the reach of the networks of service and delivery points in our geographic markets. We may face increased competition for market share with these other delivery models and omni-channel retailers over time which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. There can be no assurance that our initiatives will be successful or that the amount we invest in these initiatives will result in our maintaining market share and continued or improved financial performance.

Current wording

We continue to develop our own internal technology solutions to further expand the reach of the networks of service and delivery points in our geographic markets. We may face increased competition for market share with these other delivery models and omnichannel retailers over time which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. There can be no assurance that our initiatives will be successful or that the amount we invest in these initiatives will result in our maintaining market share and continued or improved financial performance.

Previous wording

Breaches in our data security systems or in systems used by our vendor partners, including cyber-attacks or unauthorized data distribution by employees or affiliated vendors, or disruptions to access and connectivity of our information systems could impact our operations or result in the loss or misuse of customers’ proprietary information.

Current wording

Breaches in our data security systems or in systems used by our vendor partners, including cyber-attacks or unauthorized data distribution by team members or affiliated vendors, or disruptions to access and connectivity of our information systems could impact our operations or result in the loss or misuse of customers’ proprietary information.

Previous wording

Aspects of our operations are subject to privacy, data use and data security regulations, which impact the way we use and handle data. We collect, process, share, disclose, transfer, and otherwise use personal information about identifiable individuals including, but not limited to, our customers, employees, partners, and vendors, and so are subject to US and international laws and regulations, regarding data privacy and security such as the California Consumer Privacy Act and the UK General Data Protection Regulation. These laws impose comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations in relation to our processing of personal data, including providing privacy rights to the individuals whose data we process and introducing requirements to maintain policies, processes, and procedures regarding our data handing practices. Additionally, our expansion into Canada and the United Kingdom subjects us to additional privacy and security regulations which also impact the way we handle and secure data across borders.

Current wording

Aspects of our operations are subject to privacy, data use, and data security regulations, which impact the way we use and handle data. We collect, process, share, disclose, transfer, and otherwise use personal information about identifiable individuals including, but not limited to, our customers, team members, partners, and vendors, and so are subject to U.S. and international laws and regulations, regarding data privacy and security such as the California Consumer Privacy Act and the U.K. General Data Protection Regulation. These laws impose comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations in relation to our processing of personal data, including providing privacy rights to the individuals whose data we process and introducing requirements to maintain policies, processes, and procedures regarding our data handing practices. Additionally, our expansion into Canada and the United Kingdom subjects us to additional privacy and security regulations which also impact the way we handle and secure data across borders.

Previous wording

We collect, process, and retain personally identifiable information regarding customers, associates and vendors in the normal course of our business. Our internal and third-party systems have been and may in the future be subject to cyber-attacks, viruses, malicious software, ransomware, break-ins, theft, computer hacking, phishing, exploitation of system vulnerabilities or misconfigurations, employee error, or malfeasance or other security breaches or loss of service. We invest in commercially reasonable security technology to protect our data and business processes against many of these risks. We also purchase insurance to mitigate the potential financial impact of many of these risks. Despite the security measures we have in place, our facilities and systems, and those of our third-party service providers, could be vulnerable to security breaches, computer viruses, lost or misplaced data, programming errors, human errors, acts of vandalism, or other events. Any security breach or event resulting in the misappropriation, loss, or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, or degradation of services provided by critical business systems, whether by us directly or our third-party service providers, could adversely affect our business operations, sales, reputation with current and potential customers, associates or vendors, as well as other operational and financial impacts derived from investigations, litigation, imposition of penalties or other means.

Current wording

Our internal and third-party systems have been and may in the future be subject to cyber-attacks, viruses, malicious software, ransomware, break-ins, theft, computer hacking, phishing, exploitation of system vulnerabilities or misconfigurations, team member error, or malfeasance or other security breaches or loss of service. We invest in commercially reasonable security technology to protect our data and business processes against many of these risks. We also purchase insurance to mitigate the potential financial impact of many of these risks. Despite the security measures we have in place, our facilities and systems, and those of our third-party service providers, could be vulnerable to security breaches, computer viruses, lost or misplaced data, programming errors, human errors, acts of vandalism, or other events. Any security breach or event resulting in the misappropriation, loss, or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, or degradation or loss of services provided by critical business systems, whether by us directly or our third-party service providers, or any other loss of access to such critical business systems, could adversely affect our business operations, sales, reputation with current and potential customers, associates or vendors, as well as other operational and financial impacts derived from investigations, litigation, imposition of penalties or other means. While we have policies and procedures in place for mitigating the impact of a cybersecurity event on our business, which adhere to widely recognized standards for managing cybersecurity risk, these policies and procedures may not ultimately be sufficient or otherwise as effective as intended to eliminate, or in some cases reduce or mitigate, the impact of a cybersecurity event on our business. For example, in June 2024, one of our third-party providers, Global CDK (CDK), suspended information systems used by us in response to a cybersecurity incident impacting CDK. While we activated our cyber incident response procedures as a result of the incident, we still experienced disruption to our business in North America, including to our CDK hosted dealer management system, which temporarily resulted in declines in same store sales during that time. For more information regarding our cybersecurity policies and procedures, see Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Previous wording

State and provincial dealer laws generally provide that a manufacturer may not terminate or refuse to renew a franchise agreement unless it has first provided the dealer with written notice setting forth good cause and stating the grounds for termination or non-renewal. Certain United States state dealer laws allow dealers to file protests or petitions or attempt to comply with the manufacturer’s criteria within the notice period to avoid the termination or non-renewal. If dealer laws are repealed in the states where we operate, manufacturers may be able to terminate our franchises without providing advance notice, an opportunity to cure or a showing of good cause. In Canada, although laws differ by province, provincial law generally provides that both a manufacturer and dealer each has a common law and statutory duty of good faith and fair dealing in performance and enforcement of any franchise agreement. Disputes are generally handled through the National Automobile Dealer Arbitration Program (NADAP). If a manufacturer wished to terminate a franchise, there is no guaranty that we would win such a dispute. Without the protection of state and provincial dealer laws, it may also be more difficult to renew our franchise agreements upon expiration or on terms acceptable to us.

Current wording

State and provincial dealer laws generally provide that a manufacturer may not terminate or refuse to renew a franchise agreement unless it has first provided the dealer with written notice setting forth good cause and stating the grounds for termination or non-renewal. Certain U.S. state dealer laws allow dealers to file protests or petitions or attempt to comply with the manufacturer’s criteria within the notice period to avoid the termination or non-renewal. If dealer laws are repealed in the states where we operate, manufacturers may be able to terminate our franchises without providing advance notice, an opportunity to cure or a showing of good cause. In Canada, although laws differ by province, provincial law generally provides that both a manufacturer and dealer each has a common law and statutory duty of good faith and fair dealing in performance and enforcement of any franchise agreement. Disputes are generally handled through the National Automobile Dealer Arbitration Program (NADAP). If a manufacturer wished to terminate a franchise, there is no guaranty that we would win such a dispute. Without the protection of state and provincial dealer laws, it may also be more difficult to renew our franchise agreements upon expiration or on terms acceptable to us.

Previous wording

The majority of our dealerships in the U.K. operate under franchise agreements with vehicle manufacturers, however, unlike in the United States, the U.K. generally does not have automotive dealership franchise laws and, as a result, our U.K. dealerships operate without these types of specific protections that exist in the United States. In addition, our U.K. dealerships are also subject to U.K. antitrust regulations prohibiting certain restrictions on the sale of new vehicles and spare parts and on the provision of repairs and maintenance. For instance, authorized dealers are generally able to, subject to manufacturer facility requirements, relocate or add additional facilities throughout the European Union, offer multiple brands in the same facility, allow the operation of service facilities independent of new car sales facilities and ease restrictions on cross supplies (including on transfers of dealerships) between existing authorized dealers within the European Union. However, under the EU Motor Vehicle Block Exemption Regulation, which was retained in U.K. law following U.K.’s exit from the European Union on January 31, 2020, certain restrictions on dealerships are permissible in franchise agreements provided certain conditions are met. In October 2022, the Competition and Markets Authority of the U.K. published recommendations to introduce an updated U.K. equivalent broadly similar to the EU Motor Vehicle Block Exemption Regulations, however, changes to these protections or rules could negatively affect our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

Current wording

The majority of our dealerships in the United Kingdom currently operate under franchise agreements with vehicle manufacturers, however, unlike in the United States, the United Kingdom generally does not have automotive dealership franchise laws and, as a result, our U.K. dealerships operate without these types of specific protections that exist in the United States. In addition, our U.K. dealerships are also subject to U.K. antitrust regulations prohibiting certain restrictions on the sale of new vehicles and spare parts and on the provision of repairs and maintenance. For instance, authorized dealers are generally able to, subject to manufacturer facility requirements, relocate or add additional facilities throughout the EU, offer multiple brands in the same facility, allow the operation of service facilities independent of new car sales facilities and ease restrictions on cross supplies (including on transfers of dealerships) between existing authorized dealers within the EU. However, under the EU Motor Vehicle Block Exemption Regulation, which was retained in U.K. law following the United Kingdom’s exit from the EU on January 31, 2020, certain restrictions on dealerships are permissible in franchise agreements provided certain conditions are met. In October 2022, the Competition and Markets Authority of the U.K. published recommendations to introduce an updated U.K. equivalent broadly similar to the EU Motor Vehicle Block Exemption Regulations, however, changes to these protections or rules could negatively affect our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

Previous wording

Import product restrictions, currency valuations, and foreign trade risks may impair our ability to sell foreign vehicles or parts profitably.

Current wording

Import product restrictions, currency valuations, U.S. and foreign trade policies and risks may impair our ability to sell foreign vehicles or parts profitably.

Previous wording

A significant portion of the vehicles we sell are manufactured outside of the geographic regions in which we operate, and all of the vehicles we sell include parts manufactured outside of the geographic regions in which we operate. As a result, our operations are subject to customary risks of importing merchandise, including currency fluctuation, import duties, exchange rates, trade restrictions, work stoppages, transportation costs, natural or man-made disasters, and general political and socioeconomic conditions in other countries. The United States or the countries from which our products are imported, may, from time to time, impose new quotas, duties, tariffs or other restrictions, or adjust presently prevailing quotas, duties or tariffs, which may affect our operations and our ability to purchase imported vehicles and/or parts at reasonable prices. Changes in United States trade policies, including the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement or policies intended to penalize foreign manufacturing or imports, and policies of foreign countries in reaction to those changes, could increase the prices we pay for some of the new vehicles and parts we sell. Any changes that increase the costs of vehicles and parts generally, to the extent passed on to customers, could negatively affect customer demand and our revenues and profitability. If not passed on to our customers, any cost increases will adversely affect our profitability. Any cost increase that disproportionately applies to manufacturers that sell to us could adversely affect our business compared to other vehicle retailers.

Current wording

A significant portion of the vehicles we sell are manufactured outside of the geographic regions in which we operate, and all of the vehicles we sell include parts manufactured outside of the geographic regions in which we operate. As a result, our operations are subject to customary risks of importing merchandise, including currency fluctuation, import duties, exchange rates, trade restrictions, work stoppages, transportation costs, natural or man-made disasters, and general political and socioeconomic conditions in other countries. The United States or the countries from which our products are imported, may, from time to time, impose new quotas, duties, tariffs or other restrictions, or adjust presently prevailing quotas, duties or tariffs, which may affect our operations and our ability to purchase imported vehicles and/or parts at reasonable prices. Changes in U.S. trade policies, including the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement or policies intended to penalize foreign manufacturing or imports, and policies of foreign countries in reaction to those changes, could increase the prices we pay for some of the new vehicles and parts we sell. Any changes that increase the costs of vehicles and parts generally, to the extent passed on to customers, could negatively affect customer demand and our revenues and profitability. If not passed on to our customers, any cost increases will adversely affect our profitability. Any cost increase that disproportionately applies to manufacturers that sell to us could adversely affect our business compared to other vehicle retailers.

Previous wording

We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations in the geographic regions in which we operate, such as those relating to franchising, motor vehicle sales, retail installment sales, leasing, finance and insurance, marketing, licensing, consumer protection, consumer privacy, escheatment, anti-money laundering, environmental, vehicle emissions and fuel economy, and health and safety. In addition, with respect to employment practices, we are subject to various laws and regulations, including complex federal, state and local wage and hour and anti-discrimination laws. New laws and regulations are enacted on an ongoing basis. With the number of stores we operate, the number of personnel we employ and the large volume of transactions we handle, it is possible that technical mistakes will be made. These regulations affect our profitability and require ongoing training. Current practices in stores may become prohibited. We are responsible for ensuring that continued compliance with laws is maintained. If there are unauthorized activities, the state and federal authorities have the power to impose civil penalties and sanctions, suspend or withdraw dealer licenses or take other actions. These actions could materially impair our activities or our ability to acquire new stores in those states where violations occurred. Further, private causes of action on behalf of individuals or a class of individuals could result in significant damages or injunctive relief.

Current wording

We are subject to federal, state, and local laws and regulations in the geographic regions in which we operate, such as those relating to franchising, motor vehicle sales, retail installment sales, leasing, F&I, marketing, licensing, consumer protection, consumer privacy, escheatment, anti-money laundering, environmental, vehicle emissions and fuel economy, and health and safety. In addition, with respect to employment practices, we are subject to various laws and regulations, including complex federal, state, and local wage and hour and anti-discrimination laws. New laws and regulations are enacted on an ongoing basis. With the number of stores we operate, the number of personnel we employ and the large volume of transactions we handle, it is possible that technical mistakes will be made. These regulations affect our profitability and require ongoing training. Current practices in stores may become prohibited. We are responsible for ensuring that continued compliance with laws is maintained. If there are unauthorized activities, the jurisdictional authorities have the power to impose civil penalties and sanctions, suspend or withdraw dealer licenses or take other actions. These actions could materially impair our activities or our ability to acquire new stores in those states where violations occurred. Further, private causes of action on behalf of individuals or a class of individuals could result in significant damages or injunctive relief.