Village Farms International Inc

1. BUSINESS, BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Business

Village Farms International, Inc. (“VFF” and, together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) is a corporation existing under the Ontario Business Corporations Act. VFF’s principal operating subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 were Village Farms Canada Limited Partnership, Village Farms, L.P. (together, "Village Farms Fresh" or "VF Fresh"), Pure Sunfarms Corp. (“Pure Sunfarms”), Balanced Health Botanicals, LLC (“Balanced Health”), VF Clean Energy, Inc. ("VFCE") and Leli Holland B.V. ("Leli"). VFF also owns an 80% interest in Rose LifeScience Inc. (“Rose”).

The address of the registered office of VFF is 79 Wellington Street West, Suite 3300, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5K 1N2.

The address of the principal executive office of VFF is 90 Colonial Center Pkwy, Lake Mary, Florida, United States, 32746.

The Company’s shares are listed on Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “VFF”. On October 18, 2024, the Company received notification from Nasdaq that it is not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq (Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2)) (the “Minimum Bid Requirement”) as the bid price for the Company’s common shares (the “Common Shares”) closed below US$1.00 from September 6, 2024 to October 17, 2024.

The notification has no immediate effect on the listing of the Common Shares on the Nasdaq. Under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company has until April 16, 2025 (a period of 180 calendar days from the date of Notification, the “Compliance Period”) to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement. During the Compliance Period, the Common Shares will continue to trade on the Nasdaq. If at any time before April 16, 2025, the bid price of the Common Shares closes at or above US$1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, it is expected that Nasdaq would notify the Company that it has regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement.

In the event the Company does not regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement by the end of the Compliance Period, the Company may be eligible for an additional period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance or may be subject to delisting of the Common Shares from the Nasdaq, at which time the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a Nasdaq Hearings Panel.

We can provide no assurance that the Company would receive a favorable decision from a Nasdaq Hearing Panel after the end of the Compliance Period or that the Common Shares will not be delisted from Nasdaq.

Village Farms owns and operates sophisticated, highly intensive agricultural greenhouse facilities in British Columbia and Texas, where it produces, markets and sells premium-quality tomatoes, bell peppers and cucumbers. Its wholly owned subsidiary, Pure Sunfarms, is a vertically integrated licensed producer and supplier of cannabis products sold to customers throughout Canada and internationally. Through its 80% ownership of Rose, the Company has a substantial presence in the Province of Quebec as a cannabis supplier, producer and commercialization expert. The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Balanced Health, develops and sells high-quality, cannabidiol (“CBD”) based products including ingestible, edible and topical applications within the U.S. Its wholly owned subsidiary, Leli, is a vertically integrated licensed producer and supplier of cannabis products sold to coffee shops in the Netherlands.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP), and include VFF and its subsidiaries and include the accounts of all majority owned subsidiaries over which the Company exercises control and, when applicable, entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Other parties’ interests in entities that VFF consolidates are reported as non-controlling interests within equity, except for mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interests, which are classified as temporary mezzanine equity. Net income or loss attributable to non-controlling interests is reported as a separate line item below net income or loss. Investments in entities for which the Company does not have a controlling financial interest, but over which it has the ability to exert significant influence, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. For equity investees in which the Company has an undivided interest in the assets, liabilities and profits or losses of an unincorporated entity, but does not exercise control over the entity, the Company consolidates its proportional interest in the accounts of the entity. When appropriate, prior year amounts are reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. For the year ended December 31, 2023, certain deferred tax liabilities has been reclassified to deferred tax assets on the consolidated Statements of Financial Position to conform with the current period presentation. For the year ended December 31, 2023, certain inventory for finished goods has been reclassified to work-in-process and certain raw materials have been reclassified to finished goods to conform with the current period presentation. For the year ended December 31, 2022, certain non-cash lease expenses have been reclassified to changes in lease liabilities on the consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to conform with the current period presentation.

Revision of Prior-Period Consolidated Financial Statements

In connection with the preparation of our 2024 consolidated financial statements, the Company identified an immaterial misstatement in its estimate of its deferred tax asset valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023. As a result, we recorded a decrease to deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and increase in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 for $3,000, which decreased total assets and retained earnings as of December 31, 2023 and increased our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 by $3,000. Our revision had no impact to the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. Additionally, our revision had no impact to the Company’s segment profit measures, compliance with debt covenants, or performance metrics used in the calculation of executive compensation as the impacted line items are excluded from these calculations. We evaluated the materiality of the impact quantitatively and qualitatively and concluded it was not material to any of the prior periods.

Translation of Foreign Currencies

The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries with a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates, with resulting translation gains or losses included within other comprehensive income or loss. Revenue and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars at average rates of exchange during the applicable period. Substantially all of the Company’s foreign operations use their local currency as their functional currency. For foreign operations for which the local currency is not the functional currency, the operation’s non-monetary assets are remeasured into U.S. dollars at historical exchange rates. All other accounts are remeasured at current exchange rates, with both gains or losses from remeasurement and currency gains or losses from transactions executed in currencies other than the functional currency included in foreign exchange gain (loss).

In these consolidated financial statements, “$” means U.S. dollars and "C$" means Canadian dollars, unless otherwise noted.

The exchange rates used to translate from Canadian dollars to U.S dollars is shown below:

Management Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, including the potential future effects of macroeconomic trends and events, such as inflation and interest rate levels; supply chain disruptions; uncertainty from potential recessionary effects; climate-related matters; market, industry and regulatory factors, including permitting issues; global events, such as the ongoing military conflict in Ukraine as well as potential tariff wars; and public health matters. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the Company’s operating results and the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. While management believes that such estimates are reasonable when considered in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations taken as a whole, actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

General Economic, Regulatory and Market Conditions

The Company has experienced, and may continue to experience, direct and indirect negative effects on its business and operations from negative economic, regulatory and market conditions, including inflationary effects on fuel prices, labor and materials costs, elevated interest rates, potential recessionary impacts and supply chain disruptions that could negatively affect demand for new projects and/or delay existing project timing or cause increased project costs. The extent to which general economic, regulatory and market conditions could affect the Company’s business, operations and financial results is uncertain as it will depend upon numerous evolving factors that management may not be able to accurately predict, and, therefore, any future impacts on the Company’s business, financial condition and/or results of operations cannot be quantified or predicted with specificity.

Significant Accounting Policies

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies followed in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s produce and cannabis revenue transactions consist of a single performance obligation to transfer promised goods at a fixed price. Quantities to be delivered to the customer are determined at a point near the date of delivery through purchase orders received from the customer. The Company recognizes revenue when it has fulfilled a performance obligation, which is typically when the customer receives the goods. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring the goods. The amount of revenue recognized is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, reduced for excise duty, returns, and other customer credits, such as trade discounts and volume rebates. Payment terms are consistent with terms standard to the markets the Company serves.

Direct-to-consumer product sales for loyalty members contain two distinct performance obligations for which the Company allocates the transaction price based on the relative stand-alone value of each performance obligation, such that both revenue related to the delivery of the underlying purchased goods and deferred revenue for loyalty points issued to the customer are recognized based on the allocated consideration of value, after giving consideration to loyalty point breakage. The loyalty liability represents a performance obligation to provide goods for free or at a discount to loyalty members in exchange for the redemptions of points earned from past activities.

Judgment is required in determining whether the Company is the principal or agent in certain transactions. We evaluate the presentation of revenue on a gross or net basis based on whether we control the service provided to the end-user and are the principal (i.e. “gross”), or we arrange for other parties to provide the service to the end-user and are an agent (i.e. “net”).

For each identified performance obligation in the contract with the customer, we assess whether our agency or the third-party supplier is the principal or agent. We control the specified services before transferring those services to the customer and act as the principal if we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service, have inventory risk, or discretion in establishing pricing. For performance obligations in which we act as principal, we record the gross amount billed to the customer within total revenue and the related incremental direct costs incurred as billable expenses.

If the third-party supplier, rather than the Company, is primarily responsible for the performance and deliverable to our customer, then we generally act as the agent and solely arrange for the third-party supplier to provide services to the customer. For performance obligations for which we act as the agent, we record our revenue as the net amount of our gross billings less pass-through expenses charged to a customer.

Revenue received from shipping and handling fees is reflected in net sales. Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales as incurred or at the time revenue is recognized for the related goods, whichever comes first.

The following table disaggregates the Company's net revenue by major source for the years ended:

(1)

Branded revenues are shown net of excise tax on products. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, excise tax on products was $71,953, $58,015, and $50,126, respectively.

Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest

Non-controlling interest (“NCI”) in subsidiaries that are redeemable for cash or other assets outside of our control are classified as temporary mezzanine equity, outside of equity and liabilities. Initial measurement is at acquisition date fair value and subsequent measurement is at the greater of the carrying value or the redemption value. Changes in the redemption value are recognized immediately as they occur and the carrying amount of the redeemable NCI is adjusted to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. This method views the end of the reporting period as if it were also the redemption date for the instrument. Increases or decreases in the estimated redemption amount are recorded with corresponding adjustments against equity and are reflected in the computation of earnings per share. However, the amount presented in temporary equity should be no less than the initial amount reported in temporary equity for the instrument.

Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Temporary differences arising between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its carrying amount on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are used to calculate future income tax assets and liabilities. This method also requires the recognition of deferred tax benefits, such as net operating loss carryforwards. Valuation allowances are recorded as appropriate to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount considered likely to be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to the taxable income (losses) in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the date of enactment of the change. A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is recognized only if we believe it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on its technical merits. If the recognition threshold for the tax position is met, only the portion of the tax benefit that we believe is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized is recorded.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash deposits held with banks, and other highly liquid short-term interest-bearing securities with maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash, as of December 31, 2023 includes a cash deposit required by the Company’s directors’ and officers’ insurance policy which was managed by an insurer and held as a cell captive within a Bahamas-based financial institution.

Trade Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the point control transfers and represent the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferred goods and do not bear interest. We establish provisions for expected lifetime losses on accounts receivable at the time a receivable is recorded based on historical experience, customer credit quality and forecasted economic conditions. We regularly review our accounts receivable balances and the allowance for credit loss and establish or adjust the allowance as necessary using the specific identification method. We also evaluate the aggregation and risk characteristics of receivable pools and develop loss rates that reflect historical collections, current forecasts of future economic conditions over the time horizon we are exposed to credit risk, and payment terms or conditions that may materially affect future forecasts.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventory includes capitalized production costs, including labor, materials, post-harvest costs and depreciation. Inventoriable costs are expensed to cost of goods sold on the Consolidated Statement of Operations in the same period as finished products are sold. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all losses of inventories are recognized as an expense in the period when the write-down or loss occurs.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company’s long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets. Purchased property and equipment is recorded at cost, or, if acquired in a business combination, at the acquisition date fair value. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method or declining balance method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the term of the lease or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for betterments and major improvements that extend the life of the related assets are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful lives of the assets. The carrying amounts of assets sold or retired and the related accumulated depreciation are eliminated in the year of disposal. Gains or losses, net, from the sale of property and equipment are included within other income (expense). Depreciation of property, plant andequipment is determined on the straight-line method or declining balance method over the following useful lives of the assets:

The Company’s intangible assets are purchased and acquired through business combinations and have both finite and infinite useful lives. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives, which are generally based on contractual or legal rights, using the straight-line method. Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets is determined on the straight-line method over the following useful lives of the assets:

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets to the lowest level to which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. Management assesses the recoverability of the carrying cost of the assets based on a review of projected undiscounted cash flows. If an asset is held for sale, management reviews its estimated fair value less cost to sell. Fair value is determined using pertinent market information, including appraisals or broker’s estimates, and/or projected discounted cash flows. In the event an impairment loss is identified, it is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the long-lived asset.

During the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 there wereno material impairments of long-lived assets.

Business Combinations

The determination of the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination requires estimates and judgments of future cash flow expectations for the acquired business and the related identifiable tangible and intangible assets. Fair values of net assets acquired are calculated using expected cash flows and industry-standard valuation techniques. For current assets and current liabilities, book value is generally assumed to equal fair value. Goodwill is the amount by which consideration paid exceeds the fair value of acquired net assets. A bargain purchase gain results when the fair value of an acquired business’ net assets exceeds its purchase price. Acquisition costs are expensed as incurred and are included within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Due to the time required to gather and analyze the necessary data for each acquisition, U.S. GAAP provides a “measurement period” of up to one year in which to finalize these fair value determinations. During the measurement period, preliminary fair value estimates may be revised if new information is obtained about the facts and circumstances existing as of the date of acquisition, or based on the final net assets and working capital of the acquired business, as prescribed in the applicable purchase agreement. Such adjustments may result in the recognition of, or an adjustment to the fair values of, acquisition-related assets and liabilities and/or consideration paid, and are referred to as “measurement period” adjustments. Measurement period adjustments are recorded to goodwill. Other revisions to fair value estimates that relate to facts and circumstances that occurred subsequent to the date of acquisition are reflected as income or expense, as appropriate.

Leases

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements that provide financing for machinery and equipment and for other of its facility, vehicle and equipment needs. The Company reviews all agreements to determine if a leasing arrangement exists. When a leasing arrangement is identified, a determination is made at inception as to whether the lease is an operating or a finance lease. A lease exists when a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. In determining whether a lease exists, the Company considers whether a contract provides both the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of an asset and the right to direct the use of the asset. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the minimum future lease payments over the expected term of the lease. The Company’s lease assets are primarily concentrated in facilities, vehicles, machinery and equipment.

Leases with an initial term oftwelve months or less are classified as short-term leases and are not recognized in the consolidated balance sheets unless the lease contains a purchase option that is reasonably certain to be exercised, or unless it is reasonably certain that the equipment will be leased for greater than twelve months. The volume of lease activity for leases with an initial term oftwelve months or less varies depending upon the number of ongoing projects at a given time, as well as the location and type of equipment required in connection with those projects. Lease payments for short-term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and primarily relate to equipment used on construction projects, for which the rentals are based on daily, weekly or monthly rental rates, and typically contain termination for convenience provisions. Lease determinations are reassessed in the event of a change in lease terms. The Company has a limited number of sublease, equipment and other leasing arrangements, which are not considered material to the consolidated financial statements.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s leases have remaining lease terms ofup to 7 years. Lease agreements may contain renewal clauses, which, if elected, generally extend the term of the lease forone tofive years for both equipment and facility leases. Certain lease agreements may also contain options to purchase the leased property and/oroptions to terminate the lease. In addition, lease agreements may include periodic adjustments to payment amounts for inflation or other variables, or may require payments for taxes, insurance, maintenance or other expenses, which are generally referred to as non-lease components. The Company accounts for non-lease components together with the related lease components for all classes of leased assets. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain significant residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Asset retirement obligations related to the termination of leases are not material to the financial statements.

Lease term, discount rate, variable lease costs and future minimum lease payment determinations require the use of judgment, and are based on the facts and circumstances of each lease. Economic incentives, intent, past history and business need are among the factors considered to determine if renewal and/or purchase options are reasonably certain to be exercised. The majority of the Company’s lease agreements do not explicitly state the discount rate implicit in the lease, therefore, the Company generally uses an incremental borrowing rate to determine the value of its lease obligations. The incremental borrowing rate represents the rate of interest that would be paid to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term. The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate using a portfolio approach based on information available as of the lease commencement date, including applicable lease terms and the current economic environment.

Finance Leases

Finance lease assets are recorded within property and equipment, with a corresponding amount recorded within the Company’s debt obligations. Finance lease expense is composed of depreciation expense on the leased asset and interest on the lease liability.

Additionsto finance leases are included within the supplemental disclosures of non-cash information in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Operating Leases

Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets, with the related lease expense recognized over the term of the lease on a straight-line basis. Operating lease expense is recorded as rent expense, primarily within costs of revenue. Fixed costs for operating leases are composed of initial base rent amounts plus any fixed annual increases. Variable costs for operating leases consist primarily of common area maintenance expenses and taxes for facility leases. Certain of the Company’s operating leases may contain purchase options, for which the purchase option price is generally considered to be at fair market value. From time to time, the Company may terminate a lease before the end of the lease term. Payments related to such early lease terminations are generally recorded within general and administration expenses.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

The Company has goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets that have been recorded in connection with its acquisitions of businesses. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles are allocated to reporting units and tested for impairment annually as of December 31 each year and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The Company generally elects to utilize the optional qualitative assessment for goodwill to determine whether it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit is higher than its fair value. If it is determined that the fair value is more likely than not to be lower than the carrying value, a quantitative goodwill impairment test is performed by determining the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair value of a reporting unit is determined using either the income approach utilizing estimates of discounted future cash flows or the market approach utilizing recent transaction activity for comparable properties. These approaches are considered level 3 fair value measurements. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recorded impairment charges against goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. For additional information refer to Note 6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

Segment Reporting

Our operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). The Company has identified five operating segments – Produce, Cannabis-Canada, Cannabis-U.S., Energy, and Leli.

The Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. The amendments in this ASU were applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. This ASU only impacted our disclosures with no impact to our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We utilize a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those three levels:

Level 1: Observable inputs based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, or quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect our own assumptions.

For its investments, the Company has elected the practicability exception to fair value measurement, under which the investment is measured at cost, less impairment, plus or minus any observable price changes of an identical or similar investment.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company grants stock options and restricted stock (“RSU”) to certain employees and directors.

Compensation costs for awards of stock-based compensation settled in shares are determined based on the fair value of the share-based instrument at the time of grant and are recognized as expense over the vesting period of the share-based instrument. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Stock options generally vest over three years (33% per year following the grant date) and expire afterten years. Each tranche in an award is considered a separate award with its own vesting period. The fair value of each tranche is measured at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Compensation expense is recognized over the tranche’s vesting period by increasing additional paid-in capital based on the number of awards expected to vest. The number of awards expected to vest is reviewed at least annually, with any impact recognized immediately.

RSU grants will be settled using the Company’s own equity if the performance standard is met. The equity-settled share-based compensation is measured at the fair value of the Company’s Common Shares as at the grant date in accordance with the terms of the Company’s Stock Compensation Plan. The fair value determined at the grant date is charged to income when performance-based or time-based vesting conditions are met, based on the number of RSUs that will eventually be converted to Common Shares, with a corresponding increase in equity.

Advertising

Advertising costs are recognized when incurred and are presented within selling, general and administrative costs in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company supports its products with advertising to build brand awareness of the Company’s various products in addition to other marketing programs executed by the Company’s marketing teams. Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were$4,125, $4,942, and$6,122, respectively.

Other income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 include a favorable settlementof $3,536 and $5,585, respectively, relating to the partial recovery of operational losses from the Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus infestation.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income or loss is a measure of net income and other changes in equity that results from transactions other than those with shareholders. Comprehensive income or loss and related accumulated comprehensive income or loss balances consist of net income, foreign currency translation adjustments, primarily from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries with a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar and net income or loss attributable to non-controlling interests.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which focuses on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU No. 2023-09 requires a public business entity ("PBE") to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. For PBEs, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 31, 2025 and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all periods presented. We expect this ASU to only impact our disclosures with no impacts to our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. The ASU requires a public business entity to provide disaggregated disclosures of certain categories of expenses on an annual and interim basis including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization for each income statement line item that contains those expenses. The guidance is effective for annual disclosures for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and subsequent interim periods with early adoption permitted, and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on our disclosures upon adoption and expect to provide additional detail and disclosures under this new guidance.

2. INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following:

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized$10,436 of inventory impairments relative to its net realizable value. This inventory consisted of older manufactured products which required incremental rework costs that were higher than the resell value of the finished goods, so it was concluded to write off this inventory rather than incurring incremental costs to sell it. There wereno inventory impairments recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023.

3. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

Depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment, was$15,552,$12,785 and$10,795 for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Capitalized interest was$1,050 and$1,273 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

4. ACQUISITIONS

Rose Acquisition - Put/Call Option

On November 15, 2021, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Rose and other parties, including the shareholders of Rose (collectively, the “Rose Sellers”), for the acquisition of a 70% interest in Rose pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement.

Two of the co-founders of Rose (the “Management Shareholders”), who were among the Rose Sellers of Rose in the Acquisition, have remained in their current roles with Rose post-Acquisition and initially retained a non-voting 30% interest in Rose (the “Retained Interest”). In conjunction with the Acquisition, Village Farms and the Management Shareholders entered into a unanimous shareholders agreement (the “USA”) providing Village Farms with a call option to acquire the Retained Interest between December 31, 2024 and April 16, 2025 or upon the occurrence of certain liquidity events with respect to Village Farms (the “Call Option”). As part of the Call Option, Village Farms could also acquire 34% of the Retained Interest between December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024. A put right has also been granted to the Management Shareholders to require Village Farms to complete the acquisition of the Retained Interest upon their death or disability or the occurrence of certain liquidity events with respect to Village Farms (the “Put Option”, and together with the Call Option, the “Put/Call Option”). The price for the Put/Call Option was set at a multiple solely based on Rose’s adjusted EBITDA performance of the applicable prior calendar year. If exercised upon a liquidity event, the Option Price is subject to a minimum amount which varies depending on the year on which it is exercised.

The consideration for the acquisition of the Retained Interest may, at Village Farms’ sole discretion, be payable solely in cash or in a pre-determined combination of cash and Village Farms shares based on a formula similar to that used for the issuance of the Village Farms shares comprising part of the Purchase Price.

On May 29, 2024, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Rose and non-controlling shareholders for the acquisition of an additional 10% interest in Rose for a total cash purchase price of approximately $3,016, which resulted in a reduction of mezzanine equity of $5,209 and an increase in additional paid in capital of $2,193. The Company's ownership interest in Rose is now 80%.

Leli Holland B.V. ("Leli")

In September 2021, the Company entered into an option agreement whereby the Company received the irrevocable right to acquire an 80% ownership interest (the “Option Agreement”) in Netherlands-based Leli Holland B.V. (“Leli”) upon payment of EUR 50,000 (the “Option”). The Option Agreement allowed for the Company to acquire 80% of Leli’s shares for EUR 3,950,000, of which EUR 950,000 was due and payable to Leli’s shareholders upon the exercise of the Option and the remainder due in three equal installments subject to the achievement of certain project development milestones. The option was exercisable at the sole discretion of the Company.

On July 7, 2022, Leli received a license to cultivate cannabis legally in the Netherlands under the Dutch Closed Supply Chain Experiment program ("the Program"). On July 19, 2022, the Company exercised the Option to purchase 80% of Leli, plus an additional 5% interest, for total cash consideration of $4,693.

The acquisition has been accounted for as an asset acquisition and the full consideration paid has been allocated to the license and accounted for as an intangible asset that will be amortized over a period of 5 years which is consistent with the term of the program. There wereno other assets or liabilities acquired in the acquisition.

On September 24, 2024, the Company acquired the remaining 15% equity ownership interest in Leli for a total cash purchase price of approximately $801, which resulted in a reduction of non-controlling interest of $489 and a decrease in additional paid in capital of $317. The Company's ownership interest in Leli is now 100%.

5. INVESTMENTS

Village Fields Hemp USA LLC

The net assets of VF Hemp were $0 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company's net loss for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $0, $0, and $2,668, respectively. Included in the losses for the year ended December 31, 2022, is a loss of $2,284 which represents the Company’s share of losses from the impairment of inventory at VF Hemp. In conjunction with the inventory write-off, the Company also wrote-off the remaining balance of its loan to VF Hemp in the amount of $592, which has been recorded as a loss on joint venture loan in the consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Altum

On February 10, 2022, the Company entered into an AUD 1 million (US$719) convertible promissory note with Altum (the “Note”). Interest accrued at a rate of 12% per annum, calculated monthly. Altum repaid the note, including accrued interest, in June 2023.

6. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLES ASSETS

At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that would indicate an impairment. The Company considers external and internal factors, including overall financial performance and relevant entity-specific factors, as part of this assessment. Throughout 2024 and 2023, the Company experienced macroeconomic challenges, decreases in market capitalization, decreases in transaction multiples, and continued ambiguity in federal regulations with respect to the U.S. CBD market.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company considered qualitative factors in assessing for impairment indicators for the Company’s U.S. and Canadian Cannabis segments. As part of this assessment, the Company considered both external and internal factors, including overall financial performance and outlook.

Year Ended December 31, 2024

The fair value of the reporting unit was determined based on a discounted cash flow projections from budgets approved for 2025, which was extended to 2029 with a compound annual revenue growth rate of 7.5% from 2025 to 2029, followed by terminal growth rate of 3%. Management concluded that the fair value was higher than its carrying amount by approximately $9,740 as of December 31, 2024 and thereforeno impairment to goodwill was required.

•

Post-tax discount rate: An increase of approxi mately 0.3% in the discount rate would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 0.5% increase would result in an impairment of approximately $13,219.

•

Terminal growth rate: A decrease in approximately 0.6% in the terminal growth rate would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 0.5% decrease would result in an impairment of approximately $6,957.

•

Forecasted Revenue: A decrease in forecasted revenue by approximately 4.1% would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 5% decrease would result in an impairment of approximately $12,523.

•

Net working capital: Net working capital requirements are approximately 29.8% of revenue. An increase of approximately 3.8% in net working capital investment would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 5% increase would result in an impairment of approximately $12,523.

The fair value of the brand was determined based on a discounted cash flow projection, covering a five-year period. Specifically, the Company utilized a relief from royalty valuation technique to arrive at the fair value of the brand. Management concluded that the fair value was higher than its carrying value of $3,270 by approximately $626 as of December 31, 2024 and therefore, no impairment to brand was allocated to the reporting unit.

•

Post-tax discount rate: An increase in the discount rate by approximately 1.5% would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 1% increase in the discount rate would result in an impairment of approximately $348.

•

Royalty rate: An incremental royalty rate of 3.5% of revenues was applied to brand-specific revenues. A decrease to the incremental royalty rate by approximately 0.2% would result in the recoverable amount being equal to the carrying value.

•

Future revenues: A decrease in future revenues by 4%would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 10% decrease in the future revenues would result in an impairment of approximately $1,252.

Cannabis - U.S.

At June 30, 2024, when the Company considered qualitative factors in assessing impairment indicators, it concluded that the Company's U.S. - Cannabis segment more likely than not was impaired. The Company reviewed the reportable segment's assets, including goodwill and intangible assets. Based on recent historical performance during the quarter which underperformed relative to budget, a revised June 30, 2024 forecast which resulted in a shortfall compared to the March 31, 2024 forecast, the new restrictions on CBD sales in an additional eight states at July 1, 2024, and the proliferation of unregulated hemp-derived products on the market which continues to challenge market share for the CBD industry, the Company concluded that as of June 30, 2024, the fair value of the brand intangible asset and goodwill was fully impaired and an impairment charge to goodwill of $10,039 and a charge to intangibles of $1,900 was recorded to the U.S. Cannabis reporting unit.

The fair value of the reporting unit was determined based on a discounted cash flow projection using projections for the remainder of 2024 to 2028 with an average revenue growth rate of 6% between 2025 to 2028, followed by a terminal growth rate of 2%. Management concluded that as of June 30, 2024, the fair value was lower than its carrying amount and as a result, an impairment charge to goodwill of $10,039 was recorded to the reporting unit.

•

Post-tax discount rate: A market participant post-tax discount rate applied to the after-tax forecast cash flows was 12%. A decrease of 1% to the discount rate, would not result in a material change to the impairment charge.

•

Terminal growth rate: An increase of 1% in the terminal growth rate would not result in a material change to the impairment charge.

•

Future cash flows: An increase in future cash flows by 10% would not result in a material change to the impairment charge.

Cannabis – U.S. Brand

The fair value of the brand was determined based on a discounted cash flow projection. Specifically, the Company utilized a relief from royalty valuation technique to arrive at the fair value of the brand. Management concluded that as of June 30, 2024, the fair value was lower than its carrying value of $1,900 as the notional brand maintenance costs exceeded the incremental royalty of 3.5%. Therefore, an impairment charge to the brand intangible of $1,900 was allocated to the reporting unit.

Year Ended December 31, 2023

As of December 31, 2023, when the Company considered qualitative factors in assessing impairment indicators it concluded that the Company's U.S. - Cannabis segment more likely than not was impaired. The Company tested that segment’s assets, including goodwill and intangible assets for impairment.

The fair value of the reporting unit was determined based on a discounted cash flow projection from budgets approved by senior management for 2024 to 2029 with an average revenue growth rate of 8% over 6 years, followed by terminal growth rate of 4.1%. Management concluded that as of December 31, 2023, the fair value was lower than its carrying amount and as a result, an impairment charge to goodwill of $11,300 was allocated to the reporting unit.

•

Post-tax discount rate: A market participant post-tax discount rate applied to the after-tax forecast cash flows was 11%. An increase of 1% to the discount rate, would increase the impairment by approximately $1,700.

•

Terminal growth rate: A decrease of 0.5% in the terminal growth rate would increase the impairment by approximately $700.

•

Future cash flows: A decrease in future cash flows by 10% would increase the impairment by approximately $1,300.

Cannabis – U.S. – Brand

The fair value of the brand was determined based on a discounted cash flow projection. Specifically, the Company utilized a relief from royalty valuation technique to arrive at the fair value of the brand. An average revenue growth rate of 8% was used over 6 years, followed by terminal growth rate of 4.1%. Management concluded that as of December 31, 2023, the fair value was lower than its carrying amount and as a result, an impairment charge to the brand intangible of $2,720 was allocated to the reporting unit.

•

Post-tax discount rate: A market participant post-tax discount rate applied to the after-tax forecast cash flows was 11%. An increase of 1% to the discount rate, would increase the impairment by approximately $200.

•

Royalty rate: An incremental royalty rate of 3.5% of revenues was applied to brand-specific revenues. A decrease to the incremental royalty rate by 0.5% would increase the impairment to brand by $1,600.

•

Future revenues: A decrease in future revenues by 10% would increase the impairment by approximately $200.

The fair value of the reporting unit was determined based on a discounted cash flow projection from budgets approved for 2024, which was extended to 2027 with a compound annual revenue growth rate of 16% from 2024 to 2027, followed by terminal growth rate of 4%. Management concluded that the fair value was higher than its carrying amount by approximately $2,565 as of December 31, 2023 and thereforeno impairment to goodwill was required.

•

Post-tax discount rate: An increase of approximately 0.07% in the discount rate would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 0.5% increase would result in an impairment of approximately $18,858.

•

Terminal growth rate: A decrease in approximately 0.1% in the terminal growth rate would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 0.5% decrease would result in an impairment of approximately $17,350.

•

Future cash flows: A decrease in the future cash flows before net working capital by approximately 1.0% would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 5% decrease would result in an impairment of approximately $16,595.

•

Net working capital: Net working capital ranges between 40% and 45% of revenue. An increase of 6% in net working capital investment would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 5% increase would result in an impairment of approximately $3,017.

The fair value of the brand was determined based on a discounted cash flow projection, covering a four-year period. Specifically, the Company utilized a relief from royalty valuation technique to arrive at the fair value of the brand. Management concluded that the fair value was higher than its carrying value of $3,545 by approximately $453 as of December 31, 2023 and therefore, no impairment to brand was allocated to the reporting unit.

•

Post-tax discount rate: An increase in the discount rate by 1% would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 1% increase in the discount rate would result in an impairment of approximately $302.

•

Royalty rate: An incremental royalty rate of 3.5% of revenues was applied to brand-specific revenues. A decrease to the incremental royalty rate by 0.12% would result in the recoverable amount being equal to the carrying value.

•

Future revenues: A decrease in future revenues by 12% would result in the fair value being equal to the carrying value, and each additional 10% decrease in the future revenues would result in an impairment of approximately $317.

Goodwill

The following table presents the changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment:

Intangible Assets

Intangibles consisted of the following:

*Includes indefinite-lived intangible assets

The expected future amortization expense for definite-lived intangible assets as of December 31,2024 is as follows:

Amortization expense for intangibles for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were$3,286,$3,141 and$2,259, respectively.

7. ACCRUED LIABILITIES

8. LEASES

The Company’s operating leases consist of a parcel of land in Marfa, Texas that two of its greenhouses resides on, a parcel of land in Monahans, Texas that one of its greenhouses resides on, two distribution centers located in Fort Worth, Texas and Surrey, British Columbia, and production-related equipment at its greenhouses in Texas and British Columbia. The Company also leases an office building located in Lake Mary, Florida for its corporate headquarters, and office and manufacturing spaces in Denver, Colorado for Balanced Health’s headquarters and operations. Rose leases a building for headquarters in Montreal, Quebec.

The components of lease related expenses are as follows:

(a)

Includes short-term and variable lease costs of$2,066 and$1,986 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

Other information related to operating leases was as follows:

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

9. LINE OF CREDIT AND LONG-TERM DEBT

As collateral for the FCC Loan, the Company has provided promissory notes and a first priority security interest over its accounts receivable and inventory. In addition, the Company has granted full recourse guarantees and security therein. The carrying value of the assets and securities pledged as collateral for the FCC Loan as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was$77,682 and$114,293, respectively.

The PSF Non-Revolving Facility is secured by the Delta 2 and Delta 3 greenhouse facilities and contains customary financial and restrictive covenants.

The Company has a revolving line of credit agreement with a Canadian chartered bank (the "Operating Loan") maturing February 2027. The Operating Loan can be drawn in advances of up to C$10,000, had an outstanding balance of$4,000 drawn on the facility as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and future availability of $2,931 on December 31, 2024. Interest under the Operating Loan is payable at the Canadian prime rate plus an applicable margin per annum (8.02% at December 31, 2024), payable monthly.

The carrying value of the assets pledged as collateral for the Operating Loan as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was$27,136 and$28,034, respectively.

Pure Sunfarms has a revolving line of credit (the “PSF Revolving Line of Credit”) with a Canadian chartered bank. The PSF Revolving Line of Credit can be drawn for advances of up to C$15,000 and had an outstanding balance of $0 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Interest under the PSF Revolving Line of Credit is payable at the Canadian prime rate plus an applicable margin per annum(7.45% at December 31, 2024), payable monthly.

The Company is required to comply with financial covenants, measured either quarterly or annually depending on the covenant. The Company was not in compliance with financial covenants related to the fixed charge coverage ratio under the FCC Loan and the Pure Sunfarm's Term Loans, for which it received waivers. The covenants will be reinstated at the end of the first quarter for the Pure Sunfarm's Term Loans and at the end of the fiscal year 2025 for the FCC loan. Management expects to regain compliance during the next testing period. FCC measures the Company's financial covenants once a year on the last day of the year and the Pure Sunfarm's Term Loan covenants are measured once a quarter on the last day of the quarter.

Village Farms was in compliance with all of its remaining covenants under its other credit facilities.

The weighted average interest rate on short-term borrowings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 8.22% and 9.44%, respectively.

Accrued interest payable on all long term-debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was$271 and$390, respectively, and these amounts are included in accrued liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position.

The aggregate annual principal maturities of long-term debt for the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

10. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Financial assets and liabilities are recognized on the consolidated statements of financial position at fair value in a hierarchy for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s financial instruments included cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, minority investments, line of credit, trade payables, accrued liabilities, lease liabilities, and note payables. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, trade payables, and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The carrying value of line of credit, lease liabilities, notes payable, and debt approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments or the use of market interest rates for debt instruments.

There wereno financial instruments categorized as Level 3 at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, other than the minority investments discussed below. There wereno transfers of assets or liabilities between levels during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

In the normal course of business, the Company and its subsidiaries may become defendants in certain employment claims and other litigation. The Company records a liability when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. The Company is not involved in any defendant legal proceedings other than routine litigation arising in the normal course of business, none of which the Company believes will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES

The Company leases its Rose office building from a Company employee who also owns a minority interest in Rose. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid C$277, C$213 and C$163, respectively to lease this office space.

One of the Company's employees is related to a member of the Company’s executive management team and received approximately$165,$118 and$115 in salary and benefits during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On May 29, 2024, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Rose and non-controlling shareholders, which includes two company employees, for the acquisition of an additional 10% interest in Rose for a total cash purchase price of approximately $3,016 (note 4).

13. INCOME TAXES

The components of the provision for (recovery of) income tax for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

The (recovery of) provision for income taxes reflected in the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 differs from the amounts computed at the federal statutory tax rates. The principal differences between the statutory income tax (recovery) and the effective provision for (recovery of) income taxes are summarized as follows:

The statutory tax rate in effect in Canada and the United States for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was 27% and 21%, respectively.

The blended effective tax rate for 2024 was 4.5% compared to-27.2% and-4.8% in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

The deferred tax assets and liabilities presented on the consolidated statements of financial position are net amounts corresponding to their reporting jurisdiction. The deferred tax assets and liabilities presented in the note disclosure are grouped based on asset and liability classification without consideration of their corresponding reporting jurisdiction.

Significant components of the Company’s net deferred income taxes at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

In assessing the ability to realize deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon available positive and negative evidence and future taxable income, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 of $48,561 and $42,530, respectively.

Included in the schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities above are US federal net operating loss carryforwards ofapproximately $119,095 and $111,831 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2031. At the state level, the Company has a combined state net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $46,416 and $43,554 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2029. The Canadian Federal Non-Capital Loss carry forwards are C$50,337 and C$56,009 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2027. The Canadian Provincial Non-Capital Loss carry forwards are C$7,948 and C$13,158, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2036. The Netherlands Federal Non-Capital Losses carry forward is EUR 1,122 as of December 31, 2024.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the balance of uncertain tax benefits iszero. The Company does not anticipate that the amount of the uncertain tax benefit will significantly increase within the next 12 months. The Company recognizes accrued interest related to uncertain tax benefits and penalties as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there areno recognized liabilities for interest or penalties.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various states, as well as the Netherlands and Canada and its provinces. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s tax years for 2021, 2022 and 2023 are subject to examination by the tax authorities. With few exceptions, as of December 31, 2024, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state or local examinations by tax authorities for years before 2021 due to the expiration of the statute of limitations.

14. SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The Company regularly monitors its reportable segments to determine if changes in facts and circumstances would indicate whether changes in the determination or aggregation of operating segments are necessary. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company determined that Leli had met the quantitative threshold to be a reportable segment. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2024, the CODM changed the segment profit measure to operating income or loss from gross margin. We believe that segment operating (loss) income is a more useful measure because it allows management, analysts, investors, and other interested parties to evaluate the profitability of our business operations before the effects of certain expenses that directly arise from non-operating activities (other income/expense), financing decisions (interest), and tax strategies (income taxes). These changes have been applied to all periods presented.

Segment reporting is prepared on the same basis that the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who is the CODM, manages the business, makes operating decisions and assesses performance. Management has determined that the Company operates infive reportable segments: Produce, Cannabis-Canada, Cannabis-U.S., Clean Energy, and Leli (previously Cannabis - Netherlands). The Produce segment produces, markets and sells premium quality tomatoes, bell peppers and cucumbers. The Cannabis-Canada segment produces and supplies cannabis products to be sold to other licensed providers and provincial governments across Canada and internationally. The Cannabis-U.S. segment develops and sells high-quality, CBD-based health and wellness products including ingestible, edible and topical applications. The Energy business receives a royalty representing a portion of the natural gas that is sold to one customer pursuant to it's long-term contract. The Leli segment produces and supplies cannabis products to designated coffee shops in the Netherlands.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The Company evaluates performance for all of its reportable segments based on segment operating (loss) income from operations.

For all of its reportable segments, thechief operating decision maker uses segment operating (loss) income to allocate resources (including employees, property, and financial or capital resources) for each segment, predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process. The CODM considers budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis for the (loss) income when making decisions about allocating capital and personnel to the segments. The CODM also uses segment (loss) income to assess the performance for each segment by comparing the results with one another.

The following tables reflect the reconciliation of segment revenue, measures of a segments profit or loss, and significant segment expenses reconciled to the consolidated loss before income taxes:

(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker.

(2) Other income (expense), net is comprised of Interest expense, interest income, foreign exchange (loss) gain, other income (expense).

(3) Other corporate expenses are comprised of expenses related to centralized corporate functions such as accounting, treasury, information technology, legal, human services, and internal audit expenses.

The following tables summarizes our interest income, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, other significant non-cash items, and expenditures for capital assets by operating segment:

The following tables summarizes our total assets by operating segment for the years ended December 31:

For years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, approximately 50%,54% and 51%, respectively, of the Company’s total sales were in the United States and approximately 48%,44%, and 48%, respectively, of the Company's total sales were in Canada. In 2024, the Company hadtwo customers that individually represented more than 10% of total sales, comprising of 14.1% and 10.2%. In 2023, the Company hadone customer that individually represented more than 10% of total sales, comprising of 11.9%. In 2022, the Company hadone customer that individually represented more than 10% of total sales, comprising of 14.6%.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s trade receivables includedtwo customers that represented more than 10% of the balance of trade receivables, representing 26.7% and 13.4% of the balance. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s trade receivables includedtwo customers that represented more than 10% of the balance of trade receivables, representing 21.1% and 10.2% of the balance, respectively.

The Company’s primary operations are in the United States and Canada. The following tables summarizes our assets by geographic location for the years ended December 31:

15. LOSS PER SHARE

Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of Common Shares outstanding for the period. Basic and diluted net income per ordinary share is calculated as follows:

(1)

Options to purchase shares of common stock, warrants, and unvested RSUs are not included in the calculation of net (loss) income per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

16. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

On January 30, 2023, the Company closed a public offering (the "Offering") of 18,350,000 Common Shares at a price of US$1.35 per share together with accompanying warrants to purchase up to 18,350,000 Common Shares, which have an exercise price of US$1.65 per share (the "Warrants"). The gross proceeds from the Offering were approximately US$25 million before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company. The proceeds from the Offering are being used for general working capital. The accompanying Warrants have an exercise price of US$1.65 and became exercisable beginningsix months from issuance and will expire five years from the date of initial exercisability.

On August 9, 2022, Village Farms entered into a Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement ("Sales Agreement") pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell Common Shares having an aggregate offering price up to $50 million from time to time to or through Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had issued and sold 3,175,000 Common Shares under the Sales Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of $6,692 after deducting commissions and offering expenses.

The Company’s Share-Based Compensation Plan (the “Plan”) dated January 1, 2010, was most recently approved by Shareholders on June 10, 2021. The Plan provides that the number of Common Shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise or redemption of awards granted under the Plan is a rolling maximum of ten percent (10%) of the outstanding Common Shares at any point in time. Approximately 4,715 shares remain available for issuance as of December 31, 2024.

Stock options have been granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grants and have aten-year contractual term. The stock options vest ratably over a 3- year period. Compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period, using the graded vesting method, by increasing additional paid-in capital based on the number of awards expected to vest. The number of awards expected to vest is reviewed at least annually, with any impact recognized immediately.

The fair market value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model and the Company uses the following methods to determine its underlying assumptions: expected volatilities are based on the historical volatilities of the weekly closing price of the Company’s common stock; the expected term of options granted is based historical exercises and forfeitures; the risk-free interest rate is based on Canadian Treasury bonds issued with similar life terms to the expected life of the grant; and the expected dividend yield is based on the current annual dividend amount divided by the stock price on the date of grant. Forfeitures are recorded when incurred.

The following key assumptions were used in the valuation model to value stock option grants for each respective period:

Stock option transactions under the Company’s plan for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years 2024, 2023 and 2022 was$0.58, $0.71 and$3.31, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, was $0, $71 and$772, respectively.

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested stock options, and the changes during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below:

As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $2,022 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the stock option plan; that cost is expected to be recognized over a period ofthree years.

The Company has also issued performance-based or time-based restricted share units to Village Farms employees involved with future developments of the Company. Once a performance or time based target is met and the share units are deemed earned and vested, compensation expense is recognized, based on the fair value of the share units on the grant date.

Performance-based restricted share unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

On September 3, 2024, the Company granted 600,000 shares to a director of the Company.

Total share-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 of$3,747,$3,111 and$3,987, respectively, was recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses and the corresponding amount credited to additional paid in capital.

17. CHANGES IN NON-CASH WORKING CAPITAL ITEMS

18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date up to the date the financial statements were available to be issued. Based upon this review, the Company did not identify any subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.