CG Oncology, Inc.

Previous wording

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements and Market Data.” Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those set forth under the section titled “Risk factors” in this Annual Report.

Current wording

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements and Market Data.” Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those set forth under the section titled “Risk factors” in this Annual Report.

Previous wording

We are a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing a potential backbone bladder-sparing therapeutic for patients afflicted with bladder cancer. Our product candidate, cretostimogene, is initially in clinical development for the treatment of patients with high-risk NMIBC who are unresponsive to BCG therapy, the current standard-of-care for high-risk NMIBC. There is significant unmet need for treatments in these patients given the limitations of currently approved therapies and patient reluctance to undergo radical cystectomy, or the complete removal of the bladder. We are evaluating the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene as monotherapy in BOND-003, our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients. We have completed enrollment for this trial, reported interim data in November 2023 and expect to report topline data by the end of 2024. If successful, we believe that this trial could serve as the basis for a BLA submission to the U.S. FDA. We are also evaluating the use of cretostimogene when administered to this same patient population in combination with FDA-approved pembrolizumab in CORE-001, our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial. Moreover, we intend to assess the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene in treating a range of other bladder cancer indications as an alternative to BCG therapy and in patients who are not categorized as BCG-unresponsive, including our second Phase 3 clinical trial, PIVOT-006, evaluating adjuvant cretostimogene in intermediate-risk NMIBC patients following TURBT. We believe cretostimogene, if approved, has the potential to serve as first-line therapy, thereby alleviating the current need to prioritize treatment recipients and ration administration of BCG given its significant market shortage.

Current wording

In April 2024, we initiated BOND-003 Cohort P, an exploratory study evaluating cretostimogene monotherapy in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with only Ta/T1 disease and expect to report topline data from this Cohort in the second half of 2025. In October 2024, we initiated CORE-008 Cohort A, our Phase 2 clinical trial in high-risk NMIBC patients who are naïve to BCG treatment, including patients with CIS and with or without Ta/T1 disease and patients with only Ta/T1 disease. In March 2025, we expanded CORE-008 into the high-risk BCG-exposed population (Cohort B). We intend to add a third Cohort to CORE-008, evaluating cretostimogene in a combination therapy in the high-risk BCG-exposed population. We have recently completed and published the results for CORE-001, our Phase 2 clinical trial of cretostimogene in combination with pembrolizumab in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients that have CIS. Additionally, in NMIBC that is not categorized as high-risk, we have launched our second Phase 3 clinical trial, PIVOT-006, evaluating adjuvant cretostimogene in intermediate-risk NMIBC following transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT). We believe cretostimogene, if approved in intermediate-risk NMIBC, has the potential to serve as backbone therapy, thereby alleviating the current need to prioritize treatment recipients and ration administration of BCG given its significant market shortage.

Previous wording

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. Our net losses were $48.6 million and $35.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $129.9 million. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and, to a lesser extent, from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses in the foreseeable future, and we anticipate these losses will increase substantially as we as we continue our development of, seek regulatory approval for, and potentially commercialize cretostimogene and potentially seek to discover and develop additional product candidates, utilize third parties to manufacture cretostimogene, hire additional personnel, expand and protect our intellectual property, and incur additional costs associated with being a public company. If we obtain regulatory approval for cretostimogene, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing and distribution. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we do not become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and may be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

Current wording

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. Our net losses were $88.0 million and $48.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $218.0 million. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and, to a lesser extent, from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses in the foreseeable future, and we anticipate these losses will increase substantially as we continue our development of, seek regulatory approval for, and potentially commercialize cretostimogene and potentially seek to discover and develop additional product candidates, utilize third parties to manufacture cretostimogene, hire additional personnel, expand and protect our intellectual property, and incur additional costs associated with being a public company. If we obtain regulatory approval for cretostimogene, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing and distribution. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we do not become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and may be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

Previous wording

In January 2024, we completed our initial public offering of 23,000,000 common shares at a price of $19.00 per share, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional 3,000,000 shares of common stock. We received net proceeds of $400.4 million, after deducting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. In addition, as a result of our initial public offering, our convertible preferred stock converted into common stock concurrently with the initial public offering.

Current wording

To date, we have primarily funded our operations with proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock through public offerings and our redeemable convertible preferred stock, as well as through previously outstanding term debt. In January 2024, we completed our initial public offering of 23,000,000 common shares at a price of $19.00 per share, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional 3,000,000 shares of common stock. We received net proceeds of $399.6 million, after deducting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses. In addition, as a result of our initial public offering, our convertible preferred stock converted into common stock concurrently with the initial public offering. In December 2024, we completed a follow-on offering of 8,500,000 common shares at a price of $28.00 per share, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional 1,200,000 shares of common stock. We received net proceeds of $223.1 million, after deducting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses.

Previous wording

To date, we have primarily funded our operations with proceeds from the sale of shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock and previously outstanding term debt. Through December 31, 2023, we have received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $307.9 million from the sale of shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock. In addition, through December 31, 2023, we have recognized $25.0 million in research and collaboration revenue pursuant to our license and collaboration agreements. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $187.7 million. In July 2023, we received net proceeds of $104.6 million from the sale of shares of our Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock. Our ability to generate any product revenue and, in particular, our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of cretostimogene and any future product candidates.

Current wording

Through December 31, 2024, we have received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $982.9 million from thesale of shares of our common stock through public offerings and our redeemable convertible preferred stock. In addition, through December 31, 2024, we have recognized $26.1 million in license and collaboration revenue pursuant to our license and collaboration agreements. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $742.0 million. Our ability to generate any product revenue and, in particular, our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of cretostimogene and any future product candidates.

Previous wording

Based on our current operating plan, we estimate that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to fund our projected operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through 2027. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us. In addition, we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Current wording

We believe, based on our current operating plan, that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to fund our operations into the first half of 2028. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us. In addition, we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Previous wording

In March 2019, we entered into a development and license agreement (the Lepu License Agreement) with Lepu, under which we granted an exclusive license to Lepu to develop, manufacture and commercialize cretostimogene and/or DDM to treat and/or prevent cancer in the Lepu Territory. Lepu paid to us a one-time upfront payment of $4.5 million and is obligated to make regulatory milestone payments of up to $2.5 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $57.5 million. We are entitled to receive a high single-digit royalty on net sales of cretostimogene and/or DDM sold in the Lepu Territory, subject to a specified reduction. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, less than $0.1 million and zero revenue, respectively, was recorded related to the Lepu License Agreement.

Current wording

In March 2019, we entered into a development and license agreement (the Lepu License Agreement) with Lepu, under which we granted an exclusive license to Lepu to develop, manufacture and commercialize cretostimogene and/or DDM to treat and/or prevent cancer in the Lepu Territory. Lepu paid to us a one-time upfront payment of $4.5 million and is obligated to make regulatory milestone payments of up to $2.5 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $57.5 million. We are entitled to receive a high single-digit royalty on net sales of cretostimogene and/or DDM sold in the Lepu Territory, subject to a specified reduction. In addition, in June 2024, the Company entered into an additional license agreement with Lepu, under which we granted Lepu a non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, non-transferable license to validate and perform certain assays in the Lepu Territory for the sole purpose of analyzing clinical samples for patients treated with cretostimogene. Under the agreement, Lepu paid us a one-time license fee of $0.4 million. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, $1.0 million and less than $0.1 million in license and collaboration revenue, respectively, was recorded related to the Lepu License Agreement.

Previous wording

In March 2020, and as amended September 2022, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the Kissei License Agreement) with Kissei, under which we granted to Kissei an exclusive license to certain intellectual property rights in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (the Kissei Territory), for Kissei to develop and commercialize, but not manufacture, cretostimogene in combination with DDM (the Licensed Product) for all uses in oncology. Kissei paid to us a one-time upfront payment of $10.0 million under the agreement. Kissei is obligated to development milestone payments of up to $33.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $67.0 million. We have also agreed to pay Kissei a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product outside the Kissei Territory and outside the Lepu Territory, including on any U.S. sales, in a low-single digit percentage, subject to certain capped reductions. We are entitled to receive a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory in the mid-twenties percentage, subject to certain capped reductions and offset rights. We are obligated to supply and Kissei will exclusively purchase its clinical and commercial requirements of Licensed Product from us. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively in development income related to the Kissei License Agreement.

Current wording

In March 2020, and as amended September 2022, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the Kissei License Agreement) with Kissei, under which we granted to Kissei an exclusive license to certain intellectual property rights in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (the Kissei Territory), for Kissei to develop and commercialize, but not manufacture, cretostimogene in combination with DDM (the Licensed Product) for all uses in oncology. Kissei paid to us a one-time upfront payment of $10.0 million under the agreement. Kissei is obligated to pay development milestone payments of up to $33.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $67.0 million. We have also agreed to pay Kissei a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product outside the Kissei Territory and outside the Lepu Territory, including on any U.S. sales, in a low-single digit percentage, subject to certain capped reductions. We are entitled to receive a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory in the mid-twenties percentage, subject to certain capped reductions and offset rights. We are obligated to supply and Kissei will exclusively purchase its clinical and commercial requirements of Licensed Product from us. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively in license and collaboration revenue related to the Kissei License Agreement.

Previous wording

Through December 31, 2023, we have recognized $25.0 million in research and collaboration revenue through our license and collaboration agreements. We have not generated any revenue from the sale of products, however, and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future, if at all. If our or our collaborators’ development efforts for cretostimogene and any future product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales, payments from existing or potential future collaboration or license agreements with third parties, or any combination thereof.

Current wording

Through December 31, 2024, we have recognized $26.1 million in license and collaboration revenue through our license and collaboration agreements. We have not generated any revenue from the sale of products, however, and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future, if at all. If our or our collaborators’ development efforts for cretostimogene and any future product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales, payments from existing or potential future collaboration or license agreements with third parties, or any combination thereof.

Previous wording

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses such as salaries, stock- based compensation and benefits, for our personnel in executive, legal, finance and accounting, human resources and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters and professional fees paid for accounting, auditing, consulting and tax services, as well as facilities-related costs not otherwise included in R&D expenses and other costs such as insurance costs and travel expenses.

Current wording

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses such as salaries, stock- based compensation and benefits, for our personnel in executive, legal, finance and accounting, human resources and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters and professional fees paid for accounting, auditing, consulting and tax services, as well as facilities-related costs not otherwise included in R&D expenses and other costs such as insurance costs, marketing and travel expenses.

Previous wording

Interest income, net, consists of interest income related to interest earned on our invested cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balances and expenses related to our previously outstanding term debt. We expect our interest income will increase as we invest the cash received from the net proceeds from our initial public offering.

Current wording

Interest income, net, consists of interest income related to interest earned on our invested cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balances and expenses related to our previously outstanding term debt. We expect our interest income will increase as we invest the cash received from the net proceeds from our public offerings.

Previous wording

Research and collaboration revenue was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $0.2 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively, in development income related to the Kissei License Agreement and the Lepu License Agreement.

Current wording

License and collaboration revenue was $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $1.0 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively, in license and collaboration revenue related to the Lepu License Agreement, as well as $0.2 million related to the Kissei License Agreement in both years.

Previous wording

R&D expenses were $45.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $29.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $16.7 million in R&D expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to an increase of $12.2 million in clinical trial expenses related to higher CRO fees as patient enrollment increased and higher CMC and consultant and other third party expenses, an increase of $4.0 million in personnel-related expenses due to increased headcount for R&D, and higher facilities-related, fees and other related costs of $0.5 million.

Current wording

R&D expenses were $82.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $45.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $36.4 million in R&D expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase of $26.5 million in external clinical trial expenses related to higher CRO fees as patient enrollment increased and higher CMC, as well as an increase of $8.5 million in compensation costs due to increased headcount, and higher facilities, fees and other related costs of $1.3 million.

Previous wording

General and administrative expenses were $9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $3.5 million in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to an increase in personnel-related expenses of $2.2 million due to increased headcount, increased professional consulting fees related to legal fees, accounting and consulting fees of $0.7 million and higher facilities-related, travel and marketing-related costs of $0.6 million.

Current wording

General and administrative expenses were $33.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $23.8 million in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in compensation costs of $14.9 million due to increased headcount, including a $6.9 million increase in stock-based compensation, as well as increased professional and consultant fees of $3.7 million related to legal, accounting and consulting fees, an increase in marketing-related costs of $2.3 million, and an increase in insurance costs of $1.4 million.

Previous wording

Other income (expense), net, for the year ended December 31, 2023 was a net income of $6.8 million compared to a net expense of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest income, net and other (expense) income, net primarily consisted of $6.9 million in interest income related to higher marketable securities balances as a result of net proceeds from our Series E and Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock financings in 2023 and 2022, respectively. This was partially offset by debt extinguishment of $0.1 million for early payoff of term loan. For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense, net and other (expense) income, net consisted of term loan interest expense, the final payment accretion and related amortization of $1.8 million, offset by interest income of $1.6 million related to marketable securities balances during the year.

Current wording

Other income, net, for the year ended December 31, 2024 was a net income of $26.6 million compared to a net income of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, other income, net, primarily consisted of $26.6 million and $6.9 million, respectively, in interest income related to marketable securities balances. Marketable securities are higher as of December 31, 2024 due to proceeds from public offerings during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Previous wording

Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses in the foreseeable future as we advance the clinical development of cretostimogene and any future product candidates. To date, we have primarily funded our operations with proceeds from the sale of shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock and previously outstanding term debt. Through December 31, 2023, we have received aggregate gross proceeds of $307.9 million from the sale of shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock. In addition, through December 31, 2023, we have recognized $25.0 million in research and collaboration revenue through our license and collaboration agreements. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $187.7 million. In July 2023, we received net proceeds of $104.6 million from the sale of shares of our Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock. On January 29, 2024, we closed our initial public offering of common stock for aggregate net proceeds of $400.4 million, after deducting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

Current wording

Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses in the foreseeable future as we advance the clinical development of cretostimogene and any future product candidates. To date, we have primarily funded our operations with proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock through public offerings and our redeemable convertible preferred stock, as well as through previously outstanding term debt. Through December 31, 2024, we have received aggregate gross proceeds of $982.9 million from the sale of shares of our common stock through our public offerings and our redeemable convertible preferred stock. In addition, through December 31, 2024, we have recognized $26.1 million in license and collaboration revenue through our license and collaboration agreements. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $742.0 million. On January 29, 2024, we closed our initial public offering (IPO) of common stock for aggregate net proceeds of $399.6 million, after deducting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. In December 2024, we closed a follow-on public offering of common stock for aggregated net proceeds of $223.1 million, after deducting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.

Previous wording

In January 2021, we entered into a loan agreement with Silicon Valley Bank for a term loan in three tranches. As of December 31, 2022, we had drawn down $15.0 million in aggregate principal amount under the loan agreement. As of December 31, 2023, we repaid all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the loan agreement. See Note 11 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information.

Current wording

In January 2021, we entered into a loan agreement with Silicon Valley Bank for a term loan in three tranches. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we repaid all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the loan agreement and have no outstanding debt. See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information.

Previous wording

Inflation could affect us by increasing our cost of labor and R&D costs. We do not believe inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, or on our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Current wording

Inflation could affect us by increasing our cost of labor and R&D costs. We do not believe inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, or on our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Previous wording

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our development of, seek regulatory approval for, and potentially commercialize cretostimogene and potentially seek to discover and develop additional product candidates, conduct our ongoing and planned clinical trials and preclinical studies, continue our R&D activities, utilize third parties to manufacture cretostimogene, hire additional personnel, expand and protect our intellectual property, and incur additional costs associated with being a public company

Current wording

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our development of, seek regulatory approval for, and potentially commercialize cretostimogene and potentially seek to discover and develop additional product candidates, conduct our ongoing and planned clinical trials and preclinical studies, continue our R&D activities, utilize third parties to manufacture cretostimogene, hire additional personnel, engage in potential strategic transactions, expand and protect our intellectual property, and incur additional costs associated with being a public company

Previous wording

costs associated with any products or technologies that we may in-license or acquire.

Current wording

costs associated with any products or technologies or businesses that we may in-license or acquire.

Previous wording

Based upon our current operating plan, we estimate that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to fund our projected operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through 2027. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us. In addition, we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Current wording

Based upon our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to fund our operations into the first half of 2028. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us. In addition, we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Previous wording

We have entered into various non-cancelable operating leases for our corporate office. The leases have varying terms expiring between 2025 and 2026. See Note 5 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further details.

Current wording

We have entered into various non-cancelable operating leases for our corporate office. The leases have varying terms expiring between 2026 and 2030. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further details.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2022, operating activities used $29.8 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $35.4 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $1.2 million, including stock-based compensation expense and amortization associated with the term loan final payoff and success fees, and net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $4.4 million.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, operating activities used $78.7 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $88.0 million and accretion of the discount on short-term investments of $5.0 million, partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation charges of $11.4 million and net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $2.9 million.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2023, operating activities used $45.7 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $48.6 million, including the non-cash charges of $0.5 million, which consists of stock-based compensation expense, amortization associated with the term loan final payoff and success fees, offset by the accretion of the discount on short-term investments and net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.4 million.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2023, operating activities used $45.7 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $48.6 million and accretion of the discount on short-term investments of $2.9 million, partially offset by net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.4 million and non-cash stock-based compensation charges of $1.5 million.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $55.4 million, primarily due to purchases of marketable securities.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $300.8 million, primarily due to purchases of marketable securities and proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investments.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $119.7 million, consisting of net proceeds from the issuance of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock of $119.5 million and the exercise of common stock options of $0.2 million.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $628.3 million, consisting primarily of net proceeds from the IPO and follow-on public offering of $403.0 million and $223.1 million, respectively, net of issuance costs and deferred offering costs.

Previous wording

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $87.0 million, consisting primarily of net proceeds from the issuance of Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock of $104.6 million and the exercise of common stock options of $2.1 million offset by the payment of the term loan of $16.3 million and the deferred offering costs of $3.4 million.

Current wording

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $87.0 million, consisting of net proceeds from the issuance of Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock of $104.6 million and the exercise of common stock options of $2.1 million, partially offset by the payments of the term loan of $16.3 million and the deferred offering costs of $3.4 million.

Previous wording

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of our financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Current wording

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Previous wording

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Current wording

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Previous wording

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our R&D expenses as of each balance sheet date. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. We make estimates of our R&D expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. The significant estimates in our R&D expenses include the costs incurred for services performed by our vendors in connection with services for which we have not yet been invoiced. We base our expenses related to R&D activities on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with vendors that conduct R&D on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows.

Current wording

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our R&D expenses as of each balance sheet date. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. We make estimates of our R&D expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. The significant estimates in our R&D expenses include the costs incurred for services performed by our vendors in connection with services for which we have not yet been invoiced. We base our expenses related to R&D activities on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with vendors that conduct R&D on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows.

Previous wording

A description of recently issued accounting standards that may potentially impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows is included in Note 2 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Current wording

A description of recently issued accounting standards that may potentially impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows is included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Previous wording

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. The JOBS Act permits an emerging growth company such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to avail ourselves of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard and may do so until such time that we either (i) irrevocably elect to opt out of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualify as an emerging growth company. We may choose to early adopt any new or revised accounting standards whenever such early adoption is permitted for private companies. We will continue to remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of the following: (1) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our initial public offering; (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which our total annual gross revenue is equal to or more than $1.235 billion; (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (4) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

Current wording

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. The JOBS Act permits an emerging growth company such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to avail ourselves of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard and may do so until such time that we either (i) irrevocably elect to opt out of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualify as an emerging growth company. We may choose to early adopt any new or revised accounting standards whenever such early adoption is permitted for private companies. We will continue to remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of the following: (1) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our IPO; (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which our total annual gross revenue is equal to or more than $1.235 billion; (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (4) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.