IonQ, Inc.

Previous wording

We are developing quantum computers designed to solve some of the world’s most complex problems, and transform business, society and the planet for the better. We believe that our proprietary technology, our architecture, and the technology exclusively available to us through license agreements will offer us advantages both in terms of research and development, as well as the commercial value of our intended product offerings.

Current wording

We are developing quantum computers and networks designed to solve some of the world’s most complex problems, and transform business, society and the planet for the better. We believe that our proprietary technology, our architecture, and the technology exclusively available to us through license agreements will offer us advantages both in terms of research and development, as well as the commercial value of our intended product offerings.

Previous wording

Today, we sell specialized quantum computing hardware together with related maintenance and support. We also sell access to several quantum computers of various qubit capacities and are in the process of researching and developing technologies for quantum computers with increasing computational capabilities. We currently make access to our quantum computers available via three major cloud platforms, Amazon Web Services’ (“AWS”) Amazon Braket, Microsoft’s Azure Quantum and Google’s Cloud Marketplace, and also to select customers via our own cloud service. This cloud-based approach enables the broad availability of quantum-computing-as-a-service (“QCaaS”).

Current wording

Today, we sell specialized quantum computing and networking hardware together with related maintenance and support. We also sell access to several quantum computers of various qubit capacities and are in the process of researching and developing technologies for quantum computers with increasing computational capabilities. We currently make access to our quantum computers available via three major cloud platforms, Amazon Web Services’ (“AWS”) Amazon Braket, Microsoft’s Azure Quantum and Google’s Cloud Marketplace, and also to select customers via our own cloud service. This cloud-based approach enables the broad availability of quantum-computing-as-a-service (“QCaaS”).

Previous wording

We supplement our QCaaS offering with professional services focused on assisting our customers in applying quantum computing to their businesses. We also expect to sell full quantum computing systems to customers, either over the cloud or for local access.

Current wording

We supplement our offerings with professional services focused on assisting our customers in applying quantum computing and networking to their businesses. We also expect to sell full quantum computing systems to customers, either over the cloud or for local access. We also offer quantum networking products which offer customers secure communication networks and enable networked quantum computing.

Previous wording

We are still in the early stages of commercial growth. Since our inception we have incurred significant operating losses. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and further commercialization of our quantum computing systems. Our net losses were $129.6 million and $115.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $481.7 million. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future as we prioritize reaching the technical milestones necessary to achieve an increasingly higher number of stable qubits and higher levels of fidelity than presently exists—prerequisites for quantum computing to reach broad quantum advantage.

Current wording

We are still in the early stages of commercial growth. Since our inception we have incurred significant operating losses. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and further commercialization of our quantum computing systems. Our net losses were $32.3 million and $39.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $716.0 million. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future as we prioritize reaching the technical milestones necessary to achieve an increasingly higher number of stable qubits and higher levels of fidelity than presently exists—prerequisites for quantum computing to reach broad quantum advantage.

Previous wording

On March 7, 2021, Legacy IonQ, dMY and Ion Trap Acquisition Inc. (the “Merger Sub”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, at the closing, the Merger Sub was merged with and into Legacy IonQ, with Legacy IonQ continuing as the surviving corporation following the merger, being a wholly owned subsidiary of dMY and the separate corporate existence of the Merger Sub ceased (the “Business Combination”). Commensurate with the Business Combination, dMY changed its name to IonQ, Inc. and Legacy IonQ changed its name to IonQ Quantum, Inc. IonQ became the successor registrant with the SEC, meaning that Legacy IonQ’s financial statements for previous periods have been disclosed in the registrant’s periodic reports filed with the SEC.

Current wording

On March 7, 2021, Legacy IonQ, dMY and Ion Trap Acquisition Inc. (the “Merger Sub”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, at the closing, the Merger Sub was merged with and into Legacy IonQ, with Legacy IonQ continuing as the surviving corporation following the merger, being a wholly owned subsidiary of dMY and the separate corporate existence of the Merger Sub ceased (the “Business Combination”). Contemporaneously with the Business Combination, dMY changed its name to IonQ, Inc. and Legacy IonQ changed its name to IonQ Quantum, Inc. IonQ became the successor registrant with the SEC, meaning that Legacy IonQ’s financial statements for previous periods have been disclosed in the registrant’s periodic reports filed with the SEC.

Previous wording

Inflationary factors, interest rates and overhead costs may adversely affect our operating results. High interest and inflation rates also present a recent challenge impacting the U.S. economy and could make it more difficult for us to obtain traditional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, in the future. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, we may experience increases in the future on our operating costs, including due to supply chain constraints, consequences associated with bank failures, geopolitical tensions in and around Ukraine, Israel and other areas of the world, and employee availability and wage increases, which may result in additional stress on our working capital resources.

Current wording

Inflationary factors, interest rates and overhead costs may adversely affect our operating results. High interest and inflation rates also present a recent challenge impacting the U.S. economy and could make it more difficult for us to obtain traditional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, in the future. These inflationary effects may be exacerbated by recent increases in U.S. tariffs. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, we may experience increases in the future on our operating costs, including due to supply chain constraints, consequences associated with bank failures, trade wars and the effect of recently heightened, scheduled, and threatened tariffs by the U.S. or its trading partners, geopolitical tensions in and around Ukraine, Israel and other areas of the world, and employee availability and wage increases, which may result in additional stress on our working capital resources.

Previous wording

We have generated limited revenues since our inception. We derive revenue from contracts associated with the design, development, construction and sale of specialized quantum computing hardware together with related services, from contracts providing access to QCaaS, and from consulting services related to co-developing algorithms on our quantum computing systems. In arrangements with the cloud service providers, the cloud service provider is considered the customer and we do not have any contractual relationships with the cloud service providers’ end users.

Current wording

We derive revenue from contracts associated with the design, development, construction and sale of specialized quantum computing hardware together with related maintenance and support, from contracts providing access to QCaaS, and from consulting services related to co-developing algorithms on quantum computing systems. In arrangements with the cloud service providers, the cloud service provider is considered the customer and we do not have any contractual relationships with the cloud service providers’ end users.

Previous wording

Certain of our contracts contain multiple performance obligations, most commonly in contracts for the sale of specialized quantum computing hardware together with related maintenance and support. Such contracts may also include access to our QCaaS. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when or as the performance obligation is satisfied. When there are multiple performance obligations in a contract, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its standalone selling price when available. We determine standalone selling price based on the observable price of a product or service when we sell the products or services separately in similar circumstances and to similar customers. Certain products and services have limited or no history of being sold on a standalone basis, requiring us to estimate the standalone selling price. To date, we have estimated the standalone selling price based on other contracts for similar products and services adjusted for differing terms than the contract being evaluated, as well as internal pricing guidelines and market factors. In addition, we take into consideration the estimated costs to be incurred to satisfy the performance obligation plus an appropriate profit margin. In limited situations, for certain contracts executed in prior years, when the standalone selling price was not known, due to it being either highly variable or uncertain, we allocated the transaction price using the residual approach.

Current wording

Certain of our contracts contain multiple performance obligations, most commonly in contracts for the sale of specialized quantum computing hardware together with related maintenance and support. Such contracts may also include access to our QCaaS. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when or as the performance obligation is satisfied. When there are multiple performance obligations in a contract, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its standalone selling price when available. We determine standalone selling price based on the observable price of a product or service when we sell the products or services separately in similar circumstances and to similar customers. Certain products and services have limited or no history of being sold on a standalone basis, requiring us to estimate the standalone selling price. We estimate the standalone selling price based on other contracts for similar products and services adjusted for differing terms than the contract being evaluated, as well as internal pricing guidelines and market factors. In addition, we take into consideration the estimated costs to be incurred to satisfy the performance obligation plus an appropriate profit margin.

Previous wording

Performance obligations are satisfied over time if the customer receives the benefits as we perform the work, if the customer controls the asset as it is being produced (continuous transfer of control), or if the product being produced for the customer has no alternative use and we have a contractual right to payment for performance to date. For performance obligations related to specialized quantum computing hardware and consulting services, revenue is recognized over time based on the efforts incurred to date relative to the total expected effort, primarily based on a cost-to-cost input measure. We apply judgment to determine a reasonable method to measure progress and to estimate total expected effort. Factors considered in these estimates include our historical performance, the availability, productivity and cost of labor, the nature and complexity of work to be performed, the effect of change orders, availability and cost of materials, and the effect of any delays in performance. For performance obligations related to providing QCaaS access, fixed fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the access period.

Current wording

Performance obligations are satisfied over time if the customer receives the benefits as we perform the work, if the customer controls the asset as it is being produced (continuous transfer of control), or if the product being produced for the customer has no alternative use and we have a contractual right to payment for performance to date. For performance obligations related to specialized quantum computing hardware and consulting services, revenue is recognized over time based on the efforts incurred to date relative to the total expected effort, primarily based on a cost-to-cost input measure. We apply judgment to determine a reasonable method to measure progress and to estimate total expected effort. Factors considered in these estimates include our historical performance, the availability, productivity and cost of labor, the nature and complexity of work to be performed, the effect of change orders, availability and cost of materials, and the effect of any delays in performance.

Previous wording

We have determined that our QCaaS contracts represent a combined, stand-ready performance obligation to provide access to our quantum computing systems together with related maintenance and support. The transaction price generally consists of a fixed fee for a minimum volume of usage to be made available over a defined period of access. Fixed fee arrangements may also include a variable component whereby customers pay an amount for usage over contractual minimums contained in the contracts. We have determined that contracts that contain consulting services related to co-developing quantum computing algorithms and the ability to use our quantum computing systems to run such algorithms represent a combined performance obligation that is satisfied over-time.

Current wording

We have determined that our QCaaS contracts represent a combined, stand-ready performance obligation to provide access to our quantum computing systems together with related maintenance and support. The transaction price generally consists of a fixed fee for a minimum volume of usage to be made available over a defined period of access. Fixed fee arrangements may also include a variable component whereby customers pay an amount for usage over contractual minimums contained in the contracts. For performance obligations related to providing QCaaS access, fixed fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the access period. Variable usage fees are recognized in the period they occur. We have determined that contracts that contain consulting services related to co-developing quantum computing algorithms and the ability to use our quantum computing systems to run such algorithms represent a combined performance obligation that is satisfied over-time.

Previous wording

General and administrative expenses consist of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, and allocated overhead costs for our corporate, executive, finance, and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include expenses for outside professional services, including legal, auditing and accounting services, recruitment expenses, information technology, travel expenses, certain non-income taxes, insurance, and other administrative expenses. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we scale with the growth of our business.

Current wording

General and administrative expenses consist of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, and allocated overhead costs for our corporate, executive, finance, and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include expenses for outside professional services, including legal, auditing and accounting services, recruitment expenses, information technology, travel expenses, certain non-income taxes, insurance, and other administrative expenses. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we scale our support functions with the growth of our business.

Previous wording

Cost of revenue increased by $4.5 million, or 224%, to $6.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was driven primarily by an increase in hardware costs used in the construction of specialized quantum computing hardware, as well as an increase in labor costs to service contracts, for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Current wording

Cost of revenue increased by $0.9 million, or 26%, to $4.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, from $3.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was driven primarily by an increase in labor costs to service contracts for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Previous wording

Research and development expense increased by $8.6 million, or 35%, to $33.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $24.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by an increase of $6.8 million in payroll-related expenses, including an increase in stock-based compensation of $4.4 million, as a result of increased headcount and new equity grants, and a $0.5 million increase in materials, supplies and equipment costs. The remaining increase is due to an increase in costs to support research and development initiatives, including a $0.4 million increase in professional service fees and a $0.7 million increase in allocated overhead costs.

Current wording

Research and development expense increased by $7.6 million, or 23%, to $40.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, from $32.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by an increase of $10.1 million in payroll-related expenses, including an increase in stock-based compensation of $5.0 million, as a result of increased headcount and new equity grants, offset by a decrease of $3.0 million in materials, supplies and equipment costs.

Previous wording

Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $2.1 million, or 78%, to $4.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $2.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by an increase of $0.7 million and $0.8 million in depreciation expense associated with capitalized quantum computing system costs and other property and equipment, respectively, and an increase of $0.6 million due to amortization of capitalized internal-use software.

Current wording

Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $2.6 million, or 66%, to $6.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, from $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by an increase of $1.0 million and $0.7 million in depreciation expense associated with capitalized quantum computing system costs and other property and equipment, respectively, and an increase of $0.9 million due to amortization of capitalized internal-use software and acquired intangible assets.

Previous wording

The change in fair value of warrant liabilities increased by $3.8 million, or 49%, to a loss of $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from a loss of $7.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to mark-to-market adjustments based on changes in the trading price for our public warrants.

Current wording

The change in fair value of warrant liabilities increased by $29.9 million, or 346%, to a gain of $38.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, from a gain of $8.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was due to mark-to-market adjustments based on changes in the trading price for our public warrants.

Previous wording

Interest income, net decreased by $0.5 million, or 10%, to $4.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $5.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in the available-for-sale investments balance, offset by higher interest rates.

Current wording

Interest income, net increased by $0.1 million, or 2%, to $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, from $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in the available-for-sale investments balance.

Previous wording

As of September 30, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities of $382.8 million. Excluded from our available liquidity is $2.4 million of restricted cash, which is primarily recorded in other noncurrent assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and investments as of September 30, 2024, will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for the next 12 months. We believe we will meet longer term expected future cash requirements and obligations through a combination of cash flows from operating activities and available funds from our cash, cash equivalents and investment balances. However, this determination is based upon internal projections and is subject to changes in market and business conditions. We have incurred significant losses since our inception and as of September 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $481.7 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we incurred net losses of $129.6 million. We expect to incur significant losses and higher operating expenses for the foreseeable future.

Current wording

As of March 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities of $697.1 million. Excluded from our available liquidity is $2.7 million of restricted cash, which is primarily recorded in other noncurrent assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and investments as of March 31, 2025, will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for the next 12 months. We believe we will meet longer term expected future cash requirements and obligations through a combination of cash flows from operating activities and available funds from our cash, cash equivalents and investment balances. However, this determination is based upon internal projections and is subject to changes in market and business conditions. We have incurred significant losses since our inception and as of March 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $716.0 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we incurred net losses of $32.3 million. We expect to incur significant losses and higher operating expenses for the foreseeable future.

Previous wording

Our primary uses of cash and investments are to fund our operations as we continue to grow our business. We require a significant amount of cash for expenditures as we invest in ongoing research and development and commercialization of our products. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from commercializing our quantum computing technology, if ever, we expect to finance our liquidity needs through our cash, cash equivalents and investments, as well as equity or debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations and other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. High interest and inflation rates present a recent challenge impacting the U.S. economy and could make it more difficult for us to obtain traditional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, in the future. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be or could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, or other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our quantum computing technology on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our quantum computing development efforts. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors.”

Current wording

Our primary uses of cash and investments are to fund our operations as we continue to grow our business and our investing activities, including capital expenditures and potential acquisitions. We require a significant amount of cash for expenditures as we invest in ongoing research and development and commercialization of our products. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from commercializing our quantum computing technology, if ever, we expect to finance our liquidity needs through our cash, cash equivalents and investments, as well as equity or debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations and other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be or could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, or other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our quantum computing and networking technology on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our quantum computing and networking development efforts. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors.”

Previous wording

Our material cash requirements as of September 30, 2024, include operating lease commitments. As of September 30, 2024, we have total operating lease obligations of $23.0 million, with $3.5 million payable within 12 months.

Current wording

Our material contractual commitments as of March 31, 2025, primarily relate to operating lease commitments. As of March 31, 2025, we have total operating lease obligations of $21.2 million, with $3.9 million payable within 12 months. Other than operating lease commitments, cash requirements for the next 12 months are expected to consist primarily of operating expenses and continued investment in our quantum computers.

Previous wording

Our cash flows from operating activities are significantly affected by the growth of our business, primarily related to research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative activities. Our operating cash flows are also affected by our working capital needs to support growth in personnel-related expenditures and fluctuations in current assets and liabilities.

Current wording

Our cash flows from operating activities are significantly affected by the growth of our business, primarily related to research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative activities. Our operating cash flows are also affected by our working capital needs to support growth in personnel-related expenditures and fluctuations in accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities.

Previous wording

Net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $66.3 million, resulting primarily from a net loss of $129.6 million, adjusted for non-cash activity, primarily related to stock-based compensation, and other working capital activities. The increase in net cash used in operations from the prior year period was primarily related to increased research and development activities and increased compensation costs as a result of hiring personnel.

Current wording

Net cash used in operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2025, was $33.0 million, resulting primarily from a net loss of $32.3 million, adjusted for non-cash activity, primarily related to stock-based compensation, the gain recorded as a result of mark-to-market activity for our public warrants, depreciation and amortization, and other working capital activities. The increase in net cash used in operations from the prior year period was primarily related to increased compensation costs and costs for materials and supplies to support the production of quantum computing systems, customer contracts, and other research and development activities.

Previous wording

Net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $52.2 million, resulting primarily from a net loss of $115.9 million, adjusted for non-cash activity, primarily related to the loss recorded as a result of mark-to-market activity for our public warrants, stock-based compensation and other working capital activities.

Current wording

Net cash used in operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024, was $20.5 million, resulting primarily from a net loss of $39.6 million, adjusted for non-cash activity, primarily related to the gain recorded as a result of mark-to-market activity for our public warrants, stock-based compensation and other working capital activities.

Previous wording

Net cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $44.6 million, primarily resulting from maturities of available-for-sale securities of $285.7 million, offset by purchases of available-for-sale securities of $230.4 million, additions of $6.5 million to property and equipment primarily related to the development of our quantum computing systems, and additions of $3.1 million related to capitalized software development costs.

Current wording

Net cash used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2025, was $230.2 million, primarily resulting from purchases of available-for-sale securities of $320.6 million and additions of $2.3 million to property and equipment primarily related to the development of our quantum computing systems and other supporting equipment, offset by cash received from maturities of available-for-sale securities of $93.8 million.

Previous wording

Net cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $58.4 million, primarily resulting from cash received from maturities of available-for-sale securities of $318.2 million, offset by purchases of available-for-sale securities of $241.2 million, additions of $14.4 million to property and equipment primarily related to leasehold improvements and the development of our quantum computing systems, and additions of $3.1 million related to capitalized software development costs.

Current wording

Net cash provided by investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024, was $43.5 million, primarily resulting from cash received from maturities of available-for-sale securities of $115.0 million, offset by purchases of available-for-sale securities of $66.6 million, additions of $3.1 million to property and equipment primarily related to leasehold improvements and the development of our quantum computing systems, and additions of $1.4 million related to capitalized software development costs.

Previous wording

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $0.8 million, primarily resulting from proceeds from stock options exercised.

Current wording

Net cash provided by financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2025, was $368.7 million, primarily resulting from proceeds from the 2025 ATM Offering Program and warrants exercised.

Previous wording

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $2.4 million, primarily resulting from proceeds from stock options exercised.

Current wording

Net cash provided by financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024, was $1.4 million, primarily resulting from tax withholding receipts related to restricted stock units and proceeds from stock options exercised.