VICOR CORP

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Vicor Corporation (the “Company” or “Vicor”) designs, develops, manufactures, and markets modular power components and power systems for converting electrical power. The Company also licenses certain rights to its technology in return for recurring royalties. The principal markets for the Company’s power converters and systems are large original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), original design manufacturers (“ODMs”) and their contract manufacturers, and smaller, lower volume users, which are broadly distributed across several major market areas.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingencies at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates and assumptions relate to the useful lives of fixed assets and identified intangible assets, recoverability of long-lived assets, fair value of short-term and long-term investments, allowances for doubtful accounts, potential excess, obsolete or unmarketable inventory, potential reserves relating to litigation matters, accrued liabilities, accrued taxes, deferred tax valuation allowances, assumptions pertaining to share-based payments, and other reserves. Actual results could differ from those based on these estimates and assumptions, and such differences may be material to the financial statements.

Foreign currency translation

The financial statements of Vicor Japan Company, Ltd. ("VJCL"), a majority-owned subsidiary, for which the functional currency is the Japanese Yen, have been translated into U.S. Dollars using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date for balance sheet amounts and the average exchange rates in effect during the year for income statement amounts. The gains and losses resulting from the changes in exchange rates from year to year have been reported in other comprehensive income.

Transaction gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries where the functional currency is the U.S. Dollar are included in other income (expense), net. Foreign currency losses included in other income (expense), net were approximately $(622,000), $(161,000), and $(653,000) in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Investments

The Company’s principal sources of liquidity are its existing balances of cash, cash equivalents, and cash generated from operations. Consistent with the guidelines of the Company’s investment policy, the Company can invest, and has historically invested, its cash balances in demand deposit accounts, money market funds, government debt securities, and auction rate securities meeting certain quality criteria.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with insignificant interest rate risk and maturities of 90 days or less at the time of acquisition. Cash and cash equivalents include funds held in disbursement (i.e., checking) and money market accounts, certificates of deposit, and debt securities with maturities ofless than three months at the time of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, approximating market value. The Company’s money market securities are purchased and redeemed at par value. Their estimated fair value is equal to their cost, and, due to the nature of the securities and their classification as cash equivalents, there are no unrealized gains or losses recorded at the balance sheet dates.

Short-term Investments

The Company’s short-term investments, consisting of obligations of the U.S. Treasury, are debt securities with original maturities greater than three months but less than one year at the time of purchase.

Long-term Investment

The Company’s long-term investment is an auction rate debt security with a maturity of greater than one year and is subject to credit, liquidity, market, and interest rate risk.

Available-For-Sale Securities

Certain of the cash and cash equivalents, all of the short-term investments and the long-term investment are classified as available-for-sale securities (“AFS”). These securities are recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, attributable to credit loss recorded through the Consolidated Statement of Operations and unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, attributable to other non-credit factors recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss,” a component of Total Equity. Given the nature of the cash and cash equivalents and the short-term investments designated as AFS, credit losses are not considered to be material. In determining the amount of credit loss for the long-term investment, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost basis of the security, considering credit default risk probabilities and changes in credit ratings, among other factors.

The Company periodically evaluates the long-term investment to determine if impairment is required, whether an impairment is other than temporary, and the measurement of an impairment loss. The Company considers a variety of impairment indicators such as, but not limited to, a significant deterioration in the earnings performance, credit rating, or asset quality of the investment.

The amortized cost of the debt securities are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity, the net amount of which, along with interest and realized gains and losses, is included in “Other income (expense), net” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Fair value measurements

The Company accounts for certain financial assets at fair value, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. A three-level hierarchy is used to show the extent and level of judgment used to estimate fair value measurements:

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value because of the short maturities of these financial instruments.

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (determined using the first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. Fixed production overhead is allocated to the inventory cost per unit based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Abnormal production costs, including fixed cost variances from normal production capacity, if any, are charged to cost of product revenues in the period incurred. All shipping and handling costs incurred in connection with the sale of products are included in cost of product revenues.

Inventory estimated to be excess, obsolete, or unmarketable is written down to net realizable value. The Company’s estimation process for assessing net realizable value is based upon management’s estimate of expected future utility which is derived based on backlog, historical consumption and expected market conditions. If the Company’s estimated demand and/or market expectations were to change or if product sales were to decline, the Company’s estimation process may cause larger inventory reserves to be recorded, resulting in larger charges to cost of product revenues.

Government Grants

The Company accounts for government assistance that is not subject to the scope of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740, Income Taxes using a grant accounting model, by analogy to International Accounting Standards 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, and recognize such grants when we have reasonable assurance that we will comply with the grant’s conditions and that the grant will be received. Government grants whose primary condition is the purchase, construction, or acquisition of a long-lived asset are considered asset-based grants and are recognized as a reduction to such asset’s cost basis, which reduces future depreciation. Other government grants not related to long-lived assets are considered income-based grants, which are initially recognized as “Government grants receivable” and are also recognized as a reduction to the related cost of activities that generated the benefit. Proceeds received from asset based grants are presented as cash inflows from investing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows, whereas proceeds received from income based grants are presented as cash inflows from operating activities.

Concentrations of risk

Financial instruments potentially subjecting the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, of which a significant portion are held by three financial institutions, its long-term investment, and trade accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and certain other financial instruments with high credit counterparties, and continuously monitors the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer and diversifies its investments in order to minimize its credit risk. Generally, amounts invested with these financial institutions are in excess of federal deposit insurance limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts, and management believes the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk. The Company’s long-term investment as of December 31, 2024 consists of a single auction rate security with a par value of $3,000,000, which is collateralized by student loans. It is a highly rated (Aaa/AA+) municipal and corporate debt security. Through December 31, 2024, auctions held for the Company’s auction rate security have failed. The funds associated with an auction rate security that has failed auction may not be accessible until a successful auction occurs, a buyer is found outside of the auction process, the security is called, or the underlying securities have matured. If the credit rating of the issuer of the auction rate security held deteriorates, the Company may be required to adjust the carrying value of the investment for an other-than-temporary decline in value through an impairment charge. The Company’s investment policy, approved by the Board of Directors, limits the amount the Company may invest in any issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations.

The Company’s products are sold worldwide to customers ranging from smaller, independent manufacturers of highly specialized electronic devices, to larger OEMs, ODMs and their contract manufacturers. The Company’s Brick Products’ customers are primarily concentrated in the following industries: aerospace and defense electronics, industrial equipment, instrumentation and test equipment, and transportation (notably in rail and heavy equipment applications). The Company’s Advanced Products’ customers are concentrated in the data center and hyperscaler segments of enterprise computing, in which the Company’s products are used for power delivery on server motherboards, in server racks, and across datacenter infrastructure. The Company also serves applications in aerospace and aviation, defense electronics, satellites, factory automation, instrumentation, test equipment, transportation, telecommunications and networking infrastructure, and vehicles (notably in the autonomous driving, electric vehicle, and hybrid vehicle niches of the vehicle segment). While, overall, the Company has a broad customer base and sells into a variety of industries, a substantial portion of the Company’s revenue from its Advanced Products line has been derived from a limited number of customers. This concentration of revenue is a reflection of the relatively early stage of adoption of the technologies, architectures and products offered in the Advanced Products line, and the Company’s strategy of targeting market leading innovators as initial customers for its Advanced Products. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable are limited due to the number of entities comprising the Company’s customer base. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, one customer accounted for approximately 11.5% and 12.0%, respectively, of trade account receivables.

Components and materials used in the Company’s products are purchased from a variety of vendors. While most of the components are available from multiple sources, some key components for certain Advanced Products, in particular, are supplied by single vendors. In instances of single source items, the Company maintains levels of inventories management considers appropriate to enable meeting the delivery requirements of customers. If suppliers or subcontractors cannot provide their products or services on time or to the required specifications, the Company may not be able to meet the demand for its products and its delivery times may be negatively affected.

Long-lived assets

The Company reviews property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Management determines whether the carrying value of an asset or asset group is recoverable based on comparison to the undiscounted expected future cash flows the assets are expected to generate over their remaining economic lives. If an asset value is not recoverable, the impairment loss is equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, which is determined by either a quoted market price, if any, or a value determined by utilizing a discounted cash flow technique. Evaluation of impairment of long-lived assets requires estimates of future operating results that are used in the preparation of the expected future undiscounted cash flows. Actual future operating results and the remaining economic lives of our long-lived assets could differ from the estimates used in assessing the recoverability of these assets. These differences could result in impairment charges, which could be material.

Intangible assets

Patents

Values assigned to patents are amortized using the straight-line method over periods ranging from three to 20 years. Patents and other intangible assets are included in “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Internally Developed Software

We capitalize internal and external costs related to developing, modifying or obtaining software for internal use, incurred during the application development stage in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 350-40, Internal-Use Software. Costs related to software upgrades and enhancements are capitalized if it is determined that these upgrades or enhancements provide additional functionality to the software. The capitalized software is amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $20,469,000 and $11,712,000, respectively, of capitalized internal-use software costs which have not been amortized as the software has not yet been placed in service.

Product warranties

The Company generally offers a two-year warranty for all of its products, though it has extended the warranty period to three years for certain products. The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time product revenue is recognized. Factors influencing the Company’s warranty reserves include the number of units sold, historical and anticipated rates of warranty returns, and the cost per return. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of warranty reserves and adjusts the amounts as necessary. Warranty obligations are included in "Accrued expenses" in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to a customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Sales, value add, and other taxes collected concurrent with revenue producing activities are excluded from revenue. The expected costs associated with product warranties continue to be recognized at the time product revenue is recognized. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of product revenues.

The Company’s primary source of net revenue comes from the sale of products, which are modular power components and power systems for converting, regulating and controlling electric current. The principal customers for the Company’s power converters and systems are large OEMs, ODMs and the original design manufacturers and contract manufacturers serving them, and smaller, lower volume users, which are broadly distributed across several major market areas. The Company recognizes revenue for product sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, including sales to stocking distributors, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the underlying contract. The Company establishes sales allowances on shipments to stocking distributors for estimated future product returns including distributor returns and price adjustment credits, primarily based upon historical and anticipated rates of product returns and allowances.

Certain contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, which typically may include a combination of non-recurring engineering services (“NRE”), prototype units, and production units. For these contracts, the individual performance obligations are accounted for separately if they are distinct. Generally, the Company has determined the NRE and prototype units represent one distinct performance obligation and the production units represent a separate distinct performance obligation. For such arrangements, revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price, based on prices charged to customers or using the expected cost plus a margin approach. The Company recognizes revenue for NRE and prototype units at the point in time at which the final milestone under the NRE arrangement is completed and control is transferred to the customer, which is generally the shipment or delivery of the prototype. Revenue for production units is recognized upon shipment or delivery, consistent with product revenue summarized above.

The Company licenses its intellectual property under right to use licenses, in which royalties due to the Company are based upon a percentage of the licensee’s sales. The Company utilizes the exception under the revenue recognition guidance for the recognition of sales- or usage-based royalties, in which the royalties are not recognized until the later of when 1) the customer’s subsequent sales or usages occur, or 2) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales- or usage-based royalty has been allocated is satisfied or partially satisfied.

Accounts receivable includes amounts billed and currently due from customers. The amounts due are stated at their estimated realizable value. The Company’s payment terms vary by the type and location of its customers and the products or services offered, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 60 days. The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments, based on assessments of customers’ credit-risk profiles and payment histories. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. The Company does not require collateral from its customers, although there have been circumstances when the Company has required cash in advance (i.e., a partial down-payment) to facilitate orders in excess of a customer’s established credit limit. To date, such amounts have not been material.

The Company records deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability, when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance under a contract with a customer. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $1,865,000 and $7,568,000, respectively, which was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the respective period.

The Company applies the practical expedient for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract for sales commissions, which are expensed when incurred because the amortization period is generally less than one year. These costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The Company also applies another practical expedient and does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.

Advertising expense

The cost of advertising is expensed as incurred. The Company incurred approximately $3,490,000, $3,730,000, and

$3,786,000 in advertising costs during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Legal Costs

Legal costs in connection with litigation are expensed as incurred.

Stock-based compensation

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock option awards, whether they possess time-based vesting provisions or performance-based vesting provisions, and awards granted under the Vicor Corporation 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), as of their grant date. For stock options with time-based vesting provisions, the calculated compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award, which is generally five years for stock options. For stock options with performance-based vesting provisions, recognition of compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, commences if and when the achievement of the performance criteria is deemed probable. For stock options with performance-based vesting provisions, compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, when recognized, is recognized over the relevant performance period.

Income taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted income tax rates and laws expected to be in effect when the temporary differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if management determines it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. All deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent.

The Company follows a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize. The first step is to evaluate the tax position to determine the likelihood it would be sustained upon examination by a tax authority. If the tax position is deemed “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained, the second step is to assess the tax position to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that possesses greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If the tax position does not meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold, then it is not recognized in the financial statements. Additionally, the Company accrues interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The unrecognized tax benefits, including accrued interest and penalties, if any, are included in “Long-term income taxes payable” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Net income per common share

The Company computes basic net income per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and diluted net income per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the effect of outstanding dilutive stock options, if any. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

(1)

Denominator represents weighted average number of Common Shares and Class B Common Shares outstanding.

(2)

Options to purchase 2,504,068,1,557,927 and 879,228 shares of Common Stock in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, were not included in the calculation of net income per share as the effect would have been antidilutive.

(3)

Denominator represents weighted average number of Common Shares and Class B Common Shares outstanding for the year, adjusted to include the dilutive effect, if any, of outstanding options.

Comprehensive income (loss)

The components of comprehensive income (loss) include, in addition to consolidated net income, unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax and foreign currency translation adjustments related to VJCL, net of tax.

Impact of recently issued accounting standards

On November 27, 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which enhances segment disclosures and requires additional disclosures of segment expenses. This ASU is effective for annual periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods thereafter. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 during the year ended December 31, 2024 on a retrospective basis. See Note 10 Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which focuses on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU No. 2023-09 requires a public business entity ("PBE") to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. For PBEs, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 31, 2025 and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all period presented. The Company expects this ASU to impact disclosures with no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03.

Other new pronouncements issued but not effective until after December 31, 2024 are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Inventories as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands):

INVESTMENTS

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company held one auction rate security with a par value of $3,000,000 and an estimated fair value of approximately $2,641,000 and $2,530,000, respectively, purchased through and held in custody by a broker-dealer affiliate of Bank of America, N.A., that has experienced failed auctions (the “Failed Auction Security”) since February 2008. The Failed Auction Security held by the Company is Aaa/AA+ rated by major credit rating agencies, is collateralized by student loans, and is guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Education under the Federal Family Education Loan Program. Management is not aware of any reason to believe the issuer of the Failed Auction Security is presently at risk of default. Through December 31, 2024, the Company has continued to receive interest payments on the Failed Auction Security in accordance with the terms of its indenture. Management believes the Company ultimately should be able to liquidate the Failed Auction Security without significant loss primarily due to the overall quality of the issue held and the collateral securing the substantial majority of the underlying obligation. Changes in the estimated fair value of the Failed Auction Security have not been significant in the past three years. However, current conditions in the auction rate securities market have led management to conclude the recovery period for the Failed Auction Security exceeds 12 months. As a result, the Company continued to classify the Failed Auction Security as long-term as of December 31, 2024.

At this time, the Company has no intent to sell the Failed Auction Security and does not believe it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security. If current market conditions deteriorate further, the Company may be required to record additional unrealized losses. If the credit rating of the security deteriorates, the Company may be required to adjust the carrying value of the investment through impairment charges recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations, and any such impairment adjustments may be material.

Details of our investments are as follows (in thousands):

The following is a summary of the available-for-sale securities (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Failed Auction Security had been in an unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the available-for-sale securities on December 31, 2024, by type and contractual maturities, are shown below (in thousands):

Failed Auction Security:

Fair Value Measurements

The Company accounts for certain financial assets at fair value, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. A three-level hierarchy is used to show the extent and level of judgment used to estimate fair value measurements.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis included the following as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis included the following as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

The change in the estimated fair value calculated for the investment valued on a recurring basis utilizing Level 3 inputs (i.e., the Failed Auction Security) for the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows (in thousands):

Management utilized a probability weighted discounted cash flow model to determine the estimated fair value of this investment as of December 31, 2024.

PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated and amortized over a period ofthree to 39 years generally under the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes and accelerated methods for income tax purposes.

Property, plant and equipment as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands):

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was approxim ately $18,583,000,$17,174,000, and $13,701,000, respectively. As of December 31,2024, the Company had approximately $12,669,000 of capital expenditure commitments.

On August 9, 2022, Congress enacted a 25 percent tax credit for investment in semiconductor manufacturing to incentivize domestic semiconductor production. The Advanced Manufacturing Investment Tax Credit ("ITC") was enacted as part of the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors Act in response to supply chain disruptions.

The Company had undergone a study of its 2024 and 2023 capital expenditures to determine which additions would qualify under the ITC guidance and which would not. The Company believes that it does comply with the grant conditions supported by the study and that the grant will be received based on meeting these conditions.

The Company recorded in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 an Other current asset for the associated value of the ITC credit receivable of $6,274,000 and $13,248,000, respectively, with a corresponding offset to the Property, plant and equipment line item on its Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company expects to receive the ITC credit next year in the form of a cash refund.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Patent costs, which are included in Other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands):

Definite lived intangible assets, such as patent rights, are amortized and tested for impairment if a triggering event occurs.

Amortization expense was approximately $43,000, $66,000 and $75,000 in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

PRODUCT WARRANTIES

Product warranty activity for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands):

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Each share of Common Stock entitles the holder thereof toone vote on all matters submitted to the stockholders.

Each share of Class B Common Stock entitles the holder thereof toten votes on all such matters.

Shares of Class B Common Stock are not transferable by a stockholder except to or among the stockholder’s spouse, certain of the stockholder’s relatives, and certain other defined transferees. Class B Common Stock is not listed or traded on any exchange or in any market. Class B Common Stock is convertible at the option of the holder thereof at any time and without cost to the stockholder into shares of Common Stock on a one-for-one basis.

In November 2000, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $30,000,000 of the Company's Common Stock (the “November 2000 Plan”). In July 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $100,000,000 of the Company's Common Stock (the “New Repurchase Authorization”). The New Repurchase Authorization replaces the November 2000 Plan in its entirety and no further repurchases will be made pursuant to the November 2000 Plan. There wereno repurchases under the November 2000 Plan in 2024, 2023 or 2022. Repurchases of approximately $497,000 were made under the New Purchase Authorization in 2024. On December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $99,503,000 available for share repurchases under the New Repurchase Authorization.

Dividends are declared at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and depend on actual cash from operations, the Company’s financial condition and capital requirements and any other factors the Company’s Board of Directors may consider relevant at the time. Common Stock and Class B Common Stock participate in dividends and earnings equally.

On December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, there were 19,975,730,20,703,238, and 21,080,950, respectively, shares of Vicor Common Stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of Vicor stock options, upon conversion of Class B Common Stock and under the ESPP.

SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has determined its Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) to be the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). The CEO reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of managing the business, allocating resources, making operating decisions and assessing financial performance. The Company is organized and operates as single operating and reportable segment. The CODM assesses performance for the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net income. The CODM manages the business using consolidated expense information for thesingle operating segment. All expense categories on the Consolidated Statements of Operations are significant and there are no other significant segment expenses that would require disclosure.

The Company offers a comprehensive range of modular building blocks enabling rapid design of a power system specific to a customer’s precise needs. Based on design, performance, and form factor considerations, as well as the range of evolving applications for which the products are appropriate, the Company categorizes its product portfolios as either Advanced Products or Brick Products, which constitute one segment. Both product lines are built in the Company’s manufacturing facility in Andover, Massachusetts employing similar processing and production techniques, and are supported by the same sales and marketing organizations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets.

The following tables present the Company’s net revenues disaggregated by geography with respect to the Company’s single operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

The Company's long-lived tangible assets, as well as the Company's operating lease right-of-use assets recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets were located as follows:

See the consolidated financial statements and footnotes for other financial information regarding the Company’s operating segment.

11. REVENUES

The following tables present the Company’s net revenues disaggregated by geography based on the location of the customer, by product line (in thousands):

The following tables present the Company’s net revenues disaggregated by the category of revenue, by product line (in thousands):

The following table presents the changes in certain contract assets and (liabilities) (in thousands):

During 2024, 2023, and 2022, one customer accounted for approximately 12.1%,10.7%, and 12.4% of net revenues, respectively.

Net revenues from customers in China (including Hong Kong), accounted for approxim ately 12.6% of total net revenues in 2024,17.7% in 2023 and 18.8% in 2022, respectively.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Vicor currently grants options for the purchase of Common Stock (i.e., “stock options”) under the following equity compensation plans that are stockholder-approved:

Amended and Restated 2000 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the “2000 Plan”) — Under the 2000 Plan, the Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors may grant stock incentive awards based on the Company’s Common Stock, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance shares, unrestricted stock, deferred stock, and dividend equivalent rights. Awards may be granted to employees and other key persons, including non-employee directors. Incentive stock options may be granted to employees at a price at least equal to the fair market value per share of the Common Stock on the date of grant, and non-qualified options may be granted to non-employee directors at a price at least equal to 85% of the fair market value of the Common Stock on the date of grant. A total of 10,000,000 shares of Common Stock have been reserved for issuance under the 2000 Plan. The period of time during which an option may be exercised and the vesting periods are determined by the Compensation Committee. The term of each option may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant and have a vesting period offive years.

Vicor Corporation 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “Plan” or the “ESPP”). Under the ESPP, the Company has reserved 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock for issuance to eligible employees who elect to participate. The ESPP is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. The ESPP operates in successive periods of approximatelysix months, each referred to as an “offering period.” Generally, offering periods commence on or around September 1 and March 1 and end on or around the following February 28 or August 31, respectively. Under the ESPP, an option is granted to participating employees on the first day of an offering period to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock at the end of that offering period at a purchase price equal to 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of a share of Common Stock on either the first day or the last day of that offering period. The purchase of shares is funded by means of periodic payroll deductions, which may not exceed 15.0% of the employee’s eligible compensation, as defined in the Plan. Among other provisions, the Plan limits the number of shares that can be purchased by a participant during any offering period and cumulatively for any calendar year.

Stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands):

Compensation expense by type of award for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands):

All time-based (i.e., non-performance-based) options for the purchase of Vicor common stock are granted with an exercise price equal to or greater than the market price for Vicor Common Stock at the date of the grant. The fair value for non-performance-based stock options awarded under the 2000 Plan for the years shown below was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

Risk-free interest rate:

The Company uses the yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury “Strip” securities for a period that is commensurate with the expected term assumption for each vesting period.

Expected dividend yield:

The Company determines the expected dividend yield by annualizing the most recent prior cash dividends declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, if any, and dividing that result by the closing stock price on the date of that dividend declaration. Dividends are not paid on options.

Expected volatility:

Vicor uses historical volatility to estimate the grant-date fair value of the options, using the expected term for the period over which to calculate the volatility (see below). The Company does not expect its future volatility to differ from its historical volatility. The computation of the Company’s volatility is based on a simple average calculation of monthly volatilities over the expected term.

Expected term:

The Company uses historical employee exercise and option expiration data to estimate the expected term assumption for the Black-Scholes grant-date valuation. The Company believes this historical data is currently the best estimate of the expected term of options, and all groups of the Company’s employees exhibit similar exercise behavior.

Forfeiture rate:

The amount of stock-based compensation recognized during a period is based on the value of the portion of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The term “forfeitures” is distinct from “cancellations” or “expirations” and represents only the unvested portion of the surrendered option. The forfeiture analysis is re-evaluated annually and the forfeiture rate is adjusted as necessary. Ultimately, the actual expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those shares that vest.

Based on an analysis of historical forfeitures, the Company applied an annual forfeiture rate of 4.30% in 2024, estimating approximately 88% of its options would actually vest. For 2023 and 2022, the Company applied an annual forfeiture rate of 5.00% and 5.35%, respectively, estimating approximately 86% and 85%, respectively, of its options would actually vest.

A summary of the activity under the 2000 Plan as of December 31,2024 and changes during the year then ended, is presented below (in thousands except for share and weighted-average data):

(1)

In addition to the vested options, the Company expects a portion of the unvested options to vest at some point in the future. The number of options expected to vest is calculated by applying an estimated forfeiture rate to the unvested options.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had options exercisable for 973,894 and 1,046,092 shares, respectively, for which the weighted average exercise prices were $27.39 and $18.26, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the total intrinsic value of Vicor options exercised (i.e., the difference between the market price at exercise and the price paid by the employee to exercise the options) was approximately $17,460,000, $14,396,000, and $7,252,000, respectively. The total amount of cash received by the Company from options exercised in 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $5,929,000, $7,798,000, and $1,634,000, respectively. The total grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was approximately $19,283,000, $17,957,000, and $15,087,000, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $26,273,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested awards for Vicor. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years for those awards. The expense will be recognized as follows: $12,878,000 in 2025, $7,537,000 in 2026, $3,911,000 in 2027, $1,614,000 in 2028, and $333,000 in 2029.

The weighted-average fair value of Vicor options granted was $16.63, $19.56, and $26.53, in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

401(k) Plan

The Company sponsors a savings plan available to all domestic employees, which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Employees may contribute to the plan in amounts representing from 1% to 80%of their pre-tax salary, subject to statutory limitations. The Company matches employee contributions to the plan at a rate of 50%, up to the first 6% of an employee’s compensation. The Company’s matching contributions currently vest at a rate of 20% per year, based upon years of service. The Company’s contributions to the plan were approximately $2,171,000, $2,317,000, and $2,211,000 in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Stock Bonus Plan

Under the Company’s 1985 Stock Bonus Plan, as amended, shares of Common Stock may be awarded to employees from time to time as determined by the Board of Directors. On December 31, 2024,109,964 shares were available for further award. All shares awarded to employees under this plan have vested. No further awards are contemplated under this plan at the present time.

LEASES

All of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. The majority of the Company’s leases are for office and manufacturing space, along with several automobiles and certain equipment. Leases with initial terms of less than twelve months are not recorded on the balance sheet. Expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company’s leases have remaining terms of less thanone year to just over 11 years. The majority of the Company’s leases do not have options to renew, although several have renewal terms to extend the lease for one five-year term, and one lease contains two five-year renewal options. None of the renewal options are included in determining the term of the lease, used for calculating the associated lease liabilities. None of the Company’s leases include variable payments, residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants. A number of the Company’s leases for office and manufacturing space include provisions for common area maintenance (“CAM”). The Company accounts for CAM separately from lease payments, and therefore costs for CAM are not included in the determination of lease liabilities. The Company is a party to one arrangement as the lessor, for its facility located in Sunnyvale, California, with a third party. The initial term of the lease agreement expired on May 31, 2024 and was extended for an additional eighty-four months, commencing June 1, 2024 and ending May 31, 2031.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the balance of right of use (“ROU”) assets was approximately $6,367,000 and $7,390,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the balances of short-term and long-term lease liabilities were approximately $1,716,000 and $5,620,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the balances of short-term and long-term lease liabilities were approximately $1,864,000 and $6,364,000, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded operating lease cost, including short-term lease cost, of approximately $2,108,000 ($2,138,000 in 2023). The ROU assets are included in “Property, plant and equipment, net” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 6.7 years and 6.8 years, respectively, and the weighted-average discount rate was 4.45% and 4.22%, respectively, for the Company’s operating leases. The Company developed the discount rates used based on a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) over a term approximating the term of the related lease, plus an additional interest factor, which was generally 1.25%.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company paid approximately $2,194,000 and $2,096,000, respectively, for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities through operating cash flows. The

Company obtained approximately $902,000 and $1,180,000 in ROU assets in exchange for $896,000 and $1,165,000 of new operating lease liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The maturities of the lease payments to be received by the Company under the lease agreement for its leased facility in California are as follows (in thousands):

The Company recorded netlease income under this lease of approximately $992,000, $792,000, and $792,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE), NET

The components of Other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands):

INCOME TAXES

The tax provision includes estimated federal, state and foreign income taxes on the Company's pre-tax income. The tax provisions also may include discrete items, generally related to increases or decreases in tax reserves, tax provision versus. tax return differences and accrued interest for potential liabilities.

The reconciliation of the federal statutory rate on the income before income taxes to the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

In 2024, the Company utilized tax credits to partially offset federal income tax expense. In 2023 and 2022, the Company utilized net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits to partially offset federal income tax expense.

For financial reporting purposes, income before income taxes for the years ended December 31 include the following components (in thousands):

Significant components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in thousands):

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a valuation allowance of approximately $61,531,000 againstall net domestic deferred tax assets, for which realization cannot be considered more likely than not at this time. Management assessesthe need for the valuation allowance on a quarterly basis. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considers all positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and past financial performance. Despite recent positive operating results, the Company faces uncertainties in forecasting its operating results due to the unpredictability of customer orders in certain markets, product transitions, new program introductions and adoption times of new technology offerings . This operating uncertainty also makes it difficult to predict the availability and utilization of tax benefits over the next several years. As a result, management has concluded, as of December 31, 2024, it is more likely than not the Company’s net domestic deferred tax assets will not be realized, and a full valuation allowance against all net domestic deferred tax assets is still warranted as of December 31, 2024. The valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets may require adjustment in the future based on changes in the mix of temporary differences, changes in tax laws, and operating performance. If the positive operating results continue, the Company’s concerns about industry uncertainty, product transitions, new program introductions and adoption times of new technology offerings are resolved, and the Company believes future taxable income can be more reliably forecasted, the Company may release all or a portion of the valuation allowance in the near-term. Certain state tax credits, though, will likely never be released by the valuation allowance. If and when the Company determines the valuation allowance should be released (i.e., reduced), the adjustment would result in a tax benefit reported in that period’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, the effect of which would be an increase in reported net income.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company hadno federal net operating loss carryforwards available, and had state net operating losses of approximately $4,000, which will begin to expire in 2030. The Company has federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $12,344,000 and $21,892,000, which will begin to expire in 2039 and 2025, respectively.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

The Company has reviewed the tax positions taken, or to be taken, in its tax returns for all tax years currently open to examination by a taxing authority. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, that is the aggregate tax effect of differences between tax return positions and the benefits recognized in the Company’s financial statements, as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 of $4,585,000, $4,184,000, and $3,474,000, respectively, if recognized, may decrease the Company’s income tax provision and effective tax rate. None of the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 are expected to significantly change during the next twelve months.

The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized approximately $36,000, $23,000, and $17,000, respectively, in net interest expense. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accrued approximately $52,000 and $67,000, respectively, for the potential payment of interest.

The Company files income tax returns in the United States and various foreign tax jurisdictions. These tax returns are generally open to examination by the relevant tax authorities from three to seven years from the date they are filed. The tax filings relating to the Company’s federal and state taxes are currently open to examination for tax years 2021 through 2023 and 2020 through 2023, respectively. In addition, the Company generated federal research and development credits in tax years 2005 through 2020. These years may also be subject to examination when the credits are carried forward and utilized in future years.

The Company was informed in September 2021 by the Internal Revenue Service of their intention to examine the Company’s 2019 Federal income tax return. The IRS has closed the examination of the 2019 tax year with no material adjustments. There are no other audits or examinations in process in any other jurisdiction.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has not provided deferred U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on temporary differences resulting from unremitted earnings for non-U.S. subsidiaries, which were not significant, and were permanently reinvested outside of the U.S. Upon repatriation of those earnings, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company could be subject to immaterial withholding taxes payable to the various foreign countries.

COMMITMENTS AND contingencies

At December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately$12,669,000 of cancelable and non-cancelable capital expenditure commitments, principally for manufacturing equipment.

As previously reported in its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Annual Reports on Form 10-K, the Company is the defendant in a patent infringement lawsuit originally filed on January 28, 2011 by SynQor, Inc. (“SynQor”) in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the “District Court”). SynQor alleged that certain Vicor products infringed certain United States Patents owned by SynQor.

On October 26, 2022, after a trial in the District Court, the jury returned a verdict finding that the Company willfully infringed one SynQor patent, and awarding SynQor damages in the amount of $6,500,000.

On May 20, 2024, the District Court issued an Amended Corrected Final Judgment, awarding SynQor actual damages of $6,500,000, enhanced damages of $4,500,000, costs in the amount of approximately $87,000, attorney fees in the amount of $9,500,000, and pre-judgment interest of approximately $5,400,000, for a total judgment of approximately $26,000,000. In addition, the District Court ordered that post-judgment interest would accrue at an amount of $2,323 per day starting on April 24, 2024 until the judgment is paid, compounded annually, and that additional post-judgment interest in the amount of $1,351 per day would accrue starting on May 20, 2024 until the judgment is paid, compounded annually.

On May 22, 2024, the Company filed an appeal of the District Court’s judgment to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. That appeal remains pending.

In accordance with applicable accounting standards, the Company recorded a litigation related accrual of $6,500,000 in the third quarter of 2022 and incremental litigation related accruals of $17,200,000 in the first quarter of 2024 and $2,300,000 in the second quarter of 2024 when the Amended Corrected Final Judgment was issued, for a total of $26,000,000, as its estimate based on the awarded judgments, including enhanced damages, pre-judgment interest, costs and attorney fees. The final determination of the litigation related accrual amount will be subject to appeal and could differ from the recorded liability.

Consistent with the court order, post-judgment interest will accrue on the pre-judgment amount until paid and the Company has recorded post judgment interest of approximately $992,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, within the Selling, general and administrative expenses on the Statement of Operations and the associated Accrued litigation account.

On July 11, 2024, purported stockholders of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California styled Pouladian et al. v. Vicor Corporation et al., case number 3:24-cv-04196. The suit was brought against the Company and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairman (the "Defendants"). The plaintiffs allege violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), due to allegedly false and misleading statements during earnings calls in 2023 about the Company’s commercial relationship with an existing customer. The complaint seeks damages, interest and attorneys’ fees and costs. The plaintiffs were appointed lead plaintiffs on October 24, 2024, and an amended complaint was filed on November 22, 2024. The Defendants filed their motion to dismiss the amended complaint on January 1, 2025. The plaintiffs’ response is due March 5, 2025, and the Defendants have until March 21, 2025 to file their reply. The Defendants believe the plaintiffs’ claims are without merit and intend to vigorously defend against the lawsuit.

On July 25, 2024, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts styled Valiquette v. Vicor Corporation et al., case number 1:24-cv-11935. The suit was brought against the Company; the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairman; the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Secretary and Director; and the Company’s Vice President of Global Sales and Marketing and Director. The plaintiffs alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, due to allegedly false and misleading statements during earnings calls in 2023 about the Company’s commercial relationship with an existing customer. The complaint sought damages, interest and attorneys' fees and costs. On September 24, 2024, the class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts was voluntarily dismissed, without prejudice.

In addition, the Company is involved in certain other litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of its business, both as a defendant and a plaintiff. While the outcome of such other lawsuits and claims against the Company cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not expect such litigation or claims will have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.