AMPCO PITTSBURGH CORP

NOTE 1– SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

The Corporation’s accounting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to estimates and assumptions include assessing the carrying value of long-lived assets, valuing the assets and obligations related to employee benefit plans, accounting for loss contingencies associated with claims and lawsuits, and accounting for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. A summary of the significant accounting policies followed by the Corporation is presented below.

Basis of Presentation

The financial information included herein reflects the consolidated financial position of the Corporation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the consolidated results of its operations and cash flows for the years then ended. Certain reclassifications of prior year data have been made to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on the Corporation’s previously reported consolidated net loss, cash flows or shareholders’ equity.

Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of all majority-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures over which the Corporation exercises control and, when applicable, entities for which the Corporation has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Investments in joint ventures where the Corporation owns 20% to 50% of the voting stock and has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the joint venture are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Investments in joint ventures where the Corporation does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the joint venture are accounted for using the cost method of accounting. Investments in joint ventures are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable. If the estimated fair value of the investment is less than the carrying amount and such decline is determined to be “other than temporary,” then the investment may not be fully recoverable, resulting in a write-down of the investment value. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Securities with purchased original maturities of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. The Corporation maintains cash and cash equivalents at various financial institutions which may exceed federally insured amounts.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Cost includes the cost of raw materials, direct labor and overhead for those items manufactured but not yet sold or for which control has not yet transferred to the customer. Fixed production overhead is allocated to inventories based on normal capacity of the production facilities. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is decreased so inventories are not measured above cost. The amount of fixed overhead allocated to inventories is not increased as a consequence of abnormally low production or plant idling. Costs for abnormal amounts of spoilage, handling costs and freight costs are charged to expense when incurred. Cost of inventories is primarily determined by the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment purchased new is recorded at cost with depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: land improvements –15 to 20 years; buildings –25 to 50 years; machinery and equipment –3 to 25 years; and other (e.g., furniture and fixtures and vehicles) –5 to 10 years. Property, plant and equipment purchased used is recorded at cost with depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the estimated remaining useful lives of the assets. Assets under finance leases are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term. Property, plant and equipment acquired as part of a business combination is recorded at its estimated fair value with depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the estimated remaining useful lives of the assets. Expenditures that extend economic useful lives are capitalized. Routine maintenance is charged to expense. Gains or losses are recognized on retirements or disposals. Proceeds from government grants for capital purchases are recorded as a reduction in the purchase price of the underlying assets and amortized against depreciation over the estimated useful lives of the related assets.

Property, plant and equipment is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If the undiscounted cash flows generated from the use and eventual disposition of the assets are less than their carrying value, then the asset value may not be fully recoverable, resulting in a write-down of the asset value. Estimates of future cash flows are based on expected market conditions over the remaining useful life of the primary asset(s). In addition, the remaining depreciation period for the impaired asset would be re-assessed and, if necessary, revised.

Right-of-Use Assets

A right-of-use (“ROU”) asset represents the right to use an underlying asset for the term of the lease, and the corresponding liability represents an obligation to make periodic payments arising from the lease. A determination of whether an arrangement includes a lease is made at the inception of the arrangement. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet, at the commencement date of the lease, in an amount equal to the present value of the lease payments over the term of the lease calculated using the interest rate implicit in the lease arrangement or, if not known, the Corporation’s incremental borrowing rate. The present value of a ROU asset also includes any lease payments made prior to commencement of the lease and excludes any lease incentives received or to be received under the arrangement. The lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that such options will be exercised. Operating leases that have original terms of less than 12 months, inclusive of options to extend that are reasonably certain to be exercised, are classified as short-term leases and are not recognized on the consolidated balance sheet.

ROU assets are recorded as a noncurrent asset on the consolidated balance sheet. The corresponding liabilities are recorded as an operating lease liability, either current or noncurrent, as applicable, on the consolidated balance sheet. Operating lease costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term within costs of products sold (excluding depreciation and amortization) or selling and administrative expenses based on the use of the related ROU asset.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets primarily consist of developed technology, customer relationships and trade name. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful life, which is determined by identifying the period over which most of the cash flows are expected to be generated. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but reviewed for impairment at least annually, as of October 1. Additionally, intangible assets, both finite- and indefinite-lived, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. For finite-lived intangible assets, if the undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets are less than their carrying value, then the asset value may not be fully recoverable, resulting in a write-down of the asset value. For indefinite-lived intangible assets, if the discounted cash flows attributable to the assets are less than their carrying value, then the asset value may not be fully recoverable, resulting in a write-down of the asset value. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life changes, the remaining carrying value of the intangible asset will be amortized prospectively over the revised remaining useful life.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs are amortized as interest expense over the scheduled maturity period of the debt. The costs related to a line-of-credit arrangement are amortized over the term of the arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings. Unamortized debt issuance costs are either recognized as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt or, if related to a line-of-credit facility, as an other noncurrent asset on the consolidated balance sheet.

Product Warranty

A warranty that ensures basic functionality is an assurance-type warranty. A warranty that goes beyond ensuring basic functionality is considered a service-type warranty. The Corporation provides assurance-type warranties; it does not provide service-type warranties. Provisions for assurance-type warranties are recognized at the time the underlying sale is recorded. The provision is based on historical experience as a percentage of sales adjusted for probable and known claims.

Employee Benefit Plans

Funded Status

If the fair value of the plan assets exceeds the projected benefit obligation, the over-funded projected benefit obligation is recognized as an asset (prepaid pensions) on the consolidated balance sheet. Conversely, if the projected benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of the plan assets, the under-funded projected benefit obligation is recognized as a liability (employee benefit obligations) on the consolidated balance sheet. Gains and losses arising from the difference between actuarial assumptions and actual experience and unamortized prior service costs are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Net Periodic Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Costs

Net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs include service cost, interest cost, expected rate of return on the market-related value of plan assets, amortization of prior service costs, and recognized actuarial gains or losses. When actuarial gains or losses exceed 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets, they are amortized to net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs over the average remaining service period of the employees expected to receive benefits under the plan or over the remaining life expectancy of the employees expected to receive benefits if “all or almost all” of the plan’s participants are inactive. When actuarial gains or losses are less than 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets, they are included in net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs indirectly as a result of lower/higher interest costs arising from a decrease/increase in the projected benefit obligation. The market-related value of plan assets is determined using afive-year moving average which recognizes gains or losses in the fair market value of assets at the rate of 20% per year.

Warrants

Accounting for warrants includes an initial assessment of whether the warrants qualify as debt or equity. The Corporation’s warrants meet the definition of equity instruments and, accordingly, are recorded within shareholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the warrants is determined as of the measurement date. Incremental costs directly attributable to the offering of the securities are deferred and charged against the proceeds of the offering.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other comprehensive income (loss) includes changes in assets and liabilities from non-owner sources including foreign currency translation adjustments, unamortized prior service costs and unrecognized actuarial gains and losses associated with employee benefit plans, and changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and effective as cash flow hedges.

Certain components of other comprehensive income (loss) are presented net of income tax. Foreign currency translation adjustments exclude the effect of income tax since earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries are deemed to be re-invested for an indefinite period of time.

Reclassification adjustments are amounts which are realized during the year and, accordingly, are deducted from other comprehensive income (loss) in the period in which they are included in net income (loss) or when a transaction no longer qualifies as a cash flow hedge. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in net income (loss) upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign entity. With respect to employee benefit plans, unamortized prior service costs are included in net income (loss) either immediately upon curtailment of the employee benefit plan or over the average remaining service period or life expectancy of the employees expected to receive benefits, and unrecognized actuarial gains and losses are included in net income (loss) indirectly as a result of lower/higher interest costs arising from a decrease/increase in the projected benefit obligation. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are included in net income (loss) when the projected sale occurs or, if a foreign currency purchase contract, over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of the Corporation’s foreign operations are translated at year-end exchange rates, and the consolidated statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rates for the year. Gains or losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements are accumulated as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until the entity is sold or substantially liquidated.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue recognition requires determination of the sales price and each performance obligation, allocation of the sales price to each performance obligation, and satisfaction of each performance obligation. The sales price and performance obligations are outlined in a contract with a customer. A contract is deemed to exist when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the rights and obligations of the parties are identified, the sales price is identifiable, payment terms are known, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of consideration is probable. A contract can be in the form of an executed purchase order from the customer, combined with an order acknowledgment from the Corporation, a sales agreement or a longer-term supply agreement between the customer and the Corporation, or a similar arrangement deemed to be a normal and customary business practice for that particular customer or class of customer.

Contracts are short-term in nature with the time between commencement of production to shipment being a few months. A contract could have a single performance obligation or multiple performance obligations for the manufacturing of product(s). For contracts with a single performance obligation, the obligation is satisfied upon transfer of control of the product to the customer. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Corporation accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. If the performance obligations are not distinct and the standalone selling price is not directly observable, the standalone selling price is estimated maximizing the use of observable inputs. The sales price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price of each performance obligation to the total consideration of the contract. The standalone selling price is determined utilizing observable prices to the extent available.

The sales price required to be paid by the customer is identifiable from the contract. It is not subject to refund or adjustment, except for a variable-index surcharge provision which is known at the time of shipment and increases or decreases, as applicable, the selling price of the product for corresponding changes in the published index of certain raw materials, energy and transportation costs. The variable-index surcharge is recognized as revenue when the corresponding inventory is revenue recognized.

Likelihood of collectability is assessed prior to acceptance of an order and requires the use of judgment. It considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay based on a variety of factors including the customer’s historical payment experience. In certain circumstances, the Corporation may require a deposit from the customer, a letter of credit or another form of assurance for payment. Customer deposits are accounted for as contract liabilities. Payment terms are standard to the industry and generally require payment 30 days after control transfers to the customer.

Transfer of control is assessed based on the terms of the contract. Transfer of control, and therefore revenue recognition, occurs when title, ownership and risk of loss pass to the customer. Typically, this occurs when the product is shipped to the customer (i.e., FOB shipping point), delivered to the customer (i.e., FOB destination) or, for foreign sales, in accordance with trading guidelines known as Incoterms. Incoterms are standard trade definitions used in international contracts and are developed, maintained and promoted by the ICC Commission on Commercial Law and Practice.

Certain customer contracts may include cancellation-for-convenience clauses that provide either (i) the customer with the right to acquire inventory while in-process or (ii) the Corporation with the right for reimbursement with an element of profit in the event the customer cancels. These cancellation-for-convenience clauses result in the recognition of revenue over time and prior to shipment. The amount of revenue and associated costs recognized at a reporting date is based on the costs incurred as of the reporting date in comparison to the estimated total costs to be incurred, which the Corporation believes is a faithful depiction of the transfer of control to the customer. The Corporation’s right to consideration conditioned on cancellation-for-convenience clauses is recorded at each reporting date as contract assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Shipping terms vary across the businesses and typically depend on the product, country of origin and type of transportation (truck or vessel). There are no customer-acceptance provisions other than, perhaps, customer inspection and testing prior to shipment. Post-shipment obligations are insignificant.

Amounts billed to the customer for shipping and handling are recorded within net sales and the related costs are recorded within costs of products sold (excluding depreciation and amortization). Amounts billed for taxes assessed by various government authorities (e.g., sales tax, value-added tax, etc.) are excluded from the determination of net income (loss) and, instead, are recorded as a liability until remitted to the government authority.

Trade receivables are reported on the consolidated balance sheet at the amount due, adjusted for any allowance for credit losses. The Corporation provides an allowance for credit losses to reduce trade receivables to their estimated net realizable value equal to the amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is estimated based on historical collection experience, current regional economic and market conditions, aging of accounts receivable, current creditworthiness of customers, and forward-looking information. The use of forward-looking information is based on certain macroeconomic and microeconomic indicators including, but not limited to, regional business environment risk, political risk, and commercial and financing risks. The Corporation reviews its allowance for credit losses to ensure its reserves for credit losses reflect regional and end-customer industry risk trends as well as current and future global operating conditions.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation, such as stock options, restricted stock units and performance share units, is recognized over the vesting period based on the fair value of the award at the date of grant. For stock options, the fair value is determined by the Black-Scholes option pricing model, including an estimate for forfeitures, and is expensed over the vesting period ofthree years. For restricted stock units, the fair value is equal to the closing price of the Corporation’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) on the date of grant and is expensed over the service period, typically three years. For performance share unit awards that vest subject to a performance condition, the fair value is equal to the closing price of the Corporation’s stock on the NYSE on the date of grant. For performance share unit awards that vest subject to a market condition, the fair value is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The fair value of performance share unit awards is expensed over the performance period when it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. Forfeitures resulting from failure to provide continuous service to the Corporation throughout the service period are recognized as they occur. Forfeitures resulting from failure to achieve the performance or market condition of an award are recognized when the performance or market condition is not met.

Asbestos-Related Costs

The amounts recorded for asbestos-related liabilities and asbestos-related insurance receivables rely on assumptions based on currently known facts and strategies. Asbestos-related liabilities are recognized when a liability is probable of occurrence and can be reasonably estimated. The liability includes an estimate of future claims and estimated settlement and defense costs to be incurred to resolve both pending and future unasserted claims over the period which such claims can be reasonably estimated. Asbestos-related insurance receivables are recognized for the estimated amount of probable insurance recoveries attributable to the claims for which an asbestos-related liability has been recognized, including the portion of defense costs expected to be reimbursed. Neither the asbestos-related liabilities nor the asbestos-related insurance receivables are discounted to their present values due to the inability to reliably forecast the timing of future cash flows. The asbestos-related liabilities, asbestos-related insurance receivables, sufficiency of the allowance for expected credit losses, and the underlying assumptions are reviewed on a regular basis to determine whether any adjustments to the estimates are required. If it is determined there is an increase in asbestos-related liabilities net of insurance recoveries, then a charge to net income (loss) would be recorded. Similarly, if it is determined there is a decrease in asbestos-related liabilities net of insurance recoveries, then a credit to net income (loss) would be recorded.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments which include forward exchange (for foreign currency purchases) and futures contracts are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as either an asset or a liability measured at their fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on the use of the derivative. To the extent that a derivative is designated and effective as a cash flow hedge of an exposure to future changes in value, the change in the fair value of the derivative is deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Any portion considered to be ineffective, including that arising from the unlikelihood of an anticipated transaction to occur, is reported as a component of earnings (other income/expense) immediately.

Upon occurrence of the anticipated purchase, the foreign currency purchase contract is settled, and the change in fair value deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss is reclassified to earnings (depreciation and amortization expense) over the life of the underlying asset. Upon settlement of a futures contract, the change in fair value deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss is reclassified to earnings (costs of products sold, excluding depreciation and amortization) when the corresponding inventory is sold and revenue is recognized. To the extent a derivative is designated and effective as a hedge of an exposure to changes in fair value, the change in the derivative’s fair value will be offset in the consolidated statement of operations by the change in the fair value of the item being hedged and is recorded as a component of earnings (other income/expense). Cash flows associated with the derivative instruments are recorded as a component of operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows.

The Corporation does not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes and, therefore, holds no derivative instruments for trading purposes.

Fair Value

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. A hierarchy of inputs is used to determine fair value measurements with three levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and are considered the most reliable evidence of fair value. Level 2 inputs are observable prices that are not quoted on active exchanges. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs used for measuring the fair value of assets or liabilities.

Legal Costs

Legal costs expected to be incurred in connection with loss contingencies are accrued when such costs are probable and estimable.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recognized during the year in which transactions enter into the determination of financial statement income (loss). Any taxes on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations are accounted for as period costs. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book carrying amount and the tax basis of assets and liabilities including net operating loss carryforwards. A valuation allowance is provided against a deferred income tax asset when it is “more likely than not” the asset will not be realized. Similarly, if a determination is made that it is “more likely than not” the deferred income tax asset will be realized, the related valuation allowance would be reduced and a benefit to earnings would be recorded. Penalties and interest are recognized as a component of the income tax provision.

Tax benefits are recognized in the consolidated financial statements for tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return when it is “more likely than not” the tax authorities will sustain the tax position solely on the basis of the position’s technical merits. Consideration is given primarily to legislation and statutes, legislative intent, regulations, rulings, and case law as well as their applicability to the facts and circumstances of the tax position when assessing the sustainability of the tax position. In the event a tax position no longer meets the “more likely than not” criteria, the tax benefit is reversed by recognizing a liability and recording a charge to earnings. Conversely, if a tax position subsequently meets the “more likely than not” criteria, a tax benefit would be recognized by reducing the liability and recording a credit to earnings.

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Unvested director shares considered outstanding for voting purposes are excluded from the calculation of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The computation of diluted earnings per common share is similar to basic earnings per common share except the denominator is increased to include the dilutive effect of the net additional common shares that would have been outstanding assuming exercise of outstanding stock awards and warrants, calculated using the treasury stock method. The computation of diluted earnings per share would not assume the exercise of an outstanding stock award or warrant if the effect on earnings per common share would be antidilutive. Similarly, the computation of diluted earnings per share would not assume the exercise of outstanding stock awards and warrants if the Corporation incurred a net loss since the effect on earnings per common share would be antidilutive. The weighted-average number of common shares outstanding assuming exercise of dilutive stock awards and warrants was 19,887,493 for 2024 and 19,617,497 for 2023. Weighted-average outstanding stock awards and warrants excluded from the diluted earnings per common share calculation, since the effect would have been antidilutive, were 5,358,408 for 2024 and 5,340,364 for 2023. With respect to amounts attributable to Ampco-Pittsburgh common shareholders, net income (loss) attributable to Ampco-Pittsburgh common shareholders excludes net income attributable to noncontrolling interest.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The guidance requires disclosure of significant reportable segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. The guidance also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the chief operating decision maker and an explanation of how the chief operating decision maker uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The guidance became effective and the Corporation adopted the guidance for the comparative periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (see Note 23).

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The guidance requires tabular disclosure of certain expenses included in costs of products sold and selling and administrative expenses, such as purchases of inventory and employee compensation, and qualitative description of certain other costs. The guidance becomes effective for the Corporation’s annual period beginning January 1, 2027 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact this new standard will have on its annual disclosures in its consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2027 and interim disclosures thereafter. It will not, however, impact the Corporation’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The guidance requires annual disclosure of specific categories of information within the effective tax rate reconciliation, and income taxes paid and income tax expense disaggregated by jurisdiction. The guidance becomes effective for the Corporation’s annual period beginning January 1, 2025. The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact this new standard will have on its consolidated financial statements disclosures. It will not, however, impact the Corporation’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

NOTE 2 – INVENTORIES:

Inventoriesas of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were comprised of the following:

NOTE 3 - CONTRACT ASSETS:

Changes in contract assets for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

NOTE 4 – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT:

Property, plant and equipmentas of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following:

Certain of the above property, plant and equipment are held as collateral including:

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The land and building of Union Electric Steel UK Limited (“UES-UK”), an indirect subsidiary of the Corporation, with a book value equal to approxima tely $2,660 (£2,122)at December 31, 2024, are held as collateral by the trustees of the UES-UK defined benefit pension plan (see Note 11).

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Machinery and equipment, with a book value equal to $24,239 at December 31, 2024, purchased with proceeds from the equipment finance facility (see Note 9) are held as collateral for the equipment financing facility.

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Certain land and land improvements and buildings and leasehold improvements are included in the sale-leaseback financing transactions and disbursement agreement (see Note 9). Title to these assets lies with the lender; however, since the transactions qualified as financing transactions, versus sales, the assets remain recorded on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheet.

•

The remaining assets, other than real property, are pledged as collateral for the Corporation’s revolving credit facility (see Note 9).

In 2023, Union Electric Steel (“UES”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Corporation, completed certain leasehold improvements at the Carnegie, Pennsylvania manufacturing facility with the $2,500 of proceeds from the disbursement agreement (see Note 9). The improvements are being amortized over the remaining lease term of 20 years.

In 2021, the Corporation began a$26,000 long-term strategic capital program to upgrade existing equipment at certain of its FCEP locations. The program was completed and the assets were placed in service during the first half of 2024. Interest capitalized for the strategic capital equipment program for 2024 and 2023 totaled $251 and $1,522, respectively.

The gross value of assets under finance leases and the related accumulated amortization approximated $2,964 and $1,498 as of December 31, 2024, respectively, and $4,223 and $1,959 as of December 31, 2023, respectively. Depreciation expense approximated $18,264 and $17,317, including depreciation of assets under finance leases of approximately $318 and $333, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 5 – OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS:

The manufacturing facilities of one of the Corporation’s cast roll joint ventures in China (see Note 7) are located on land leased by the joint venture from the other partner. The land lease commenced in 2007, the date the joint venture was formed, and continues through 2054, the expected end date of the joint venture, and includes variable lease payment provisions based on the land standard price prevailing in Taiyuan, China, where the joint venture is located. In addition, the Corporation leases certain buildings, including factory and office space, with rent subject to an annual escalation as defined in each of the lease agreements.

The net book value of the right-of-use assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following:

NOTE 6 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS:

Intangible assetsas of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were comprised of the following:

The trade name is an indefinite-lived asset and, accordingly, is not subject to amortization. The fluctuation between the years is due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The following summarizes changes in intangible assets for the years ended December 31:

Identifiable intangible assets are expected to be amortized over a weighted-average period of approximately 10 years or $284 for 2025, $192 for 2026, $188 for 2027, $188 for 2028, $188 for 2029, and $1,161 thereafter.

NOTE 7 – INVESTMENTS IN JOINT VENTURES:

The Corporation has interests in three joint ventures:

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Shanxi Åkers TISCO Roll Co., Ltd. (“ATR”) – a cast roll joint venture in China for which the Corporation accounts using the consolidated method of accounting. ATR principally manufactures and sells cast rolls for hot strip mills, steckel mills and medium plate mills.

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Anhui Baochang Roll Co., Ltd. (“Anhui”) – a forged roll joint venture in China for which the Corporation accounts using the cost method of accounting. Anhui principally manufactures and sells large forged backup rolls for hot and cold strip mills.

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Jiangsu Gong-Chang Roll Co., Ltd. (“Gongchang”) – a cast roll joint venture in China for which the Corporation accounts using the cost method of accounting. Gongchang principally manufactures and sells cast rolls for hot strip mills, medium/heavy section mills and plate mills.

ATR

In 2007, Åkers AB, a subsidiary of UES, entered into an agreement with Taiyuan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. (“TISCO”) to form ATR, with Åkers AB owning 59.88% and TISCO owning 40.12%. Since Åkers AB is the majority shareholder, has voting rights proportional to its ownership interest and exercises control over TISCO, Åkers AB is considered the primary beneficiary and, accordingly, accounts for its investment in ATR using the consolidated method of accounting. The net assets and net income attributable to TISCO are reflected as noncontrolling interest in the consolidated financial statements.

Anhui

The Corporation has a 33% interest in Anhui, which is recorded at cost, or $835. The Corporation does not participate in the management or daily operation of Anhui, has not guaranteed any of its obligations and has no ongoing responsibilities to it. Dividends may be declared by the Board of Directors of the joint venture after allocation of after-tax profits to various “funds” equal to the minimum amount required under Chinese law. No dividends were declared or received in 2024 or 2023.

Gongchang

The Corporation has a 24.03% interest in Gongchang, which is recorded at cost, or $1,340. The Corporation does not participate in the management or daily operation of Gongchang, has not guaranteed any of its obligations and has no ongoing responsibilities to it. Dividends may be declared by the Board of Directors of the joint venture after allocation of after-tax profits to various “funds” equal to the minimum amount required under Chinese law. Dividends of $62 and $92 were declared and received in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 8 – CUSTOMER-RELATED LIABILITIES:

Customer-related liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 primarily include liabilities for product warranty claims and deposits received on future orders. The Corporation provides a limited warranty on its products, known as an assurance-type warranty, and may issue credit notes or replace products free of charge for valid claims. A warranty is considered an assurance-type warranty if it provides the customer with assurance that the product will function as intended. Historically, warranty claims have been insignificant. The Corporation records a provision for estimated product warranties at the time the underlying sale is recorded. The provision is based on historical experience as a percentage of sales adjusted for probable and known claims.

Changes in the liability for product warranty claims for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

Customer deposits represent amounts collected from, or invoiced to, a customer in advance of revenue recognition. The liability for customer deposits is reversed when the Corporation satisfies its performance obligations and control of the inventory transfers to the customer, typically when title transfers. The majority of performance obligations related to customer deposits are expected to be satisfied in less thanone year. Performance obligations related to customer deposits expected to be satisfied beyondone year have been classified as a noncurrent liability on the consolidated balance sheet.

Changes in customer deposits for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

NOTE 9 – DEBT:

Debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following:

The current portion of debt includes primarily the Industrial Revenue Bonds (“IRBs”). Although the IRBs begin to become due in late 2027, the bonds can be put back to the Corporation on short notice if they are not able to be remarketed; accordingly, the IRBs are classified as a current liability, although the Corporation considers the likelihood of the bonds being put back to the Corporation to be remote. Future principal payments, assuming the IRBs are called in 2025, are$12,186 for 2025,$59,277 for 2026,$3,564 for 2027,$3,725 for 2028,$3,993 for 2029, and$45,835 thereafter.

Revolving Credit Facility

The Corporation is a party to a revolving credit security agreement with a syndicate of banks that was amended on June 29, 2021 (the “First Amended and Restated Security Agreement”), and subsequently amended on December 17, 2021 and May 26, 2022. The First Amended and Restated Security Agreement provides for a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility of $100,000, that can be increased to $130,000 at the option of the Corporation and with the approval of the lenders, and an allowance of $20,000 for new equipment financing (see Equipment Financing Facility below) but, otherwise, restricts the Corporation from incurring additional indebtedness outside of the agreement, unless approved by the banks. The revolving credit facility includes sub-limits for letters of credit not to exceed $40,000 and European borrowings not to exceed $30,000, of which up to $7,500 may be allocated for Swedish borrowings. The maturity date for the revolving credit facility is June 29, 2026 and, subject to other terms and conditions of the agreement, would become due on that date.

Availability under the revolving credit facility is based on eligible accounts receivable, inventory and fixed assets. Effective July 1, 2023, the Corporation migrated London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)-based loans to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”)-based loans, in accordance with the provisions specified in the revolving credit facility, coinciding with the discontinuation of LIBOR. European borrowings denominated in euros, pound sterling or krona bear interest at the Successor Rate as defined in the First Amended and Restated Security Agreement, as amended. Domestic borrowings from the revolving credit facility bear interest, at the Corporation’s option, at either (i)SOFR, as adjusted, plus an applicable margin ranging between 2.00% to 2.50% based on the quarterly average excess availability or (ii)the alternate base rate plus an applicable margin ranging between 1.00% to 1.50%based on the quarterly average excess availability. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there wereno European or Swedish borrowings outstanding. Additionally, the Corporation is required to pay a commitment fee of 0.25% based on the daily unused portion of the revolving credit facility.

The effective interest rate approximated 8.08% and 7.82% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Corporation also utilizes a portion of the revolving credit facility for letters of credit (see Note 12). As of December 31, 2024, the remaining availability under the revolving credit facility approximated$20,562, net of standard availability reserves. Deferred financing fees of $485 were incurred in 2021 related to the First Amended and Restated Security Agreement and are being amortized over the remaining term of the agreement.

Borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility are collateralized by a first priority perfected security interest in substantially all assets of the Corporation and its subsidiaries (other than real property). Additionally, the revolving credit facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants and limitations including, but not limited to, investments in certain of its subsidiaries, payment of dividends, incurrence of additional indebtedness and guaranties, and acquisitions and divestitures. In addition, the Corporation must maintain a certain level of excess availability or otherwise maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.05 to 1.00. The Corporation was in compliance with the applicable bank covenants as of December 31, 2024.

Sale-Leaseback Financing Obligations

In September 2018, UES completed a sale-leaseback financing transaction with Store Capital Acquisitions, LLC (“STORE”) for certain of its real property, including its manufacturing facilities in Valparaiso, Indiana and Burgettstown, Pennsylvania, and its manufacturing facility and corporate headquarters located in Carnegie, Pennsylvania (the “UES Properties”).

In August 2022, Air & Liquid Systems Corporation (“Air & Liquid”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Corporation, completed a sale-leaseback financing transaction with STORE for certain of its real property, including its manufacturing facilities in Lynchburg, Virginia and Amherst, Virginia. In October 2022, Air & Liquid completed a sale-leaseback financing transaction with STORE for its real property, including its manufacturing facility in North Tonawanda, New York (collectively with the Virginia properties, the “ALP Properties”).

In connection with the August 2022 sale-leaseback financing transaction, and as modified by the October 2022 sale-leaseback financing transaction, UES and STORE entered into a Second Amended and Restated Master Lease Agreement (the “Restated Lease”), which amended and restated the existing lease agreement between UES and STORE.

Pursuant to the Restated Lease, UES will lease the ALP Properties and the UES Properties (collectively, the “Properties”), subject to the terms and conditions of the Restated Lease, and UES will sublease the ALP Properties to Air & Liquid on the same terms as the Restated Lease. The Restated Lease provides for an initial term of 20 years; however, UES may extend the lease for the Properties for four successive periods offive years each. If fully extended, the Restated Lease would expire in August 2062. UES also has the option to repurchase the Properties, which it may, and intends to, exercise in 2032, for a price equal to the greater of (i) the Fair Market Value of the Properties, or (ii)115% of Lessor’s Total Investment, with such terms defined in the Restated Lease.

In August 2022, in connection with the Restated Lease, UES and STORE entered into a Disbursement Agreement pursuant to which STORE agreed to provide up to $2,500 to UES towards certain improvements in the Carnegie, Pennsylvania manufacturing facility. In June 2023, UES received $2,500 of proceeds from the Disbursement Agreement. The annual payments for the Properties (the“Base Annual Rent”) have been adjusted to repay the $2,500 over the balance of the initial term of the Restated Lease of 20 years. Advances under the Disbursement Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in the leasehold improvements.

At December 31, 2024, the Base Annual Rent, including amounts due under the Disbursement Agreement, equaled $3,719, payable in equal monthly installments. Each October through 2052, the Base Annual Rent will increase by an amount equal to the lesser of 2.04% or 1.25 times the change in the consumer price index, as defined in the Restated Lease. In October 2024, the Base Annual Rate increase was 2.04%. The Base Annual Rent during the remaining ten years of the Restated Lease will be equal to the Fair Market Rent, as defined in the Restated Lease.

The Restated Lease and the Disbursement Agreement contain certain representations, warranties, covenants, obligations, conditions, indemnification provisions and termination provisions customary for those types of agreements. The Corporation was in compliance with the applicable covenants as of December 31, 2024.

The effective interest rates appro ximated 8.24% and 8.39% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. Deferred financing feesof $144 were incurred in 2022 related to the sale-leaseback of the ALP Properties and are being amortized over the initial term of the Restated Lease of 20 years.

Equipment Financing Facility

In September 2022, UES and Clarus Capital Funding I, LLC (“Clarus”) entered into a Master Loan and Security Agreement, pursuant to which UES can borrow up to $20,000 to finance certain equipment purchases associated with a capital program at certain of the Corporation’s FCEP locations. Each borrowing constitutes a secured loan transaction (each, a “Term Loan”). As amended, each Term Loan converts to a Term Note on the earlier of (i) the date in which the associated equipment is placed in service or (ii) April 30, 2024. Each Term Note has a term of 84 months in arrears fully amortizing, commencing on the date of the Term Note. All Term Loans have converted to Term Notes and approximately $16,782 of Term Notes is outstanding as of December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, $16,719 was outstanding under the equipment financing facility comprised of $15,819 in Term Loans and $900 in Term Notes.

Through June 30, 2023, interest on each Term Loan accrued at an annual fixed rate of 8%, payable monthly. Effective July 1, 2023, UES and Clarus amended the Master Loan and Security Agreement increasing the interest rate on each Term Loan from an annual fixed rate of 8% to an annual fixed rate of 10.25%. In December 2023, UES and Clarus further amended the Master Loan and Security Agreement to add a SOFR‘floor’ to the Term Note interest rate calculation. Once converted from a Term Loan to a Term Note, interest accrues on the Term Note at a fixed rate to be calculated by Clarus as the like-term SOFR-swap rate, as reported in ICE Benchmark or such other information service available to Clarus, for the week ending immediately prior to the commencement date for such Term Note, subject to a floor of 3.59%, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.31% and a margin of 4.50%. Interest on each Term Note accrues at an annual fixed rate ranging between 8.40% and 9.22%.

The effective interest rates approximated 8.75% and 8.69% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, monthly payments of principal and interest approximate $293, which continue through mid-2031.

The Term Notes are secured by a first priority security interest in and to all of UES’s rights, title and interests in the underlying equipment.

Industrial Revenue Bonds

At December 31, 2024, the Corporation had the following IRBs outstanding: (i) $7,116 taxable IRB maturing in 2027, interest at a floating rate which averaged 5.37% and 5.28% for 2024 and 2023, respectively; and (ii) $2,075 tax-exempt IRB maturing in 2029, interest at a floating rate which averaged 3.68% and 3.71% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The IRBs are secured by letters of credit of equivalent amounts and are remarketed periodically at which time the interest rates are reset. If the IRBs are not able to be remarketed, although considered a remote possibility by the Corporation, the bondholders can seek reimbursement immediately from the letters of credit; accordingly, the IRBs are recorded as current debt on the consolidated balance sheets.

Finance Leases

The Corporation leases equipment under various noncancelable lease agreements, which end between 2025 and 2028. Effective interest rates ranged between approximately 6% and 9% for 2024 and between approximately 5% and 6% for 2023. The weighted-average remaining lease term approximated 3 years at December 31, 2024 and 4 years at December 31, 2023. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities totaled $467 and $558 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which $87 and $90 were classified as operating cash flows and $380 and $468 were classified as financing cash flows in the consolidated statements of cash flows for each of the respective years.

Minority Shareholder Loan

ATR periodically has loans outstanding with its minority shareholder (see Note 22). Amounts repaid approximated $664 (RMB 4,713) in 2024. Amounts borrowed and repaid approximated $1,768 (RMB 12,317) and $1,096 (RMB 7,604), respectively, in 2023. No loans were outstanding at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023,$665 (RMB 4,713) was outstanding, which was repaid in January 2024.

Interest on the borrowings equals thethree-to-five-year loan interest rate set by the People’s Bank of China in effect at the time of the borrowing, which approximated 4.35% for each of 2024 and 2023. Interest paid in 2024 approximated $2 (RMB 17). Interest paid in 2023 approximated $6 (RMB 42). No interest was outstanding as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

NOTE 10 – OPERATING LEASE LIABILITIES:

The current and noncurrent portions of the Corporation’s operating lease arrangements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Future operating lease payments as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term approximated 6.18 years and 6.83 years, respectively, and the weighted-average discount rate approximated 5.84% and 5.43%, respectively.

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities totaled $1,105 and $925 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was classified as operating cash flows in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Short-term lease costs for leases with an original maturity ofless than one year were $564 and $565 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 11 – PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS:

U.S. Pension Benefits

The Corporation hasa qualified domestic defined benefit pension plan that covers substantially all of the Corporation’s U.S. employees. For all locations except one, benefit accruals and participation in the plan have been curtailed and replaced with a defined contribution pension plan. The defined benefit pension plan is covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”); accordingly, the Corporation’s policy is to fund at least the minimum actuarially determined annual contribution required under ERISA. Minimum contributions for 2024 and 2023 approximated $5,438 and $339, respectively. Minimum contributions for 2025 are expected to approximate $3,000. The fair value of the plan assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 approximated$158,704 and$163,929, respectively, in comparison to accumulated benefit obligations of $168,139 and $185,839, respectively, for the same periods. Employer contributions to the defined contribution plan totaled $3,200 and $2,695 for 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are expected to approximate $3,200 in 2025.

The Corporation also maintained nonqualified defined benefit pension plans for selected executive officers in addition to the benefits provided under the Corporation’s qualified defined benefit pension plan. Benefit accruals and participation in the plans have been curtailed. The objectives of the nonqualified plans were to provide supplemental retirement benefits or restore benefits lost due to limitations set by the Internal Revenue Service. The assets of the nonqualified plans are held in a grantor tax trust known as a “Rabbi” trust and are subject to claims of the Corporation’s creditors, but otherwise must be used only for purposes of providing benefits under the plans. The fair market value of the trust at December 31, 2024 and 2023, which is included in other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheets, was$3,026 and$3,245, respectively (see Note 16). The plans are treated as non-funded pension plans for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, benefit payments would represent employer contributions. Accumulated benefit obligations approximated $8,022 and $8,526 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Employees at one location participate in a multi-employer plan, I.A.M. National Pension Fund (employer identification number 51-6031295, plan number 002), in lieu of the Corporation’s defined benefit pension plan. A multi-employer plan generally receives contributions from two or more unrelated employers pursuant to one or more collective bargaining agreements. The assets contributed by one employer may be used to fund the benefits provided to employees of other employers in the plan because the plan assets, once contributed, are not restricted to individual employers. The latest report of summary plan information (for the 2023 plan year) provided by I.A.M. National Pension Fund indicates:

•

Approximately 977 employers were obligated to contribute to the plan;

•

Approximately 100,000 active employees participate in the plan; and

•

Assets ofapproximately $14.7 billion and a funded status ofapproximately 86.5%.

Less than 100 of the Corporation’s employees participate in the plan and contributions are based on a rate per hour. The Corporation’s contributions to the plan were less than $300 for 2024 and 2023 and represent less than five percent of total contributions to the plan by all contributing employers. Contributions are expected to be less than $300 in 2025.

Foreign Pension Benefits

Employees of UES-UK participated in a defined benefit pension plan that was curtailed effective December 31, 2004, and replaced with a defined contribution pension plan. The plans are non-U.S. plans and, therefore, are not covered by ERISA. Employer contributions to the defined benefit pension plan, when necessary, are agreed to by the Trustees and UES-UK, based on U.K. regulations, with the objective of maintaining the self-sufficiency of the plan. Accordingly, estimated contributions are subject to change based on the future investment performance of the plan’s assets. Currently, the plan is fully funded. No contributions were required in 2024 or 2023 andnone are expected in 2025. The fair value of the plan’s assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 approximated $36,101 (£28,800) and $42,338 (£33,257), respectively, in comparison to accumulated benefit obligations of $32,449 (£25,887) and $37,386 (£29,368) for the same periods. Contributions to the defined contribution pension plan approximated $267 and $235 in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are expected to approximate $300 in 2025.

The Corporation hastwo additional foreign defined benefit pension plans, which are not funded. Accordingly, benefit payments would represent employer contributions. Projected and accumulated benefit obligations approximated $5,169 and $5,061 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other Postretirement Benefits

The Corporation provides a monthly reimbursement of postretirement health care benefits for up to a 6-year period principally to the bargaining groups oftwo subsidiaries. The plans cover participants and their spouses who retire under an existing pension plan on other than a deferred vested basis and at the time of retirement also have rendered 10 or more years of continuous service irrespective of age. Retiree life insurance is provided to those who meet applicable eligibility requirements. The Corporation’s postretirement health care and life insurance plans are not funded or subject to any minimum regulatory funding requirements. Instead, benefit payments are made from the general assets of the Corporation at the time they are due.

Significant Activity

Actuarial (gains) losses in projected benefit obligations for each of the years were comprised of the following components:

Changes in actuarial assumptions principally include the effect of changes in discount rates which are used to estimate plan liabilities. A 25 basis point decrease in the discount rate would increase projected and accumulated benefit obligations by approximately$5,000. Conversely, a 25 basis point increase in the discount rate would decrease projected and accumulated benefit obligations by approximately$5,000. Discount rates increased by approximately 55 basis points at December 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 whereas discount rates decreased by approximately 32 basis points at December 31, 2023 from December 31, 2022.

During 2024, the U.S. pension benefit plan was amended to add a lump-sum window for certain eligible deferred vested participants or their beneficiaries to receive a single sum payment or commence an immediate annuity in December 2024. As a result of this lump- sum window, total lump sum paid from plan assets was $3,880 and the plan’s benefit obligation decreased by $4,857 as measured prior to changes in assumptions at December 31, 2024 resulting in an actuarial gain of $977.

Reconciliations

The following tables provide a reconciliation of projected benefit obligations (“PBO”), plan assets and the funded status of the plans for the Corporation’s defined benefit plans calculated using a measurement date as of the end of the respective years.

(a)

Includes the nonqualified defined benefit pension plan.

(b)

Includes the over-funded U.K. defined benefit pension plan and two smaller unfunded defined benefit pension plans.

The following tables provide a summary of amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(a)

Represents the over-funded U.K. defined benefit pension plan which is recorded as a noncurrent asset in the consolidated balance sheets.

(b)

Recorded as a current liability in the consolidated balance sheets.

(c)

Recorded as a noncurrent liability in the consolidated balance sheets.

(d)

Amounts are pre-tax.

As of December 31, 2024, estimated benefit payments for subsequent years are as follows:

Investment Policies and Strategies

The investment policies and strategies are determined by the Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation Retirement Committee (the “Retirement Committee”) and monitored by the Finance and Investment Committee of the Board of Directors of the Corporation for the U.S. pension plan and by the Trustees (as appointed by UES-UK and the employees of UES-UK) for the UES-UK pension plan, each of whom employ their own investment managers to manage the plan’s assets in accordance with the policy guidelines. The U.S. defined benefit pension plan follows a glide-path strategy whereby target asset allocations are rebalanced based on projected payment obligations and the funded status of the plan. The U.K. defined benefit pension plan employs a liability-matching portfolio whereby a higher percentage of plan assets is invested in fixed-income securities. Pension assets of the UES-UK plan are invested with the objective of the plan maintaining self-sufficiency.

Attempts to minimize risk include allowing temporary changes to the allocation mix in response to market conditions, diversifying investments among asset categories (e.g., equity securities, fixed-income securities, alternative investments, cash and cash equivalents) and within these asset categories (e.g., economic sector, industry, geographic distribution, size) and consulting with independent financial and legal counsels to assure the investments and their expected returns and risks are consistent with the goals of the Retirement and Finance and Investment Committees for the U.S. pension plan or Trustees for the UES-UK pension plan.

Investments in equity securities are primarily in common stocks of publicly traded U.S. and international companies across a broad spectrum of industry sectors. Investments in fixed-income securities are principally A-rated or better bonds with maturities of less thanten years, preferred stocks and convertible bonds. Investments in equity and fixed-income securities are either direct or through designated mutual funds. The Corporation believes there are no significant concentrations of risk associated with the plans’ assets. With respect to the U.S. pension plan, the following investments are prohibited unless otherwise approved by the Board of Directors: stock of the Corporation, futures and options except for hedging purposes, unregistered or restricted stock, warrants, margin trading, short-selling, real estate excluding public or real estate partnerships, and commodities including art, jewelry and gold. The UES-UK pension plan invests in specific funds. Any investments other than those specifically identified would be considered prohibited.

The following table summarizes target asset allocations for 2024 (within +/-5% considered acceptable) and major asset categories. Certain investments are classified differently for target asset allocation purposes and external reporting purposes. The Corporation intends to continue to liquidate the alternative investments of the U.S. pension plan to provide additional flexibility with investment allocation.

Fair Value Measurement of Plan Assets

Equity securities, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), mutual funds and treasury bonds are actively traded on exchanges or broker networks and price quotes for these investments are readily available. While not quoted on active exchanges, price quotes for corporate bonds are readily available. Similarly, certain commingled funds are not traded publicly, but the underlying assets (such as stocks and bonds) held in the funds are traded on active markets and the prices for the underlying assets are readily observable. For securities not actively traded, the fair value may be based on third-party appraisals, discounted cash flow analysis, benchmark yields, and inputs that are currently observable in markets for similar securities.

Investment Strategies

The significant investment strategies of the various funds are summarized below.

Categories of Plan Assets

Asset categories based on the nature and risks of the U.S. pension benefit plan’s assets as of December 31, 2024 are summarized below.

(a)

Substantially all investments are in real assets, commodities and resources, and absolute return funds.

(b)

Includes investments in temporary funds.

Asset categories based on the nature and risks of the U.S. pension benefit plan’s assets as of December 31, 2023 are summarized below.

(a)

Substantially all investments are in real assets, commodities and resources, and absolute return funds.

(b)

Includes investments in temporary funds.

Asset categories based on the nature and risks of the foreign pension benefit plan’s assets as of December 31, 2024 are summarized below.

Asset categories based on the nature and risks of the foreign pension benefit plan’s assets as of December 31, 2023 are summarized below.

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the Level 3 plan assets for the U.S. and foreign pension benefit plans for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Net Periodic Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Costs

The actual return on the fair value of the plan assets is included in determining the funded status of the plans. In determining net periodic pension benefit costs, the expected long-term rate of return on the market-related value of the plan assets is used. Differences between the actual return on the fair value of the plan assets and the expected long-term rate of return on the market-related value of the plan assets are classified as part of unrecognized actuarial gains or losses and are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheet. When these gains or losses exceed 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets, they are amortized to net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs over the average remaining service period or life expectancy of the employees expected to receive benefits under the plans. When the gains or losses are less than 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets, they are included in net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs indirectly as a result of lower/higher interest costs arising from a decrease/increase in the projected benefit obligation.

Net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs include the following components for each of the years.

Assumptions

Assumptions are reviewed on an annual basis. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is an estimate of average rates of earnings expected to be earned on funds invested, or to be invested, to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. Since these benefits will be paid over many years, the expected long-term rate of return is reflective of current investment returns and investment returns over a longer period. Consideration is also given to target and actual asset allocations, inflation and real risk-free return. A percentage point decrease in the expected long-term rate of return would increase annual pension expense by approximately$2,300. Conversely, a percentage point increase in the expected long-term rate of return would decrease annual pension expense by approximately$2,300. The discount rates used in determining future pension obligations and other postretirement benefits foreach of the plans are based on rates of return on high-quality fixed-income investments currently available, and expected to be available, during the period to maturity of the pension and other postretirement benefits. High-quality fixed-income investments are defined as those investments which have received one of the two highest ratings given by a recognized rating agency with maturities of 10+ years. Assumptions about wage increases are not relevant since substantially all the benefits available under the defined benefit pension plans are either frozen or based on a multiplier, versus wages.

The discount rates used to determine the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized below.

In addition, the assumed health care cost trend rate at December 31, 2024 for other postretirement benefits is 7.30% for 2024 gradually decreasing to 4.75% in 2030. In selecting rates for current and long-term health care assumptions, the Corporation considers known health care cost increases, the design of the benefit programs, the demographics of its active and retiree populations, and expectations of inflation rates in the future.

The following assumptions were used to determine net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

NOTE 12 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES:

Outstanding standby and commercial letters of credit and bank guarantees as of December 31, 2024 approximated $15,800, of which approximately half serves as collateral for the IRB debt. Outstanding surety bonds as of December 31, 2024 approximated $3,100 (SEK 33,900), which guarantee certain obligations under a credit insurance arrangement for certain of the Corporation’s foreign pension commitments.

At December 31, 2024, commitments for future capital expenditures approximated$4,400.

Approximately 31% of the Corporation’s employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements or agreements with works councils that have expiration dates ranging from March 2025 to September 2026. Collective bargaining agreements and agreements with works councils expiring in 2025 (representing approximately 80% of the covered employees) will be negotiated with the intent to secure mutually beneficial arrangements.

See Note 15 regarding derivative instruments, Note 19 regarding litigation and Note 21 for environmental matters.

NOTE 13 – EQUITY RIGHTS OFFERING:

In September 2020, the Corporation completed an equity rights offering, issuing 5,507,889 shares of its common stock and 12,339,256 Series A warrants to existing shareholders. The shares of common stock and warrants are classified as equity instruments in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. Additional proceeds may be received from the future exercise of the Series A warrants. Each Series A warrant provides the holder with the right to purchase 0.4464 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.5668, or $5.75 per whole share of common stock, and expires on August 1, 2025.

The Corporation receivedno proceeds from shareholders from the exercise of warrants in 2024 or 2023.

The following summarizes outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and activity for the years then ended.

NOTE 14 – ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:

Net changes and ending balances for the various components of accumulated other comprehensive loss as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized below. All amounts are net of tax where applicable.

The following summarizes the line items affected on the consolidated statements of operations for components reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Amounts in parentheses represent credits to net income (loss).

The income tax effect associated with the various components of other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is summarized below. Amounts in parentheses represent credits to net income (loss) when reclassified to earnings. Certain amounts haveno tax effect due to the Corporation having a valuation allowance recorded against the deferred income tax assets for the jurisdiction where the income or expense is recognized. Foreign currency translation adjustments exclude the effect of income taxes since earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries are deemed to be re-invested for an indefinite period of time.

NOTE 15 – DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS:

Certain divisions of the ALP segment are subject to risk from increases in the price of commodities (copper and aluminum) used in the production of inventory. To minimize this risk, futures contracts are entered into which are designated as cash flow hedges. At December 31, 2024, approximately 49% or $3,301 of anticipated copper purchases over the next nine months and 40% or $373 of anticipated aluminum purchases over the next five months are hedged. At December 31, 2023, approximately 52% or $2,746 of anticipated copper purchases over the next eight months and 56% or $558 of anticipated aluminum purchases over the nextsix months were hedged.

The Corporation periodically enters into purchase commitments to cover a portion of its anticipated natural gas and electricity usage. The commitments qualify as normal purchases and, accordingly, are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2024, the Corporation has purchase commitments covering approximately 26% or $1,096 of anticipated natural gas usage through December 31, 2025 forone of its subsidiaries and approximately 25% or $766 of anticipated electricity usage through December 2025 fortwo of its subsidiaries. At December 31, 2023, the Corporation had purchase commitments covering approximately 8% or $2,622 of anticipated natural gas usage through December 31, 2025 fortwo of its subsidiaries and approximately 15% or $1,306 of anticipated electricity usage through December 31, 2025 fortwo of its subsidiaries. Purchases of natural gas and electricity under previously existing commitments approximated $3,267 and $2,920 for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Corporation previously entered into foreign currency purchase contracts to manage the volatility associated with euro-denominated progress payments to be made for certain machinery and equipment. Upon occurrence of an anticipated purchase and placement of the underlying fixed asset in service, the foreign currency purchase contract was settled and the change in fair value of the foreign currency purchase contract was deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss and is being reclassified to earnings (depreciation and amortization expense) over the life of the underlying asset (approximately 15 years, through 2026).

No portion of the existing cash flow hedges is considered to be ineffective, including any ineffectiveness arising from the unlikelihood of an anticipated transaction to occur. Additionally, no amounts have been excluded from assessing the effectiveness of a hedge. The Corporation does not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes and, therefore, holdsno derivative instruments for trading purposes.

The change in the fair value of the cash flow contracts is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Amounts recognized as and reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss are recorded as a component of other comprehensive loss and are summarized below. Amounts are after-tax, where applicable. Certain amounts recognized as or reclassified from comprehensive loss for 2024 and 2023 have no tax effect due to the Corporation having a valuation allowance recorded against the deferred income tax assets for the jurisdiction where the income or expense is recognized.

The change in fair value reclassified or expected to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings is summarized below. All amounts are pre-tax.

Losses on foreign exchange transactions included in other expense approximated $483 and $692 for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 16 – FAIR VALUE:

The following summarizes financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31:

The investments held as other noncurrent assets represent assets held in the “Rabbi” trust for the purpose of providing benefits under the non-qualified defined benefit pension plan. The fair value of the investments is based on quoted prices of the investments in active markets. The fair value of futures contracts is based on market quotations. The fair values of the variable-rate IRB debt and borrowings under the revolving credit facility and other debt facilities approximate their carrying values. Additionally, the fair values of trade receivables and trade payables approximate their carrying values.

NOTE 17 – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION:

The Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended (the “Incentive Plan”), authorizes the issuance of up to 3,700,000 shares of the Corporation’s common stock for awards under the Incentive Plan. Awards under the Incentive Plan may include incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares and restricted stock units, performance awards, other stock-based awards, or short-term cash incentive awards. If any award is canceled, terminates, expires, or lapses for any reason prior to the issuance of the shares, or if the shares are issued under the Incentive Plan and thereafter are forfeited to the Corporation, the shares subject to such awards and the forfeited shares will not count against the aggregate number of shares available under the Incentive Plan. Shares tendered or withheld to pay the option exercise price or tax withholding will continue to count against the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for grant under the Incentive Plan. Any shares repurchased by the Corporation with cash proceeds from the exercise of options will not be added back to the pool of shares available for grant under the Incentive Plan.

The Incentive Plan may be administered by the Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee has the authority to determine, within the limits of the express provisions of the Incentive Plan, the individuals to whom the awards will be granted and the nature, amount and terms of such awards.

The Compensation Committee has granted stock options, time-vesting restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-vesting restricted stock units (“PSUs”) to select individuals. All stock options expired by December 31, 2024. Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of common stock of the Corporation at a future date after the RSU has become earned and vested, subject to the terms and conditions of the RSU award agreement. The RSUs typically vest over athree-year period. The PSUs can be earned depending upon the achievement of a performance or market condition and a time-vesting condition as follows:(i) achievement of a targeted return on invested capital over a three-year performance period; (ii) achievement of a three-year cumulative relative total shareholder return as ranked against other companies included in the Corporation’s peer group; (iii) achievement of a targeted share price for Corporation’s common stock for a prescribed period during the four-year period commencing on the date of grant; and (iv) remaining continuously employed with the Corporation through either the end of the third year following the date of grant or, for the share-price performance awards, the end of the fourth year following the date of grant. Earlier vesting of the stock units is permitted under certain conditions, such as upon a change of control of the Corporation, or as approved by the Board of Directors.

The grant date fair value for the RSUs equals the closing price of the Corporation’s common stock on the NYSE on the date of grant. The grant date fair value for PSUs subject to a market condition is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The grant date fair value for PSUs subject to a performance condition is equal to the closing price of the Corporation’s stock on the NYSE on the date of grant. The determination of the fair value of these awards takes into consideration the likelihood of achievement of the market or performance condition and, in certain circumstances, is adjusted for subsequent changes in the estimated or actual outcome of the condition. Unrecognized compensation expense associated with the RSUs and PSUs equaled $1,424 at December 31, 2024, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2 years.

Outstanding RSUs and PSUs, which would represent non-vested awards, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and activity for the years then ended, are summarized below. Forfeitures resulting from failure to provide continuous service to the Corporation throughout the service period are recognized as they occur. Forfeitures resulting from failure to achieve the performance or market condition of an award are recognized when the performance or market condition is not met.

Outstanding stock options, all of which are fully vested, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and activity for the years then ended, are as follows:

The Incentive Plan also provides for restricted stock awards during any one year to non-employee members of the Board of Directors, based on the grant date fair value, not to exceed $200. The limit does not apply to shares received by a non-employee director at his or her election in lieu of all or a portion of the director’s retainer for board service. The restricted stock awards vest on the one-year anniversary of the grant date. Outstanding restricted stock awards granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and activity for the years then ended, are as follows:

Stock-based compensation expense for all awards, including expense associated with the equity-based awards granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors, approximated $1,478 and $2,146 for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The income tax benefit recognized in the consolidated statements of operations was not significant due to the Corporation having a valuation allowance recorded against its deferred income tax assets for the jurisdiction where the expense was recognized.

NOTE 18 – RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS:

Expenditures relating to the development of new products, identification of products or process alternatives and modifications and improvements to existing products and processes are expensed as incurred. These expenses approximated $441 for 2024 and $662 for 2023.

NOTE 19 – LITIGATION:

The Corporation and its subsidiaries are involved in various claims and lawsuits incidental to their businesses from time to time and are also subject to asbestos litigation as described below.

Asbestos Litigation

Claims have been asserted alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos-containing components historically used in some products manufactured by predecessors of Air & Liquid (the “Asbestos Liability”). Air & Liquid and, in some cases, the Corporation, are defendants (among a number of defendants, often in excess of 50 defendants) in cases filed in various state and federal courts.

Asbestos Claims

The following table reflects approximate information about the claims for the Asbestos Liability against Air & Liquid and the Corporation for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (number of claims not in thousands). The majority of the settlement and defense costs were reported and paid by insurance carriers. Because claims are often filed and can be settled or dismissed in large groups, the amount and timing of settlements, as well as the number of open claims, can fluctuate significantly from period to period.

(1)

Included as “open claims” are approximately 1,638 and 1,641 claims in 2024 and 2023, respectively, classified in various jurisdictions as “inactive” or transferred to a state or federal judicial panel on multi-district litigation.

(2)

Administrative closures include (i) mesothelioma claims filed five or more years ago; (ii) non-mesothelioma claims filedsix or more years ago; (iii) claims previously classified in various jurisdictions as “inactive;” and (iv) claims transferred to a state or federal judicial panel on multi-district litigation.

(3)

Claims resolved do not include claims that were administratively closed.

Asbestos Insurance

The Corporation and Air & Liquid are parties to a series of settlement agreements (“Settlement Agreements”) with insurance carriers that have coverage obligations for the Asbestos Liability (the “Settling Insurers”). In addition, during 2024, the Corporation and Air & Liquid entered into a settlement agreement with a previously unsettled insurance carrier resulting in reimbursement of prior years’ costs of approximately $1,756. Under the Settlement Agreements, the Settling Insurers accept financial responsibility, subject to the terms and conditions of the respective agreements, including overall coverage limits, for pending and future claims for the Asbestos Liability. The Settlement Agreements encompass the majority of insurance policies that provide coverage for claims for the Asbestos Liability.

The Settlement Agreements acknowledge Howden North America, Inc. (“Howden”) is entitled to coverage under policies covering the Asbestos Liability for claims arising out of the historical products manufactured or distributed by Buffalo Forge, a former subsidiary of the Corporation (the “Products”), which was acquired by Howden. The Settlement Agreements do not provide for any prioritization on access to the applicable policies or any sub-limits of liability as to Howden or the Corporation and Air & Liquid and, accordingly, Howden may access the coverage afforded by the Settling Insurers for any covered claim arising out of the Products. In general, access by Howden to the coverage afforded by the Settling Insurers for the Products will erode coverage under the Settlement Agreements available to the Corporation and Air & Liquid for the Asbestos Liability.

Asbestos Valuations

The Corporation, with the assistance of a nationally recognized expert in the valuation of asbestos liabilities, reviews the Asbestos Liability and the underlying assumptions on a regular basis to determine whether any adjustment to the Asbestos Liability or the underlying assumptions are necessary. When warranted, the Asbestos Liability is adjusted to consider current trends and new information that becomes available. In conjunction with the regular updates of the estimated Asbestos Liability, the Corporation also develops an estimate of defense costs expected to be incurred with settling the Asbestos Liability and probable insurance recoveries for the Asbestos Liability and defense costs.

In developing the estimate of probable defense costs, the Corporation considers several factors including, but not limited to, current and historical defense-to-indemnity cost ratios and expected defense-to-indemnity cost ratios. In developing the estimate of probable insurance recoveries, the Corporation considers the expert’s projection of settlement costs for the Asbestos Liability and management’s projection of associated defense costs. In addition, the Corporation consults with its outside legal counsel on insurance matters and a nationally recognized insurance consulting firm it retains to assist with certain policy allocation matters. The Corporation also considers a number of other factors including the Settlement Agreements in effect, policy exclusions, policy limits, policy provisions regarding coverage for defense costs, attachment points, gaps in the coverage, policy exhaustion, the nature of the underlying claims for the Asbestos Liability, estimated erosion of insurance limits on account of claims against Howden arising out of the Products, prior impairment of policies, insolvencies among certain of the insurance carriers, and creditworthiness of the remaining insurance carriers based on publicly available information. Based on these factors, the Corporation estimates the probable insurance recoveries for the Asbestos Liability and defense costs for the corresponding time frame of the Asbestos Liability.

In 2024, the Corporation engaged Gnarus Advisors LLC (“Gnarus”) to update the estimated Asbestos Liability. The methodology used by Gnarus in its updated projection was substantially the same methodology employed previously, which has been accepted by numerous courts, and included the following factors:

•

interpretation of a widely accepted forecast of the population likely to have been exposed to asbestos;

•

epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases;

•

analysis of the number of people likely to file an asbestos-related injury claim against Air & Liquid and the Corporation based on such epidemiological data and relevant claims history from January 1, 2021 to November 30, 2024;

•

analysis of pending cases, by type of injury claimed and jurisdiction where the claim is filed; and

•

analysis of claims resolution history from January 1, 2021 to November 30, 2024, to determine the average settlement value of claims, by type of injury claimed and jurisdiction of filing.

Based on these analyses, the Corporation recorded an undiscounted decrease to its estimated Asbestos Liability of $544 for claims pending or projected to be asserted through the estimated final date by which the Corporation expects to have settled all asbestos-related claims and estimated defense costs associated with such claims. The decrease is primarily attributable to the net benefit of a tolling agreement reached with a plaintiff’s counsel offset by recent claim experience. The Corporation also recorded an undiscounted decrease to its insurance receivable of $178 for the estimated insurance recoveries attributable to the claims for which the Asbestos Liability reserve has been established and for the portion of defense costs covered by the Settlement Agreements.

In connection with the Corporation’s review of the Asbestos Liability and the underlying assumptions in 2024, the Corporation revised its estimated defense-to-indemnity cost ratio from 60% to 55%. This change reduced the Asbestos Liability by$6,470 and insurance receivable by$2,735. Similarly, in connection with itsreview of the Asbestos Liability and the underlying assumptions in 2023, the Corporation revised its estimated defense-to-indemnity cost ratio from 65% to 60%. This change reduced the Asbestos Liability by$4,162 and the insurance receivable by$2,705.

The following table summarizes activity relating to the Asbestos Liability for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table summarizes activity relating to insurance recoveries for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Corporation establishes an allowance for expected credit losses based on historical insolvency experience, expected time frame until collection of insurance claim and assessments of current creditworthiness of insurers. The insurance receivable does not assume any recovery from insolvent carriers. A substantial majority of the insurance recoveries deemed probable is from insurance companies rated A – (excellent) or better by A.M. Best Corporation. There can be no assurance, however, there will not be insolvencies among the relevant insurance carriers, or the assumed percentage recoveries for certain carriers will prove correct. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the allowance for expected credit losses approximated $656 and $708, respectively.

The Corporation recognized asbestos-related costs of $(4,184) and $40,696 for 2024 and 2023, respectively, comprised of the following:

The amounts recorded for the Asbestos Liability and insurance receivable rely on assumptions based on currently known facts and strategy. The Corporation’s actual expenses or insurance recoveries could be significantly higher or lower than those recorded if assumptions used in the Corporation’s or the experts’ calculations vary significantly from actual results. Key variables in these assumptions include the forecast of the population likely to have been exposed to asbestos; the number of people likely to develop an asbestos-related disease; the estimated number of people likely to file an asbestos-related injury claim against the Corporation or its subsidiaries; an analysis of pending cases, by type of injury claimed and jurisdiction where the claim is filed; average settlement value of claims, by type of injury claimed and jurisdiction of filing; the number and nature of new claims to be filed each year; the average cost of disposing of each new claim; the average annual defense costs; compliance by relevant parties with the terms of the Settlement Agreements; ability to reach acceptable agreements with insurance carriers currently not a party to a Settlement Agreement or at a coverage amount less than anticipated; and the solvency risk with respect to the relevant insurance carriers. Other factors that may affect the Asbestos Liability and ability to recover under the Corporation’s insurance policies include uncertainties surrounding the litigation process from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and from case to case, reforms that may be made by state and federal courts, and the passage of state or federal tort reform legislation.

The Corporation intends to continue to evaluate the Asbestos Liability, related insurance receivable, the sufficiency of its allowance for expected credit losses and the underlying assumptions on a regular basis to determine whether any adjustments to the estimates are required. Due to the uncertainties surrounding asbestos litigation and insurance recovery, these regular reviews may result in the Corporation adjusting its current reserve; however, the Corporation is currently unable to estimate such future adjustments. Adjustments, if any, to the Corporation’s estimate of the Asbestos Liability, insurance receivable and/or allowance for expected credit losses could be material to the operating results for the period in which the adjustments to the liability, receivable or allowance are recorded and to the Corporation’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and liquidity.

NOTE 20 – INCOME TAXES:

Income (loss) from operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is summarized below. Income (loss) from operations before income taxes for certain foreign entities is classified differently for book reporting and income tax reporting purposes.

The income tax provision (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

The difference between statutory U.S. federal income tax and the Corporation’s effective income tax for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the following table. Unremitted earnings of the Corporation’s non-U.S. subsidiaries and affiliates are deemed to be permanently re-invested and, accordingly, no deferred income tax liability has been recorded. If the Corporation were to remit any foreign earnings to the U.S., the estimated tax impact would be insignificant.

At December 31, 2024, the Corporation has U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $69,681, of which $68,340 can be carried forward indefinitely but will be limited to 80% of the Corporation’s taxable income in any given year. The balance of $1,341 will begin to expire in 2035 and can be used without taxable income limitation. Additionally, at December 31, 2024, the Corporation had state net operating loss carryforwards of $82,795, which begin to expire in 2025, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $46,277 and capital loss carryforwards of $757, whichdo not expire.

Valuation allowances are recorded against the majority of the Corporation’s deferred income tax assets. The Corporation will maintain the valuation allowances until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the allowances. Given the

Corporation’santicipated future earnings in Sweden, the Corporation believes there is a reasonable possibility within the next 12 months, sufficient positive evidence may become available to allow the Corporation to conclude some portion of the valuation allowance will no longer be needed. Release of any portion of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of deferred income tax assets on the consolidated balance sheet and a decrease to income tax expense in the period the release is recorded. The exact timing and the amount of the valuation allowance released are subject to, among many items, the level of profitability achieved. Once the valuation allowance is completely reversed, a tax provision would be recognized on future earnings.

Unrecognized tax benefits and changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are insignificant. If the unrecognized tax benefits were recognized, the effect on the Corporation’s effective income tax rate would also be insignificant. The amount of penalties and interest recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and in the consolidated statements of operations for 2024 and 2023 is insignificant.

In 2023, Slovenia temporarily increased its corporate income tax rate from 19% to 22% for tax years 2024 to 2028. The increase did not have a significant impact on the deferred income tax assets and liabilities of the Corporation’s Slovenian operations.

The Corporation is subject to taxation and files income tax returns in the United States, various states and foreign jurisdictions, and remains subject to examination by tax authorities for tax years 2020 – 2024.

NOTE 21 – ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS:

The Corporation is currently performing certain remedial actions in connection with the sale of real estate previously owned and periodically incurs costs to maintain compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Environmental exposures are difficult to assess and estimate for numerous reasons, including lack of reliable data, the multiplicity of possible solutions, the years of remedial and monitoring activity required, and identification of new sites. The undiscounted potential liability for remedial actions and environmental compliance measures approximated $100 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

NOTE 22 – RELATED PARTIES:

ATR periodically has loans outstanding with its minority shareholder. Interest on borrowings accrues at thethree-to-five-year loan interest rate set by the People’s Bank of China, which approximated 4.35% for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Interest paid in 2024 approximated $2 (RMB 17). Interest paid in 2023 approximated $6 (RMB 42). No interest was outstanding as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Loan activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

ATR has sales to and purchases from ATR’s minority shareholder and its affiliates and sales to a shareholder of one of the Corporation’s other joint ventures in China and its affiliates. These sales and purchases, which were in the ordinary course of business, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:

Balances outstanding with ATR’s minority shareholder including its affiliates and the other joint venture's shareholder and its affiliates, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:

The manufacturing facilities of ATR are located on land leased by ATR from the other partner. The land lease commenced in 2007, the date the joint venture was formed, and continues through 2054, the expected end date of the joint venture, and includes variable lease payment provisions based on the land standard price prevailing in Taiyuan, China, where the joint venture is located. Rent paid by ATR to the other partner approximated $122 (RMB 892) for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, which is included in purchases from related parties.

In addition, the Corporation had sales, which were in the ordinary course of business, of approximately $4,082 during the year ended 2023 to a wholly owned subsidiary of Crawford United Corporation which, along with other affiliated persons (collectively, the “Crawford Group”), was the beneficial owner of greater than 5% of the Corporation’s stock during 2023. The associated trade receivable was $722 at December 31, 2023. Pursuant to Amendment No. 5 to Schedule 13D filed by the Crawford Group with the SEC on February 20, 2024, the Crawford Group ceased to beneficially own greater than 5% of the Corporation’s stock as of February 16, 2024.

NOTE 23 – BUSINESS SEGMENTS:

The Corporation organizes its business intotwo operating segments – FCEP and ALP.

The FCEP segment produces forged hardened steel rolls, cast rolls and forged engineered products (“FEP”). Forged hardened steel rolls are used primarily in hot and cold rolling mills by producers of steel, aluminum and other metals. Cast rolls, which are produced in a variety of iron and steel qualities, are used mainly in hot strip mills, medium/heavy section mills, roughing mills, and plate mills. FEP principally are sold to customers in the steel distribution market, oil and gas industry and the aluminum and plastic extrusion industries. The segment has operations in the United States, England, Sweden, and Slovenia and equity interests in three joint venture companies in China. Collectively, the segment primarily competes with European, Asian, and North American and South American companies in both domestic and foreign markets and distributes a significant portion of its products through sales offices located throughout the world.

The ALP segment includes Aerofin, Buffalo Air Handling and Buffalo Pumps, all divisions of Air & Liquid. Aerofin produces custom-engineered finned tube heat exchange coils and related heat transfer products for a variety of industries including original equipment manufacturers and commercial, nuclear power generation and industrial manufacturing. Buffalo Air Handling produces large custom-designed air handling systems for institutional (e.g., hospital, university), pharmaceutical and general industrial building markets. Buffalo Pumps manufactures centrifugal pumps for the fossil-fueled power generation, marine defense and industrial refrigeration industries. The segment has operations in Virginia and New York with headquarters in Carnegie, Pennsylvania. The segment utilizes an independent group of sales offices located throughout the United States and Canada.

Net sales by product line for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are outlined below.

The accounting policies for each segment are the same as those described in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The Chief Executive Officer is the Corporation’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”).

The Corporation measures each segment’s profitability based on income (loss) from operations. Segment income (loss) from operations excludes interest expense, other income and expense items and Corporate costs. The CODM uses segment income (loss) from operations when assessing segment performance and when making decisions to allocate financial resources between segments, primarily through periodic budgeting and segment performance reviews. The CODM also uses forecasted income (loss) from operations for each segment to manage operations.

Summarized financial information concerning the Corporation’s reportable segments is shown in the following tables.

(1)

For the FCEP segment, one customer accounted for 11% of its net sales in both 2024 and 2023.

(2)

The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information regularly provided to the CODM.

(3)

For 2024, the credit for asbestos litigation represents primarily a decrease in the estimated settlement costs of pending and future asbestos claims, net of additional insurance recoveries, and a benefit from the reduction in the estimated defense-to-indemnity cost ratio from 60% to 55%. For 2023, the charge for asbestos litigation represents primarily an increase in the estimated settlement costs of pending and future asbestos claims, net of additional insurance recoveries, and a benefit from the reduction in the estimated defense-to-indemnity cost ratio from 65% to 60%.

(4)

Other income, net includes investment-related income, net pension and other postretirement income, losses on foreign exchange transactions, unrealized gains on Rabbi trust investments, and other items not included in the definition of segment income (loss) from operations.

(5)

Unallocated corporate costs represent the operating expenses of the corporate office.

(1)

Identifiable assets for the FCEP segment include investments in joint ventures of $2,175 at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Identifiable assets for the ALP segment include asbestos-related insurance receivables of$139,295 and$160,245 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Identifiable assets for Corporate represent primarily cash and cash equivalents and other items not allocated to reportable segments.

(2)

Net sales are attributed to the geographic areas based on the location of the customer. Sales to individual foreign countries were less than 10% of consolidated net sales for each of the years. The majority of foreign sales are attributable to the FCEP segment.

(3)

Long-lived assets exclude deferred income tax assets. Long-lived assets in the U.S. include noncurrent asbestos-related insurance receivables of $124,295 and $145,245 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Foreign long-lived assets primarily represent assets of the foreign operations.

(4)

Income (loss) before income taxes for the U.S. includes Corporate costs. In 2024, income before income taxes for the U.S. includes a credit of $4,184, representing primarily a decrease in the estimated settlement costs of pending and future asbestos claims, net of additional insurance recoveries, and a benefit from the reduction in the estimated defense-to-indemnity cost ratio from 60% to 55%. In 2023, loss before income taxes for the U.S. includes a net charge of $40,696 representing primarily an increase in the estimated settlement costs of pending and future asbestos claims, net of additional insurance recoveries, and a benefit from the reduction in the estimated defense-to-indemnity cost ratio from 65% to 60%.

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation

Carnegie, Pennsylvania

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation (the Corporation) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Corporation at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Corporation’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Corporation is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Asbestos Liabilities and Related Insurance Receivables

As described in Notes 1 and 19 to the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements, the Corporation has accrued asbestos liabilities of $207.1 million ($24.0 million current and $183.1 million long term) and recorded asbestos-related insurance receivables of $139.3 million ($15.0 million current and $124.3 million noncurrent) as of December 31, 2024. These liabilities and insurance receivables relate to claims that have been asserted alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos-containing components historically used in certain products manufactured by predecessors of the Corporation’s Air & Liquid Systems Corporation. The Corporation utilizes third-party experts to assist in developing (i) an estimate of the asbestos liability for the probable pending and future claims over the period that the Corporation believes it can reasonably estimate such claims and (ii) an estimate of the insurance receivable for the insurance proceeds expected to be received under existing policies associated with the asbestos liabilities.

We identified the valuation of asbestos liabilities and insurance receivables as a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for our determination are: (i) the subjectivity of estimating projected claims including the period for which the Corporation can reasonably estimate the asbestos liabilities, (ii) the estimation process for projected settlement values of reported and unreported claims including the number of claims expected to be filed and adjudicated, the disease type, and the settlement and defense costs to estimate the asbestos liabilities, and (iii) the complexity of determining the associated insurance receivables including the estimated settlement costs for the asbestos liabilities and the associated defense costs, the continued financial solvency of the insurance carriers, and legal interpretation of rights for recovery under the insurance policies and the related settlement agreements. Auditing these elements involved especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skill or knowledge needed.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•

Assessing the qualifications, experience, and objectivity of the Corporation’s third-party experts;

•

Testing the underlying historical data that served as a basis for the valuation of the asbestos liabilities for completeness and accuracy through the examination of relevant source documents;

•

Testing the insurance policies for existence and coverage amounts including independent confirmation of a selection of policies and the related settlement agreements directly with insurance carriers;

•

Evaluating the ongoing financial solvency of a selection of insurance carriers utilizing publicly available financial information; and

•

Utilizing personnel with specialized knowledge and skill in actuarial science to assist in: (i) evaluating the valuation methodology utilized by the Corporation to estimate the asbestos liabilities, (ii) testing the computation of the asbestos liability estimate performed by the Corporation’s third-party experts, (iii) evaluating the period utilized by the Corporation to project probable pending and future claims for reasonableness, and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of assumptions utilized to develop the estimates of future indemnification costs for the asbestos liabilities.

/s/BDO USA, P.C.

We have served as the Corporation’s auditor since 2020.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

March 17, 2025