Tectonic Therapeutic, Inc.

Previous wording

We are a biotechnology company with a limited operating history. Since our inception in 2019, we have invested most of our resources in organizing and staffing our company, developing our technology and product candidates, building our intellectual property portfolio, conducting business planning, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We also completed the Merger in June 2024 and have been operating under this structure for only a short time. Consequently, we have no meaningful operations upon which to evaluate our business, and predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing drug products. We continue to incur significant research and clinical development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses in each period since our inception. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we reported a net loss of $15.9 million and $15.2 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $164.5 million. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our lead product candidate, TX45, along with any future product candidates we may develop.

Current wording

We are a biotechnology company with a limited operating history. Since our inception in 2019, we have invested most of our resources in organizing and staffing our company, developing our technology and product candidates, building our intellectual property portfolio, conducting business planning, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We also completed the Merger in June 2024 and have been operating under this structure for only a short time. Consequently, we have no meaningful operations upon which to evaluate our business, and predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing drug products. We continue to incur significant research and clinical development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses in each period since our inception. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we reported a net loss of $20.0 million and $35.9 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $184.5 million. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our lead product candidate, TX45, along with any future product candidates we may develop.

Previous wording

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale and issuance of common stock, convertible preferred stock, convertible promissory notes and the issuance of SAFEs. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our Phase 1b and Phase 2 clinical trials of TX45, pursue manufacturing activities for our HHT product candidate, TX2100, and initiate health authority and/or IND enabling safety studies and continue to research, develop and initiate clinical trials of any other future product candidates. In addition, if we successfully complete development through Phase 3 and obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or any future commercialization efforts.

Current wording

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale and issuance of common stock, convertible preferred stock, convertible promissory notes and the issuance of SAFEs. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our Phase 1b and Phase 2 clinical trials of TX45, including the Phase 2 PH-ILD clinical trial, pursue manufacturing activities for our HHT product candidate, TX2100, and initiate health authority and/or IND enabling safety studies and continue to research, develop and initiate clinical trials of any other future product candidates. In addition, if we successfully complete development through Phase 3 and obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or any future commercialization efforts.

Previous wording

As of March 31, 2025, we had $306.2 million in cash and cash equivalents. Although we believe that our available cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least 12 months following the date of our consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report, this belief is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect.

Current wording

As of June 30, 2025, we had $287.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. Although we believe that our available cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least 12 months following the date of our consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report, this belief is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect.

Previous wording

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. We are early in our product candidate development efforts, as TX45 is still in a Phase 1b clinical trial and recently initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial.

Current wording

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. We are early in our product candidate development efforts, as TX45 is still in Phase 1b and Phase 2 clinical trials.

Previous wording

To date, we have completed only one clinical trial (Phase 1a trial in normal healthy volunteer with TX45) required for the approval of any of our product candidates. Part A of our TX45 Phase1b trial in patients with Group 2 PH and HFpEF is complete and we are currently conducting a Part B trial in Group 2 PH patients with HFrEF. We are enrolling a TX45 Phase 2 clinical trial in Group 2 PH patients with HFpEF, and we may experience delays in our ongoing clinical trials or preclinical studies. Additionally, we do not know whether planned clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll patients on time, have sufficient drug supply for our product candidates on a timely basis or be completed on schedule, if at all. Furthermore, our product candidate TX2100 is still in preclinical studies and the full results of such studies are not yet known. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing, and our ongoing and future clinical trials may not be successful. We also may experience numerous unforeseen events during our clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize TX45 or any future product candidates, including:

Current wording

To date, we have completed only one clinical trial (Phase 1a trial in normal healthy volunteer with TX45) required for the approval of any of our product candidates. While the TX45 Phase 1b clinical trial is still ongoing, Part A of our TX45 Phase1b trial in patients with Group 2 PH and HFpEF is complete and we are currently conducting a Part B trial in Group 2 PH patients with HFrEF. We recently completed enrollment in Part B our TX45 Phase 1b clinical trial in Group 2 PH patients with HFrEF. We may experience delays in our ongoing clinical trials or preclinical studies. Additionally, we do not know whether planned clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll patients on time, have sufficient drug supply for our product candidates on a timely basis or be completed on schedule, if at all. Furthermore, our product candidate TX2100 is still in preclinical studies and the full results of such studies are not yet known. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing, and our ongoing and future clinical trials may not be successful. We also may experience numerous unforeseen events during our clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize TX45 or any future product candidates, including:

Previous wording

Undesirable side effects that may be caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. While our lead product candidate, TX45, has been generally well tolerated in its preclinical studies, the Phase 1a healthy volunteer trial and our Phase 1b study in patients with Group 2 PH to date, the results from future preclinical studies and clinical trials, including of our other product candidates, may identify safety concerns or other undesirable properties of our product candidates.

Current wording

Undesirable side effects that may be caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. While our lead product candidate, TX45, has been generally well tolerated in its preclinical studies, the Phase 1a healthy volunteer trial and our Phase 1b study in patients with Group 2 PH to date, the results from future preclinical studies and clinical trials, including any of our other product candidates, may identify safety concerns or other undesirable properties of our product candidates.

Previous wording

The results of our ongoing Phase 1b clinical trial of TX45, the recently initiated Phase 2 clinical trial of TX45, and future clinical trials of these and other product candidates may show that our product candidates cause undesirable or unacceptable side effects or even death. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations significantly.

Current wording

The results of our ongoing Phase 1b and Phase 2 clinical trials of TX45 and future clinical trials of these and other product candidates may show that our product candidates cause undesirable or unacceptable side effects or even death. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations significantly.

Previous wording

location of trial sites in Eastern Europe for the Phase 1b and Phase II trials with their proximity to the conflict between Russia and the Ukraine;

Current wording

location of trial sites in Eastern Europe for the Phase 1b and Phase 2 trials with their proximity to the conflict between Russia and the Ukraine;

Previous wording

Before we can commence clinical trials for any product candidate, we must complete extensive preclinical studies that support any future Investigational New Drug (“IND”) applications in the United States, or similar applications in other jurisdictions. In July 2024, we received clearance from the FDA for our IND application for our TX45 program. Conducting preclinical testing is a lengthy, time-consuming and expensive process and delays associated with product candidates for which we are directly conducting preclinical testing and studies may cause us to incur additional operating expenses. While we are currently conducting a Phase 1b and the recently initiated Phase 2 clinical trials for TX45, including some trials which may be outside of the United States, we cannot be certain of the timely completion or outcome of our preclinical testing and studies for our other product candidates and cannot predict if the FDA will accept our proposed clinical programs or if the outcome of our preclinical testing and foreign clinical trials will ultimately support the further development of our other product candidates. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to submit INDs or similar applications for our preclinical programs on the timelines we expect, if at all, and we cannot be sure that submission of INDs or similar applications will result in the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin.

Current wording

Before we can commence clinical trials for any product candidate, we must complete extensive preclinical studies that support any future Investigational New Drug (“IND”) applications in the United States, or similar applications in other jurisdictions. In July 2024, we received clearance from the FDA for our IND application for our TX45 program. Conducting preclinical testing is a lengthy, time-consuming and expensive process and delays associated with product candidates for which we are directly conducting preclinical testing and studies may cause us to incur additional operating expenses. While we are currently conducting Phase 1b and Phase 2 clinical trials for TX45, including some trials which may be outside of the United States, we cannot be certain of the timely completion or outcome of our preclinical testing and studies for our other product candidates, such as TX2100, and cannot predict if the FDA will accept our proposed clinical programs or if the outcome of our preclinical testing and foreign clinical trials will ultimately support the further development of our other product candidates. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to submit INDs or similar applications for our preclinical programs, such as TX2100, on the timelines we expect, if at all, and we cannot be sure that submission of INDs or similar applications will result in the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin.

Previous wording

We compete in the segments of the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other related industries that develop and market therapies for the treatment of Group 2 PH with HFpEF and Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (“HHT”) disorders. Although there are no other companies who have commercialized therapies for the same therapeutic areas that our product candidates target, there are many other companies, including large biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, that are developing therapies for the same therapeutic areas. For example, AstraZeneca and Tenax Therapeutics for the treatment of Group 2 PH and Diagonal Therapeutics and Vaderis Therapeutics for the treatment of HHT. In addition, in January 2025, Eli Lilly terminated its Phase 2 trial of volenrelaxin, which has affected investor perception of relaxin product candidates in general.

Current wording

We compete in the segments of the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other related industries that develop and market therapies for the treatment of Group 2 PH with HFpEF, Group 3 PH-ILD, and Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (“HHT”) disorders. Although there are no other companies who have commercialized therapies for Group 2 PH with HFpEF or HHT, there are many other companies, including large biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, that are developing therapies for these therapeutic areas. For example, AstraZeneca, Merck and Tenax Therapeutics for the treatment of Group 2 PH and Diagonal Therapeutics and Vaderis Therapeutics for the treatment of HHT. For PH-ILD, United Therapeutics and Liquidia have commercialized therapies, while Insmed, Gossamar, Pulmovant, Halo Biosciences and Foresee Pharmaceuticals are developing therapies for PH-ILD. In addition, in January 2025, Eli Lilly terminated its Phase 2 trial of volenrelaxin, which has affected investor perception of relaxin product candidates in general.

Previous wording

In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, collectively referred to as the ACA, was enacted, which includes measures that have significantly changed the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers. There have been executive, judicial and congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the ACA.

Current wording

In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, collectively referred to as the ACA, was enacted, which includes measures that have significantly changed the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers. There have been executive, judicial and congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the ACA. For example, on July 4, 2025, the annual reconciliation bill, the "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" (“OBBBA”) was signed into law which, is expected to reduce Medicaid spending and enrollment by implementing work requirements for some beneficiaries, capping state-directed payments, reducing federal funding, and limiting provider taxes used to fund the program. OBBBA also narrows access to ACA marketplace exchange enrollment and declines to extend the ACA enhanced advanced premium tax credits, set to expire in 2025, which, among other provisions in the law, are anticipated to reduce the number of Americans with health insurance.

Previous wording

For example, on August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”), was signed into law, which among other things, (1) directs the Department of Health and Human Services (the “HHS”), to negotiate the price of certain high expenditure, single-source biologics that have been on the market for 11 years covered under Medicare (the “Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program”) and (2) imposes rebates under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation. The IRA includes certain exemptions to the price negotiation program, including a limited exemption for products with orphan drug designation. This exemption applies only to products with one orphan drug designation that is (i) for a rare disease or condition and (ii) is approved for indication(s) for such rare disease or condition. By limiting price negotiation exemption to products with only one orphan drug designation, the IRA may decrease our interest in pursuing orphan drug designation for our product candidates in multiple indications. The IRA also, among other things, extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in ACA marketplaces through plan year 2025 and eliminates the “donut hole” under the Medicare Part D program beginning in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost through a newly established manufacturer discount program. These provisions began to take effect progressively in fiscal year 2023. On August 15, 2024, HHS announced the agreed-upon reimbursement prices of the first ten drugs that were subject to price negotiations, although the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program is currently subject to legal challenges. On January 17, 2025, HHS selected fifteen additional products covered under Part D for price negotiation in 2025. Each year thereafter more Part B and Part D products will become subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. The IRA permits HHS to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. HHS has and will continue to issue and update guidance as these programs are implemented. It is possible that the ACA and IRA may be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future. It is unclear how any additional healthcare reform measures of the second Trump administration may impact the ACA or IRA, increase the pressure on drug pricing or limit the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement for TX45 and any potential future product candidates, which would adversely affect our business.

Current wording

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”), was signed into law, which among other things, (1) directs the Department of Health and Human Services (the “HHS”), to negotiate the price of certain high expenditure, single-source biologics that have been on the market for 11 years covered under Medicare (the “Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program”) and (2) imposes rebates under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation. The IRA includes certain exemptions to the price negotiation program, including a limited exemption for products with orphan drug designation. This exemption applies only to products with one orphan drug designation that is (i) for a rare disease or condition and (ii) is approved for indication(s) for such rare disease or condition. By limiting price negotiation exemption to products with only one orphan drug designation, the IRA may decrease our interest in pursuing orphan drug designation for our product candidates in multiple indications. The IRA also, among other things, extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in ACA marketplaces through plan year 2025 and eliminates the “donut hole” under the Medicare Part D program beginning in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost through a newly established manufacturer discount program. These provisions began to take effect progressively in fiscal year 2023. On August 15, 2024, HHS announced the agreed-upon reimbursement prices of the first ten drugs that were subject to price negotiations, although the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program is currently subject to legal challenges. On January 17, 2025, HHS selected fifteen additional products covered under Part D for price negotiation in 2025. Each year thereafter more Part B and Part D products will become subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. The IRA permits HHS to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. HHS has and will continue to issue and update guidance as these programs are implemented. It is possible that the ACA and IRA may be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future. It is unclear how any additional healthcare reform measures of the second Trump administration may impact the ACA or IRA, increase the pressure on drug pricing or limit the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement for TX45 and any potential future product candidates, which would adversely affect our business.

Previous wording

The current Trump administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government including at HHS, the FDA, CMS and related agencies. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may propose policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. These actions include, for example, directives to reduce agency workforce, program cuts, rescinding a Biden administration executive order tasking the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (“CMMI”) to consider new payment and healthcare models to limit drug spending and eliminating the Biden administration’s executive order that directed HHS to establishing an AI task force and developing a strategic plan, directing HHS and other agencies to lower prescription drug costs for Medicare through a variety of initiatives, including by improving upon the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program, and directing certain federal agencies to enforce existing law regarding hospital and plan price transparency and by standardizing prices across hospitals and health plans. Additionally, in its June 2024 decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo (“Loper Bright”), the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the longstanding Chevron doctrine, under which courts were required to give deference to regulatory agencies’ reasonable interpretations of ambiguous federal statutes. The Loper Bright decision could result in additional legal challenges to current regulations and guidance issued by federal agencies applicable to our operations, including those issued by the FDA. Congress may introduce and ultimately pass health care related legislation that could impact the drug approval process and make changes to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program created under the IRA

Current wording

The current Trump administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government including at HHS, the FDA, CMS and related agencies. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may propose policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. These actions and proposals include, for example: (1) reducing agency workforce; (2) directing program cuts; (3) rescinding a Biden administration executive order tasking the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (“CMMI”) to consider new payment and healthcare models to limit drug spending and eliminating the Biden administration’s executive order that directed HHS to establishing an AI task force and developing a strategic plan; (4) directing HHS and other agencies to lower prescription drug costs for Medicare through a variety of initiatives, including by improving upon the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program and establishing Most-Favored-Nation pricing for pharmaceutical products; (5) imposing tariffs of imported pharmaceutical products; and (6) directing certain federal agencies to enforce existing law regarding hospital and plan price transparency and by standardizing prices across hospitals and health plans. Additionally, in its June 2024 decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo (“Loper Bright”), the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the longstanding Chevron doctrine, under which courts were required to give deference to regulatory agencies’ reasonable interpretations of ambiguous federal statutes. The Loper Bright decision could result in additional legal challenges to current regulations and guidance issued by federal agencies applicable to our operations, including those issued by the FDA. Congress may introduce and ultimately pass health care related legislation that could impact the drug approval process and make changes to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program created under the IRA.

Previous wording

Assessment, which will become effective on January 12, 2025, will allow EU member states to use common HTA tools, methodologies and procedures to conduct joint clinical assessments and joint scientific consultations whereby HTA authorities may provide advice to health technology developers. Each EU member state will, however, remain exclusively competent for assessing the relative effectiveness of health technologies and making pricing and reimbursement decisions. Given that the extent to which pricing and reimbursement decisions are influenced by the HTA process currently varies between EU member states, it is possible that our products may be subject to favorable pricing and reimbursement status only in certain EU countries. If we are unable to maintain favorable pricing and reimbursement status in EU member states that represent significant markets, including following periodic review, our anticipated revenue from and growth prospects for our products in the EU could be negatively affected. Moreover, in order to obtain reimbursement for our products in some EU member states, we may be required to compile additional data comparing the cost-effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. Efforts to generate additional data for the HTA process will involve additional expenses which may substantially increase the cost of commercializing and marketing our products in certain EU member states.

Current wording

Many countries implement health technology assessment (“HTA”), procedures that use formal economic metrics such as cost-effectiveness to determine prices, coverage and reimbursement of new therapies. These assessments are increasingly implemented in established and emerging markets. In the EU, Regulation (EU) 2021/2282 on Health Technology Assessment, which will become effective on January 12, 2025, will allow EU member states to use common HTA tools, methodologies and procedures to conduct joint clinical assessments and joint scientific consultations whereby HTA authorities may provide advice to health technology developers. Each EU member state will, however, remain exclusively competent for assessing the relative effectiveness of health technologies and making pricing and reimbursement decisions. Given that the extent to which pricing and reimbursement decisions are influenced by the HTA process currently varies between EU member states, it is possible that our products may be subject to favorable pricing and reimbursement status only in certain EU countries. If we are unable to maintain favorable pricing and reimbursement status in EU member states that represent significant markets, including following periodic review, our anticipated revenue from and growth prospects for our products in the EU could be negatively affected. Moreover, in order to obtain reimbursement for our products in some EU member states, we may be required to compile additional data comparing the cost-effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. Efforts to generate additional data for the HTA process will involve additional expenses which may substantially increase the cost of commercializing and marketing our products in certain EU member states.

Previous wording

We do not own or operate, and currently have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for clinical testing, as well as for manufacture of any products that we may commercialize, if approved. Currently, several of our suppliers are located outside of the United States. For example, WuXi Biologics manufactured TX45 for use in our Phase 1a, Phase 1b and the recently initiated Phase 2 clinical trials. We currently have a sole source relationship with WuXi Biologics for our supply of TX45.

Current wording

We do not own or operate, and currently have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for clinical testing, as well as for manufacture of any products that we may commercialize, if approved. Currently, several of our suppliers are located outside of the United States. For example, WuXi Biologics manufactured TX45 for use in our Phase 1a, Phase 1b and Phase 2 clinical trials. We currently have a sole source relationship with WuXi Biologics for our supply of TX45.

Previous wording

We do not currently lease or own any facility that may be used as our clinical-scale manufacturing and processing facility and currently rely on contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMO”), including WuXi Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited (“WuXi Biologics”), to manufacture TX45 for use in our Phase 1a, Phase 1b and the recently initiated Phase 2 clinical trials. We currently have a sole source relationship with WuXi Biologics for our supply of TX45. If there should be any disruption in such supply arrangement or the supply arrangement with our CDMO for TX2100, including any adverse events affecting our sole supplier for TX45, Wuxi Biologics, it could have a negative effect on the clinical development of our product candidates and other operations while we work to identify and qualify an alternate supply source. We may not control the manufacturing process of, and may be completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with CGMP requirements and any other regulatory requirements of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for the manufacture of a product candidate. We perform periodic audits of each CDMO facility that supports our supply of TX45 and TX 2100 and reviews and approves all TX45 and TX2100 CGMP-related documentation. We also have quality agreements with our CDMOs that document our mutual agreement on compliance with CGMPs and expectations on quality-required communications to us. Beyond this, we have no control over the ability of our CDMOs to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities and the associated Quality Management System for the manufacture of a product candidate or if it withdraws any approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would require the incurrence of significant additional costs and materially and adversely affect our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market such product candidate, if approved. Similarly, our failure, or the failure of our CDMOs, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or drugs, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of a product candidate or drug and harm our business and results of operations. In addition, we have not yet caused any product candidates to be manufactured on a commercial scale and may not be able to do so for any of our product candidates, if approved.

Current wording

We do not currently lease or own any facility that may be used as our clinical-scale manufacturing and processing facility and currently rely on contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMO”), including WuXi Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited (“WuXi Biologics”), to manufacture TX45 for use in our Phase 1a, Phase 1b and Phase 2 clinical trials. We currently have a sole source relationship with WuXi Biologics for our supply of TX45. If there should be any disruption in such supply arrangement or the supply arrangement with our CDMO for TX2100, including any adverse events affecting our sole supplier for TX45, Wuxi Biologics, it could have a negative effect on the clinical development of our product candidates and other operations while we work to identify and qualify an alternate supply source. We may not control the manufacturing process of, and may be completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with CGMP requirements and any other regulatory requirements of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for the manufacture of a product candidate. We perform periodic audits of each CDMO facility that supports our supply of TX45 and TX 2100 and reviews and approves all TX45 and TX2100 CGMP-related documentation. We also have quality agreements with our CDMOs that document our mutual agreement on compliance with CGMPs and expectations on quality-required communications to us. Beyond this, we have no control over the ability of our CDMOs to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities and the associated Quality Management System for the manufacture of a product candidate or if it withdraws any approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would require the incurrence of significant additional costs and materially and adversely affect our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market such product candidate, if approved. Similarly, our failure, or the failure of our CDMOs, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or drugs, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of a product candidate or drug and harm our business and results of operations. In addition, we have not yet caused any product candidates to be manufactured on a commercial scale and may not be able to do so for any of our product candidates, if approved.

Previous wording

Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, we filed a resale shelf registration statement covering the resale of up to an aggregate of 2,969,583 shares of our common stock, which was declared effective on July 30, 2024. In addition, in connection with the private placement we completed in February 2025 (the “Private Placement”), we intend to file a resale shelf registration statement covering the resale of up to an aggregate of 3,689,465 shares of our common stock. Given the substantial number of shares available for resale, the sale of shares by such stockholders, or the perception in the market that the stockholders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could increase the volatility of the market price of our common stock or result in a significant decline in the public trading price of our common stock.

Current wording

Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, we filed a resale shelf registration statement covering the resale of up to an aggregate of 2,969,583 shares of our common stock, which was declared effective on July 30, 2024. In addition, in connection with the private placement we completed in February 2025 (the “Private Placement”), we filed a resale shelf registration statement covering the resale of up to an aggregate of 3,689,465 shares of our common stock. Given the substantial number of shares available for resale, the sale of shares by such stockholders, or the perception in the market that the stockholders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could increase the volatility of the market price of our common stock or result in a significant decline in the public trading price of our common stock.

Previous wording

In addition, certain of our shares are subject to lock-up agreements in connection with the Private Placement. Following the expiration of these lock-up agreements, the relevant stockholders will not be restricted from selling shares our common stock held by them, other than by applicable securities laws. Stockholders not subject to these lock-up agreements will not be restricted from selling shares of our common stock held by them, other than by applicable securities laws. Common stock that is issued in connection with stock options and restricted stock units will also become eligible for sale in the public market, to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. If our stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after any legal or contractual restrictions on resale lapse, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Current wording

In addition, common stock that is issued in connection with stock options and restricted stock units will also become eligible for sale in the public market, to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. If our stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after any legal restrictions on resale lapse, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Previous wording

Based on the number of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2025, our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 63% of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, if these stockholders were to choose to act together, they would be able to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these stockholders, if they choose to act together, would control or significantly influence the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire.

Current wording

Based on the number of shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025, our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 70% of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, if these stockholders were to choose to act together, they would be able to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these stockholders, if they choose to act together, would control or significantly influence the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire.

Previous wording

On February 18, 2025, Peter McNamara, our Chief Scientific Officer, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan that provides for the sale of up to 24,188 shares of common stock vested under outstanding stock options and RSUs. The plan will expire on December 31, 2025, subject to early termination for certain specified events set forth in the plan.

Current wording

On April 8, 2025, Marcella K. Ruddy, our Chief Medical Officer, adopteda Rule 10b5-1 trading plan that provides for the sale of up to 31,065 shares of common stock settled from outstanding RSUs. The plan will expire on May 29, 2026, subject to early termination for certain specified events set forth in the plan.