Cue Biopharma Inc

Previous wording

Cancer and autoimmune disease are major areas of disease that affect large populations across the globe and shorten the life expectancy of those afflicted. There are approximately 20 million new cancer diagnoses worldwide each year with approximately 2 million in the United States, or U.S., alone. Of these new cases, approximately 50% will progress to recurrent metastatic disease ultimately resulting in death. In addition, approximately 4% of the world’s population is diagnosed with an autoimmune disease resulting in approximately 24 million cases in the U.S. alone. Recognizing that T cells, as the heavy artillery of the immune system, are regulated with a highly selective “command and control” instruction process through interactions with the antigen-presenting cells, we have engineered the Immuno-STAT platform to emulate this “command and control” system.

Current wording

Cancer and autoimmune disease are major areas of disease affecting large populations across the globe, shortening the life expectancy of those afflicted, and significantly affecting quality of life. There are approximately 20 million new cancer diagnoses worldwide each year with approximately 2 million in the United States, or U.S., alone. Of these new cases, approximately 50% will progress to recurrent metastatic disease ultimately resulting in death. In addition, approximately 4% of the world’s population is diagnosed with an autoimmune disease resulting in approximately 24 million cases in the U.S. alone. Recognizing that T cells, as the heavy artillery of the immune system, are regulated with a highly selective “command and control” instruction process through interactions with the antigen-presenting cells, we have engineered the Immuno-STAT platform to emulate this “command and control” system.

Previous wording

Our first two oncology drug product candidates, CUE-101 and CUE-102, are exemplary programs from the IL-2 based CUE-100 series, and are representative of the HLA-A02 allele, which is the predominant human leukocyte antigen, or HLA, allele in the U.S. and western European territories, i.e., approximately 50% of the patient population, and also prevalent, albeit at lower frequencies, in other global populations. We have preclinically validated the targeting of T cells with additional HLA alleles, which could enable expansion of patient coverage globally for future drug product candidates. CUE-101 is engineered for the treatment of human papillomavirus positive, or HPV+, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, or HNSCC. By changing the epitope 9-amino acid sequence depicted as the yellow circle in the above illustration, we developed CUE-102, targeting Wilms’ Tumor 1 protein, or WT1, an oncofetal antigen known to be over-expressed in more than 20 different cancers. Based upon the clinical observations to date, we believe we have demonstrated that our Immuno-STAT platform can be deployed across a wide spectrum of cancers by selectively activating the patient’s own immune system to combat cancer. Furthermore, we believe that the data generated to date, and continuing to mature, underscores what appears to be a substantial extension of survival, evidenced by the median overall survival, or mOS, of multiple patient cohorts receiving CUE-101 as a monotherapy, as well as in combination with the standard of care for HPV+ HNSCC, which we discuss in greater detail below under the heading “CUE-101”.

Current wording

Our first two oncology drug product candidates, currently in clinical development, CUE-101 and CUE-102, are exemplary programs from the IL-2 based CUE-100 series, and are representative of the HLA-A02 allele, which is the predominant human leukocyte antigen, or HLA, allele in the U.S. and western European territories, i.e., approximately 50% of the patient population, and also prevalent, albeit at lower frequencies, in other global populations. We have preclinically validated the targeting of T cells with additional HLA alleles, which could enable expansion of patient coverage globally for future drug product candidates. CUE-101 is engineered for the treatment of human papillomavirus positive, or HPV+, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, or HNSCC. By changing the epitope 9-amino acid sequence depicted as the yellow circle in the above illustration, we developed CUE-102, targeting Wilms’ tumor 1 protein, or WT1, an oncofetal antigen known to be over-expressed in more than 20 different cancers. Based upon the clinical observations to date, we believe we have demonstrated that our Immuno-STAT platform can be deployed across a wide spectrum of cancers by selectively activating the patient’s own immune system to combat cancer. Furthermore, we believe that the data generated to date, and continuing to mature, underscores what appears to be a substantial extension of survival, evidenced by the median overall survival, or mOS, of multiple patient cohorts receiving CUE-101 as a monotherapy, as well as in combination with the standard of care for HPV+ HNSCC, which we discuss in greater detail below under the heading “CUE-101”.

Previous wording

We have also developed drug product candidates designed to address a broad spectrum of autoimmune disease by dampening or turning down self-reactive T cells that attack a patient’s body. We have a strategic collaboration with Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., or Ono, focused on the development of CUE-401 for the potential treatment of a wide spectrum of autoimmune disease through the induction and expansion of regulatory T cells, or Tregs. Furthermore, we also have developed a drug product candidate, CUE-501, for targeting B cell mediated autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, which would potentially enable B cell ablation to destroy autoreactive B cells followed by natural repopulation thus restoring immune balance.

Current wording

We have also developed drug product candidates designed to address a broad spectrum of autoimmune disease by dampening or turning off self-reactive T cells that attack a patient’s body. We have a strategic collaboration with Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., or Ono, focused on the development of CUE-401 for the potential treatment of a wide spectrum of autoimmune disease through the induction and expansion of regulatory T cells, or Tregs. Furthermore, we have also developed a drug product candidate, CUE-501, for targeting B cell mediated autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, which would potentially enable autoreactive B cell ablation followed by natural repopulation thus restoring immune balance.

Previous wording

Our drug product candidates are in various stages of clinical and preclinical development. The ongoing generation of clinical data for CUE-101 and CUE-102, as well as the emerging preclinical data for CUE-401 and CUE-501 continues to bolster our belief that we have developed a modular approach for “restoring immune balance” representing a potential breakthrough for enhancing clinical outcomes for patients suffering from cancer and autoimmune disease.

Current wording

Our drug product candidates are in various stages of clinical and preclinical development. The ongoing generation of clinical data for CUE-101 and CUE-102, as well as the emerging preclinical data for CUE-401 and CUE-501 continues to bolster our belief that we have developed a modular and versatile approach for “restoring immune balance” representing a potential breakthrough for enhancing clinical outcomes for patients suffering from cancer and autoimmune disease.

Previous wording

The pipeline chart below details our portfolio of oncology and autoimmune assets and their stages of development. Historically, we have focused the majority of our resources on our CUE-101 and CUE-102 programs for oncology. However, in July 2024, we announced the strategic prioritization of our autoimmune programs and an organizational restructuring to strengthen operational efficiencies and enable the already encouraging clinical data from our oncology programs to continue to mature and potentially further differentiate our competitive advantage, particularly pertaining to patient survival. As we shift our focus towards the development of our autoimmune programs, we continue to actively pursue third party support through partnerships and collaborations to further develop the CUE-100 series programs, including CUE-101 and CUE-102.

Current wording

As the CUE-101 and CUE-102 programs continue to be monitored and provide maturing data, our primary current emphasis and resource deployment has been focused on our autoimmune disease programs, which we believe represent large market opportunities by addressing significant unmet medical needs. In July 2024, we announced a strategic prioritization of our autoimmune programs along with organizational restructuring to strengthen operational efficiencies and enable the already encouraging clinical data from our oncology programs to continue to mature and potentially further differentiate our competitive advantage, particularly pertaining to patient survival. As we shift our focus towards the development of our autoimmune programs, we continue to actively pursue third party support through partnerships and collaborations to further develop the CUE-100 series programs, including CUE-101 and CUE-102. As such, we have continued to progress forward in our strategic collaboration with Ono to develop CUE-401, a preclinical IL-2/transforming growth factor beta, or TGF -beta, bispecific based drug product candidate for autoimmune disease. Based on its unique mechanism of action, we believe CUE-401 has the potential to be a highly differentiated molecule for the induction and expansion of Tregs in a manner distinct from other IL-2 muteins that are being pursued in this space. In addition, we have advanced CUE-501, which targets autoimmune diseases caused by autoreactive, or self-reactive, B cells, into preclinical development.

Previous wording

CUE-101 is our most advanced clinical stage asset and is being investigated for the treatment of HPV+ HNSCC in patients with the HLA allele, HLA-A02. Our Phase 1 clinical trial is investigating CUE-101 in the treatment of recurrent metastatic, or R/M, HPV+ HNSCC as a monotherapy and in combination with KEYTRUDA. We received Fast Track Designation of CUE-101 for the treatment of R/M, HPV+ HNSCC, as both a monotherapy in second line or higher, or 2L+, patients and in combination with KEYTRUDA, the current standard of care, or SoC, for first line, or 1L, R/M HNSCC patients. We also have an ongoing investigator sponsored clinical trial in the neoadjuvant setting where tumor tissue is being analyzed before and after treatment with CUE-101. The preliminary data from pre- and post-CUE-101 treatment biopsies in this study demonstrates changes in the tumor microenvironment that are consistent with CUE-101’s proposed mechanism of action. This series of trials allows CUE-101 to be investigated in multiple patient populations with broad market opportunities.

Current wording

Designation of CUE-101 for the treatment of HPV+ R/M HNSCC, as both a monotherapy in second line or higher, or 2L+, patients and in combination with KEYTRUDA, the current standard of care, or SoC, for first line, or 1L, HPV+ R/M HNSCC patients. We also have an ongoing investigator sponsored clinical trial in the neoadjuvant setting where tumor tissue is being analyzed before and after treatment with CUE-101. The preliminary data from pre- and post- CUE-101 treatment biopsies in this study demonstrated changes in the tumor microenvironment that are consistent with CUE-101’s proposed mechanism of action. This series of trials enables CUE-101 to be investigated in multiple patient populations with the objective of developing a deeper understanding of the drug candidate’s activity as well as enhancement of competitive positioning for establishing broad market opportunities.

Previous wording

Both the CUE-101 monotherapy trial in 2L+ R/M HNSCC and CUE-101 trial in 1L in combination with KEYTRUDA have completed enrollment and have demonstrated evidence of meaningful clinical activity. Most notably in our ongoing Phase 1b trial of CUE-101 in combination with current SoC, KEYTRUDA, as described in more detail in our 2023 Annual Report, we have observed one confirmed complete response and ten confirmed partial responses, as well as seven patients with durable stable disease resulting in an overall response rate, or ORR, of 46% and a disease control rate of 75%. This ORR represents a greater than doubling of the historical ORR of 19% that was observed with KEYTRUDA alone, as reported in the KEYNOTE 048 study. Importantly, these responses include multiple patients with low PD-L1 expression (combined positive score, or CPS, of less than 20), a patient population known to be less likely to respond to KEYTRUDA. Importantly, low CPS has been documented to be present in approximately 50% of all HPV+ HNSCC patients. In addition, we have observed a mOS of 20.8 and 24.6 months in 2L+ patients treated with CUE-101 monotherapy at 4 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively, which compares favorably to historical data of 8.4 months with KEYTRUDA and 7.5 months with OPDIVO in the 2L setting.

Current wording

Both the CUE-101 monotherapy trial in 2L+ HPV+ R/M HNSCC and CUE-101 trial in 1L in combination with KEYTRUDA have completed patient enrollment and have demonstrated evidence of meaningful clinical activity. Most notably in our ongoing Phase 1b trial of CUE-101 in combination with current SoC, KEYTRUDA, as described in more detail in our 2023 Annual Report, we have observed one confirmed complete response and ten confirmed partial responses, as well as seven patients with durable stable disease (greater than 12 weeks) resulting in an objective response rate, or ORR, of 46% and a disease control rate of 75% as of the September 11, 2024 data cut-off date. This ORR represents a greater than doubling of the historical ORR of 19% that was observed with KEYTRUDA alone, as reported in the KEYNOTE 048 study. Importantly, these responses include multiple patients with low PD-L1 expression (combined positive score, or CPS, of less than 20), a patient population known to be less likely to respond to KEYTRUDA. Notably, low CPS has been documented in approximately 50% of all HPV+ R/M HNSCC patients eligible for KEYTRUDA in the 1L setting. Significantly, the observed mOS for all patients with CPS ≥1 treated with CUE-101 and pembrolizumab of 21.8 months, depicted by the blue line in the graph below, compares favorably to the historical mOS of 12.3 months observed with KEYTRUDA alone.

Previous wording

Overall Response Rate in Patients Treated with 4 mg/kg of CUE-101 in Combination with KEYTRUDA and Median Overall Survival of CUE-101 Monotherapy vs. Historical Checkpoint Inhibitors

Current wording

Overall Survival of Patients Treated with 4 mg/kg of CUE-101 in Combination with KEYTRUDA

Previous wording

In addition to a significant increase in mOS observed with CUE-101 as a monotherapy, we have also observed a mOS of 21.8 months in 1L patients treated with CUE-101 in combination with pembrolizumab as shown in the Kaplan-Meier survival estimate curve included below, which compares favorably to historical mOS data with KEYTRUDA.

Current wording

In addition to a significant increase in mOS observed with CUE-101 in combination with KEYTRUDA, we have also observed a mOS of 20.8 months, as depicted by the blue line in the graph below, in the 20 2L+ patients treated with CUE-101 monotherapy at 4 mg/kg as of the September 11, 2024 data cut-off date, which compares favorably to historical third-party mOS data of 8.4 months with KEYTRUDA and 7.5 months with OPDIVO in the 2L setting.

Previous wording

We continue to follow the patients treated in both the CUE-101 Phase 1 monotherapy and combination settings and anticipate providing further updates on the maturing monotherapy data in the fourth quarter of 2024 and combination data in the first half of 2025.

Current wording

We continue to follow the patients treated in both the CUE-101 Phase 1 monotherapy and combination settings and anticipate providing further updates on the maturing data in the first half of 2025.

Previous wording

In January 2024, we met with the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in a Type B meeting, which provided clarification and alignment for potential paths forward to registrational trials in both the 2L+ monotherapy and 1L combination settings. An overview of the proposed CUE-101 Phase 2 trial is shown below. In the proposed trial, treatment naïve, front-line patients with R/M HPV+ HNSCC will be randomized to one of three treatment arms: two CUE-101 doses in combination with 200 mg of pembrolizumab or 200mg of pembrolizumab alone, in each case, with dosing to occur every three weeks. ORR will be the primary endpoint with progression free survival, or PFS, and overall survival, or OS, as secondary endpoints. The interim analysis of ORR is anticipated to occur approximately 14 months after the first patient is dosed in this proposed Phase 2 trial, and the primary analysis of ORR is anticipated to occur approximately 22-24 months after the first patient is dosed in this proposed Phase 2 trial.

Current wording

In January 2024, we met with the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in a Type B meeting, which provided clarification and alignment for potential paths forward to registrational trials in both the 2L+ monotherapy and 1L combination settings. In the proposed trial, treatment naïve, front-line patients with HPV+ R/M HNSCC will be randomized to one of three treatment arms: two CUE-101 doses in combination with 200 mg of pembrolizumab or 200mg of pembrolizumab alone, in each case, with dosing to occur every three weeks. ORR will be the primary endpoint with progression free survival, or PFS, and overall survival, or OS, as secondary endpoints. The interim analysis of ORR is anticipated to occur approximately 14 months after the first patient is dosed in this proposed Phase 2 trial, and the primary analysis of ORR is anticipated to occur approximately 22-24 months after the first patient is dosed in this proposed Phase 2 trial.

Previous wording

We believe the data resulting from this Phase 2 trial design will provide a robust characterization of treatment effect, confirm the dose to be tested in Phase 3, and increase the overall probability of success for a potential registrational trial of CUE-101, while also providing further risk reduction of the CUE-100 series. Due to the resource requirements of the planned Phase 2 trial, combined with our near-term prioritization of our autoimmune programs, we are in the process of identifying potential alternative sources of capital to enable the potential initiation and completion of this planned Phase 2 trial.

Current wording

CUE-101, while also providing further risk reduction of the CUE-100 series. Due to the resource requirements of the planned Phase 2 trial, combined with our current prioritization of our autoimmune programs, we are in the process of identifying alternative paths to enable the potential initiation and completion of a Phase 2 trial of CUE-101.

Previous wording

CUE-102, the second HLA-A02 drug product candidate in our CUE-100 series, targets WT1, an oncofetal antigen known to be over-expressed in more than 20 different cancers, including both solid tumors (such as colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic and lung) and hematologic malignancies (such as acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes). We are conducting a Phase 1 monotherapy clinical trial of CUE-102 in second line R/M WT1+ colorectal, gastric, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer. Similar to CUE-101, CUE-102 may be investigated in multiple patient populations, including as a combination with current standard of care therapies, in 1L R/M cancers, as well as, in locally advanced settings.

Current wording

CUE-102, the second HLA-A02 drug product candidate in clinical development from our CUE-100 series, targets Wilms' tumor 1 protein, or WT1, an oncofetal antigen known to be over-expressed in more than 20 different cancers, including both solid tumors (such as colorectal, gastric, ovarian, pancreatic and lung) and hematologic malignancies (such as acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes). We are currently conducting a Phase 1 monotherapy clinical trial of CUE-102 in late line R/M WT1+ colorectal, gastric, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer.

Previous wording

Consistent with our preclinical datasets, selective and robust expansion of WT1+ specific T cells has been observed in treated patients in our ongoing CUE-102 monotherapy trial. Expansion of these WT1 tumor specific T cells is expected to enhance anti-tumor immunity with the potential to control disease, drive tumor reductions, and enhance patient survival. The graphs below show reductions in tumor burden that have been observed in two patients treated in the dose-escalation portion of the Phase 1 CUE-102 monotherapy clinical trial. As shown in the graph on the left, a patient with gastric cancer that progressed on three prior lines of therapy, including a checkpoint inhibitor, experienced a decrease in the sum of three target lesions of 34% at week 36, as depicted by the blue line crossing the -30% hash line in green. The graph on the right shows a reduction in tumor burden observed in an ovarian cancer patient as depicted by the blue line intersecting the -30% hash line in green. These patients subsequently experienced progressive disease due to the emergence of new lesions, but importantly, we believe to have provided evidence of the antitumor activity of CUE-102 in the dose escalation portion of the study.

Current wording

Selective and robust expansion of WT1 specific T cells has been observed in patients treated in our ongoing CUE-102 monotherapy trial. Consistent with preclinical findings, among the 22 patients tested to date, a trend of increased frequency of WT1 specific T cells is apparent post-dosing with CUE-102, while the frequency of all T cells appears to be unchanged. Expansion of these WT1 tumor specific T cells is expected to enhance anti-tumor immunity with the potential to control disease, drive tumor reductions, and enhance patient survival. The graphs below show reductions in tumor burden that have been observed in two patients treated in the dose-escalation portion of the Phase 1 CUE-102 monotherapy clinical trial. As shown in the graph on the left, a patient with gastric cancer that progressed on three prior lines of therapy, including a checkpoint inhibitor, experienced a decrease in the sum of three target lesions of 34% at week 36, as depicted by the blue line crossing the -30% hash line in green. The graph on the right shows a reduction in tumor burden observed in an ovarian cancer patient as depicted by the blue line intersecting the -30% hash line in green. These patients subsequently experienced progressive disease due to the emergence of new lesions, but importantly, we believe to have provided evidence of the antitumor activity of CUE-102 in the dose escalation portion of the study.

Previous wording

Based on these data, we selected CUE-102 4 mg/kg as the expansion dose for Part B, with patients enrolled in all four indications. While we are strategically prioritizing our autoimmune programs, we plan to continue to follow the patients treated in the CUE-102 Phase 1 monotherapy setting and anticipate providing further updates on the maturing data in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Current wording

While we are currently strategically prioritizing our autoimmune programs, we plan to continue to follow the patients treated in the CUE-102 Phase 1 monotherapy setting and anticipate providing further updates on the maturing data in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Previous wording

In addition to the CUE-100 series, we have leveraged the modularity and versatility of the Immuno-STAT platform to develop additional biologic series outside of oncology, including the CUE-400 and CUE-500 series, which are specifically designed through rational protein engineering to address distinct therapeutic approaches for treating autoimmune disease. The CUE-400 series represents a novel class of bispecific molecules designed to selectively induce and expand regulatory T cells, or Tregs, for chronic autoimmune diseases. The CUE-500 series represents a novel approach to develop selective T cell engagers that can selectively redirect memory T cells to deplete B cells, which is recognized as an important axis for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We believe preclinical data generated from our evaluation of CUE-401 and the CUE-500 series demonstrates evidence of the desired mechanistic effect of these novel approaches for the treatment of autoimmune disease.

Current wording

In addition to the CUE-100 series, we have leveraged the modularity and versatility of the Immuno-STAT platform to develop additional biologic series outside of oncology, including the CUE-400 and CUE-500 series, which are specifically designed through rational protein engineering to address distinct therapeutic approaches for treating autoimmune disease. The CUE-400 series represents a novel class of bispecific molecules designed to selectively induce and expand regulatory T cells, or Tregs, for chronic autoimmune diseases. The CUE-500 series represents a novel approach to develop selective T cell engagers that can selectively redirect specific memory T cells to deplete autoreactive B cells, which is recognized as an important axis for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We believe preclinical data generated from our evaluation of CUE-401 and the CUE-500 series demonstrates evidence of the desired mechanistic effect of these novel approaches for the treatment of autoimmune disease.

Previous wording

CUE-401 is a bispecific molecule which has the two key signals, IL-2 and TGF beta, for selective induction of Tregs. The structure of CUE-401 incorporates the same IL-2 variant that is present in CUE-101 and CUE-102. The TGF beta variant was designed to improve the safety profile, enhance manufacturability, and mechanistically align with IL-2 signaling for effective Treg induction and expansion. Co-delivery of IL-2 and TGF beta signals in naïve CD4+ T cells results in the induction of FOX P3 which is the master gene transcription factor for Tregs. The panels below demonstrate Treg induction in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and exemplify the need for both the IL-2 and TGF beta signals to induce Tregs. As shown below, neither IL-2 nor TGF beta alone can generate substantial numbers of new Tregs. In contrast, CUE-401, which has both IL-2 and TGF beta, demonstrated in preclinical studies the ability to generate a robust population of FOX P3+ Tregs by delivering both required signals.

Current wording

CUE-401 is a bispecific molecule which has the two key signals, IL-2 and TGF beta, for selective induction of Tregs. The structure of CUE-401 incorporates the same IL-2 variant that is present in CUE-101 and CUE-102. The TGF beta variant was designed to improve the safety profile, enhance manufacturability, and mechanistically align with IL-2 signaling for effective Treg induction and expansion. Co-delivery of IL-2 and TGF beta signals in naïve CD4+ T cells results in the induction of FOX P3 which is the master gene transcription factor for Tregs. The panels below demonstrate Treg induction in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and exemplify the need for both the IL-2 and TGF beta signals to induce Tregs as neither IL-2 nor TGF beta alone can generate substantial numbers of new Tregs. In contrast, CUE-401, which has both IL-2 and TGF beta, demonstrated the ability to generate a robust population of FOX P3+ Tregs by delivering both required signals as shown below in two different preclinical studies.

Previous wording

Our technology is in the clinical development phase for oncology and preclinical development phase for autoimmune disease. We believe that our platforms have the potential for creating a diverse pipeline of promising drug product candidates addressing multiple medical indications. We intend to maximize the value and probability of commercialization of our

Current wording

Our protein engineering platform has generated a series of precision biologic candidates that are in the clinical development phase for oncology and preclinical development phase for autoimmune disease. Due to its modularity and versatility, we believe our platform has the potential for delivering a diverse and expanding pipeline of promising drug product candidates addressing multiple medical indications. We intend to optimize the value and probability of commercialization of our Immuno-STAT drug product candidates by utilizing a diverse, strategic approach of partnering certain programs, while retaining control and upside potential of others. Through this balanced approach, we aim to provide our stockholders with near, mid and long-term value creation opportunities protected by our portfolio of patents and intellectual property.

Previous wording

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe that the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in the accounting policies described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 of our 2023 Annual Report have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements, so we consider those estimates, assumptions and judgments to be our critical accounting policies and estimates. There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Current wording

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe that the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in the accounting policies described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 of our 2023 Annual Report have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements, so we consider those estimates, assumptions and judgments to be our critical accounting policies and estimates. There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Previous wording

We account for the costs incurred in connection with the Einstein License in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 730, Research and Development. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we incurred $0.03 million and $0.05 million, respectively, in fees payable to Einstein in relation to this license. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we incurred $0.03 million and $0.08 million, respectively, in fees payable to Einstein in relation to this license. Such costs are included in research and development costs in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Current wording

We account for the costs incurred in connection with the Einstein License in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 730, Research and Development. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we incurred $0.03 million and $0.08 million, respectively, in fees payable to Einstein in relation to this license. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we did not incur any fees payable to Einstein in relation to this license. Such costs are included in research and development costs in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Previous wording

Under the terms of the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement, LG Chem paid us a $5.0 million non-refundable, non-creditable upfront payment and purchased $5.0 million of shares of our common stock at a price per share equal to a 20% premium to the volume weighted-average closing price per share over the 30 trading day period immediately prior to the effective date of the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement. We are also eligible to receive additional aggregate payments of up to $400 million if certain research, development, regulatory and commercial milestones are successfully achieved. On May 16, 2019, we earned a $2.5 million milestone payment for the FDA’s acceptance of the IND for our lead drug product candidate, CUE-101, pursuant to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement. On December 7, 2020, we earned a $1.25 million milestone payment on the selection of a preclinical candidate pursuant to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement. On November 23, 2021, we earned a $3.0 million milestone payment for the selection of a Drug Product Candidate. In addition, the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement also provides that LG Chem will pay us tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of commercialized Drug Product Candidates, or Collaboration Products, in the LG Chem Territory on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, until the later of expiration of patent rights in a country, the expiration of regulatory exclusivity in such country, or ten years after the first commercial sale of a Collaboration Product in such country, subject to certain royalty step-down provisions set forth in the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement.

Current wording

2019, we earned a $2.5 million milestone payment for the FDA’s acceptance of the IND for our lead drug product candidate, CUE-101, pursuant to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement. On December 7, 2020, we earned a $1.25 million milestone payment on the selection of a preclinical candidate pursuant to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement. On November 23, 2021, we earned a $3.0 million milestone payment for the selection of a Drug Product Candidate. In addition, the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement also provides that LG Chem will pay us tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of commercialized Drug Product Candidates, or Collaboration Products, in the LG Chem Territory on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, until the later of expiration of patent rights in a country, the expiration of regulatory exclusivity in such country, or ten years after the first commercial sale of a Collaboration Product in such country, subject to certain royalty step-down provisions set forth in the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement.

Previous wording

Pursuant to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement, the parties will share research costs related to Collaboration Products, and LG Chem will provide CMC process development for selected Drug Product Candidates and potentially additional downstream manufacturing capabilities, including clinical and commercial supply for Collaboration Products. In return for performing CMC process development, LG Chem is eligible to receive low-single digit percentage royalty payments on the sales of Collaboration Products sold in all countries outside the LG Chem Territory. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized revenue of $0.03 million and $0.07 million, respectively, related to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 we recognized revenue of $0.03 million and $0.07 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, we had recorded $19.9 million in collaboration revenue related to this agreement since the agreement was entered into. The majority of the research phase of the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement was substantially completed by March 31, 2022.

Current wording

Pursuant to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement, the parties will share research costs related to Collaboration Products, and LG Chem will provide CMC process development for selected Drug Product Candidates and potentially additional downstream manufacturing capabilities, including clinical and commercial supply for Collaboration Products. In return for performing CMC process development, LG Chem is eligible to receive low-single digit percentage royalty payments on the sales of Collaboration Products sold in all countries outside the LG Chem Territory. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized revenue of $0.05 million related to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement. There was no revenue recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2024 related to the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 we recognized revenue of $0.2 million. As of September 30, 2024, we had recorded $19.9 million in collaboration revenue related to this agreement since the agreement was entered into. The majority of the research phase of the LG Chem Collaboration Agreement was substantially completed by March 31, 2022.

Previous wording

Under the terms of the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement, we will perform research activities related to CUE-401 through a specified option period of 24 months, or the Research Term. During this Research Term, we will be responsible for the execution of scientific investigation, nonclinical, preclinical, and clinical drug research and development activities designed to progress CUE-401 toward a potential IND and regulatory approval, collectively referred to as R&D. Ono is responsible for the funding of R&D activities performed by us. Per the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement, as consideration for the

Current wording

Under the terms of the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement, we will perform research activities related to CUE-401 through a specified option period of 24 months, or the Research Term. During this Research Term, we will be responsible for the execution of scientific investigation, nonclinical, preclinical, and clinical drug research and development activities designed to progress CUE-401 toward a potential IND and regulatory approval, collectively referred to as R&D. Ono is responsible for the funding of R&D activities performed by us. Per the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement, as consideration for the R&D activities performed by us, Ono (i) has made a one-time, non-refundable, non-creditable upfront payment of $3.0 million to us in March 2023, and (ii) will reimburse us for all costs incurred in conducting research, including (a) pass through costs from third party contractors and (b) full time employee salaries capped at $2.1 million in the first 18 months of the Research

Previous wording

R&D activities performed by us, Ono (i) has made a one-time, non-refundable, non-creditable upfront payment of $3.0 million to us in March 2023, and (ii) will reimburse us for all costs incurred in conducting research, including (a) pass through costs from third party contractors and (b) full time employee salaries capped at $2.1 million in the first 18 months of the Research Term. Subsequently, the Company and Ono agreed to increase this cap for full time employee salaries to $2.8 million. The term of the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement extends until the expiration of the Research Term which cannot exceed a 24-month period. We have forecasted that we will be able to complete the R&D activities within this time period.

Current wording

Term. Subsequently, the Company and Ono agreed to increase this cap for full time employee salaries to $2.8 million. The term of the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement extends until the expiration of the Research Term which cannot exceed a 24-month period. We have forecasted that we will be able to complete the R&D activities within this time period.

Previous wording

Aside from the $3.0 million upfront payment and funding related to pass through costs, we do not believe that any variable consideration should be included in the transaction price as of June 30, 2024. Such assessment considered the application of the constraint to ensure that estimates of variable consideration would be included in the transaction price only to the extent we have a high degree of confidence that revenue would not be reversed in a subsequent reporting period. We will re-evaluate the transaction price, including the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and all constrained amounts, in each reporting period and as other changes in circumstances occur. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized revenue of $2.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively, related to the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized revenue of $4.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively, related to the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement. We recorded short-term research and development liabilities on our balance sheet dated June 30, 2024 of $1.0 million, offset by $0.5 million recorded within accounts receivable on its balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, we recorded short-term research and development liabilities of $2.1 million on our consolidated balance sheet.

Current wording

Aside from the $3.0 million upfront payment and funding related to pass through costs, we do not believe that any variable consideration should be included in the transaction price as of September 30, 2024. Such assessment considered the application of the constraint to ensure that estimates of variable consideration would be included in the transaction price only to the extent we have a high degree of confidence that revenue would not be reversed in a subsequent reporting period. We will re-evaluate the transaction price, including the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and all constrained amounts, in each reporting period and as other changes in circumstances occur. For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized revenue of $3.4 million and $1.9 million, respectively, related to the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized revenue of $7.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively, related to the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement. We recorded short-term research and development liabilities on our balance sheet dated September 30, 2024 of $0.3 million. We also reduced our accounts receivable by $0.5 million for amounts billed to Ono in excess of amounts incurred. As of December 31, 2023, we recorded short-term research and development liabilities of $2.1 million on our consolidated balance sheet.

Previous wording

Our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, as discussed herein, are presented below in thousands.

Current wording

Our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, as discussed herein, are presented below in thousands.

Previous wording

Collaboration revenue increased by $1.3 million to $2.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, from $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was due to revenue earned from the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement, which was executed in February 2023.

Current wording

Collaboration revenue increased by $1.2 million to $3.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $2.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to revenue earned from the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement, which was executed in February 2023.

Previous wording

Collaboration revenue increased by $2.8 million to $4.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, from $1.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was due to revenue earned from the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement, which was executed in February 2023.

Current wording

Collaboration revenue increased by $4.0 million to $7.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $3.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to revenue earned from the Ono Collaboration and Option Agreement, which was executed in February 2023.

Previous wording

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.7 million to $3.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, from $4.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in professional fees, employee compensation, overhead, and stock-based compensation expense.

Current wording

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.7 million to $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $3.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in employee compensation, which includes stock-based compensation.

Previous wording

Research and development expenses decreased by $0.3 million to $19.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, from $20.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in research and laboratory costs and stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by an increase in clinical expenses.

Current wording

Research and development expenses decreased by $0.8 million to $29.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $29.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower clinical trial costs, and employee compensation, which includes stock-based compensation, partially offset by an increase in professional outside services related to CUE-401.

Previous wording

Interest income decreased by $0.1 million to $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, from $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was due to lower interest earned on cash and cash equivalents.

Current wording

Interest income decreased by $0.4 million to $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was due to lower interest earned on cash and cash equivalents.

Previous wording

Interest income decreased by $0.1 million to $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, from $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was due to lower interest earned on cash and cash equivalents.

Current wording

Interest income decreased by $0.5 million to $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $1.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was due to lower interest earned on cash and cash equivalents.

Previous wording

We have financed our working capital requirements primarily through private and public offerings of equity securities, cash received from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., LG Chem, and Ono under the respective collaboration agreements and borrowings under the Loan Agreement. At June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $30.0 million available to fund our ongoing business activities. Additional information concerning our financial condition and results of operations is provided in the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Current wording

We have financed our working capital requirements primarily through private and public offerings of equity securities, cash received from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., LG Chem, and Ono under the respective collaboration agreements and borrowings under the Loan Agreement. At September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $32.4 million available to fund our ongoing business activities. Additional information concerning our financial condition and results of operations is provided in the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Previous wording

In October 2021, we entered into an open market sale agreement, or the October 2021 ATM Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, as agent, to sell shares of our common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $80 million, from time to time, through an at-the-market equity offering program. The October 2021 ATM Agreement will terminate upon the earliest of (a) the sale of $80 million of shares of our common stock pursuant to the October 2021 ATM Agreement or (b) the termination of the October 2021 ATM Agreement by us or Jefferies. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, we sold 1,428,200 and 536,264 shares, respectively, of common stock under the October 2021 ATM Agreement, for proceeds of $3.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively, net of commission paid, but excluding transaction expenses. There were no sales under the October 2021 ATM Agreement during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. As of June 30, 2024, we sold an aggregate of 9,028,573 shares of common stock under the October 2021 ATM Agreement for proceeds of $40.4 million, net of commission paid, but excluding transaction expenses, since its inception.

Current wording

In October 2021, we entered into an open market sale agreement, or the October 2021 ATM Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, as agent, to sell shares of our common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $80 million, from time to time, through an at-the-market equity offering program. The October 2021 ATM Agreement will terminate upon the earliest of (a) the sale of $80 million of shares of our common stock pursuant to the October 2021 ATM Agreement or (b) the termination of the October 2021 ATM Agreement by us or Jefferies. We did not sell any shares during the three months ended September 30, 2024 under the October 2021 ATM Agreement. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we sold 1,378,867 shares of common stock under the October 2021 ATM Agreement, for proceeds of $5.6 million, net of commission paid, but excluding transaction expenses. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, we sold 1,428,200 and 1,915,131 shares, respectively, of common stock under the October 2021 ATM Agreement, for proceeds of $3.4 million and $7.6 million, respectively, net of commission paid, but excluding transaction expenses. As of September 30, 2024, we sold an aggregate of 9,028,573 shares of common stock under the October 2021 ATM Agreement for proceeds of $40.4 million, net of commission paid, but excluding transaction expenses, since its inception.

Previous wording

On February 15, 2022, we entered into the Loan Agreement, pursuant to which we have borrowed $10.0 million. The Loan Agreement was amended in April 2023. The term loans under the Loan Agreement, or the Term Loans, bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the greater of (A) the prime rate (as published in the money rates section of The Wall Street Journal) plus 2.25% and (B) 5.50%. On the first calendar day of each month, we will be required to make monthly interest payments and commencing on June 30, 2023, we began repayment of the Term Loans in (i) 30 consecutive installments of principal plus monthly payments of accrued interest if the additional term loans are not advanced and (ii) 24 months if the additional term loans are advanced. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the Term Loans and all other outstanding obligations with respect to the Term Loans are due and payable in full on December 1, 2025.

Current wording

On February 15, 2022, we entered into the Loan Agreement, pursuant to which we have borrowed $10.0 million. The Loan Agreement was amended in April 2023 and October 2024. The term loans under the Loan Agreement, or the Term Loans, bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the greater of (A) the prime rate (as published in the money rates section of The Wall Street Journal) plus 2.25% and (B) 5.50%. On the first calendar day of each month, we will be required to make monthly interest payments and commencing on June 30, 2023, we began repayment of the Term Loans in (i) 30 consecutive installments of principal plus monthly payments of accrued interest if the additional term loans are not advanced and (ii) 24 months if the additional term loans are advanced. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the Term Loans and all other outstanding obligations with respect to the Term Loans are due and payable in full on December 1, 2025.

Previous wording

The Loan Agreement permits voluntary prepayment of all, but not less than all, of the Term Loans, subject to a prepayment premium except if the facility is refinanced with another First Citizens Bank facility. Such prepayment premium would be 1.00% of the principal amount of the Term Loans. Upon prepayment or repayment in full of the Term Loans, we will be required to pay a one-time final payment fee equal to 5.00% of the original principal amount of any funded Term Loans being repaid. The Loan Agreement also requires us to maintain in our accounts at the Lender unrestricted and unencumbered cash equal to at least $20,000,000, or the Threshold Amount. In addition to the foregoing, we are required to have at all times on deposit in our accounts maintained with SVB, unrestricted and unencumbered cash in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 100% of the dollar value of our consolidated cash, in the aggregate, at all financial institutions and (ii) the Threshold Amount.

Current wording

The Loan Agreement permits voluntary prepayment of all, but not less than all, of the Term Loans, subject to a prepayment premium except if the facility is refinanced with another First Citizens Bank facility. Such prepayment premium would be 1.00% of the principal amount of the Term Loans. Upon prepayment or repayment in full of the Term Loans, we will be required to pay a one-time final payment fee equal to 5.00% of the original principal amount of any funded Term Loans being repaid. The Loan Agreement, as amended, also requires us to have at all times on deposit in our accounts maintained with SVB, unrestricted and unencumbered cash in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 100% of the dollar value of our consolidated cash, in the aggregate, at all financial institutions and (ii) $20,000,000.

Previous wording

On March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, was closed and the Federal Deposit Insurance Company, or FDIC, was appointed receiver for the bank. The FDIC created a successor bridge bank, and all deposits of SVB were transferred to the bridge bank under a systemic risk exception approved by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC. On March 27, 2023, First Citizens Bank assumed all of SVB’s deposits and certain other liabilities and acquired substantially all of SVB’s loans and certain other assets from the FDIC. First Citizens Bank continues to hold our Term Loans under the same existing terms and covenants which were in place with SVB. The vast majority of our cash and cash equivalents reside in custodial accounts at US Bank for which SVB Asset Management is the advisor.

Current wording

On March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, was closed and the Federal Deposit Insurance Company, or FDIC, was appointed receiver for the bank. The FDIC created a successor bridge bank, and all deposits of SVB were transferred to the bridge bank under a systemic risk exception approved by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC. On March 27, 2023, First Citizens Bank assumed all of SVB’s deposits and certain other liabilities and acquired substantially all of SVB’s loans and certain other assets from the FDIC. First Citizens Bank continues to hold our Term Loans under the same existing terms and covenants which were in place with SVB.

Previous wording

On November 14, 2022, we entered into securities purchase agreements with accredited investors pursuant to which, on November 16, 2022, we issued and sold to such investors in a private placement an aggregate of 7,656,966 shares of common stock and, in lieu of shares of common stock to certain investors, pre-funded warrants, or Pre-Funded Warrants, to purchase an aggregate of 1,531,440 shares of common stock, and, in each case, accompanying warrants, or Warrants, to purchase an aggregate of up to 9,188,406 additional shares of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) at a price of $3.265 per share and accompanying Warrant (or $3.2649 per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Warrant), or the PIPE Financing. The exercise price of the Warrants is $3.93 per share, or if exercised for a Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof, $3.9299 per Pre-Funded Warrant. The Warrants are exercisable at any time after they are issued and ending on the fifth anniversary of the closing. The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after they are issued and will not expire. We received aggregate gross proceeds from the PIPE Financing of $30 million, before deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses of $2.6 million. Piper Sandler & Co. acted as lead placement agent and Public Ventures LLC acted as co-placement agent for the PIPE Financing.

Current wording

On November 14, 2022, we entered into securities purchase agreements with accredited investors pursuant to which, on November 16, 2022, we issued and sold to such investors in a private placement an aggregate of 7,656,966 shares of common stock and, in lieu of shares of common stock to certain investors, pre-funded warrants, or the 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants, to purchase an aggregate of 1,531,440 shares of common stock, and, in each case, accompanying warrants, or the 2022 Common Stock Warrants, to purchase an aggregate of up to 9,188,406 additional shares of common stock (or 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) at a price of $3.265 per share and accompanying 2022 Common Stock Warrant (or $3.2649 per 2022 Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying 2022 Common Stock Warrant), or the PIPE Financing. The exercise price of the 2022 Common Stock Warrants is $3.93 per share, or if exercised for a 2022 Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof, $3.9299 per 2022 Pre-Funded Warrant. The 2022 Common Stock Warrants are exercisable at any time after they are issued and ending on the fifth anniversary of the closing. The 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after they are issued and will not expire. We received aggregate gross proceeds from the PIPE Financing of $30 million, before deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses of $2.6 million. Piper Sandler & Co. acted as lead placement agent and Public Ventures LLC acted as co-placement agent for the PIPE Financing.

Previous wording

Based on our current plans and forecasted expenses, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, as of June 30, 2024, will enable us to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2025. However, we will need to raise additional capital to fund our future operations and remain as a going concern. We expect to finance our future cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, collaborations, and other strategic alliances. Volatility in capital markets and general economic conditions in the United States may be a significant obstacle to raising the required funds and, as a result, we may be unable to secure the necessary funding on acceptable terms. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Current wording

Based on our current plans and forecasted expenses, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, as of September 30, 2024, will enable us to fund our operations into the fourth quarter of 2025. However, we will need to raise additional capital to fund our future operations and remain as a going concern. We expect to finance our future cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, collaborations, and other strategic alliances. Volatility in capital markets and general economic conditions in the United States may be a significant obstacle to raising the required funds and, as a result, we may be unable to secure the necessary funding on acceptable terms. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Previous wording

The following table summarizes our changes in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

Current wording

The following table summarizes our changes in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: