UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS INC

NOTE 1 –NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Universal Insurance Holdings, Inc. (“UVE,” and together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, “the Company”) is a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1990. The Company is a vertically integrated insurance holding company performing all aspects of insurance underwriting, distribution, and claims. Through its wholly-owned insurance company subsidiaries, Universal Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“UPCIC”) and American Platinum Property and Casualty Insurance Company (“APPCIC,” and together with UPCIC, the “Insurance Entities”), the Company is principally engaged in the property and casualty insurance business offered primarily through its network of independent agents. Risk from catastrophic losses is managed through the use of reinsurance agreements. The Company’s primary product is residential homeowners’ insurance offered in 18 states as of December 31, 2023, including Florida, which comprises the majority of the Company’s policies in force. See “—Note 5 (Insurance Operations)” for more information regarding the Company’s insurance operations.

The Company generates revenues primarily from the collection of premiums and investment returns on funds invested on cash flows in excess of those retained and used for claims-paying obligations and insurance operations. Other significant sources of revenue include brokerage commissions collected from reinsurers on certain reinsurance programs placed on behalf of the Insurance Entities, policy fees collected from policyholders by the Company’s wholly-owned managing general agent (“MGA”) subsidiary and payment plan fees charged to policyholders who choose to pay their premiums in installments. The Company’s wholly-owned adjusting company receives claims-handling fees from the Insurance Entities. The Insurance Entities are reimbursed for these fees on claims that are subject to recovery under the Insurance Entities’ respective reinsurance programs. These fees, after expenses, are recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements as an adjustment to losses and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”).

The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of UVE and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, as well as variable interest entities (“VIE”) in which the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

To conform to the current period presentation, certain amounts in the prior periods’ consolidated financial statements and notes have been reclassified. Such reclassifications were of an immaterial amount and had no effect on net income or stockholders’ equity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The Company’s primary use of estimates is in the recognition of liabilities for unpaid losses, loss adjustment expenses, subrogation recoveries, reinsurance recoveries, and valuation of level 3 investments. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

NOTE 2 –SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

None

Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies followed by the Company are summarized as follows:

Consolidation Policy: The Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and VIEs in which the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary. This analysis includes a review of the VIE’s capital structure, related contractual relationships and terms, nature of the VIE’s operations and purpose, nature of the VIE’s interests issued, and the Company’s involvement with the entity. When assessing the need to consolidate a VIE, the Company evaluates the design of the VIE as well as the related risks to which the entity was designed to expose the variable interest holders. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the entity’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. While also considering these factors, the consolidation conclusion depends on the Company’s decision-making ability and its ability to influence activities that significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company includes in cash equivalents all short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and have an original maturity of three months or less. These amounts are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company excludes any net negative cash balances from cash and cash equivalents that the Company has with any single financial institution. These amounts represent outstanding checks or drafts not yet presented to the financial institution and are reclassified to liabilities and presented as book overdraft in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company classifies amounts of cash and cash equivalents that are restricted in terms of their use and withdrawal separately in the face of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See “—Note 5 (Insurance Operations)” for discussions on the nature of the restrictions.

Investment, Securities Available for Sale. The Company’s investments in debt securities and short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale with maturities of greater than three months. Available-for-sale debt securities and short-term investments are recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, net of any allowance for credit losses, if any. Unrealized gains and losses, excluding the credit loss portion, on available-for-sale debt securities and short-term investments are excluded from earnings and reported as a component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”), net of related deferred taxes until reclassified to earnings upon the consummation of a sales transaction with an unrelated third party. Gains and losses realized on the disposition of available-for-sale debt securities are determined on the first in, first out (“FIFO”) basis and credited or charged to income. Premium and discount on investment securities are amortized and accreted using the interest method and charged or credited to investment income.

Allowance for Credit Losses-Available-For-Sale Securities. For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by rating agencies, market sentiment, and trends and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other quantitative and qualitative factors utilized at establishing an estimate for credit losses. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present values of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in OCI.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense and are reported as general and administrative expenses. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes an available-for-sale debt security is confirmed as uncollected or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities totaled $8.3 million and $7.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively and is evaluated in the estimate for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable is included under Other Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Investment, Equity Securities. The Company’s investments in equity securities are recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet with changes in the fair value of equity securities reported in current period earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Income within net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments as they occur.

Investment Real Estate. Investment real estate is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets. Real estate taxes, interest, and other costs incurred during development and construction of properties are capitalized. Income and expenses from income producing real estate are reported under net investment income. Investment real estate is evaluated for impairment when events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable.

Other Investments. The inputs used by management in estimating the fair value of Level 3 investments may include valuations and other reporting provided by representatives of the portfolio companies, original transaction prices, recent transactions for identical or similar instruments, and comparisons to fair values of comparable investments, and may include adjustments to reflect illiquidity or non-transferability. The Company has policies with respect to its investments, which may assist the Company in assessing the quality of information provided by, or on behalf of, each portfolio investment and in determining whether such information continues to be provided by a reliable source or whether further investigation is necessary. Any such investigation, as applicable, may or may not require management to forego its normal reliance on the value supplied by, or on behalf of, such portfolio investment and to independently recommend the fair value of the Company’s interest in such portfolio investments for approval by the Board, consistent with the Company’s valuation procedures.

Assets Held for Sale. The Company considers properties, including land, to be assets held for sale when (1) management commits to a plan to sell the property; (2) it is unlikely that the disposal plan will be significantly modified or discontinued; (3) the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition; (4) actions required to complete the sale of the property have been initiated; (5) sale of the property is probable and the Company expects the completed sale will occur within one year; and (6) the property is actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable given our estimate of current market value. Upon designation of a property as an asset held for sale, we record the property’s value at the lower of its carrying value or its estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell, and the Company ceases depreciation. Assets held for sale are stated separately in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. There wereno assets held for sale as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and is depreciated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets. Estimated useful life of all property and equipment ranges from three years for equipment to twenty-seven-and-one-half years for buildings and improvements. Expenditures for improvements are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the asset. Routine repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Software is capitalized and amortized over three years.

Premiums Receivable. Generally, premiums are collected prior to or during the policy period as permitted under the Insurance Entities’ payment plans. Credit risk is minimized through the effective administration of policy payment plans whereby the rules governing policy cancellation minimize circumstances in which the Company extends insurance coverage without having received the corresponding premiums. The Company performs a policy-level evaluation to determine the extent the premiums receivable balance exceeds the unearned premiums balance. Under ASC 326 and given the short-term nature of these receivables, the Company employed the aging method to estimate credit losses by pooling receivables based on the levels of delinquency and evaluating current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. As of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded estimated credit losses of $0.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

Recognition of Premium Revenues. Direct and ceded premiums are recognized as revenue on a pro rata basis over the policy term or over the term of the reinsurance agreement. The portion of direct premiums that will be earned in the future is deferred and reported as unearned premiums. The portion of ceded premiums that will be earned in the future is deferred and reported as prepaid reinsurance premiums (ceded unearned premiums).

Recognition of Commission Revenue. Commission revenue generated from reinsurance brokerage commission earned on ceded premium by the Insurance Entities is recognized pro-rata over the term of the reinsurance agreements which coincides with the completion of the contract drafting, billing, claims settlement, reporting between the parties, and other service obligations under the brokerage agreements to the parties of the reinsurance agreements.

Policy Fees. Policy fees, which represents fees paid by policyholders to the MGA’s on all new and renewal insurance policies, are generally recognized as income upon policy inception, which coincides with the completion of our service obligation when the policy is issued.

Other Revenue. The Company offers its policyholders the option of paying their policy premiums in full at inception or in installments. The Company charges fees to its policyholders that elect to pay their premium in installments and records such fees as revenue when the service obligation is met by the Company.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. The Company defers direct commissions and premium taxes relating to the successful acquisition or renewal of insurance policies and defers the costs until recognized as expense over the terms of the policies to which they are related. Deferred policy acquisition costs are recorded at their estimated realizable value.

Goodwill. Goodwill arising from the acquisition of a business is initially measured at cost and not subject to amortization. The Company assesses goodwill for potential impairments at the end of each fiscal year, or during the year if an event or other circumstance indicates that the Company may not be able to recover the carrying amount of the asset. Goodwill is included under Other Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Debt, Net of Debt Issuance Costs. The Company records debt, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at carrying value. The Company incurs specific incremental costs in connection with the issuance of the Company’s debt instruments. These debt issuance costs include issue costs and other direct costs payable to third parties and are recorded as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company amortizes the deferred financing costs as interest expense over the term of the related debt using the interest method in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Insurance Liabilities. Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) are provided for as claims are incurred. The provision for unpaid losses and LAE includes: (1) the accumulation of individual case estimates for claims and claim adjustment expenses reported prior to the close of the accounting period; (2) estimates for unreported claims based on industry data and actuarial analysis; and (3) estimates of expenses for investigating and adjusting claims based on the experience of the Company and the industry. The Company estimates and accrues its right to subrogate reported or estimated claims against other parties. Subrogated claims are recorded at amounts estimated to be received from the subrogated parties, net of related costs and netted against unpaid losses and LAE.

Inherent in the estimates of ultimate claims and subrogation are expected trends in claim severity, frequency, and other factors that may vary as claims are settled. The amount of uncertainty in the estimates is significantly affected by such factors as the amount of claims experience relative to the development period, knowledge of the actual facts and circumstances, and the amount of insurance risk retained. In addition, the Company’s policyholders are subject to adverse weather conditions, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, ice storms, and tropical storms. The actuarial methods for making estimates for unpaid losses, LAE and subrogation recoveries and for establishing the resulting net liability are periodically reviewed, and any adjustments are reflected in current earnings.

Provision for Premium Deficiency. It is the Company’s policy to evaluate and recognize losses on insurance contracts when estimated future claims, unamortized policy acquisition costs and expected policy maintenance costs under a group of existing contracts will exceed anticipated future premiums. No accruals for premium deficiency were considered necessary as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Reinsurance. Ceded written premium is recorded upon the effective date of the reinsurance contracts and earned over the contract period. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the provisions of the reinsurance agreements and consistent with the establishment of the gross insurance liability to the Company. Reinsurance premiums, losses and LAE are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Under ASC 326 and given the short-term nature of these receivables, the Company considered the effects of credit enhancements (i.e. funds withheld liability, letters of credit, and trust arrangements) and other qualitative factors that allowed it to conclude there was no material risk exposure. There isno estimated credit loss allowance as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Income Taxes. The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, that recognizes the amount of income taxes payable or refundable for the current year and recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the tax rates expected to be in effect during the periods in which the temporary differences reverse. Temporary differences arise when income or expenses are recognized in different periods in the consolidated financial statements than on the tax returns. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the benefits related to deferred tax assets will not be realized. Income taxes include both estimated federal and state income taxes.

Income (Loss) Per Share of Common Stock. Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing the Company’s net income (loss) available to common stockholders, by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the Company’s net income (loss) available to common stockholders, by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the period plus the impact of all potentially dilutive common shares, primarily preferred stock, unvested shares, and options. The dilutive impact of stock options and unvested shares is determined by applying the treasury stock method and the dilutive impact of the preferred stock is determined by applying the “if converted” method.

Fair Value Measurements. The Company’s policy is to record transfers of assets and liabilities, if any, between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. There were no transfers during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Share-based Compensation. The Company accounts for share-based compensation based on the estimated grant-date fair value. The Company recognizes these compensation costs in general and administrative expenses and generally amortizes them on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is the vesting term. Individual tranches of performance-based awards are amortized separately since the vesting of each tranche is either subject to annual measures or time vesting. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the grant-date assumptions discussed in “—Note 9 (Share-Based Compensation).” The fair value of the restricted share grants, performance share units and restricted stock units are determined based on the market price on the date of grant.

Statutory Accounting. UPCIC and APPCIC are highly regulated and prepare and file financial statements in conformity with the statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (the “FLOIR”) and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), which differ from GAAP. The FLOIR requires insurance companies domiciled in Florida to prepare their statutory financial statements in accordance with the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual (the “Manual”), as modified by the FLOIR. Accordingly, the admitted assets, liabilities and capital and surplus of UPCIC and APPCIC as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the results of operations and cash flows, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, for their regulatory filings have been prepared in accordance with statutory accounting principles as promulgated by the FLOIR and the NAIC. The statutory accounting principles are more restrictive than GAAP and are designed primarily to demonstrate the ability to meet obligations to policyholders and claimants.

NOTE 3 –INVESTMENTS

Available-for-Sale Securities

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities as of the dates presented (in thousands):

The following table provides the credit quality of available-for-sale debt securities with contractual maturities as of the dates presented (dollars in thousands):

The table above includes credit quality ratings by Standard and Poor’s Rating Services, Inc. (“S&P”), Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Fitch Ratings, Inc. The Company has presented the highest rating of the three rating agencies for each investment position.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities as of the dates presented (in thousands):

The following tables summarize available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by major security type and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, for which no allowance for expected credit losses has been recorded as of the dates presented (in thousands):

Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities in the above table as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 have not been recognized into income as credit losses because the issuers are of high credit quality (investment grade securities), management does not intend to sell and it is likely management will not be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery, and the decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions. There were no material factors impacting any one category or specific security requiring an accrual for credit loss. The issuers continue to make principal and interest payments on the bonds. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach maturity.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for expected credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities (in thousands):

See“—Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses-Available-For-Sale Securities)”for more information about the methodology and significant inputs used to measure the amount related to expected credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities.

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of investments with maturities as of the date presented (in thousands):

All securities, except those with perpetual maturities, were categorized in the table above utilizing years to effective maturity. Effective maturity takes into consideration all forms of potential prepayment, such as call features or prepayment schedules, that shorten the lifespan of contractual maturity dates.

The following table provides certain information related to available-for-sale debt securities, equity securities and investment real estate during the periods presented (in thousands):

The following table presents the components of net investment income, comprised primarily of interest and dividends for the periods presented (in thousands):

Equity Securities

The following table provides the unrealized gains (losses) recognized for the periods presented on equity securities still held at the end of the reported period (in thousands):

Investment Real Estate

Investment real estate consisted of the following as of the dates presented (in thousands):

The following table provides the depreciation expense related to investment real estate for the periods presented (in thousands):

Other Investments

The Company has an ownership interest in a limited partnership that is not registered or readily tradable on a securities exchange. This partnership is private equity fund managed by general partners who make decisions with regard to financial policies and operations. As such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate these partnerships.

Other investments consisted of the following as of the dates presented (in thousands):

The following table provides the unrealized gains (losses) recognized for the periods presented on investment in private equity limited partnership still held at the end of the reported period (in thousands):

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized net change in unrealized gain of $5.6 million on this investment which is recognized in net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the Consolidated Statement of Income. At December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company’s net cumulative contributed capital to the partnership totaled $4.8 million and $0, respectively.

NOTE 4 –REINSURANCE

The Company seeks to reduce its risk of loss by reinsuring certain levels of risk in various areas of exposure with other insurance enterprises or reinsurers, generally as of the beginning of the hurricane season on June 1 st of each year. The Company’s current reinsurance programs consist principally of catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance, subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable agreements. Notwithstanding the purchase of such reinsurance, the Company is responsible for certain retained loss amounts before reinsurance attaches and for insured losses related to catastrophes and other events that exceed coverage provided by or otherwise are not within the scope of the reinsurance programs. The Company remains responsible for the settlement of insured losses irrespective of whether any of the reinsurers fail to make payments otherwise due.

To reduce credit risk for amounts due from reinsurers, the Insurance Entities seek to do business with financially sound reinsurance companies and regularly evaluate the financial strength of all reinsurers used.

The following table presents ratings from rating agencies and the unsecured amounts due from the reinsurers whose aggregate balance exceeded 3% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity as of the dates presented (in thousands):

(1)No rating is available, because the fund is not rated.

(2)No rating available for Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.

(3)Amounts represent prepaid reinsurance premiums and net recoverables for paid and unpaid losses, including incurred but not reported reserves, and loss adjustment expenses.

The Company’s reinsurance arrangements had the following effect on certain items in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the periods presented (in thousands):

The following prepaid reinsurance premiums and reinsurance recoverable are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of the dates presented (in thousands):

NOTE 5 –INSURANCE OPERATIONS

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

The Company defers certain costs in connection with written premium, called Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (“DPAC”). DPAC is amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies

The following table presents the beginning and ending balances and the changes in DPAC for the periods presented (in thousands):

Regulatory Requirements and Restrictions

The Insurance Entities are subject to regulations and standards of the FLOIR. The Insurance Entities are also subject to regulations and standards of regulatory authorities in other states where they are licensed, although as Florida-domiciled insurers, their principal regulatory authority is the FLOIR. These standards and regulations include a requirement that the Insurance Entities maintain specified levels of statutory capital and restrict the timing and amount of dividends and other distributions that may be paid by the Insurance Entities to the parent company. Except in the case of extraordinary dividends, these standards generally permit dividends to be paid from statutory unassigned funds of the regulated subsidiary and are limited based on the regulated subsidiary’s level of statutory net income and statutory capital and surplus. The maximum dividend that may be paid by the Insurance Entities to their immediate parent company, Protection Solutions, Inc. (“PSI,” formerly known as Universal Insurance Holding Company of Florida), without prior regulatory approval is limited by the provisions of the Florida Insurance Code. These dividends are referred to as “ordinary dividends.” However, if the dividend, together with other dividends paid within the preceding 12 months, exceeds this statutory limit or is paid from sources other than earned surplus, the entire dividend is generally considered an “extraordinary dividend” and must receive prior regulatory approval.

In accordance with Florida Insurance Code, and based on the calculations performed by the Company as of December 31, 2023, UPCIC and APPCIC currently are not able to pay any ordinary dividends during 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, no dividends were paid from the Insurance Entities to PSI.

The Florida Insurance Code requires a residential property insurance company to maintain statutory surplus as to policyholders of at least $15.0 million orten percent of the insurer’s total liabilities, whichever is greater. The following table presents the amount of capital and surplus calculated in accordance with statutory accounting principles, which differs from GAAP, and an amount representing ten percent of total liabilities for each of the Insurance Entities as of the dates presented (in thousands):

As of the dates in the table above, the Insurance Entities each exceeded the minimum statutory capitalization requirement. The Insurance Entities also met the capitalization requirements of the other states in which they are licensed as of December 31, 2023. Annually, the Insurance Entities each are also required to adhere to prescribed premium-to-capital surplus ratios and each have met those requirements.

The following table summarizes combined net income (loss) for the Insurance Entities determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices for the periods presented (in thousands):

The Insurance Entities each are required annually to comply with the NAIC risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements. RBC requirements prescribe a method of measuring the amount of capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in light of its size and risk profile. NAIC RBC requirements are used by regulators to determine appropriate regulatory actions relating to insurers who show signs of a weak or deteriorating condition. As of December 31, 2023, based on calculations using the appropriate NAIC RBC formula, the Insurance Entities each reported total adjusted capital in excess of the requirements.

The Insurance Entities are required by various state laws and regulations to maintain certain assets in depository accounts. The following table represents assets held by insurance regulators as of the dates presented (in thousands):

NOTE 6 –PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consisted of the following as of the dates presented (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense was $7.1 million, $7.1 million and $6.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 7 –LONG-TERM DEBT

Long-term debt consists of the following as of the dates presented (in thousands):

Surplus Note

On November 9, 2006, UPCIC entered into a $25.0 million surplus note with the State Board of Administration of Florida (the “SBA”) under Florida’s Insurance Capital Build-Up Incentive Program (the “ICBUI”). The surplus note has atwenty-year term and accrues interest, adjusted quarterly based on the 10-year Constant Maturity Treasury Index. The carrying amount of the surplus note is included in the statutory capital and surplus of UPCIC.

The effective interest rate paid on the surplus note was 4.30%,2.83% and 1.50% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Any payment of principal or interest by UPCIC on the surplus note must be approved by the Commissioner of the FLOIR. Quarterly principal payments of $368 thousand are duethrough 2026. Aggregate principal payments of approximately $1.5 million were made during each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

UPCIC is in compliance with each of the loan’s covenants as implemented by rules promulgated by the SBA. An event of default will occur under the surplus note, as amended, if UPCIC: (i) defaults in the payment of the surplus note; (ii) fails to submit quarterly filings to the FLOIR; (iii) fails to maintain at least $50 million of surplus during the term of the surplus note, except for certain situations; (iv) misuses proceeds of the surplus note; (v) makes any misrepresentations in the application for the program; (vi) pays any dividend when principal or interest payments are past due under the surplus note; or (vii) fails to maintain a level of surplus and reinsurance sufficient to cover in excess of UPCIC’s 1-in-100 year probable maximum loss as determined by a hurricane loss model accepted by the Florida Commission on Hurricane Loss Projection Methodology as certified by the FLOIR annually. To avoid a penalty rate, UPCIC must maintain either a ratio of net written premium to surplus of at least 2:1 or a ratio of gross written premiums to surplus of at least 6:1 according to a calculation method set forth in the surplus note. As of December 31, 2023, UPCIC’s net written premium to surplus ratio was in excess of the required minimums and, therefore, UPCIC is not subject to the penalty rate. The surplus note ranks subordinate in right of payment to the Senior Unsecured Notes and Unsecured Revolving Loan described below.

Senior Unsecured Notes

On November 23, 2021, the Company entered into Note Purchase Agreements with certain institutional accredited investors and qualified institutional buyers pursuant to which the Company issued and sold $100 million of 5.625% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2026 (the “Notes”). The Purchase Agreements contain certain customary representations, warranties and covenants made by the Company.

The Notes were offered and sold by the Company in a private placement transaction in reliance on exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. On March 24, 2022, the Registration Statement registering the exchange of Notes for registered Notes was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission, and all of the Notes have since been exchanged for registered Notes with identical financial terms.

The Notes are senior unsecured debt obligations that bear interest at the rate of 5.625% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 30 th and November 30 th of each year, beginning on May 30, 2022. The Notes are subject to adjustment from time to time in the event of a downgrade or subsequent upgrade of the rating assigned to the Notes. The Notes mature on November 30, 2026 at which time the entire $100.0 million of principal is due and payable. At any time on or after November 30, 2023, the Company may redeem all or part of the Notes at redemption prices (expressed as percentages of the principal amount) equal to (i)102.81250% for the twelve-month period beginning on November 30, 2023; (ii)101.40625% for the twelve-month period beginning on November 30, 2024 and (iii)100.000% at any time thereafter, plus accrued and unpaid interest up to, but not including the redemption date.

On November 23, 2021, the Company entered into an indenture, relating to the issuance of the Notes (the “Indenture”), with UMB Bank National Association, as trustee. The Notes are not subject to any sinking fund and are not convertible into or exchangeable, other than pursuant to the Exchange Offer, for any other securities or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holder. The indenture governing the Notes contains financial covenants, terms, events of default and related cure provisions that are customary in agreements used in connection with similar transactions. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants, including financial covenants.

The Notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company, are not obligations of, and are not guaranteed by, any subsidiary of the Company. The Notes rank equally in right of payment to the Unsecured Revolving Loan described below.

Unsecured Revolving Loan

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into a committed and unsecured $40.0 million revolving credit line with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. This agreement succeeded theprevious $37.5 million revolving credit line with J.P. Morgan Chase, N.A., entered into on October 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has not borrowed any amount under this revolving loan. The Company must pay an annual commitment of 0.50%of the unused portion of the commitment. Borrowings mature on June 29, 2024,364 days after the inception date and carry an interest rate of prime rate plus a margin of 2%. The credit line is subject to annual renewals. The credit line contains customary financial and other covenants, with which the Company is in compliance.

Maturities

The following table provides an estimate of aggregate principal payments to be made for the amounts due on long-term debt as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Interest Expense

The following table provides interest expense related to long-term debt during the periods presented (in thousands):

(1) Represents amortization of debt issuance costs.

NOTE 8 –STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had shares outstanding of Series A Preferred Stock. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible by the Company into shares of common stock.

The following table provides certain information for the convertible Series A preferred stock as of the dates presented (in thousands, except conversion factor):

The Series A Preferred Stock pays a cumulative dividend of $0.25 per share per quarter. The Company declared and paid aggregate dividends to the holder of record of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock of $10 thousand for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Common Stock

Shares Repurchased

From time to time, the Company’s Board of Directors may authorize share repurchase programs under which the Company may repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock in the open market. The following table presents repurchases of the Company’s common stock for the periods presented (in thousands, except total number of shares repurchased and per share data):

(1)In November 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase of up to $20 million of shares of common stock, which expired in November 2022. At the end of this prior authorization, the Company had repurchased slightly more than $12 million of shares of common stock. On December 15, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a successor share repurchase program under which the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $8.0 million of shares of common stock through December 15, 2024, which represents the unused portion of the predecessor authorization. On June 12, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $20.0 million of our common stock through June 10, 2025 (“The June 2025 Share Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which we repurchased 1,112,953 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of approximately $15.9 million.

Dividends Declared

The Company declared dividends on its outstanding shares of common stock to its shareholders of record as follows for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share amounts):

(1)Includes dividend equivalents due to employees who hold performance share units, restricted share units or restricted stock awards which are subject to time-vesting conditions.

Applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may affect the ability of the Company to declare and pay dividends on its Common Stock. In particular, pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, a company may pay dividends out of its surplus, as defined, or out of its net profits, for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or the preceding year. Surplus is defined in the Delaware General Corporation Law to be the excess of net assets of the company over capital. Capital is defined to be the aggregate par value of shares issued. Moreover, the ability of the Company to pay dividends, if and when declared by its Board of Directors, may be restricted by regulatory limits on the amount of dividends, which the Insurance Entities are permitted to pay the Company.

Restrictions limiting the payment of dividends by UVE

UVE pays dividends to shareholders, which are funded by earnings on investments and distributions from the earnings of its consolidated subsidiaries. Generally, other than as disclosed above and in “—Note 7 (Long-term debt),” there are no restrictions for UVE limiting the payment of dividends. However, UVE’s ability to pay dividends to shareholders may be affected by restrictions on the ability of the Insurance Entities to pay dividends to UVE through PSI. See “—Note 5 (Insurance Operations),” for a discussion of these restrictions. There are no such restrictions for UVE’s non-insurance consolidated subsidiaries. UVE received distributions from the earnings of its non-insurance consolidated subsidiaries of $164.1 million, $231.9 million, and $149.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

UVE made capital contributions of $72.0 million, $84.0 million, and $92.0 million to UPCIC during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. UVE madeno capital contributions to APPCIC during the year ended December 31, 2023, $3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, and madeno contributions during the year ended December 31, 2021.

During 2023, UVE didnot enter into subordinated surplus debentures with UPCIC or APPCIC. During 2022, $110.0 million in subordinated surplus debentures were made to UPCIC by UVE. See“—Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant—Note 2 (Intercompany Note Receivable).”

NOTE 9 –SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Equity Compensation Plans

In prior periods the Company managed its equity compensation under the 2009 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”). In April 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, subject to shareholder approval, the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). The 2021 Plan was approved by the Company’s shareholders effective June 11, 2021, at which time the 2009 Plan was terminated. Shares reserved for future issuance under the 2009 Plan are no longer available and no further grants will be made under this plan.

At the inception of the Company’s 2021 Plan,1,835,000 shares were initially reserved for issuance. At December 31, 2023, no shares remained reserved for issuance for new awards under the incentive plan.

Awards under the Incentive Plan may include incentive stock options, non-qualified stock option awards (“Stock Option”), stock appreciation rights, non-vested shares of common stock, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), performance share units (“PSUs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and other share-based awards and cash-based incentive awards. Awards under the Incentive Plan may be granted to employees, directors, consultants or other persons providing services to the Company or its affiliates.

The following table provides certain information related to Stock Options, RSAs, PSUs and RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands, except per share data):

(1)Unless otherwise specified, such as in the case of the exercise of Stock Options, the per share prices were determined using the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock as quoted on the exchanges on which the Company was listed. Shares issued upon exercise of options represent original issuances in private transactions pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended or issuances under the Company’s Incentive Plan.

(2)All shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023, are expected to vest.

The following table provides certain information in connection with the Company’s share-based compensation arrangements for the periods presented (in thousands):

(1)All shares acquired represent shares tendered to cover the strike price for options and tax withholdings on the intrinsic value of Stock Options exercised, Restricted Stock vested, PSUs vested or RSUs vested. These shares have been canceled by the Company.

The following table provides the amount of unrecognized compensation expense as of the most recent balance sheet date and the weighted average period over which those expenses will be recorded for Stock Options, Restricted Stock, PSUs, and RSUs (dollars in thousands):

Stock Options

Stock Options granted by the Company generally expire between five toten years from the grant date and generally vest over aone- tothree-year service period commencing on the grant date.

The Company used the modified Black-Scholes model to estimate the fair value of employee Stock Options on the date of grant utilizing the assumptions noted below. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury bill yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the expected term of the option. The expected term of options granted represents the period of time that the options are expected to be outstanding. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatilities of our Common Stock. The dividend yield was based on expected dividends at the time of grant.

The following table provides the assumptions utilized in the Black-Scholes model for Stock Options granted during the periods presented:

Restricted Stock, Performance Share Units and Restricted Stock Units

Restricted Stock, Performance Share Units and Restricted Stock Units are awarded to certain employees in consideration for services rendered pursuant to terms of employment agreements or to provide employees a continued incentive to share in the success of the Company. Restricted Stock generally vests over aone- tothree-year service period commencing on the grant date. Each performance share unit has a value equal toone share of common stock and generally vests over athree-year service period commencing on the grant date. Each restricted stock unit has a value equal toone share of common stock and generally vests over aone- tothree-year service period commencing on the grant date. See“—Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Share-based Compensation)”for additional information.

NOTE 10 –EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN

Effective January 1, 2009, the Company adopted a qualified retirement plan covering substantially all employees. It is designed to help the employees meet their financial needs during their retirement years. Eligibility for participation in the plan is generally based on employee’s date of hire or on completion of a specified period of service. Employer contributions to this plan are made in cash.

The plan titled the “Universal Property & Casualty 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan” (the “401(k) Plan”) is a defined contribution plan that allows employees to defer compensation through contributions to the 401(k) Plan. The contributions are invested on the employees’ behalf, and the benefits paid to employees are based on contributions and any earnings or losses. The 401(k) Plan includes a Company contribution of 100 percent of each eligible participant’s contribution up to a maximum offive percent of the participant’s compensation during the 401(k) Plan year. The Company may make additional profit-sharing contributions. However, no additional profit-sharing contribution was made during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Aggregate contributions paid by the Company were approximately $3.7 million, $3.4 million, and $2.9 million to the 401(k) Plan for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 11 –RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

There were no related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

NOTE 12 –INCOME TAXES

Significant components of the income tax provision are as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):

The following table reconciles the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate for the periods presented:

The Company recognized an excess income tax benefit of $0.02 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 and an excess income tax shortfall of $0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from stock-based compensation awards that vested and/or were exercised.

The Company adopted the standard for Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“CAMT”), reflected in the Inflation Reduction Act, enacted on August 16, 2022, for the reporting period beginning January 1, 2023. The Company was not subject to the provisions of the CAMT section for the period ending December 31, 2023.

The Company accounts for income taxes using a balance sheet approach. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the significant components of the Company’s deferred income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

At each balance sheet date, management assesses the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces deferred income tax assets when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. A valuation allowance would be based on all available information including the Company’s assessment of uncertain tax positions and projections of future taxable income and capital gain from each tax-paying component in each jurisdiction, principally derived from business plans and available tax planning strategies.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates. The Company reviews its deferred tax assets regularly for recoverability. Management has reviewed all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining the need for a valuation allowance with respect to the gross deferred tax assets. In determining the manner in which available evidence should be weighted, management has determined that the need for a valuation allowance was not warranted as of the periods ending December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company has adopted Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (“ASC 740”) which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. ASC 740 provides a threshold for the financial statement recognition and measurement of an income tax position taken or expected to be taken in an income tax return. The Company’s policy is to classify interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions, if any, in its provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company determined thatno uncertain tax liabilities are required.

The Company filed a consolidated federal income tax return for the tax years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and intends to file the same for the tax year ended December 31, 2023. The tax allocation agreement between the Company and the Insurance Entities provides that they will incur income taxes based on a computation of taxes as if they were stand-alone taxpayers. The computations are made utilizing the financial statements of the Insurance Entities prepared on a statutory basis of accounting and prior to consolidating entries which include the conversion of certain balances and transactions of the statutory financial statements to a GAAP basis.

The Company files its income tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s 2020 through 2022 tax years are still subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and various tax years remain open to examination in certain state jurisdictions.

NOTE 13 –EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding any dilutive common share equivalents. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution resulting from the impact of common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, non-vested performance share units, non-vested restricted stock units, non-vested restricted stock, and conversion of preferred stock. In loss periods, the impact of common shares issuable upon the exercises of stock options, non-vested performance share units, non-vested restricted stock units, non-vested restricted stock, and conversion of preferred stock are excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share, as the inclusion of common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, non-vested performance share units, non-vested restricted stock units, non-vested restricted stocks, and conversion of preferred stock would have an anti-dilutive effect. There is no difference between basic and diluted income or loss per share.

The following table reconciles the numerator (i.e., income) and denominator (i.e., shares) of the basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share computations for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share data):

(1)Represents the dilutive effect of common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, non-vested performance share units, non-vested restricted stock units and non-vested restricted stock.

NOTE 14 –OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table provides the components of other comprehensive income (loss) on a pre-tax and after-tax basis for the periods presented (in thousands):

The following table provides the reclassification adjustments for gains and losses out of AOCI for the periods presented (in thousands):

NOTE 15 –COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Obligations under Multi-Year Reinsurance Contracts

The Company purchases reinsurance coverage to protect its capital and to limit its losses when certain major events occur. The Company’s reinsurance commitments generally run from June 1 st of the current year to May 31 st of the following year. Certain of the Company’s reinsurance agreements are for periods longer than one year. Amounts payable for coverage during the current June 1 st to May 31 st contract period are recorded as “Reinsurance Payable, net” in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Multi-year contract commitments for future years will be recorded at the commencement of the coverage period. Amounts payable for future reinsurance contract years that the Company is obligated to pay are: (1) $72.7 million in 2024; and (2) $52.6 million in 2025.

Litigation

Lawsuits and other legal proceedings are filed against the Company from time to time. These legal matters include regulatory and contract considerations for which the Company obtains internal or third-party legal or other assistance, such as actuarial services, to provide guidance, and when applicable, to represent and protect the Company’s interest.

Many of these legal proceedings involve claims under policies that the Company underwrites and reserves for as an insurer. The Company is also involved in various other legal proceedings and litigation unrelated to claims under the Company’s policies that arise in the ordinary course of business operations. Management believes that any liabilities that may arise as a result of these legal matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. The Company contests liability and/or the amount of damages as it considers appropriate according to the facts and circumstances of each matter.

In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company establishes an accrued liability for legal matters when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable.

Legal proceedings are subject to many uncertain factors that generally cannot be predicted with certainty, and the Company may be exposed to losses in excess of any amounts accrued. The Company currently estimates that the reasonably possible losses for legal proceedings, whether in excess of a related accrued liability, including reserves, or where there is no accrued liability, and for which the Company is able to estimate a possible loss, are immaterial. This represents management’s estimate of possible loss with respect to these matters and is based on currently available information. These estimates of possible loss do not represent our maximum loss exposure, and actual results may vary significantly from current estimates.

NOTE 16 –FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. GAAP describes three approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: the market approach, the income approach, and the cost approach. Each approach includes multiple valuation techniques. GAAP does not prescribe which valuation technique should be used when measuring fair value, but does establish a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in applying the various techniques. Inputs broadly refer to the assumptions that market participants use to make pricing decisions, including assumptions about risk. Level 1 inputs are given the highest priority in the hierarchy while Level 3 inputs are given the lowest priority. Assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified in one of the following three categories based on the nature of the inputs to the valuation technique used:

•Level 1 — Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

•Level 2 — Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

•Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. These inputs reflect management’s best estimate of fair value using its own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Summary of Significant Valuation Techniques for Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Level 1

Common stock: Comprise actively traded, exchange-listed U.S. and international equity securities. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

Mutual funds: Comprise actively traded funds. Valuation is based on daily quoted net asset values for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

Level 2

U.S. government obligations and agencies: Comprise U.S. Treasury Bills or Notes or U.S. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Corporate bonds: Comprise investment-grade debt securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, and credit spreads.

Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities: Comprise securities that are collateralized by mortgage obligations and other assets. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance, and credit spreads.

Municipal bonds: Comprise debt securities issued by a state, municipality, or county. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Redeemable preferred stock: Comprise preferred stock securities that are redeemable. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active.

As required by GAAP, assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the placement of the asset or liability within the fair value hierarchy levels.

Level 3

Other investments in private equity funds: Comprise of passive interest in non-marketable private equity fund securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include the cost basis of consideration tendered for the investments, the Trailing-Twelve Month (TTM) EBITDA, and TTM EBITDA Multiple.

The following tables set forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates presented (in thousands):

The following table summarizes quantitative information related to the significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 investments, which were carried at fair value as of the dates presented (in thousands):

(1) The Company made the initial investment in the private equity limited partnership in 2023, resulting in no balances or data being applicable as of December 31, 2022.

These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision.

The Company utilizes third-party independent pricing services that provide a price quote for each available-for-sale debt security and equity security. Management reviews the methodology used by the pricing services. If management believes that the price used by the pricing service does not reflect an orderly transaction between participants, management will use an alternative valuation methodology. There were no adjustments made by the Company to the prices obtained from the independent pricing source for any security included in the tables above.

The following table summarizes the carrying value and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments not carried at fair value as of the dates presented (in thousands):

(1) The fair value of the surplus note was determined by management from the expected cash flows discounted using the interest rate quoted by the holder. The SBA is the holder of the surplus note and the quoted interest rate is below prevailing rates quoted by private lending institutions. However, as the Company’s use of funds from the surplus note is limited by the terms of the agreement, the Company has determined the interest rate quoted by the SBA to be appropriate for purposes of establishing the fair value of the note (Level 2).

(2) The fair value of the senior unsecured notes was determined based on pricing from quoted prices for similar assets in active markets and was included as Level 2.

NOTE 17 –LIABILITY FOR UNPAID LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES

Set forth in the following tables is information about unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance and estimated subrogation, as well as cumulative claim counts and the total of incurred-but-not-reported (“IBNR”) liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the liability for unpaid losses and LAE (in thousands).

The liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses includes an amount determined from loss reports and individual cases and an amount, based on past experience, for losses IBNR. Such liabilities are necessarily based on estimates and, although management believes that the amount is adequate, the ultimate liability may be in excess of or less than the amounts provided. The methods for making such estimates and for establishing the resulting liability are continually reviewed, and any adjustments are reflected in earnings currently. The reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses is reported net of receivables for salvage and subrogation of approximately $144.1 million and $134.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The information about unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 to 2022, is presented as supplementary information and is unaudited.

Set forth is the supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2023:

Set forth is the following reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE in the consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Set forth in the following table is the change in liability for unpaid losses and LAE for the periods presented (in thousands):

During 2023, the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, prior to reinsurance, decreased by $528.7 million from $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2022 to $510.1 million as of December 31, 2023. The decrease was principally the result of the settlement of Hurricane Ian claims, other prior hurricanes and claims arising in the current and prior accident years.

Prior year development includes changes in previous estimates for unpaid Losses and LAE for all events occurring in prior years including hurricanes, other weather, and non-weather claims affected by pre-reform market conditions in Florida as well as changes in prior estimates resulting from the evaluation of claims in anticipation of the commutation of Hurricane Irma losses with the FHCF. In recent years, the Company has strengthened reserves as a result of adverse development due to Florida homeowners, tenants and condo owners coverages arising from non-weather and weather events. Similar to other carriers operating in the Florida homeowners marketplace, the Company has experienced deterioration in water and hurricane claims due to an unfavorable claims environment characterized by increases in policyholder demands related to roof repairs and significant attorney representation. In 2023, adverse development was due to represented and litigated claims, and Florida weather claims for accident years 2017 and later. One of management’s objectives in 2023 was to strengthen reserves on those prior period claims which do not benefit from the new legislation signed in late 2022 that eliminated the one-way attorneys’ fee statute and assignments of benefits and made other reforms intended to improve the Florida market.

Losses and LAE experience over the past several years including both 2023 and 2022, reflects an adverse litigation environment and other market conditions in Florida that the Florida Legislature has been attempting to address with the passage of legislation spanning several years with the most significant changes made during a special session held in December 2022. The Company considered and included the effects of the enacted legislation in developing its ultimate loss projections and reserve estimates as of December 31, 2023.

In addition to the actions taken by the Florida legislature, management has been taking actions to improve losses and LAE experience through several means including operational initiatives designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the claims cycle and reduce the impact of litigation; implementing pricing increases to address the loss experience as well as inflation and the increasing cost of reinsurance; reducing undesirable exposures; and securing efficient reinsurance programs to protect against catastrophes.

Basis for estimating liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses

The Company establishes a liability to provide for the estimated unpaid portion of the costs of paying losses and LAE under insurance policies the Insurance Entities have issued. Predominately all of the Company’s claims relate to the Company’s core product, homeowners insurance and the various policy forms in which it is available. The liability for unpaid losses and LAE consists of the following:

•Case reserves, which are the reserves established by the claims examiner on reported claims.

•Incurred but not reported, which are anticipated losses expected to be reported to the Company and development of reported claims, including anticipated recoveries from either subrogation and ceded reinsurance. Ceded reinsurance for both paid and unpaid claims are reported separately as reinsurance recoverable.

•LAE, which are the estimated expenses associated with the settlement of case reserves and IBNR.

Underwriting results are significantly influenced by the Company’s practices in establishing its estimated liability for unpaid losses and LAE. The liability is an estimate of amounts necessary to ultimately settle all current and future claims and LAE on losses occurring during the policy coverage period each year as of the financial statement date.

Characteristics of Reserves

The liability for unpaid losses and LAE, also known as reserves, is established based on estimates of the ultimate future amounts needed to settle claims, either known or unknown, less losses and LAE that have been paid to date. Historically, claims are typically reported promptly with relatively little reporting lag between the date of occurrence and the date the loss is reported. Certain numbers of claims are not known immediately after a loss and insureds are delayed at reporting those losses to us. In the current Florida market, an increased number of claims are reported well after the purported dates of loss. Reporting delays at times are material. In addition, claims which the Insurance Entities believed were settled often are reopened based on newly reported claim demands from our insureds as a result of third party representation. The Company is seeing increased litigation and changes to consumer behavior over the reporting and settlement process especially with Florida-based claims. The Company’s claim settlement data suggests that the Company’s typical insurance claims have an average settlement time of less thanone year from the reported date unless delayed by some form of litigation or dispute.

Reserves are estimated for both reported and unreported claims, and include estimates of all expenses associated with processing and settling all incurred claims, including consideration for anticipated subrogation recoveries that will offset loss payments. The Company updates reserve estimates periodically as new information becomes available or as events emerge that may affect the resolution of unsettled claims. Changes in prior year reserve estimates (reserve re-estimates), which may be material, are determined by comparing updated estimates of ultimate losses to prior estimates, and the differences are recorded as losses and LAE in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the period such changes are determined. Estimating the ultimate cost of losses and LAE is an inherently uncertain and complex process involving a high degree of subjective judgment and is subject to the interpretation and usage of numerous uncertain variables as discussed further below.

Reserves for losses and LAE are determined in three primary sectors. These sectors are (1) the estimation of reserves for Florida non-catastrophe losses, (2) hurricane losses, and (3) non-Florida non-catastrophe losses, and any other losses. Evaluations are performed for gross loss, LAE, and subrogation separately, and on a net and direct basis for each sector. The analyses for non-catastrophe losses are further separated into data groupings of like exposure or type of loss. These groups are property damage on homeowner policy forms HO-3 and HO-8 combined, property damage on homeowner policy forms HO-4 and HO-6 combined, property damage on dwelling fire policies, sinkhole claims, and water damage claims. Although these sectors are aggregated into the single tables noted above, analyses are performed in these three sectors, due to the analogous nature of the product and similar claim settlement traits.

As claims are reported, the claims department establishes an estimate of the liability for each individual claim called case reserves. For certain liability claims of sufficient size and complexity, the field adjusting staff establishes case reserve estimates of ultimate cost, based on their assessment of facts and circumstances related to each individual claim. Opportunities for subrogation are also identified for further analysis and collection. For other claims which occur in large volumes and settle in a relatively short time frame, it is not practical or efficient to set case reserves for each claim, and an initial case reserve of $2,500 is set for these claims. In the normal course of business, the Company may also supplement its claims processes by utilizing third party adjusters, appraisers, engineers, inspectors, other professionals, and information sources to assess and settle catastrophe and non-catastrophe related claims.

The Actuarial Methods used to Develop Reserve Estimates

Reserve estimates for both unpaid losses and LAE are derived using several different actuarial estimation methods in order to provide the actuary with multiple predictive viewpoints to consider for each of the sectors discussed above. Each of the methods has merit, because they each provide insight into emerging patterns. These methods are each variations on two primary actuarial techniques: “chain ladder development” techniques and “counts and average” techniques. The “chain ladder development” actuarial technique is an estimation process in which historical payment and reserving patterns are applied to actual paid and/or reported amounts (paid losses, recovered subrogation or LAE plus individual case reserves established by claim adjusters) for an accident period to create an estimate of how losses or recoveries are likely to develop over time. The “counts and average” technique includes an evaluation of historical and projected costs per claim, and late-reported claim counts, for open claims by accident period. An accident period refers to classification of claims based on the date in which the claims occurred, regardless of the date they were reported to the company. These analyses are used to prepare estimates of required reserves for payments or recoveries to be made in the future. Transactions are organized into half-year accident periods for purposes of the reserve estimates. Key data elements used to determine the Company’s reserve estimates include historical claim counts, loss and LAE payments, subrogation received, case reserves, earned policy exposures, and the related development factors applicable to this data.

The first method for estimating unpaid amounts for each sector is a chain ladder method called the paid development method. This method is based upon the assumption that the relative change in a given accident period’s paid losses from one evaluation point to the next is similar to the relative change in prior periods’ paid losses at similar evaluation points. In utilizing this method, actual 6-month historical loss activity is evaluated. Successive periods can be arranged to form a triangle of data. Paid-to-Paid (“PTP”) development factors are calculated to measure the change in cumulative paid losses, LAE, and subrogation recoveries, from one evaluation point to the next. These historical PTP factors form the basis for selecting the PTP factors used in projecting the current valuation of losses to an ultimate basis. In addition, a tail factor is selected to account for loss development beyond the observed experience. The tail factor is based on trends shown in the data and consideration of industry loss development benchmarks. Utilization of a paid development method has the advantage of avoiding potential distortions in the data due to changes in case reserving methodology. This method’s implicit assumption is that the rate of payment of claims has been relatively consistent over time, and that there have been no material changes in the rate at which claims have been reported or settled. In instances where changes in settlement rates are detected, the PTP factors are adjusted accordingly, utilizing appropriate actuarial techniques. These adjusted techniques each produce additional development method estimates for consideration.

A second method is the reported development method. This method is similar to the paid development method; however, case reserves are considered in the analysis. Successive periods of reported loss estimates (including paid loss, subrogation recoveries, paid LAE and held case reserves) are organized similar to the paid development method in order to evaluate and select Report-to-Report (“RTR”) development factors. This method has the advantage of recognizing the information provided by current case reserves. Its implicit assumption is that the relative adequacy of case reserves is consistent over time, and that there have been no material changes in the rate at which claims have been reported or settled. In cases where significant reserve strengthening or other changes have occurred, RTR factors are adjusted accordingly, utilizing appropriate actuarial techniques.

A third method is the Bornhuetter-Ferguson (“B-F”) method, which is also utilized for estimating unpaid loss and LAE amounts. Each B-F technique is a blend of chain ladder development methods and an expected loss method, whereby the total reserve estimate equals the unpaid portion of a predetermined expected unpaid ultimate loss projection. The unpaid portion is determined based on assumptions underlying the development methods. As an experience year matures and expected unreported (or unpaid) losses become smaller, the initial expected loss assumption becomes gradually less important. This has the advantage of stability, but it is less responsive to actual results that have emerged. Two parameters are needed in each application of the B-F method: an initial assumption of expected losses and the expected reporting or payment pattern. Initial expected losses for each accident period other than the current year is determined using the estimated ultimate loss ratio from the prior analysis. Initial expected losses for the current year’s accident periods are determined based on trends in historical loss ratios, rate changes, and underlying loss trends. The expected reporting pattern is based on the reported or paid loss development method described above. This method is often used in situations where the reported loss experience is relatively immature or lacks sufficient credibility for the application of other methods.

A fourth method, called the counts and averages method, is utilized for estimates of loss, subrogation and LAE for each Florida sector. In this method, an estimate of unpaid losses or expenses is determined by separately projecting ultimate reported claim counts and ultimate claim severities (cost or recoveries per claim) on open and unreported claims for each accident period. Typically, chain ladder development methods are used to project ultimate claim counts and claim severities based on historical data using the same methodology described in the paid and reported development methods above. Estimated ultimate losses are then calculated as the product of the two items. This method is intended to avoid data distortions that may exist with the other methods for the most recent years as a result of changes in case reserve levels, settlement rates, and claims handling fees. In addition, it may provide insight into the drivers of loss experience. For example, this method is utilized for sinkhole losses due to unique settlement patterns that have emerged since the passage of legislation that codified claim settlement practices with respect to sinkhole related claims and subsequent policy form changes the Company implemented. These claims are expected to be reported and settled at different rates and ultimate values than historically observed, requiring a departure from traditional development methodologies.

The implicit assumption of these techniques is that the selected factors and averages combine to form development patterns or severity trends that are predictive of future loss development of incurred claims. In selecting relevant parameters utilized in each estimation method, due consideration is given to how the patterns of development change from one year to the next over the course of several consecutive years of recent history. Furthermore, the effects of inflation and other anticipated trends are considered in the reserving process in order to generate selections that include adequate provisions to estimate the cost of claims that settle in the future. Finally, in addition to paid loss, reported loss, subrogation recoveries, and LAE development triangles, various diagnostic triangles, such as triangles showing historical patterns in the ratio of paid-to-reported losses and closed-to-reported claim counts are prepared. These diagnostic triangles are utilized in order to monitor the stability of various determinants of loss development, such as consistency in claims settlement and case reserving.

Estimates of unpaid losses for hurricane experience are developed using a combination of company-specific and industry patterns, due to the relatively infrequent nature of storms and the high severity typically associated with them. Development patterns and other benchmarks are based on consideration of all reliable information, such as historical events with similar landfall statistics, the range of estimates developed from industry catastrophe models, and claim reporting and handling statistics from our field units. It is common for the company to update its projection of unpaid losses and LAE for a significant hurricane event on a monthly, or even weekly basis, for the first 6-months following an event.

Estimation methods described above each produce estimates of ultimate losses and LAE. Based on the results of these methods, a single estimate (commonly referred to as an actuarial point/central estimate) of the ultimate loss and LAE is selected accordingly for each accident-year claim grouping. Estimated IBNR reserves are determined by subtracting reported losses from the selected ultimate loss, and the paid LAE from the ultimate LAE. The estimated loss IBNR reserves are added to case reserves to determine total estimated unpaid losses. Note that estimated IBNR reserves can be negative for an individual accident-year claim grouping if the selected ultimate loss includes a provision for anticipated subrogation, or if there is a possibility that case reserves are overstated. No case reserves are carried for LAE, therefore the estimated LAE IBNR reserves equal the total estimated unpaid LAE. For each sector, the reserving methods are carried out on both a net and direct basis in order to estimate liabilities accordingly. When selecting a single actuarial point/central estimate on a net basis, careful consideration is given for the reinsurance arrangements that were in place during each accident year, exposure period and segment being reviewed.

How Reserve Estimates are Established and Updated

Reserve estimates are developed for both open claims and unreported claims. The actuarial methods described above are used to derive claim settlement patterns by determining development factors to be applied to specific data elements. Development factors are calculated for data elements such as claim counts reported and settled, paid losses and paid losses combined with case reserves, loss expense payments, and subrogation recoveries. Historical development patterns for these data elements are used as the assumptions to calculate reserve estimates.

Often, different estimates are prepared for each detailed component, incorporating alternative analyses of changing claim settlement patterns and other influences on losses, from which a best estimate is selected for each component, occasionally incorporating additional analyses and actuarial judgment as described above. These estimates are not based on a single set of assumptions. Based on a review of these estimates, the best estimate of required reserves is recorded for each accident year and the required reserves are summed to create the reserve balance carried in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Reserves are re-estimated periodically by combining historical payment and reserving patterns with current actual results. When actual development of claims reported, paid losses or case reserve changes are different than the historical development pattern used in a prior period reserve estimate, and as actuarial studies validate new trends based on indications of updated development factor calculations, new ultimate loss and LAE predictions are determined. This process incorporates the historic and latest trends, and other underlying changes in the data elements used to calculate reserve estimates. The difference between indicated reserves based on new reserve estimates and the previously recorded estimate of reserves is the amount of reserve re-estimates. The resulting increase or decrease in the reserve re-estimates is recorded and included in “Losses and loss adjustment expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Claim frequency

The methodology used to determine claim counts is based first around the event and then based on coverage. One event could have one or more claims based on the policy coverage, for example an event could have a claim for the first party coverage and a claim for third party liability regardless of the number of third party claimants. If multiple third-party liability claims are reported together, they would be counted as one claim.

NOTE 18 –VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

The Company entered into a reinsurance captive arrangement with Isosceles Insurance Ltd. acting in respect of “Separate Account UVE-01,” a VIE in the normal course of business and consolidated the VIE since the Company is the primary beneficiary. See“—Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Consolidation Policy)”for more information about the methodology and significant inputs used to consider to consolidate a VIE.

The reinsurance captive arrangement entered into in the prior year, which was effective June 1, 2022 through May 31, 2023, was subject to a full policy limit loss of $66 million on September 28, 2022 triggered when Hurricane Ian made landfall on the Gulf Coast of Florida. Amounts due under this policy were fully paid in September 2022 to UPCIC.

The Company has used the VIE to provide certain reinsurance coverage to the Insurance Entities (UPCIC and APPCIC). In 2023, the Insurance Entities entered into a reinsurance transaction whereby the VIE provided catastrophe reinsurance protection to the Insurance Entities for the period of June 1, 2023 through May 31, 2024.

Effective December 6, 2023, this captive reinsurance policy was commuted whereby the Insurance Entities and UIH received funds previously held in trust by the VIE as agreed to under the commutation. There were no agreements in place with the VIE at December 31, 2023 as a result of the commutation.

NOTE 19 –QUARTERLY RESULTS FOR 2023 AND 2022 (UNAUDITED)

The following table provides a summary of quarterly results for the periods presented (in thousands except per share data):

Direct premiums written increased by $16.5 million, or 4.0%, to $432.6 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2023, driven by premium growth within our Florida business of $2.0 million, or 0.6%, and premium growth in our other states business of $14.6 million, or 18.6%, as compared to the prior year fourth quarter. Rate increases approved in 2022 and 2023 for Florida and for certain other states and policy inflation adjustments were the principal driver of higher written premiums, in addition to an increase in policies in force. In total, policies in force increased by 2,379 or 0.3% during the fourth quarter, and declined by 38,924 or 4.6% over the last 12 months. Expense ratio excluding interest decreased to 21.8% from 25.1%.

NOTE 20 –SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company performed an evaluation of subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued and determined there were no recognized or unrecognized subsequent events that would require an adjustment or additional disclosure in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023.

On February 8, 2024, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.16 per share of common stock payable March 15, 2024, to shareholders of record on March 8, 2024.