ALAMO GROUP INC

1. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Description of the Business and Segments

The Company manufactures, distributes and services high quality tractor-mounted mowing and other vegetation maintenance equipment, street sweepers, excavators, vacuum trucks, truck mounted highway attenuator trucks, forestry and tree maintenance equipment, snow removal equipment, leaf collection equipment, pothole patchers, zero turn radius mowers, agricultural implements and related aftermarket parts and services.

The Company manages its business throughtwo principal reporting segments: Vegetation Management and Industrial Equipment, which are discussed in Note 18.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Alamo Group Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Alamo Group”), all of which are wholly owned. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Judgments related to asset impairment and certain reserves are particularly subject to change. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, allowance for doubtful accounts, reserve for sales discounts, estimated realizable value on obsolete and slow-moving inventory, warranty reserve, estimates related to pension accounting, estimates related to fair value for purposes of assessing goodwill, long-lived assets and intangible assets for impairment, estimates related to income taxes, and estimates related to contingencies.

Foreign Currency

The Company translates the assets and liabilities of foreign-owned subsidiaries at rates in effect at the end of the year. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the reporting period. Translation adjustments are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there wasno restricted cash.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of accounts receivable. The credit risk is limited because of the large numbers and types of customers and their geographic dispersion.

Inventory Valuation

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant, and equipment are stated on the basis of cost. Major renewals and betterments are charged to the property accounts, while replacements, maintenance and repairs, which do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets, are expensed to the current period. Depreciation is provided at amounts calculated to amortize the cost of the assets over their estimated useful economic lives using the straight-line method.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment, rental equipment, and purchased intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares non-discounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on a non-discounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but is instead tested for impairment at least annually, or whenever events or circumstances change between the annual impairment tests that make it likely that an impairment may have occurred, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate or a decision to sell all or a portion of a reporting unit. The Company performs its annual test for goodwill impairment related to its reporting units on October 1 of each fiscal year. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (also known as a component). A component of an operating segment is a reporting unit if the component constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available, and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of that component.

We perform a qualitative assessment for all of our reporting units to determine whether it is more likely than not that an impairment exists. Factors considered include macroeconomic, industry and competitive conditions, legal and regulatory environment, historical financial performance and significant changes in the reporting unit. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that an impairment exists, then a quantitative assessment is performed. Alternatively, we may also bypass the qualitative assessment and go ahead and perform step 1 to determine if the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill is written down for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. However, the loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. We typically use discounted cash flow models to determine the fair value of a reporting unit. The assumptions used in these models are consistent with those we believe a hypothetical marketplace participant would use.

See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding goodwill.

Intangible Assets

The Company has intangible assets with both definite and indefinite useful lives. The definite-lived assets are trade names and trademarks, customer and dealer relationships, and patents and drawings that are subject to amortization with useful lives ranging from 3 years to 25 years. Impairment of definite-lived assets is discussed as part of the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets paragraph above.

The indefinite-lived assets not subject to amortization consist of trade names. The Company tests its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis at year-end, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset could be below its carrying amount. The impairment test consists of comparing the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset, determined using the relief from royalty method, with its carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized for the carrying amount in excess of its fair value.

See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding intangible assets.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in other non-current assets, accrued liabilities, and other long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, accrued liabilities, and other long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We have elected to not account for the lease and non-lease components separately for most of our asset classes with the exception of real-estate. We have also elected to exclude all lease agreements with an initial term of 12 months or less from the lease recognition requirements as allowed by ASC.

See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding leases.

Pensions

The Company records annual amounts relating to its pension and post-retirement plans based on calculations that incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, turnover rates and health care cost trend rates. The Company reviews its assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is appropriate to do so. The effect of modifications to those assumptions is recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized to net periodic cost over future periods using the corridor method. The Company believes that the assumptions utilized in recording its obligations under its plans are reasonable based on its experience and market conditions. The net periodic costs are recognized as employees render the services necessary to earn the post-retirement benefits.

Revenue Recognition

The majority of the Company's revenue is recognized from product sales under contracts with customers. The Company presentstwo reportable operating segments within its financial statements: Vegetation Management and Industrial Equipment. Contract terms and performance obligations within each contractual agreement are generally consistent for both divisions, with small differences that do not have a significant impact on the revenue recognition considerations under Topic 606. Revenues are recognized when we satisfy our performance obligation to transfer product to our customers, which typically occurs at a point in time upon shipment or delivery of the product, and for an amount that reflects the transaction price that is allocated to the performance obligation. Our contracts with customers state the final terms of sale, including the description, quantity and price for goods sold. In the normal course of business, we generally do not accept product returns.

The transaction price is the consideration that we expect to be entitled to in exchange for our products. Some of our contracts contain variable consideration in the form of sales incentives to our customers, such as discounts and rebates. For contracts that include variable consideration, we estimate the factors that determine the variable consideration in order to establish the transaction price.

We have elected that any taxes collected from customers and remitted to government authorities (i.e., sales tax, use tax, etc.) are excluded from the measurement of the transaction price and therefore are excluded from net sales in the consolidated statements of operations.

There are instances where we provide shipping services in relation to the goods sold to our customers. Shipping and handling costs that occur before the customer obtains control of the goods are deemed to be fulfillment activities and are included in cost of goods sold. We have elected to account for shipping and handling activities that occur after the customer has obtained control of a good as fulfillment activities (i.e., an expense) rather than as a promised service.

Rental Equipment

The Company enters into operating lease agreements with customers related to the rental of certain equipment. In accounting for these leases, the cost of the equipment purchased or manufactured by the Company is recorded as an asset, and is depreciated over its estimated useful life. Accumulated depreciation relating to the rental equipment was $24.7 million and $22.3 million on December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Shipping and Handling Costs

The Company’s policy is to include shipping and handling costs in costs of goods sold.

Advertising

We charge advertising costs to expense as incurred. Advertising and marketing expense related to operations for fiscal years 2023, 2022, and 2021 was approximately $23.2 million, $10.9 million and $10.2 million, respectively. Advertising and marketing expenses are included in Selling, General and Administrative expenses (“SG&A”).

Research and Development

Product development and engineering costs charged to SG&A amounted to $13.4 million, $14.3 million, and $11.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company's policy is to accrue for legal costs expected to be incurred in connection with loss contingencies.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and are measured by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to the future years in which deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be settled or realized. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, available tax carrybacks and tax planning strategies in making this assessment other than those which we have reserved. We have elected to treat the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) tax as a period expense.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has granted options to purchase its common stock, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, and performance stock units to certain employees and directors of the Company and its affiliates under various stock option plans at no less than the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. These options are granted for a term not exceedingten years and are forfeited in the event that the employee or director terminates his or her employment or relationship with the Company or one of its affiliates other than by retirement or death. These options generally vest over five years. All option plans contain anti-dilutive provisions that permit an adjustment of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock represented by each option for any change in capitalization.

The fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation method with the following assumptions noted:

1. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rate over the expected life of the option at the time of the grant.

2. The dividend yield is calculated as the ratio of dividends paid per share of common stock to the stock price on the date of the grant.

3. The expected volatility factors are based on the historical movement of the Company’s common stock price over the expected life of the option.

4. The expected life is the average length of time in which officers, other employees, and non-employee directors are expected to exercise their options, and which are primarily based on historical experience.

The Company calculated the fair value for options with the following weighted-average assumptions for 2023, 2022, and 2021:

Earnings per Common Share (“EPS”)

Basic EPS is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. The treasury stock method is used to compute diluted EPS which gives effect to the potential dilution of earnings that could have occurred if additional shares were issued for awards granted under the Company’s incentive stock option plans. The treasury stock method assumes that proceeds obtained upon exercise of awards granted under the incentive stock option plans are used to purchase outstanding common stock at the average market price during the period.

2. ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). This ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption of the ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is also permitted. Upon adoption this ASU will likely result in incremental disclosures as required. We are currently evaluating the provisions of this ASU and expect to adopt them for the year ending December 31, 2024.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. This ASU will result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements, once adopted.

3. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

On October 10, 2023, the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding equity capital of Royal Truck & Equipment, Inc. (“Royal Truck”). Royal Truck is a leading manufacturer of truck mounted highway attenuator trucks and other specialty trucks and equipment for the highway infrastructure and traffic control market. The primary reason for the Royal Truck acquisition was to acquire business operations in an adjacent market, highway safety and equipment, where the Company sees compelling future opportunities. The acquisition price was approximately $28 million subject to post closing adjustments. The Company has included the operating results of

Royal Truck in its consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition, these results are considered immaterial.

4. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the reconciliation from basic to diluted average common shares and the calculations of net income per common share. Net income for basic and diluted calculations does not differ.

Stock options totaling 4,991 shares in 2023,25,610 shares in 2022, and 15,586 shares in 2021 were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

5. VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

Valuation and qualifying accounts included the following:

Sales Discounts

On December 31, 2023, the Company had $24.0 million in reserves for sales discounts compared to $19.9 million on December 31, 2022 on product shipped to our customers under various promotional programs. The most common programs provide a discount when the customer pays within a specified period of time.

The Company reviews the reserve quarterly based on analysis made on each program outstanding at the time. The cost of these discounts is estimated based on historical experience and known changes in promotional programs and is reported as a reduction to sales when the product sale is recognized. The reserve is adjusted if discounts paid differ from those estimated. Historically, those adjustments have not been material.

Reserve for Inventory Obsolescence

We value inventories at the lower of the cost of inventory or net realizable value. As needed, we record an inventory valuation adjustment for excess, slow moving, and obsolete inventory that is equal to the excess of the cost of the inventory over the estimated net realizable value. The inventory valuation adjustment to net realizable value establishes a new cost basis of the inventory that cannot be subsequently reversed. Such inventory valuation adjustments for excess, obsolete, and slow moving inventory are not reduced or removed until the product is sold or disposed of.

The Company had a reserve of $9.0 million on December 31, 2023 and $13.2 million on December 31, 2022 to cover obsolete and slow moving inventory. The decrease in the reserve was primarily attributable to the Company's Industrial Equipment Division. The reserve for inventory obsolescence is calculated as follows: 1) no inventory usage over athree-year period is deemed obsolete and reserved at 100%; and 2) slow moving inventory with little usage requires a 100% reserve on items that have a quantity greater than athree-year supply. There are exceptions to the obsolete and slow moving classifications if approved by an officer of the Company, based on specific identification of an item or items that are deemed to be either included or excluded from this classification. In cases where there is no historical data, management makes a judgment based on a specific review of the inventory in question to determine what reserves, if any, are appropriate. New products or parts are generally excluded from the reserve until a three-year history has been established.

Warranty

The Company’s warranty policy is generally to provide its customers warranty for up toone year on all wholegood units and 90 days on parts, though some components can have warranty for longer terms.

Warranty reserve, as a percentage of sales, is generally calculated by looking at the current twelve months’ expenses and prorating that amount based ontwelve months’ sales with athree tosix month lag period. The Company’s historical experience is that an end-user takes approximately three tosix months from the receipt of the unit to file a warranty claim.

The current liability warranty reserve balance was $11.1 million on December 31, 2023 and $9.3 million on December 31, 2022 and is included in Note 11.

6. INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following:

7. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following:

8. GOODWILL

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023 are as follows:

9. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following is a summary of the Company's intangible assets net of the accumulated amortization:

The Company's net carrying value at December 31, 2023 of intangible assets with definite useful lives consists of trade names and trademarks at $55.9 million, customer and dealer relationships at $89.3 million, patents and drawings at $15.7 million, and favorable leasehold interests at $1.7 million. As of December 31, 2023, the related accumulated amortization balance for the definite-lived assets were $16.9 million for trade names and trademarks, $48.5 million for customer and dealer relationships, $12.8 million for patents and drawings, and $2.5 million for favorable leasehold interests. The Company estimates amortization expense to be $15.5 million for each of the next five years.

Indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks consisted of the Gradall trade name with a carrying value of $3.6 million and the Bush Hogtrade name with a carrying value of $1.9 million.

10. LEASES

Leases

The Company leases office space and equipment under various operating and finance leases, which generally are expected to be renewed or replaced by other leases. As of December 31, 2023, the components of lease cost were as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, future minimum lease payments under these non-cancelable leases are:

Rental expense for operating leases was $7.7 million for 2023, $7.5 million for 2022, and $7.0 million for 2021.

Future Lease Commencements

As of December 31, 2023, we have additional operating leases that have not yet commenced in the amount of $2.4 million. These operating leases will commence in fiscal year 2024.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

11. ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accrued liabilities consist of the following balances:

12. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

U.S. GAAP requires or permits certain assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value on a recurring or non- recurring basis in our balance sheets. U.S. GAAP also requires the disclosure of the fair values of financial instruments when an option to elect fair value accounting has been provided but such election has not been made. A debt obligation is an example of such a financial instrument.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. There is a three-tier fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. In fair value, measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When measuring fair value, the Company maximizes use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs.

Fair value measurements are classified to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation. A measurement may therefore be classified within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

The carrying values of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these items. The carrying value of our debt approximates the fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, as the floating rates on our outstanding balances approximate current market rates. This conclusion was made based on Level 2 inputs. Fair values determined by Level 2 utilize inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active. Other than the investments held by the retirement benefit plans, as described in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company does not have any other significant financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

The Company has no recurring or nonrecurring valuations that fall under Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

13. LONG-TERM DEBT

The components of long-term debt are as follows:

On October 28, 2022, the Company, as Borrower, and each of its domestic subsidiaries as guarantors, entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “2022 Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent. The 2022 Credit Agreement provides Borrower with the ability to request loans and other financial obligations in an aggregate amount of up to $655.0 million. Under the 2022 Credit Agreement, the Company has borrowed $255.0 million pursuant to a Term Facility, while up to $400.0 million is available to the Company pursuant to a Revolver Facility which terminates in 5 years. The Term Facility requires the Company to make equal quarterly principal payments of $3.75 million over the term of the loan, with the final payment of any outstanding principal amount, plus interest, due at the end of thefive year term. Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or a Base Rate (each as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from 1.25% to 2.50% for Term SOFR borrowings and from.25% to 1.50% for Base Rate borrowings with the margin percentage based upon the Company's consolidated leverage ratio. The Company must also pay a commitment fee to the lenders ranging between 0.15% to 0.30% on any unused portion of the $400.0 million Revolver Facility.

The 2022 Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintaintwo financial covenants, namely, a maximum consolidated leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio. The Agreement also contains various covenants relating to limitations on indebtedness, limitations on investments and acquisitions, limitations on the sale of properties and limitations on liens and capital expenditures. The Agreement also contains other customary covenants, representations and events of defaults. The expiration date of the 2022 Credit Agreement, including the Term Facility and the Revolver Facility, is October 28, 2027.

As of December 31, 2023, $235.2 million was outstanding under the Credit Agreement. Of the total outstanding, $235.2 million was on the Term Facility at a rate of 6.71%. On December 31, 2023, $2.6 million of the revolver capacity was committed to irrevocable standby letters of credit issued in the ordinary course of business as required by vendors' contracts resulting in $397.4 million in available borrowings. The Company is in compliance with the covenants under the Credit Agreement.

The aggregate maturities of long-term debt, as of December 31, 2023, are as follows: $15.0 million in 2024; $15.1 million in 2025; $15.0 million in 2026; $190.2 million in 2027; andzero thereafter.

14. INCOME TAXES

Income Statement Components

Earnings before income taxes were as follows:

The components of income tax expense (benefit) were as follows:

A reconciliation of the income tax at the Company’s U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to the provision for income tax follows. Some prior year components have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities

The components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had foreign deferred tax assets consisting of foreign net operating losses and other tax benefits available to reduce future taxable income in a foreign jurisdiction. These foreign jurisdictions’ net operating loss carry-forwards are approximately $9.2 million, and substantially all of these foreign jurisdiction net operating losses have an unlimited carry-forward period.

The Company's valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 related primarily to foreign net operating losses and as of December 31, 2022 related primarily to foreign net operating losses and foreign tax credits.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows. The Company does not expect the unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months.

The Company has adopted the policy to include interest and penalty expense related to income taxes as interest and other expense, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, no interest or penalties have been accrued. With few exceptions, the Company’s open tax years for its federal and state income tax returns are for the tax years ended 2018 through 2023, and for tax years ended 2017 through 2023 for its foreign income tax returns.

The Company currently intends to permanently reinvest its earnings in certain foreign subsidiaries. No U.S. corporate income taxes or foreign withholding taxes should be imposed on future distributions of the earnings not permanently reinvested. If the amounts asserted as permanent reinvestment were distributed, the Company would be subject to approximately $6.4 million in withholding taxes.

15. COMMON STOCK

On January 2, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $0.26 per share which was paid on January 29, 2024 to holders of record as of January 16, 2024. The Company also had a share repurchase program under which the Company had authorized to repurchase, in the aggregate, up to $30.0 million of its outstanding common stock. During 2023, the Company repurchased zero shares and the program terminated on December 12, 2023.

16. STOCK OPTIONS

Incentive Stock Option Plan

On May 7, 2015, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2015 Incentive Stock Option Plan (“2015 ISO Plan”) and the Company reserved 400,000 shares of common stock for options to be issued under the 2015 ISO Plan. Each option becomes vested and exercisable for up to 20% of the total optioned sharesone year following the grant of the option and for an additional 20% of the total optioned shares after each succeeding year until the option is fully exercisable at the end of the fifth year.

We also maintain other incentive option plans that have expired, under which previously granted awards remain outstanding. No additional grants may be awarded under these plans.

Following is a summary of activity in the Incentive Stock Option Plans for the periods indicated:

Options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

The weighted-average grant-date fair values of options granted during 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $76.10, $52.70 and $59.01, respectively. Stock option expense was $0.8 million, $0.6 million and $0.6 million for years ending 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $1.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a period offive years.

Equity Incentive Plan

On May 2, 2019, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and the Company reserved 500,000 shares of common stock for issuance of equity awards including the issuance of non-qualified options for the purchase of shares of our common stock which may be granted to Company officers and non-employee directors. Options become vested and exercisable for up to 20% of the total optioned sharesone year following the grant of the option and for an additional 20% of the total optioned shares after each succeeding year until the option is fully exercisable at the end of the fifth year.

We also maintain other incentive option plans that have expired, under which previously granted awards remain outstanding. No additional grants may be awarded under these plans.

Non-Qualified Options

Following is a summary of activity in the Non-Qualified Stock Option Plans for the periods indicated:

Restricted Stock Awards/Units

Following is a summary of activity in the Restricted Stock Awards ("RSA")/Units for the periods indicated:

Restricted stock awards vest over athree year period. The weighted-average remaining contractual life in years for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was 1.51,1.41 and 1.61, respectively. Compensation expense was $6.6 million, $4.9 million and $5.4 million for years ending 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $8.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a period ofthree years.

Performance Stock Units

In 2020, the Company's Board of Directors approved a change to our long-term incentive compensation plan to implement new performance-based equity grants in the form of a Performance Stock Unit ("PSU") award. PSU award vesting and payout amounts are tied to the Company's achievement of certain targeted financial metrics relating to athree-year performance period with the goal of more closely aligning executive compensation with long-term Company performance.

The 2020 target long-term incentive compensation mix established for the Company's Section 16 filers consists of RSAs and PSUs each representing fifty percent (50%) of the total long-term incentive compensation target value. PSU awards represent a right to receive a certain number of shares of the Company’s common stock at the end of thethree-year performance period if certain financial or other performance targets/metrics have been met.

17. RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS

Defined Benefit Plans

In connection with the February 3, 2006 purchase of all the net assets of the Gradall excavator business, the Company assumed sponsorship oftwo Gradall non-contributory defined benefit pension plans, both of which are frozen with respect to both future benefit accruals and future new entrants.

The Gradall Company Employees’ Retirement Plan covers approximately 245 former employees and 47 current employees who (i) were formerly employed by JLG Industries, Inc., (ii) were not covered by a collective bargaining agreement and (iii) first participated in the plan before December 31, 2004. An amendment ceasing future benefit accruals for certain participants was effective December 31, 2004. A second amendment discontinued all future benefit accruals for all participants effective April 24, 2006.

The Gradall Company Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan covered former employees and current employees who (i) were formerly employed by JLG Industries, Inc., (ii) were covered by a collective bargaining agreement and (iii) first participated in the plan before April 6, 1997. An amendment ceasing all future benefit accruals was effective April 6, 1997.

The following table sets forth the change in plan assets, change in projected benefit obligation, rate assumptions and components of net periodic benefit cost as of December 31 with respect to the plan. The measurement dates of the assets and liabilities of the plan were December 31 of the respective years presented.

The Company recognizes the overfunded or underfunded status (i.e., the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligations) of defined benefit postretirement plans as an asset or liability in its consolidated balance sheet and recognizes changes in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur. The Company measures the funded status of a plan as of the date of the year-end consolidated balance sheet.

The accumulated benefit obligation for our pension plan represents the actuarial present value of benefits based on employee service and compensation as of a certain date and does not include an assumption about future compensation levels.

In determining the projected benefit obligation and the net pension cost, we used the following significant weighted-average assumptions:

The Company employs a building block approach in determining the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equities and fixed income are preserved consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over the long run. Current market factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return is established via a building block approach with proper consideration of diversification and rebalancing. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed to check for reasonability and appropriateness.

The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit cost (gains are denoted with parentheses and losses are not):

The Company estimates that $0.8 million of unrecognized actuarial expense will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit costs during 2024.

The Company employs a total return investment approach whereby a mix of equities and fixed income investments are used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and corporate financial condition. The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of equity and fixed income investments. Furthermore, equity investments are diversified across U.S. and non-U.S. stocks, as well as growth, value, and small and large capitalization. Other assets such as real estate, private equity, and hedge funds are used judiciously to enhance long-term returns while improving portfolio diversification. Derivatives may be used to gain market exposure in an efficient and timely manner; however, derivatives may not be used to leverage the portfolio beyond the market value of the underlying investments. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through quarterly investment portfolio reviews, annual liability measurements, and periodic asset/liability studies. Our current asset allocations are consistent with our targeted allocations.

The pension plans' weighted-average asset allocation as a percentage of plan assets at December 31 is as follows:

The following table presents the hierarchy levels for our postretirement benefit plan investments as of December 31 as described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements:

Our interests in the common collective trust investments are managed by one custodian. Consistent with our investment policy, the custodian has invested the assets across a widely diversified portfolio of U.S. and international equity and fixed income securities. Fair values of each security within the collective trust as of December 31, 2023 were obtained from the custodian and are based on quoted market prices of individual investments; however, since the fund itself does not have a quoted market price, these assets are considered Level 2.

The common collective funds noted in the above table have estimated fair value using the net asset value per share of investments. Investments can be redeemed immediately at the current net asset value per share based on the fair value of the underlying assets. Redemption frequency is daily. The categories contain investments in equity securities of smaller growing companies, medium-sized U.S. companies, large value-oriented and growth-oriented companies, and foreign companies traded on international markets.

Expected benefit payments are estimated using the same assumptions used in determining our benefit obligation as of December 31, 2023. The following table illustrates the estimated pension benefit payments that are projected to be paid:

Supplemental Retirement Plan

The Board of Directors of the Company adopted the Alamo Group Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP”), effective as of January 3, 2011. The SERP will benefit certain key management or other highly compensated employees of the Company and/or certain subsidiaries who are selected by the Compensation Committee and approved by the Board to participate.

The SERP is intended to provide a benefit from the Company upon retirement, death or disability, or a change in control of the Company. Accordingly, the SERP obligates the Company to pay to a participant a Retirement Benefit (as defined in the SERP) upon the occurrence of certain payment events to the extent a participant has a vested right thereto. A participant’s right to his or her Retirement Benefit becomes vested in the Company’s contributions upon 10 years of Credited Service (as defined in the SERP) or a change in control of the Company. The Retirement Benefit is based on 20% of the final three-year average salary of each participant on or after his or her normal retirement age (65 years of age). In the event of the participant’s death or a change in control, the participant’s vested retirement benefit will be paid in a lump sum to the participant or his or her estate, as applicable, within 90 days after the participant’s death or a change in control, as applicable. In the event that the participant is entitled to a benefit from the SERP due to disability, retirement or other termination of employment, the benefit will be paid in monthly installments over a period offifteen years.

The Company records amounts relating to the SERP based on calculations that incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, rate of compensation increases, retirement dates and life expectancy. The net periodic costs are recognized as employees render the services necessary to earn the SERP benefits.

In May of 2015, the Board amended the SERP to allow the Board to modify the retirement benefit percentage either higher or lower than 20%. In May of 2016, the Board added additional highly compensated employees to the plan. As of December 31, 2023, the current retirement benefit (as defined in the plan) for the participants ranges from 10% to 20%.

The change in the Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, is shown below:

The components of net periodic pension expense were as follows:

The Company estimates that $0.4 million of unrecognized actuarial expense will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit costs during 2024.

In determining the projected benefit obligation and the net pension cost, we used the following significant weighted-average assumptions:

Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31:

Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31:

Future estimated benefits expected to be paid from the plan over the next ten years as follows:

Defined Contribution Plans

The Company hastwo defined contribution plans, The Gradall Salaried Employees’ Savings and Investment Plan (“Salary Plan”) and The International Association of Machinist and Aerospace Workers Retirement Plan (“IAM Plan”). The Company contributed $0.5 million, $0.5 million, and $0.5 million to the IAM Plan for the plan years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company converted the Salary Plan into its 401(k) retirement and savings plan and put the Hourly Plan into a separate 401(k) retirement and savings plan.

The Company provides a defined contribution 401(k) retirement and savings plan for eligible U.S. employees. Company matching contributions are based on a percentage of employee contributions. Company contributions to the plan during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $4.5 million, $4.2 million, and $3.9 million, respectively.

Three of the Company’s international subsidiaries also participate in a defined contribution and savings plan covering eligible employees. The Company’s international subsidiaries contribute between 0% and 10% of the participant’s salary up to a specific limit. Total contributions made to the above plans were $1.1 million, $0.9 million, and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

18. REVENUE AND SEGMENT REPORTING

Disaggregation of revenue is presented in the tables below by product type. Management has determined that this level of disaggregation would be beneficial to users of the financial statements.

*Other includes rental sales, extended warranty sales and service sales as it is considered immaterial.

The Company’s sales are principally within the United States, United Kingdom, France, Canada, Brazil, Netherlands and Australia. The Company sells its products primarily through a network of independent dealers and distributors to governmental end-users, related independent contractors, as well as to the agricultural and commercial turf markets.

The Company has included a summary of the financial information by reporting segment. The following table presents the revenue and income from operations by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

The following table presents the goodwill and total identifiable assets by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

19. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, net of tax, were as follows:

20. INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Following is selected financial information on the Company’s international operations, which include the United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Canada, Brazil, and Australia:

Following is other selected geographic financial information on the Company’s operations:

Net sales are attributed to countries based on the location of customers.

21. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company is subject to various unresolved legal actions that arise in the ordinary course of its business. The most significant of such actions relates to product liability, which is generally covered by insurance after various self-insured retention amounts. While amounts claimed might be substantial and the liability with respect to such litigation cannot be determined at this time, the Company believes that the outcome of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations; however, the ultimate resolution cannot be determined at this time.

Also, like other manufacturers, the Company is subject to a broad range of federal, state, local and foreign laws and requirements, including those concerning air emissions, discharges into waterways, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous substances and waste materials, as well as the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances at the Company’s facilities and off-site disposal locations, workplace safety and equal employment opportunities. These laws and regulations are constantly changing, and it is impossible to predict with accuracy the effect that changes to such laws and regulations may have on the Company in the future. Like other industrial concerns, the Company’s manufacturing operations entail the risk of noncompliance, and there can be no assurance that the Company will not incur material costs or other liabilities as a result thereof.