UNIVERSAL LOGISTICS HOLDINGS, INC.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders

Universal Logistics Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Universal Logistics Holdings, Inc. (a Michigan corporation) and subsidiaries (collectively the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 17, 2025, expressed an adverse opinion.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Goodwill Impairment Analysis - Contract Logistics and Intermodal reporting units

As described further in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company tests goodwill for impairment annually (in the third fiscal quarter) or more frequently, whenever events occur, or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill below its carrying amount. The determination of the fair value of the reporting units requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions related to future revenue, operating income and discount rates. The Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $206.7 million as of December 31, 2024, which is allocated to the Company’s four reporting units. As of December 31, 2024, $56.3 million of goodwill was recorded in the Contract Logistics reporting unit and $101.1 million was recorded in the Intermodal reporting unit. We identified the annual goodwill impairment assessment of the Contract Logistics and Intermodal reporting units as a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination that the annual goodwill impairment assessment of the Contract Logistics and Intermodal reporting units is a critical audit matter is that there is a high degree of auditor judgement necessary in evaluating the reasonableness of the fair value of the reporting units. The fair value estimate is sensitive to significant assumptions made by management in the discounted cash flow analyses specifically, forecasts of future revenue, operating income and discount rates.

Our audit procedures related to the goodwill impairment assessment of the Contract Logistics and Intermodal reporting units included the following, among others:

•

We tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls relating to management’s valuation of goodwill, including the control over the determination of key inputs such as the forecasting of revenue, operating income and determination of the discount rate.

•

We compared management’s forecasts of future revenue and operating income to third-party industry projections and compared the Company’s historical operating forecasts to the actual results in prior periods.

•

We utilized a valuation specialist to assess the reasonableness of the discount rates used in the models. The valuation specialist performed an independent computation to determine a weighted average return on assets to validate the reasonableness of the discount rate utilized in management’s model.

Fair Value of Customer Relationship Intangible Asset

As described further in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, on September 30, 2024, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Parsec, LLC, OB Leasing, LLC, and Parsec Intermodal of Canada Ltd. (collectively, “Parsec”) for a purchase price of $208.4 million. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair value at acquisition. The fair value of intangible assets was $103.3 million, of which, $90.0 million related to customer relationships. The Company used a discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of the intangible assets acquired. We identified the fair value of the customer relationship intangible asset as a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination that the fair value of the customer relationship is a critical audit matter is the high degree of auditor judgment necessary in evaluating certain inputs and assumptions made by management in the discounted cash flow analysis. Those assumptions include future revenue, operating income, attrition rate and discount rate.

Our audit procedures related to the fair value of the customer relationship included the following, among others:

•

We tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls relating to management’s valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including the control over the reasonableness of key inputs and assumptions.

•

We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecasts of future revenue and operating income by comparing these forecasts to Parsec’s historical operating results, the actual results subsequent to the acquisition, and to industry market data to determine the revenue growth rate assumption is in line with industry growth data.

•

We utilized a valuation specialist to compute the implied attrition rate derived from the tenure of all customers to validate the reasonableness of the attrition rate utilized in management’s model. The valuation specialist also performed a computation to determine a weighted average return on assets to validate the reasonableness of the discount rate utilized in management’s model.

/s/GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Southfield, Michigan

March 17, 2025

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31, 2024 and 2023

(In thousands, except share data)

Consolidated Stat ements of Income

(In thousands, except per share data)

Consolidated Statementsof Comprehensive Income

Consolidated Statem ents of Cash Flows

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Continued

Consolidated Statementsof Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except per share data)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)

Business

Universal Logistics Holdings, Inc. (“Universal” or the “Company”) is a holding company whose subsidiaries provide a variety of customized transportation and logistics solutions throughout the United States and in Mexico, Canada and Colombia. Our operating subsidiaries provide our customers with supply chain solutions that can be scaled to meet their changing demands. We offer our customers a broad array of services across their entire supply chain, including value-added, dedicated, intermodal and trucking services. Our customized solutions and flexible business model are designed to provide us with a highly variable cost model.

(b)

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions relating to these entities have been eliminated.

Our fiscal year consists of four quarters, each with thirteen weeks.

The Company made certain immaterial reclassifications to items in its prior financial statements so that their presentation is consistent with the format in the financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2024. These reclassifications, however, had no effect on reported consolidated net income, comprehensive income, earnings per common share, cash flows, total assets or shareholders’ equity as previously reported.

In August 2024, the Company closed its company-managed brokerage operations in Nashville, TN. During the quarter ended September 28, 2024, the Company incurred pre-tax losses of approximately $8.6 million ($6.4 million net of tax, or $0.24 per basic and diluted share) related to these operations. Included in the consolidated statements of income in 2024 were $1.4 million of severance costs recorded in direct personnel and related benefits, $2.8 million of non-cash impairment charges recorded in impairment expense, and $2.4 million of other closing related costs recorded in operating supplies and expenses.

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company identified certain triggering events related to a component of its former company-managed brokerage reporting segment. In accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other and ASC 360 Property, Plant, and Equipment, the Company evaluated certain indefinite and long lived tangible and intangible assets for impairment and recorded an additional goodwill impairment charge of $0.9 million during the quarter ended September 28, 2024. Total goodwill impairment charges recorded during the third quarter of 2024, including in connection with the closure of our company-managed brokerage operations, were $3.5 million ($2.6 million net of tax, or $0.10 per basic and diluted share).

In June 2024, the Company revised the estimated useful life and salvage values of certain equipment. The change resulted in additional depreciation expense of $11.3 million recorded during the quarter ended June 29, 2024 ($8.5 million net of tax, or $0.32 per basic and diluted share).

In January 2024, the Company’s value-added business began performing specialty project development services for certain customers. Contract assets represent amounts for which the Company has recognized revenue in excess of billings pursuant to the revenue recognition guidance. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, contract assets associated with certain contracts with customers recognized over time are included as contract assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Contract assets associated with other contracts with customers were reclassified from prepaid expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheets to contract assets.

During the first quarter of 2024, the Company identified certain triggering events related to a component of the intermodal reporting segment. In accordance with ASC 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other and ASC 360 Property, Plant, and Equipment, the Company evaluated certain indefinite and long lived tangible and intangible assets for impairment. The results of those procedures concluded that no impairments were present. After performing the evaluation, it was determined that a change in the estimated useful lives of certain definite lived intangible assets was appropriate and was adjusted during the period. The change resulted in additional amortization expense of $8.9 million ($6.6 million net of tax, or $0.25 per basic and diluted share) recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024.

In June 2022, the Company made a change in an accounting estimate to revise the estimated useful life and salvage values of certain equipment. The change resulted in additional depreciation expense of $9.7 million recorded during the quarter ended July 2, 2022 ($7.2 million net of tax, or $0.27 per basic and diluted share).

(1)

(b)

Basis of Presentation—continued

During the first quarter of 2024, we retired 4,722,877 shares of our treasury stock. Upon retirement of the treasury shares, we allocated the excess of the repurchase price over the par value of shares acquired to both retained earnings and paid-in capital. The portion allocated to paid-in capital was determined by applying the average paid-in capital per share, and the remaining portion was recorded to retained earnings. There was no effect on the Company’s overall equity position due to the retirement of treasury shares. The Company accounts for treasury stock using the cost method.

Current Economic Conditions

The Company makes estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures included in its financial statements and accompanying notes and assesses certain accounting matters that require consideration of forecasted financial information. The Company's assumptions about future conditions important to these estimates and assumptions are subject to uncertainty, including the negative impact inflationary pressures can have on our operating costs. Prolonged periods of inflation could cause interest rates, equipment, maintenance, labor and other operating costs to continue to increase.

(c)

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates and assumptions related to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations; carrying amounts of property and equipment and intangible assets; marketable securities; valuation allowances for receivables; and liabilities related to insurance and claim costs. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

(d)

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments, purchased with a maturity of three months or less, to be cash equivalents. Accounts at banks with an aggregate excess of the amount of checks issued over cash balances are included as accounts payable in current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, and changes in such accounts are reported as cash flows from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. At times cash held at banks may exceed FDIC insured limits.

(e)

Marketable Securities

Marketable equity securities are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s marketable securities, all of which are available-for-sale, consist of common and preferred stocks with readily determinable fair values. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method, and interest and dividends are included in other non-operating income. See Note 4 “Marketable Securities” for further information on our portfolio.

(f)

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the net invoiced amount, net of an allowance for credit losses, and do not bear interest. They include amounts for services rendered in the respective period but not yet billed to the customer until a future date, which typically occurs within one month. In order to reflect customer receivables at their estimated net realizable value, we record charges against revenue based upon current information. These charges generally arise from rate changes, errors, and revenue adjustments that may arise from contract disputes or differences in calculation methods employed by the customer. The allowance for credit losses is our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in our existing accounts receivable. We determine the allowance based on historical write-off experience, specific customer collection issues, the aging of our outstanding accounts receivable, and the credit quality of our customers. In determining our allowance for credit losses, we also consider current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions and their expected impact on collections. Balances are considered past due based on invoiced terms. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. We do not have any off‑balance‑sheet credit exposure related to our customers. Accounts receivable from affiliates are shown separately and include trade receivables from the sale of services to affiliates.

(1)

(g)

Inventories

Included in prepaid expenses and other is inventory used in a portion of our value-added service operations. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Provisions for excess and obsolete inventories are based on our assessment of excess and obsolete inventory on a product-by-product basis.

At December 31, inventory consists of the following (in thousands):

(h)

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

The amounts recorded for depreciation expense were $102.7 million, $64.4 million, and $62.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Tire repairs, replacement tires, replacement batteries, consumable tools used in our logistics services, and routine repairs and maintenance on vehicles are expensed as incurred. Parts and fuel inventories are included in prepaid expenses and other. We capitalize certain costs associated with vehicle repairs and maintenance that materially extend the life or increase the value of the vehicle or pool of vehicles.

(i)

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets subject to amortization consist of agent and customer relationships, customer contracts, tradenames, non-competition agreements, and trademarks that have been acquired in business combinations. These assets are amortized either over the period of economic benefit or on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related intangible asset. The estimated useful lives of these intangible assets range from three tonineteen years.

Our identifiable intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

(1)

(i)

Intangible Assets—continued

Estimated amortization expense by year is as follows (in thousands):

The amounts recorded for amortization expense were $21.5 million, $12.7 million, and $14.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(j)

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired in connection with the Company’s acquisitions. Under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 350 “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other”, we are required to test goodwill for impairment annually (in our third fiscal quarter) or more frequently, whenever events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill below its carrying amount. We have the option to first assess qualitative factors such as current performance and overall economic conditions to determine whether or not it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If we choose that option, then we would not be required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test unless we determine that, based on a qualitative assessment, it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If we determine that it is more likely than not, or if we choose not to perform a qualitative assessment, we then proceed with the quantitative assessment. Under the quantitative test, if the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, then goodwill of the reporting unit is considered to not be impaired. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess, up to the value of the goodwill. During the third quarter of 2024, we completed our goodwill impairment testing by performing a quantitative assessment using the income approach for each of our reporting units with goodwill. The determination of the fair value of the reporting units requires us to make estimates and assumptions related to future revenue, operating income and discount rates. Based on the results of this test, no impairment loss was recognized.

As described in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation”, we recorded aggregate impairment charges of $3.5 million during the thirteen weeks ended September 28, 2024 related to reporting units within our former company-managed brokerage segment.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

At December 31, 2024, $95.9 million of goodwill was recorded in our contract logistics segment, $101.1 million in our intermodal segment, and $9.8 million in our trucking segment.

At December 31, 2023, $56.3 million of goodwill was recorded in our contract logistics segment, $101.1 million in our intermodal segment, $9.8 million in our trucking segment and $3.5 million in our former company-managed brokerage segment.

(1)

(k)

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, other than goodwill and indefinite lived intangibles such as property and equipment and purchased intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset to be tested for possible impairment, we first compare the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by a long-lived asset or group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or group is deemed to not be recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market prices and independent third-party appraisals. Changes in management’s judgment relating to salvage values and/ or estimated useful lives could result in greater or lesser annual depreciation expense or impairment charges in the future. Indefinite lived intangibles are tested for impairment annually by comparing the carrying value of the assets to their fair value.

(l)

Contingent Consideration

Contingent consideration arrangements granted in connection with a business combination are evaluated to determine whether contingent consideration is, in substance, additional purchase price of an acquired enterprise or compensation for services, use of property or profit sharing. Additional purchase price is added to the fair value of consideration transferred in the business combination and compensation is included in operating expenses in the period it is incurred. Contingent consideration related to additional purchase price is measured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved. None of the acquired companies in 2024 had contingent consideration arrangements.

(m)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

For cash equivalents, accounts receivables, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, the carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of fair value as the assets are readily redeemable or short‑term in nature and the liabilities are short-term in nature. Marketable securities, consisting of equity securities, are carried at fair market value as determined by quoted market prices. Our revolving credit and term loan agreements consist of variable rate borrowings. The carrying value of these borrowings approximates fair value because the applicable interest rates are adjusted frequently based on short-term market rates. For our equipment promissory notes, the fair values are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on our current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. See Note 10 “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures” for further information.

(n)

Deferred Compensation

Deferred compensation relates to our bonus plans. Annual bonuses may be awarded to certain operating, sales and management personnel based on overall Company performance and achievement of specific employee or departmental objectives. Such bonuses are typically paid in annual installments over athree tofive-year period. All bonus amounts earned by and due to employees in the current year are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. Those that are payable in subsequent years are included in other long-term liabilities.

(o)

Closing Costs

Our customers may discontinue or alter their business activity in a location earlier than anticipated, prompting us to exit a customer-dedicated facility. We recognize exit costs associated with operations that close or are identified for closure as an accrued liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Such charges include lease termination costs, employee termination charges, asset impairment charges, and other exit-related costs associated with a plan approved by management. If we close an operating facility before its lease expires, costs to terminate a lease are recognized when an early termination provision is exercised, or we record a liability for non-cancellable lease obligations based on the fair value of remaining lease payments, reduced by any existing or prospective sublease rentals. Employee termination costs are recognized in the period that the closure is communicated to affected employees. The recognition of exit and disposal charges requires us to make certain assumptions and estimates as to the amount and timing of such charges. Subsequently, adjustments are made for changes in estimates in the period in which the change becomes known.

(1)

(p)

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized as control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for its services.

For our transportation services businesses, which include truckload, brokerage, intermodal and dedicated services, revenue is recognized over time as the performance obligations on the in-transit services are completed. A performance obligation is created when a customer submits a bill of lading for the transportation of goods from origin to destination. Performance obligations are satisfied as the shipments move from origin to destination, and transportation revenue is recognized based on the percentage of the service that has been completed at the end of the reporting period.

Value-added services, which are typically dedicated to individual customer requirements, include lift services, special project development, material handling, consolidation, sequencing, sub-assembly, cross-dock services, kitting, repacking, warehousing and returnable container management. We have elected to use the “right to invoice” practical expedient, reflecting that a customer obtains the benefit associated with value-added services as they are provided.

We are the primary obligor when rendering services and assume the corresponding credit risk with customers. We have discretion in setting sales prices and, as a result, our earnings may vary. In addition, we have discretion to choose and negotiate terms with our multiple suppliers for the services ordered by our customers. This includes owner-operators with whom we contract to deliver our transportation services. As such, revenue and the related purchased transportation and commissions are recognized on a gross basis. Fuel surcharges, where separately identifiable, of $97.1 million, $118.3 million and $168.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are included in operating revenues.

See Note 3,“Revenue Recognition,” for more information on revenue recognition.

(q)

Insurance and Claims

Insurance and claims expense represents charges for premiums and the accruals made for claims within our self-insured retention amounts. The accruals are primarily related to auto liability, general liability, cargo and equipment damage, and service failure claims. A liability is recognized for the estimated cost of all self-insured claims including an estimate of incurred but not reported claims based on historical experience and for claims expected to exceed our policy limits. We may also make accruals for personal injury and property damage to third parties, and workers’ compensation claims if a claim exceeds our insurance coverage. Such accruals are based upon individual cases and estimates of ultimate losses, incurred but not reported losses, and losses arising from known claims ultimately settling in excess of insurance coverage using loss development factors based upon industry data and past experience. Since the reported accrual is an estimate, the ultimate liability may be materially different from the amount recorded.

If adjustments to previously established accruals are required, such amounts are included in operating expenses in the current period. We maintain insurance with licensed insurance carriers. Legal expenses related to auto liability claims are covered under our insurance policy. We are responsible for all other legal expenses related to claims.

In brokerage arrangements, our exposure to liability associated with accidents incurred by other third-party carriers, who haul freight on our behalf, is reduced by various factors including the extent to which the third party providers maintain their own insurance coverage.

Our insurance expense varies primarily based upon the frequency and severity of our accident experience, insurance rates, coverage limits, and self-insured retention amounts.

(r)

Stock Based Compensation

We record compensation expense for the grant of stock based awards. Compensation expense is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and recognized as an expense over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the grant). See Note 15 “Stock Based Compensation” for further information.

(1)

(s)

Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes are provided for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We are no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2021. In addition, we file income tax returns in various state, local and foreign jurisdictions. Historically, we have been responsible for filing separate state, local and foreign income tax returns for our self and our subsidiaries. We are no longer subject to state or foreign jurisdiction income tax examinations for years before 2020 and 2019, respectively.

We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. We recognize interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense and penalties in other operating expenses.

(t)

Foreign Currency Translation

The financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries operating in Mexico, Canada and Colombia are prepared to conform to U.S. GAAP and translated into U.S. Dollars by applying a current exchange rate. The local currency has been determined to be the functional currency. Items appearing in the Consolidated Statements of Income are translated using average exchange rates during each period. Assets and liabilities of international operations are translated at period-end exchange rates. Translation gains and losses are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of shareholders’ equity.

(u)

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities with high quality financial institutions. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral. Our customers are generally concentrated in the automotive, retail and consumer goods, metals, energy and manufacturing industries. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, aggregate sales in the automotive industry totaled 47%,43% and 36% of revenue, respectively. In 2024, 2023 and 2022, General Motors accounted for approximately 18%,20% and 16% of our total operating revenues, respectively, and Ford accounted for approximately 17%,6% and 6%, respectively. In 2024, 2023 and 2022, sales to our top 10 customers, including General Motors and Ford, totaled 56%,48% and 42%, respectively.

(2)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adoption of New Accounting Standard

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”)2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). The ASU expands disclosures related to a public entity's reportable segment and requires more enhanced information about significant segment expenses, including in interim periods. Weadopted this standard on a retrospective basis for the 2024 annual period, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. See Note 18 “Segment Reporting” for further information.

(2)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements—continued

Accounting Pronouncements Issued but Not Yet Effective

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The ASU requires new tabular disclosures disaggregating prescribed expense categories within relevant income statement captions. In addition, the ASU requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses, among other disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning in 2027, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new standard, which is limited to financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU modifies income tax disclosures by requiring greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliations and disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2024, using a prospective approach. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new standard, which is limited to financial statement disclosures.

(3)

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company broadly groups its services into the following categories: truckload services, brokerage services, intermodal services, dedicated services and value-added services. We disaggregate these categories and report our service lines separately on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Truckload services include dry van, flatbed, heavy-haul and refrigerated operations. We transport a wide variety of general commodities, including automotive parts, machinery, building materials, paper, food, consumer goods, furniture, steel and other metals on behalf of customers in various industries.

To complement our available capacity, we also provide customers with freight brokerage services by utilizing third-party transportation providers to move freight.

Intermodal services include rail-truck, steamship-truck and support services. Our intermodal support services are primarily short- to medium-distance delivery of rail and steamship containers between the railhead or port and the customer.

Dedicated services are primarily provided in support of automotive and retail customers using van equipment. Our dedicated services are primarily short-run or round-trip moves within a defined geographic area.

Transportation services are short-term in nature; agreements governing their provision generally have a term ofone year or less. They do not contain significant financing components. The Company recognizes revenue over the period transportation services are provided to the customer, including service performed as of the end of the reporting period for loads currently in-transit, in order to recognize the value that is transferred to a customer over the course of the transportation service.

We determine revenue in-transit using the input method, under which revenue is recognized based on the duration of time that has lapsed from the departure date (start of transportation services) to the arrival date (completion of transportation services). Measurement of revenue in-transit requires the application of significant judgment. We calculate the estimated percentage of an order’s transit time that is complete at period end, and we apply that percentage of completion to the order’s estimated revenue.

Value-added services, which are typically dedicated to individual customer requirements, include lift services, material handling, consolidation, sequencing, sub-assembly, cross-dock services, kitting, repacking, warehousing, returnable container management and specialty project development. Value-added revenues are substantially driven by the level of demand for outsourced logistics services and specialty project needs. Major factors that affect value-added service revenue include changes in manufacturing supply chain requirements and production levels in specific industries, particularly the North American automotive and Class 8 heavy-truck industries.

Revenue is recognized as control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for its services. We have elected to use the “right to invoice” practical expedient to recognize revenue, reflecting that a customer obtains the benefit associated with value-added services as they are provided. The contracts in our value-added services businesses are negotiated agreements, which contain both fixed and variable components. The variability of revenues is driven by volumes and transactions, which are known as of an invoice date. Value-added service contracts typically have terms that extend beyond one year, and they do not include financing components.

(3)

Revenue Recognition—continued

Beginning in 2024, value-added services also includes specialty project development services for customers. The specialty project development service is accounted for as a single unit of account (i.e., as a single performance obligation). Revenue is recognized over time as the Company continuously transfers control of the project to the customer. Because we transfer control of the project over time, we recognize revenue to the extent of our progress towards completion of our performance obligations. We use the cost-to-cost method for these contracts, which measures progress towards completion for each performance obligation based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion for the applicable performance obligation. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with and thereby best represents the transfer of control to the customer. Revenue, including estimated fees or profits, is recorded proportionately as costs are incurred. Cost of operations consists of labor, materials, subcontractor costs, and other direct and indirect costs, and we include them in operating supplies and expenses on the consolidated statements of income. Changes to the total estimated contract revenue or cost for a given project, either due to unexpected events or revisions to management’s initial estimates, are recognized in the period in which they are determined

The following table provides information related to contract balances associated with our contracts with customers at December 31 (in thousands):

We generally receive payment for performance obligations within 45 days of completion of transportation services and 65 days for completion of value-added services. As it relates to our specialty development project, we will receive payments in 120 equal monthly installments commencing the month following substantial completion of the project. Contract assets in the table above generally relates to revenue recognized in excess of billings for our specialty development project, as well as revenue in-transit at the end of the reporting period. As of December 31, 2022, the contract asset balance was $0.8 million. As of December 31, 2024, the amortization of the contract asset for cash payments received was $0.9 million.

See Note 18 “Segment Reporting” for additional information on revenue reported by segment and by geographic region.

(4)

Marketable Securities

Marketable equity securities are carried at fair value, with gains and losses in fair market value included in the determination of net income. The fair value of marketable equity securities is determined based on quoted market prices in active markets, as described in Note 10 "Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures.

The following table sets forth market value, cost, and unrealized gains on equity securities at December 31 (in thousands):

The following table sets forth the gross unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s marketable securities at December 31 (in thousands):

(4)

Marketable Securities—continued

The following table shows the Company’s net realized gains (losses) on marketable equity securities (in thousands):

The Company didnot sell marketable equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2022.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our marketable equity securities portfolio experienced net unrealized pre-tax gains in market value of approximately $836,000 and $799,000, respectively, which were reported in other non-operating income for the period.

(5)

Acquisitions

On September 30, 2024, the Company acquired all of the outstanding equity interest of Parsec, LLC, OB Leasing, LLC, and Parsec Intermodal of Canada Ltd. (collectively, “Parsec”). Parsec is a provider of lift services to Class I, regional, and short-line railroads across North America. The cash purchase price was $208.4 million, subject to customary post-closing adjustments. Parsec operates within the Company's contract logistics segment. The Company borrowed funds from its existing Revolving Credit Facility to finance the acquisition. We incurred approximately $1.3 million of transaction related costs in the acquisition, which are recorded in operating supplies and expenses on the consolidated statements of income.

On September 13, 2024, the Company acquired certain assets of East Texas Heavy Haul, Inc. (“ETHH”), through a limited asset purchase agreement. We expect the acquisition of ETHH to strategically enhance our specialized heavy-haul wind transportation business and provide for a direct relationship with ETHH’s customer base. The total cash purchase price was $7.5 million. The Company used available cash and borrowings on its revolving credit facility to finance the acquisition. We incurred approximately $0.1 million of transaction related costs in the acquisition, which are recorded in operating supplies and expenses on the consolidated statements of income. In connection with the acquisition, the Company also entered into independent contractor agreements with certain sellers pursuant to which sellers may earn commissions totaling $5.0 million, subject to reaching certain milestones.

The Company accounted for the acquisitions in accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations.” Assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair value at acquisition, with the remaining unallocated purchase price recorded as goodwill. The goodwill recorded is included in our contract logistics segment and is non-deductible for income tax purposes. For each acquisition, the purchase price was allocated to major classes of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. These values are based, in part, upon preliminary appraisals for certain assets and subject to change when additional information concerning final asset and liability values is obtained. The final purchase price allocations may result in adjustments to certain assets and liabilities, including the residual amount allocated to goodwill. The preliminary allocation of the purchase price in each transaction is as follows (in thousands):

(5)

Acquisitions—continued

The intangible assets represent the acquired companies’ customer relationships, trade names, and non-competition agreements. The acquired customer relationships are being amortized over a period ofeight years to 16 years, tradenames are being amortized over a period ofthree years, and the non-competition agreements are being amortized over a period offive years to seven years. The Company used the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of these acquired intangible assets.

The following unaudited pro forma results of operations present consolidated information of the Company as if Parsec and ETHH were acquired on January 1, 2023 (in thousands, except per share data):

The unaudited pro forma consolidated results are presented for illustrative purposes and do not purport to represent what the results of operations would actually have been had we acquired Parsec and ETHH on January 1, 2023. Further, the financial information does not purport to project the future operating results of the Company on a consolidated basis. For the year ended December 31, 2024, actual revenue and operating income of the acquired companies included in Universal's results was $59.5 million and $2.6 million, respectively.

(6)

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable amounts appearing in the consolidated financial statements include both billed and unbilled receivables. We bill customers in accordance with contract terms, which may result in a brief timing difference between when revenue is recognized and when invoices are rendered. Unbilled receivables, which usually are billed withinone month, totaled $61.6 million and $59.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Total accounts receivable at December 31, 2022 was $350.7 million.

Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for credit losses. Following is a summary of the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

(7)

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment at December 31 consists of the following (in thousands):

(8)

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following items at December 31 (in thousands):

(9)

Debt

Debt is comprised of the following (in thousands):

(1)Our Revolving Credit Facility provides us with a revolving credit commitment of up to $400 million. We may borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility until maturity on September 30, 2027, and this indebtedness bears interest at index-adjusted SOFR, or a base rate, plus an applicable margin based on the Company’s leverage ratio. The Revolving Credit Facility is secured by a first-priority pledge of the capital stock of applicable subsidiaries, as well as first-priority perfected security interests in cash, deposits, accounts receivable, and selected other assets of the applicable borrowers. The Revolving Credit Facility includes customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default, as well as financial covenants requiring minimum fixed charge coverage and leverage ratios, and customary mandatory prepayments provisions. At December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants under the facility, and $89.1 million was available for borrowing on the revolver.

(9)

Debt—continued

(2)Our UACL Credit Agreement provides for maximum borrowings of $90 million in the form of an $80 million term loan and a $10 million revolver. The term loan matures on September 30, 2027 and is repaid in consecutive quarterly installments. The remaining term loan balance is due at maturity. We may borrow under the revolving credit facility until maturity on September 30, 2027. Borrowings bear interest at index-adjusted SOFR, or a base rate, plus an applicable margin based on the borrowers’ leverage ratio. The UACL Credit Agreement is secured by a first-priority pledge of the capital stock of applicable subsidiaries, as well as first-priority perfected security interest in cash, deposits, accounts receivable, and selected other assets of the applicable borrowers. The UACL Credit Agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default, as well as financial covenants requiring minimum fixed charge coverage and leverage ratios, and customary mandatory prepayments provisions. At December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants under the facility, and $10.0 million was available for borrowing on the revolver.

(3)Our Equipment Financing consists of a series of promissory notes issued by a wholly owned subsidiary. The equipment notes, which are secured by liens on specific titled vehicles, are generally payable in 60 monthly installments and bear interest at fixed rates ranging from 2.25% to 7.31%.

(4)Our Real Estate Facility consists of a $165.4 million term loan, and the facility matures on April 29, 2032. Obligations under the facility are secured by first-priority mortgages on specific parcels of real estate owned by the Company, including all land and real property improvements, and first-priority assignments of rents and related leases of the loan parties. The credit agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants, and principal and interest are payable on the facility on a monthly basis, based on an annual amortization of 10%. The facility bears interest at Term SOFR, plus an applicable margin equal to 2.12%. At December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants under the facility.

(5)Our Margin Facility is a short-term line of credit secured by our portfolio of marketable securities. It bears interest at Term SOFR plus 1.10%. The amount available under the line of credit is based on a percentage of the market value of the underlying securities. At December 31, 2024, the maximum available borrowings under the line of credit were $6.0 million.

The following table reflects the maturities of our principal repayment obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

The Company is also party to an interest rate swap agreement that qualifies for hedge accounting. The Company executed the swap agreement to fix a portion of the interest rate on its variable rate debt. Under the swap agreement, the Company receives interest at Term SOFR and pays a fixed rate of 2.88%. The swap agreement has an effective date of April 29, 2022, a maturity date of April 30, 2027, and an amortizing notional amount of $73.3 million. At December 31, 2024, the fair value of the swap agreement was an asset of $1.6 million. Since the swap agreement qualifies for hedge accounting, the changes in fair value are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. See Note 10, “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures” for additional information pertaining to interest rate swaps.

(10)

Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures

ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and expanded disclosures with respect to fair value measurements.

ASC Topic 820 also establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

•

Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

We have segregated all financial assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date in the tables below (in thousands):

The valuation techniques used to measure fair value for the items in the tables above are as follows:

•

Cash equivalents – This category consists of money market funds which are listed as Level 1 assets and measured at fair value based on quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•

Marketable securities – Marketable securities represent equity securities, which consist of common and preferred stocks, are actively traded on public exchanges and are listed as Level 1 assets. Fair value was measured based on quoted prices for these securities in active markets.

•

Interest rate swaps – The fair value of our interest rate swap is determined using a methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The variable cash receipts (or payments) are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves. The fair value measurement also incorporates credit valuation adjustments reflecting both the Company’s nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk.

(10)

Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures—continued

Our Revolving Credit Facility, UACL Credit Agreement and Real Estate Facility consist of variable rate borrowings. We categorize borrowings under these credit agreements as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value of these borrowings approximate fair value because the applicable interest rates are adjusted frequently based on short-term market rates.

For our Equipment Financing, the fair values are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on our current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. We categorize borrowings under this credit agreement as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The carrying values and estimated fair values of these promissory notes at December 31, 2024 is summarized as follows:

We have not elected the fair value option for any of our financial instruments.

(11)

Transactions with Affiliates

Matthew T. Moroun is Chair of our Board of Directors and his son, Matthew J. Moroun, is a member of our Board. Certain Moroun family trusts beneficially own a majority of our outstanding shares. Matthew T. Moroun is trustee of these trusts with investment authority over the shares, and Frederick P. Calderone, a member of our Board, is special trustee of these trusts with voting authority over the shares. The Moroun family also owns or significantly influences the management and operating policies of other businesses engaged in transportation, insurance, business services, and real estate development and management. In the ordinary course of business, we procure from these companies certain supplementary administrative support services, including legal, human resources, tax, and IT infrastructure services. The Audit Committee of our Board reviews and approves related party transactions. The cost of these services is based on the actual or estimated utilization of the specific service.

We also purchase other services from our affiliates. The following is a schedule of cost incurred and included in operating expenses for services provided by affiliates for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

We pay the direct variable cost of maintenance, fueling and other operational support costs for services delivered at our affiliate’s trucking terminals that are geographically remote from our own facilities. Such costs are billed when incurred, paid on a routine basis, and reflect actual labor utilization, repair parts costs or quantities of fuel purchased.

We lease 25 facilities from related parties. Our occupancy is based on either month-to-month or contractual, multi-year lease arrangements which are billed and paid monthly. Leasing properties from a related party affords us significant operating flexibility; however, we are not limited to such arrangements. See Note 13, “Leases” for further information regarding the cost of leased properties.

We purchase employee medical, workers’ compensation, property and casualty, cargo, warehousing and other general liability insurance from an insurance company controlled by our controlling shareholder. In our Consolidated Balance Sheets, we record our insured claims liability and the related recovery in insurance and claims, and other receivables. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were $19.5 million and $14.3 million, respectively, included in each of these accounts for insured claims with an affiliate.

Other services from affiliates, including contracted transportation services, are delivered to us on a per-transaction basis or pursuant to separate contractual arrangements provided in the ordinary course of business. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounts due toaffiliates were $23.3 million and $20.7 million, respectively.

(11)

Transactions with Affiliates—continued

During 2024, we purchased trailers from an affiliate totaling $4.5 million. During 2023, we purchased used tractors and new trailers from affiliates totaling $6.3 million and $5.1 million, respectively. During 2023, we also contracted with an affiliate to provide real property improvements for us totaling $5.3 million.

In June 2022, we executed a real estate contract with an affiliate to acquire a multi-building, office complex located in Warren, Michigan for $8.3 million. The purchase price was established by an independent, third-party appraisal. The Company made an initial deposit of $0.2 million in 2022, and paid the balance at closing in the first quarter of 2023.

Services provided by Universal to Affiliates

We periodically assist companies that are owned by our controlling shareholder by providing selected transportation and logistics services in connection with their specific customer contracts or purchase orders. Truck fueling and administrative expenses are presented net in operating expense. Following is a schedule of services provided to our affiliates for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounts due from affiliates were $1.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

In November 2024, we sold an inactive Mexican subsidiary to an affiliate for approximately $0.1 million. The purchase price was based on the book value of the net assets sold in the transaction, and as such, no gain or loss was recorded.

In August 2023, we exercised our right of first refusal to acquire 3,750 shares of restricted stock from H.E. “Scott” Wolfe, our director, for $120,900 based on the closing market price on the effective date of the transaction.

(12)

Income Taxes

A summary of income related to U.S. and non-U.S. operations are as follows (in thousands):

The provision (benefit) for income taxes attributable to income from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 consists of the following (in thousands):

(12)

Income Taxes—continued

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31 consist of the following (in thousands):

In assessing whether deferred tax assets may be realized in the future, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion of such tax assets will not be realized. The deferred tax assets and liabilities were reviewed separately by jurisdictions when measuring the need for valuation allowances. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income (both ordinary income and taxable capital gains) during the periods in which those temporary differences reverse. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Based upon the level of historical taxable income, reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the domestic deferred tax assets are expected to reverse, and our ability to generate future capital gains, management believes it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefits of these deductible differences. Thus, no valuation allowance has been established for the domestic deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2023, we had foreign net operating loss carryforward associated with our Mexican subsidiary with a tax effect of $0.7 million. As of December 31, 2024, there wasno such net operating loss carryforward associated with our Mexican subsidiary. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had foreign net operating loss carryforwards associated with our Canadian and German subsidiaries with a tax effect of $1.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively. Based on the anticipated earnings projections, management had previously recorded a full valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets associated with these entities.

(12)

Income Taxes—continued

Income tax expense attributable to income from continuing operations differs from the statutory rates as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit representing uncertainty in certain tax positions was $0.2 million. These uncertain tax positions are based on recognition thresholds and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurements of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Any prospective adjustments to our accrual for uncertain tax positions will be recorded as an increase or decrease to the provision for income taxes and would impact our effective tax rate. At December 31, 2024, there are no positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits would significantly increase or decrease within 12 months. As of December 31, 2024, the amount for both accrued interest and penalties waszero.

The changes in our gross unrecognized tax benefits during the years ended December 31 are as follows (in thousands):

(13)

Leases

As of December 31, 2024, our obligations under operating lease arrangements primarily related to the rental of office space, warehouses, freight distribution centers, terminal yards and equipment. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset over the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments resulting from the lease agreement. We recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the effective date of a lease agreement. These assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date, using our incremental borrowing rate as of the respective dates of lease inception, as the rate implicit in each lease is not readily determinable. Our incremental borrowing rate is based on collateralized borrowings of similar assets with terms that approximate the lease term when available and when collateralized rates are not available, we use uncollateralized rates with similar terms adjusted for the fact that it is an unsecured rate.

Our lease obligations typically do not include options to purchase the leased property, nor do they contain residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Options to extend or terminate an agreement are included in the lease term when it becomes reasonably certain the option will be exercised. As of December 31, 2024, we were not reasonably certain of exercising any renewal or termination options, and as such, no adjustments were made to the right-of-use lease assets or corresponding liabilities.

Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, short-term leases, are not recorded on the balance sheet. Lease expense for short-term and long-term operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For facility leases, variable lease costs include the costs of common area maintenance, taxes, and insurance for which we pay the lessors an estimate that is adjusted to actual expense on a quarterly or annual basis depending on the underlying contract terms. For equipment leases, variable lease costs may include additional fees associated with using equipment in excess of estimated amounts.

(13)

Leases—continued

The following table summarizes our lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and related information (in thousands):

The following table summarizes other lease related information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

(13)

Leases—continued

Future minimum lease payments under these operating leases as of December 31, 2024, are as follows (in thousands):

(14)

Retirement Plans

We offer 401(k) defined contribution plans to our employees. The plans are administered by a company controlled by our principal shareholder and include different matching provisions typically ranging from zero to $2,080 per participant annually depending on which subsidiary or affiliate is involved. Certain of these plans also include a discretionary matching provision as determined by the Company. The total expense for contributions for 401(k) plans, including plans related to collective bargaining agreements, was $2.3 million, $1.1 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

In connection with a collective bargaining agreement that covered 14 Canadian employees at December 31, 2024, we are required to make defined contributions into the Canada Wide Industrial Pension Plan. At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the required contributions totaled approximately $7,000, $58,000 and $40,000, respectively.

In connection with our acquisition of Parsec in the fourth quarter 2024, we became enrolled in the Western Conference of Teamsters Pension Trust Fund (“WCTPT”) defined contribution pension plan. Parsec has participated in the WCTPT plan since 2023. As of December 31, 2024,851 employees are covered under the WCTPT plan and contributions to the plan totaled approximately $0.9 million since our acquisition. As an employer sponsor of this plan we may be subject to withdraw liability from time to time. No withdraw liability exists at December 31, 2024.

(15)

Stock Based Compensation

In May 2024, we granted 1,545 shares of common stock under our equity plan to non-employee directors. These restricted stock awards have a fair value of $45.22 per share, based on the closing price of our stock on the grant date, and vested immediately.

In February 2024, we granted 21,105 shares of restricted stock under our equity plan to certain employees, including 5,160 shares to our Chief Executive Officer and 5,223 shares to our Chief Financial Officer. The restricted stock awards have a grant date fair value of $31.96 per share, based on the closing price of our stock. The shares will vest in four equal installments on each March 15 in 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028, subject to their continued employment with us.

In May 2023, we granted 3,549 shares of common stock under our equity plan to non-employee directors. These restricted stock awards have a fair value of $25.42 per share, based on the closing price of our stock on the grant date, and vested immediately.

In March 2023, we granted 34,611 shares of restricted stock under our equity plan to certain employees, including 9,134 shares to our Chief Executive Officer and 8,441 shares to our Chief Financial Officer. The restricted stock awards have a grant date fair value of $27.59 per share, based on the closing price of our stock. The shares will vest in four equal installments on each March 15 in 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027, subject to their continued employment with us.

In May 2022, we granted 2,157 shares of common stock to non-employee directors. These restricted stock awards have a fair value of $23.17 per share, based on the closing price of our stock on the grant date, and vested immediately.

In September 2021, we granted 2,355 shares of restricted stock under our equity plan to one of our employees. This restricted stock award has a fair value of $20.46 per share, based on the closing price of our stock on the grant date. The shares will vest in five equal increments on each August 9 in 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 and 2026, subject to continued employment with us.

(15)

Stock Based Compensation—continued

In February 2020, we granted 5,000 shares of restricted stock under our equity plan to our Chief Financial Officer. This restricted stock award has a fair value of $17.74 per share, based on the closing price of our stock on the grant date. The shares vested on February 20, 2024.

In January 2020, we granted 60,000 shares of restricted stock under our equity plan to our Chief Executive Officer. This restricted stock award has a fair value of $18.82 per share, based on the closing price of our stock on the grant date. The shares will vest in installments of 20,000 shares on January 10, 2024 and January 10, 2026, and installments of 10,000 shares on January 10, 2027 and January 10, 2028, subject to his continued employment with us.

A grantee’s vesting of restricted stock awards may be accelerated under certain conditions, including retirement.

The following table summarizes the status of our non-vested shares and related information for the period indicated:

The total grant date fair value of vested shares recognized as compensation cost was $0.8 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Included in compensation cost during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 wasapproximately $70,000, $90,000 and $50,000, respectively, recognized as a result of the grants of stock to non-employee directors. As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $2.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements. That cost is expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining vesting period. As a result, we expect to recognize stock-based compensation expense of $0.4 million in 2025, $0.8 million in 2026, $0.6 million in 2027 and $0.3 million in 2028.

(16)

Commitments and Contingencies

Our principal commitments relate to long-term real estate leases and payment obligations to equipment and construction vendors, and for purchases of strategic real estate.

The Company is involved in certain other claims and pending litigation arising from the ordinary conduct of business. We also provide accruals for claims within our self-insured retention amounts. Based on the knowledge of the facts, and in certain cases, opinions of outside counsel, in the Company’s opinion the resolution of these claims and pending litigation will not have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, if we experience claims that are not covered by our insurance or that exceed our estimated claim reserve, it could increase the volatility of our earnings and have a materially adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

At December 31, 2024, approximately 46% of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements that are renegotiated periodically,34% of which are subject to contracts that expire in 2025.

At December 31, 2024, our firm commitments to purchase equipment and strategic real estate, as well as for on-going construction projects totaled $77.7 million.

(17)

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share amounts are based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, excluding outstanding non-vested restricted stock. Diluted earnings per common share include dilutive common stock equivalents determined by the treasury stock method. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, there were 33,007,23,821 and 19,837 weighted average non-vested shares of restricted stock, respectively, included in the denominator for the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

In the year ended December 31, 2023,34,045 shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because such shares were anti-dilutive. No such shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2022.

(18)

Segment Reporting

During 2024, we changed the way we aggregate our business units and adopted a new segment reporting structure. In connection with this change, the historical results of the terminated company-managed brokerage business is included in other non-reportable segments. As a result, we now report our financial results inthree distinct reportable segments: contract logistics, intermodal and trucking, which are based primarily on the services each segment provides. This presentation reflects the manner in which management evaluates our operating segments, including an evaluation of economic characteristics and applicable aggregation criteria.

Operations aggregated in our contract logistics segment deliver value-added or dedicated transportation services to support in-bound logistics to industrial customers and major retailers on a contractual basis, generally pursuant to terms of one year or longer. Our intermodal segment is associated with local and regional drayage moves coordinated by company-managed terminals using a mix of owner-operators, company equipment and third-party capacity providers (broker carriers). Operations included in our trucking segment are associated with individual freight shipments coordinated by our agents and company-managed terminals using a mix of owner-operators, company equipment and broker carriers. Other non-reportable segments are comprised of legacy company-managed brokerage operations and the Company’s subsidiaries that provide support services to other subsidiaries.

The Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM). Our CODM is responsible for reviewing segment performance and making decisions regarding the allocation of resources. The CODM uses income from operations compared to budgeted, forecasted, and prior period amounts to assess segment performance. Separate balance sheets are not prepared by segment, and we do not provide asset information by segment to the CODM.

The following tables summarize information about our reportable segments for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

(1)Eliminated intersegment revenues in the contract logistics, intermodal and trucking segments were $0.2 million, $3.0 million, and $0.1 million, respectively.

(3)Other segment expenses include general and administrative, insurance and claims, impairments, and other corporate allocations to reportable segments.

(18)

Segment Reporting—continued

(1)Eliminated intersegment revenues in the contract logistics, intermodal and trucking segments were $0.6 million, $3.0 million, and $0.6 million, respectively.

(3)Other segment expenses include general and administrative, insurance and claims, and other corporate allocations to reportable segments.

(1)Eliminated intersegment revenues in the contract logistics, intermodal and trucking segments were $4.7 million, $8.5 million, and $0.2 million, respectively.

(3)Other segment expenses include general and administrative, insurance and claims, and other corporate allocations to reportable segments.

(18)

Segment Reporting—continued

We provide a portfolio of transportation and logistics services to a wide range of customers throughout the United States and in Mexico, Canada and Colombia. Revenues attributed to geographic areas are as follows (in thousands):

Net long-lived assets by geographic area are presented in the table below (in thousands):

(19)

Subsequent Events

On February 6, 2025, our Board of Directors declared the regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.105 per share of common stock, payable to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 3, 2025 and is expected to be paid on April 1, 2025. Declaration of future cash dividends is subject to final determination by the Board each quarter after its review of our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, any legal or contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends and other factors the Board of Directors deems relevant.

On February 27, 2025, the Company closed on the purchase of a terminal in Memphis, TN. The purchase price was $30.0 million. The Company used funds borrowed under its existing line of credit to fund the balance at closing.