REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA INC

Previous wording

Factors that could also cause results or events to differ, possibly materially, from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, include, among others: (1) adverse changes in mortality (whether related to COVID-19 or otherwise), morbidity, lapsation or claims experience, (2) inadequate risk analysis and underwriting, (3) adverse capital and credit market conditions and their impact on the Company’s liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital, (4) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition, (5) the availability and cost of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves and capital, (6) requirements to post collateral or make payments due to declines in the market value of assets subject to the Company’s collateral arrangements, (7) action by regulators who have authority over the Company’s reinsurance operations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, (8) the effect of the Company parent’s status as an insurance holding company and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay principal of and interest on its debt obligations, (9) general economic conditions or a prolonged economic downturn affecting the demand for insurance and reinsurance in the Company’s current and planned markets, (10) the impairment of other financial institutions and its effect on the Company’s business, (11) fluctuations in U.S. or foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, or securities and real estate markets, (12) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the value of the Company’s investment securities or result in the impairment of all or a portion of the value of certain of the Company’s investment securities that in turn could affect regulatory capital, (13) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s ability to make timely sales of investment securities, (14) risks inherent in the Company’s risk management and investment strategy, including changes in investment portfolio yields due to interest rate or credit quality changes, (15) the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective, (16) the stability of and actions by governments and economies in the markets in which the Company operates, including ongoing uncertainties regarding the amount of U.S. sovereign debt and the credit ratings thereof, (17) the Company’s dependence on third parties, including those insurance companies and reinsurers to which the Company cedes some reinsurance, third-party investment managers and others, (18) financial performance of the Company’s clients, (19) the threat of natural disasters, catastrophes, terrorist attacks, pandemics, epidemics or other major public health issues anywhere in the world where the Company or its clients do business, (20) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives, (21) development and…

Excerpt shortened here; the source contains the full paragraph.

Current wording

Factors that could also cause results or events to differ, possibly materially, from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, include, among others: (1) changes in mortality, morbidity, policyholder behavior, claims experience, investment returns, interest rates, expenses and other factors as compared to our pricing assumptions; (2) investment results, whether from changes in economic, capital- and credit-market conditions, asset selection, or otherwise, and their impact on the Company’s investment securities, liquidity, portfolio yields, credit quality, access to capital, cost of capital, and amount of capital required for regulatory and contractual purposes; (3) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company; (4) the availability, amount, cost, and market value of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves, capital, and client obligations; (5) changes in laws and regulations, tax policy and rates, accounting standards, and privacy, data security and cybersecurity regulations applicable to the Company and actions by regulators with authority over the Company’s operations, as well as regulatory restrictions on the ability of Company subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company; (6) the impact of general economic conditions in the U.S. and globally, including as a result of inflation, interest rate levels, geopolitical instability, and impacts from the imposition of, or changes in tariffs, as well as the stability of and actions by governments, central banks, and economies in jurisdictions where the Company operates, affecting interest rates, markets generally, or the demand for insurance and reinsurance; (7) the stability and financial performance of clients, reinsurers, third-party investment managers and other institutions and the effects of the Company’s dependence on such third parties; (8) the effectiveness of the Company’s risk management strategy, policy, and procedures, whether relating to reinsurance, investment strategy, operations, or otherwise; (9) the impact of impairments of the value of the Company’s investment securities on the Company’s capital requirements and the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective; (10) the threat of catastrophic events such as pandemics, epidemics, other major health issues, natural disasters, war, military actions, and terrorism or other acts of violence; (11) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives; (12) development and introduction of new products and distribution opportunities and entry into new lines of business and markets; (13) the impact of the development and adoption of artificial intelligence; (14) the effect of acquisitions and other significant transactions, including risks related to the integration of acquired blocks of business and entities and the Company’s ability to achieve the expected benefits of …

Excerpt shortened here; the source contains the full paragraph.

Previous wording

Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future, except as required under applicable securities law. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as may be supplemented by Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and in our other periodic and current reports filed with the SEC.

Current wording

Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future, except as required under applicable securities law. For a discussion of the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as may be supplemented by Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and in our other periodic and current reports filed with the SEC.

Previous wording

The Company is among the leading global providers of life reinsurance and financial solutions, with $3.9 trillion of life reinsurance in force and assets of $118.7 billion as of December 31, 2024. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. Financial solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, pension risk transfer, capital solutions, including financial reinsurance and stable value products. The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from financial solutions business and income earned on invested assets.

Current wording

The Company is among the leading global providers of life reinsurance and financial solutions, with $4.3 trillion of life reinsurance in force and assets of $156.6 billion as of December 31, 2025. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. Financial solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, pension risk transfer, capital solutions, including financial reinsurance and stable value products. The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from financial solutions business and income earned on invested assets.

Previous wording

The Company’s underwriting expertise and industry knowledge allowed it to expand into international markets around the world including locations in Canada, the Asia Pacific region, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. Based on the compilation of information from competitors’ annual reports, the Company believes it is the largest global life and health reinsurer in the world based on 2023 life and health reinsurance revenues. The Company has also developed its capacity and expertise in the reinsurance of longevity risks, asset-intensive products (primarily annuities and corporate-owned life insurance) and financial reinsurance.

Current wording

The Company’s underwriting expertise and industry knowledge allowed it to expand into international markets around the world including locations in Canada, the Asia Pacific region, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. Based on the compilation of information from competitors’ annual reports, the Company believes that it is the largest global life and health reinsurer in the world based on 2024 life and health reinsurance revenues. The Company has also developed its capacity and expertise in the reinsurance of longevity risks, asset-intensive products (primarily annuities and corporate-owned life insurance) and financial reinsurance.

Previous wording

The Company’s traditional life reinsurance business involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a period of 10 to 30 years or longer. To a lesser extent, the Company also reinsures certain health business typically reinsured for a shorter duration. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of the insured, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company’s financial solutions business, including significant asset-intensive and longevity risk transactions, allow its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk.

Current wording

The Company’s Traditional reinsurance business involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a period of 10 to 30 years or longer. To a lesser extent, the Company also reinsures certain health business, typically, for one to three years. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of the insured, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company’s Financial Solutions business, including significant asset-intensive and longevity risk transactions, allows its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk. The Company also works with partners to provide pension solutions that enable plan sponsors to diversify and protect the benefits provided to the annuitants.

Previous wording

The Company’s long-term profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of death- and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims are less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. For longevity business, the Company’s profitability depends on the lifespan of the underlying contract holders and the investment performance for certain contracts. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from financial reinsurance transactions, which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.

Current wording

The Company’s long-term profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of death- and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims are less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. For longevity business, the Company’s profitability depends on the lifespan of the underlying contract holders and the investment performance for certain contracts. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from financial reinsurance transactions, which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes that its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.

Previous wording

Reinsurance business in force reflects the addition or acquisition of new life reinsurance business, offset by terminations (e.g., life and group contract terminations, lapses of underlying policies, deaths of insureds and recaptures), changes in foreign currency exchange and any other changes in the amount of insurance in force. As a result of terminations, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and other changes, assumed in force amounts at risk decreased by $330.8 billion, $59.7 billion and $475.2 billion in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Current wording

Reinsurance business in force reflects the addition or acquisition of new life reinsurance business, offset by terminations (e.g., life and group contract terminations, lapses of underlying policies, deaths of insureds and recaptures), changes in foreign currency exchange and any other changes in the amount of insurance in force. As a result of terminations, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and other changes, assumed in force amounts at risk decreased by $277.6 billion, $330.8 billion and $59.7 billion in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Previous wording

The Company believes life and health insurance companies will continue to partner with reinsurance companies to manage risk, achieve new growth, assist with capital efficiency, develop solutions across the value chain and to help navigate through changes in regulatory and accounting standards. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of insurance products in general and the value of reinsurance as a risk management tool. In addition, the Company believes reinsurers will continue to be an integral part of the life and health insurance market due to their ability to efficiently aggregate a significant volume of life insurance in force, creating economies of scale and greater diversification of risk. As a result of having larger amounts of mortality and morbidity experience data at their disposal compared to primary life insurance companies, reinsurers tend to have more comprehensive insights into mortality and morbidity trends, creating more efficient pricing for mortality and morbidity risk. The Company also believes the following trends in the life and health insurance industry will continue to create demand for both traditional reinsurance and financial solutions.

Current wording

The Company believes life and health insurance companies will continue to partner with reinsurance companies to manage risk, achieve new growth, assist with capital efficiency, develop solutions across the value chain and to help navigate through changes in regulatory and accounting standards. In addition, the Company believes reinsurers will continue to be an integral part of the life and health insurance market due to their ability to efficiently aggregate a significant volume of life insurance in force, creating economies of scale and greater diversification of risk. As a result of having larger amounts of mortality and morbidity experience data at their disposal compared to primary life insurance companies, reinsurers tend to have more comprehensive insights into mortality and morbidity trends, creating more efficient pricing for mortality and morbidity risk. The Company also believes that the following trends in the life and health insurance industry will continue to create demand for both traditional reinsurance and financial solutions.

Previous wording

Cession Rates. The percentage of new life and health business being reinsured in North America has recently begun to increase following a period of decline, due to strong recurring production coupled with in force opportunities and an aging population, which increases the need for living benefit morbidity products. Cession rates in the Company’s international markets are expected to continue increasing as middle-class growth and wealth creation drive additional insurance growth. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the insurance protection gap, and the strategic benefits of reinsurance, and thus may lead to increased cession rates as insurance companies address the gap.

Current wording

Cession Rates. The percentage of new life and health business being reinsured in North America has continued to increase following a period of decline, due to strong recurring production coupled with in force opportunities and an aging population, which increases the need for living benefit morbidity products. Cession rates in the Company’s international markets are expected to continue increasing as middle-class growth and wealth creation drive additional insurance growth.

Previous wording

Insured Populations. The aging population in North America and elsewhere, and the growth in the middle class in the Company’s international markets, are increasing demand for insurance products and for financial products among “baby boomers” who are concerned about protecting their peak income stream and are considering retirement and estate planning. This trend is likely to result in continuing demand for annuity products and life insurance policies, larger face amounts of life insurance policies and higher mortality and longevity risk taken by life insurers, all of which should fuel the need for insurers to seek reinsurance coverage. Additionally, in many countries, companies are increasingly interested in reducing their exposure to longevity risk related to employee retirement plans, resulting in a growing demand for pension risk transfer solutions.

Current wording

Insured Populations. The aging population in North America and elsewhere, and the growth in the emerging global middle class, are increasing demand for protection products and for retirement, senior protection, and savings products for an aging population who are concerned about protecting their peak income and are considering retirement and estate planning. This trend is likely to result in continuing demand for annuity products and life insurance policies, larger face amounts of life insurance policies and higher mortality and longevity risk taken by life insurers, all of which should fuel the need for insurers to seek reinsurance coverage. Additionally, in many countries, companies are increasingly interested in reducing their exposure to longevity risk related to employee retirement plans, resulting in a growing demand for pension risk transfer solutions.

Previous wording

•manage risk-based capital by shifting mortality and other risks to reinsurers, thereby reducing amounts of reserves and capital the life and health insurance companies need to maintain;

Current wording

•manage risk-based capital by shifting mortality and other risks to reinsurers, thereby reducing amounts of reserves and capital that life and health insurance companies need to maintain;

Previous wording

Consolidation and Reorganization within the Life Reinsurance and Life Insurance Industry. There are fewer competitors in the traditional life reinsurance industry as a result of consolidations in the industry. As a consequence, the Company believes this will result in business opportunities for the remaining life reinsurers, particularly those with a significant market presence and strong ratings. However, competition from new entrants for large in force blocks, particularly for asset-intensive blocks, has increased in recent years. Additionally, merger and acquisition and other restructuring transactions within the life insurance industry will likely continue to occur, which the Company believes will increase the demand for reinsurance products to facilitate these transactions and manage risk.

Current wording

Consolidation and Reorganization within the Life Reinsurance and Life Insurance Industry. There are fewer competitors in the traditional life reinsurance industry as a result of consolidations in the industry. As a consequence, the Company believes that this will result in business opportunities for the remaining life reinsurers, particularly those with a significant market presence and strong ratings. However, competition from new entrants for large in force blocks, particularly for asset-intensive blocks, has increased in recent years. Additionally, merger and acquisition and other restructuring transactions within the life insurance industry will likely continue to occur, which the Company believes will increase the demand for reinsurance products to facilitate these transactions and manage risk.

Previous wording

The Company’s strategy is to continue to capitalize on industry trends by ensuring it is well positioned to meet its clients’ needs through the following initiatives:

Current wording

The Company continues to lead with expertise and innovation by prioritizing speed, impact, scale and sustainability, which enables it to deliver on its purpose tomake financial protection accessible to all. The Company is well positioned to meet its clients’ needs through the following initiatives.

Previous wording

The Company’s accounting policies are described in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company believes its most critical accounting estimates include the establishment of premiums receivable; the establishment of liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims; the valuation of investments, investment allowance for credit losses and investment impairments; the valuation of market risk benefits and embedded derivatives; and accounting for income taxes. The balances of these accounts require extensive use of assumptions and estimates, particularly related to the future performance of the underlying business.

Current wording

The Company’s accounting policies are described in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company believes that its most critical accounting estimates include the establishment of premiums receivable; the establishment of liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims; the valuation of investments, investment allowance for credit losses and investment impairments; the valuation of market risk benefits and embedded derivatives; and accounting for income taxes. The balances of these accounts require extensive use of assumptions and estimates, particularly related to the future performance of the underlying business.

Previous wording

Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical changes in assumptions and estimates discussed below are based on numerous assumptions and should not be relied on as indicative of future results. Further, the computations do not contemplate any actions management could undertake in response to changes in interest rates, actuarial assumptions, or other factors. Additionally, the illustrations of the potential financial statement impact of changes in the assumptions used to measure the Company’s insurance liabilities reflects a parallel change in the assumptions across the Company; however, assumption changes may be non-parallel in practice and are only applicable to specific blocks of business. Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented of the estimated changes in the Company’s liability for future policy benefits and the fair value of fixed maturity securities, which constitute forward-looking statements. Actual values may differ materially from those projections presented due to a number of factors, including, without limitation, actual assumptions used to measure the liability for future benefits and market conditions varying from assumptions used in the calculations as well as the sensitivity of blocks of business to individual assumptions. See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements,” Note 5 – “Future Policy Benefits” and Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the valuation of the Company’s reserves and investments, respectively.

Current wording

Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical changes in assumptions and estimates discussed below are based on numerous assumptions and should not be relied on as indicative of future results. Further, the computations do not contemplate any actions management could undertake in response to changes in interest rates, actuarial assumptions, or other factors. Additionally, the illustrations of the potential financial statement impact of changes in the assumptions used to measure the Company’s insurance liabilities reflect a parallel change in the assumptions across the Company; however, assumption changes may be non-parallel in practice and are only applicable to specific blocks of business. Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented of the estimated changes in the Company’s liability for future policy benefits and the fair value of fixed maturity securities, which constitute forward-looking statements. Actual values may differ materially from those projections presented due to a number of factors, including, without limitation, actual assumptions used to measure the liability for future benefits and market conditions varying from assumptions used in the calculations as well as the sensitivity of blocks of business to individual assumptions. See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements,” Note 5 – “Future Policy Benefits” and Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the valuation of the Company’s reserves and investments, respectively.

Previous wording

The liability for future policy benefits is estimated using the Company’s mortality, morbidity, and persistency assumptions that reflect the Company’s historical experience, industry data, cedant specific experience, and discount rates based on the current yields of upper-medium grade fixed income instruments (A rated credit). These assumptions vary with the characteristics of the reinsurance contract, the year the risk was assumed, age of the insured and other appropriate factors.

Current wording

The liability for future policy benefits is estimated using the Company’s mortality, morbidity and persistency assumptions that reflect the Company’s historical experience, industry data, cedant specific experience and discount rates based on the current yields of upper-medium grade fixed income instruments (A rated credit). These assumptions vary with the characteristics of the reinsurance contract, the year the risk was assumed, the age of the insured and other appropriate factors.

Previous wording

•Underlying currency of the contract;

Current wording

•Underlying currency of the contract; and

Previous wording

With the exception of claim expense assumptions, the Company reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish policy benefits on a quarterly basis and will update those assumptions if evidence suggests the assumptions should be revised. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company completed its annual assumption review resulting in a decrease in its total liability for future polity benefits. The decrease was primarily the result of updated mortality assumptions, which had a favorable impact on the liability for future policy benefits for the Company’s Financial Solutions business and an unfavorable impact on the Company’s Traditional business. Updates may occur in other quarters if information becomes available during the quarter that indicates an assumption update is necessary. The Company has elected to lock-in claims expense assumptions at contract inception and those assumptions are not subsequently reviewed or updated.

Current wording

With the exception of claim expense assumptions, the Company reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish policy benefits on a quarterly basis and will update those assumptions if evidence suggests the assumptions should be revised. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company completed its annual assumption review resulting in an increase in its total liability for future polity benefits. The increase was primarily the result of updated mortality assumptions, which had an unfavorable impact on the liability for future policy benefits for the Company’s Traditional business and a favorable impact on the Company’s Financial Solutions business. Updates may occur in other quarters if information becomes available during the quarter that indicates that an assumption update is necessary. The Company has elected to lock-in claims expense assumptions at contract inception and those assumptions are not subsequently reviewed or updated.

Previous wording

Variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits have been identified as market risk benefits. Market risk benefits are contracts or contract features that both provide protection to the contract holder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk. Market risk benefits are measured at fair value using an option-based valuation model based on current net amounts at risk, market data, Company experience and other factors. Changes in fair value are recognized in net income each period with the exception of the portion of the change in fair value due to a change in the liability’s credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”), which is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). The liability for market risk benefits totaled $223 million and $258 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Current wording

Variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits have been identified as market risk benefits. Market risk benefits are contracts or contract features that both provide protection to the contract holder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk. Market risk benefits are measured at fair value using an option-based valuation model based on current net amounts at risk, market data, Company experience and other factors. Changes in fair value are recognized in net income each period with the exception of the portion of the change in fair value due to a change in the liability’s credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”), which is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). The liability for market risk benefits totaled $234 million and $223 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Previous wording

Interest rate sensitivity analysis is also used to measure the Company’s interest rate risk related to floating rate securities by computing estimated changes in pretax income for floating rate assets and liabilities over a one year period following an instantaneous, parallel, hypothetical 100 basis point change in market interest rates. The Company’s projected decrease in pretax income associated with floating rate instruments in the event of an instantaneous 100 basis point decrease in market interest rates for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, was $40 million.

Current wording

Interest rate sensitivity analysis is also used to measure the Company’s interest rate risk related to floating rate securities by computing estimated changes in pretax income for floating rate assets and liabilities over a one year period following an instantaneous, parallel, hypothetical 100 basis point change in market interest rates. The Company’s projected decrease in pretax income associated with floating rate instruments in the event of an instantaneous 100 basis point decrease in market interest rates for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, was $107 million.

Previous wording

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying the relevant jurisdictions’ enacted tax rate for the period in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse to the temporary difference change for that period. The Company will establish a valuation allowance if management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The Company has deferred tax assets including those related to foreign tax credits, net operating and capital losses. The Company has projected its ability to utilize its deferred tax assets and established a valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred tax assets the Company believes more likely than not will not be realized.

Current wording

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying the relevant jurisdictions’ enacted tax rate for the period in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse to the temporary difference change for that period. The Company will establish a valuation allowance if management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The Company has deferred tax assets including those related to foreign tax credits, net operating and capital losses. The Company has projected its ability to utilize its deferred tax assets and established a valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred tax assets that the Company believes more likely than not will not be realized.

Previous wording

The increase in adjusted operating income before income taxes in 2024 was primarily the result of the following:

Current wording

The increase in net income and income before income taxes during 2025 was primarily the result of the following:

Previous wording

The decrease in adjusted operating loss before income taxes in 2023 was primarily attributable to an increase in net investment income due to higher yields and a higher unallocated invested asset base, partially offset by an increase in interest expense due to an increase in outstanding debt.

Current wording

•An increase in investment income due to an increase in invested assets and higher yields, partially offset by an increase in interest credited.

Previous wording

•Non-economic loss recognized at the inception of a single premium pension risk transfer (“PRT”) transaction completed during 2024. The non-economic loss at inception is the difference between the single premium received and the valuation of the initial reserve based on interest rates prescribed by U.S. GAAP.

Current wording

•The Company recognized a non-economic loss at the inception of a single premium PRT transaction completed during 2024. The non-economic loss at inception is the difference between the single premium received and the valuation of the initial reserve based on interest rates prescribed by U.S. GAAP.

Previous wording

The decrease in income during 2024 was primarily the result of the following:

Current wording

The increase in income during 2025 was partially offset by the following:

Previous wording

Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations increased income before income taxes by $16 million due to the weakening of the Japanese yen and Korean won on losses incurred in Japan and Korea, and the strengthening of the British pound compared to the U.S. Dollar. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

Current wording

Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations increased income before income taxes by $10 million primarily due to the strengthening of the British Pound and Euro compared to the U.S. Dollar. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

Previous wording

The increase in investment related losses, net is attributable to the following:

Current wording

The decrease in investment related losses, net is due to the following:

Previous wording

•During 2024 and 2023, the Company repositioned its investment portfolio to generate higher yields which led to net capital losses of $617 million and $203 million, respectively.

Current wording

•During 2025 and 2024, the Company repositioned its investment portfolio to generate higher yields which led to net capital losses of $125 million and $617 million, respectively.

Previous wording

•Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with modco/funds withheld treaties, decreased investment related losses, net by $116 million in 2024, compared to an increase in investment related losses, net of $163 million in 2023.

Current wording

•Changes in the fair value of freestanding derivatives decreased investment related losses, net by $57 million in 2025, compared to an increase in investment related losses of $229 million in 2024.

Previous wording

•The Company incurred $76 million and $61 million of impairments and change in allowance for credit losses during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Current wording

•The Company incurred $181 million and $76 million of impairments and change in allowance for credit losses during the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

Previous wording

Represents the impact related to market risk benefits, which consist of guaranteed minimum benefits associated with the Company’s reinsurance of variable and equity-indexed annuities. The fair value changes of market risk benefits along with the changes in fair value of the freestanding derivatives (interest rate swaps, financial futures and equity options) purchased by the Company to substantially hedge the liability are reflected in revenues. The change in fair value of market risk benefits for guaranteed minimum benefits, after allowing for changes in the associated freestanding derivatives, decreased income before income taxes, by $21 million and $40 million in 2023.

Current wording

Market risk benefits consist of guaranteed minimum benefits associated with the Company’s reinsurance of variable and indexed annuities. The change in fair value of the freestanding derivatives purchased by the Company to hedge the liability is reflected in investment related gains (losses), net. The change in fair value of market risk benefits for guaranteed minimum benefits, after allowing for changes in the associated freestanding derivatives, decreased income before income taxes by $14 million and $21 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

Previous wording

Non-economic changes in insurance liabilities include the initial loss on PRT transactions, net of amortization, and changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of EIAs. The initial loss at inception of a PRT transaction is the difference between the single premium received and the valuation of the initial reserve based on interest rates prescribed by U.S. GAAP. During 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred non-economic losses of $127 million and $36 million, respectively.

Current wording

Non-economic changes in insurance liabilities include the initial loss on PRT transactions, net of amortization and changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of indexed products. The initial loss at inception of a PRT transaction is the difference between the single premium received and the valuation of the initial reserve based on interest rates prescribed by U.S. GAAP. During 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred non-economic losses of $49 million and $127 million, respectively.

Previous wording

The effective tax rate on a consolidated basis was 26.3% and 21.8% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The effective tax rate for 2024 was greater than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to income in non-U.S. jurisdictions and tax expense on legal entity restructuring which were partially offset with benefits due to the release of valuation allowances in non-U.S. jurisdictions and benefits related to return to provision adjustments. See Note 14 – “Income Tax” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Current wording

The effective tax rate was 22.9% and 26.3% for 2025 and 2024, respectively. See Note 14 – “Income Tax” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Previous wording

Non-GAAP Measure – Adjusted operating income before income taxes is not determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company principally uses adjusted operating income before income taxes in evaluating performance because the Company believes that such measure, when reviewed in conjunction with relevant U.S. GAAP measure (i.e., income before income taxes), presents a clearer picture of its operating performance and is used by the Company in the allocation of its resources. The Company believes that this non-GAAP financial measure provides investors and other third parties with a better understanding of the Company’s results of operations, financial statements and the underlying profitability drivers and trends of the Company’s businesses by excluding specified items which may not be indicative of the Company’s ongoing operating performance and may fluctuate significantly from period to period. These measures should be considered supplementary to the Company’s financial results that are presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP measures. Other companies may use similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures that are calculated differently from the way the Company calculates such measures. Consequently, the Company’s non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies.

Current wording

Non-GAAP Financial Measure – Consolidated adjusted operating income before income taxes is not determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company principally uses consolidated adjusted operating income before income taxes in evaluating performance because the Company believes that such measure, when reviewed in conjunction with relevant U.S. GAAP measure (i.e., income before income taxes), presents a clearer picture of its operating performance and is used by the Company in the allocation of its resources. The Company believes that this non-GAAP financial measure provides investors and other third parties with a better understanding of the Company’s results of operations, financial statements and the underlying profitability drivers and trends of the Company’s businesses by excluding specified items which may not be indicative of the Company’s ongoing operating performance and may fluctuate significantly from period to period. This non-GAAP financial measure should be considered supplementary to the Company’s financial results that are presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP measures. Other companies may use similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures that are calculated differently from the way the Company calculates such measures. Consequently, this non-GAAP financial measure may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies.

Previous wording

•Any other items the Company believes are not indicative of the Company’s ongoing operations.

Current wording

•Any other items that the Company believes are not indicative of the Company’s ongoing operations.

Previous wording

See “Segment Accounting Policies” within Note 19 – “Segment Information” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the presentation of segment results and the Company’s definition of adjusted operating income.

Current wording

Adjusted operating income (loss) before income taxes, when presented at a segment level, is a measure reported to management for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the Company’s business segments and assessing the performance of the business segments, and is presented in the Company’s financial statement footnotes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For additional information, including regarding the presentation of segment results and the Company’s definition of adjusted operating income at a segment level, see Note 19 – “Segment Information” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Adjusted operating income before income taxes, when presented on a consolidated basis, is a non-GAAP financial measure.

Previous wording

The reconciliation of income (loss) before income taxes to adjusted operating income before income taxes is shown below for the periods presented (dollars in millions):

Current wording

The reconciliation of consolidated income (loss) before income taxes to consolidated adjusted operating income before income taxes is shown below for the periods presented (dollars in millions):

Previous wording

The increase in adjusted operating income before income taxes in 2023 for the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment was primarily due to higher net investment income due to an increase in interest rates and an increase in the asset base, partially offset by a decline in other revenues due to a recapture fee earned on a terminated Capital Solutions transaction in 2022.

Current wording

•An increase in investment income due to an increase in invested assets and higher new money rates.

Previous wording

•During the third quarter of 2024, the Company completed its annual assumptions review resulting in a loss of $58 million, primarily driven by updated lapse assumptions in India, partially offset by favorable mortality updates in the U.S. and Canada. The 2023 annual assumptions update resulted in a gain of $3 million in the third quarter of 2023. See Note 5 – “Future Policy Benefits” for additional information.

Current wording

•During the third quarter of 2025, the Company completed its annual assumptions review resulting in a loss of $149 million, primarily driven by updated mortality assumptions in the U.K. The 2024 assumptions update resulted in a loss of $58 million. See Note 5 – “Future Policy Benefits” for additional information.

Previous wording

•An increase in other operating expenses due to higher compensation costs related to incentive compensation accruals and an increase in consulting costs related to an expansion of information technology projects.

Current wording

•An increase in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses due to new business growth.