CISCO SYSTEMS, INC.
For the period ended Oct 25, 2025. Filed Nov 18, 2025.
View on SEC.govAbout this filing
A company's report for each of its first three quarters. The financial statements are not audited. It shows how the business has moved since the last annual report, and what management says changed.
Oct 25, 2025 · Filed Nov 18, 2025
What changed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis?
Read the current filingPrevious report: 10-Q
Period ended 2025-04-26; filed 2025-05-20.
0000858877-25-000033
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsCurrent report: 10-Q
Period ended 2025-10-25; filed 2025-11-18.
0000858877-25-000171
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsThe baseline is this issuer’s latest earlier reporting period of the same form that was filed before the current report. A previous 10-Q is a different quarter, not a year-over-year comparison. Amendments are excluded.
Compared 185 previous paragraphs and 159 current paragraphs.
101 unchanged; 49 reworded; 9 added; 34 removed; 1 previous and 0 current paragraphs rearranged.
Tables are not compared: 27 previous and 27 current tables excluded. Dates, whitespace, punctuation and numbering changes are ignored; changes to financial figures remain significant.
A changed paragraph is not evidence that risk increased or decreased. An unchanged paragraph does not establish that risk stayed the same.
Added paragraphs (9)
Current report
In today’s digital-first world, businesses and organizations globally are deploying technology to pursue their strategic objectives, from accelerating growth to enhancing operational efficiency and fostering innovation. Our strategy is to securely connect everything to make those desired outcomes possible.
Current report
Product gross margin decreased by 0.6 percentage points primarily driven by negative impacts from product mix and pricing, partially offset by productivity improvements and lower amortization of purchased intangible assets.
Current report
Our services gross margin percentage increased by 0.4 percentage points primarily due to cost efficiencies.
Current report
Sales and marketing expenses increased primarily due to higher share-based compensation expense, higher contracted services spending, higher headcount-related expenses, and higher discretionary spending.
Current report
Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes
Current report
In recent periods, we have increased our levels of inventory and purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers primarily related to Cisco Silicon One. The increases were primarily due to arrangements to secure supply and pricing for certain product components and commitments with contract manufacturers to meet customer demand and help manage lead times. Our risks of future material excess and obsolete inventory and related losses are further outlined in the Result of Operations—Product Gross Margin section.
Current report
Transition Tax Payable
Current report
The income tax payable outstanding as of October 25, 2025 for the U.S. transition tax on accumulated earnings for foreign subsidiaries was $2.3 billion and is payable in the second quarter of fiscal 2026.
Current report
Of the total carrying value of our investments in privately held companies as of October 25, 2025, $0.8 billion of such investments are considered to be in variable interest entities which are unconsolidated. We have total funding commitments of $0.5 billion related to privately held investments. The carrying value of these investments and the additional funding commitments, collectively, represent our maximum exposure related to privately held investments. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Removed paragraphs (34)
Previous report
Total revenue increased 5%, with product revenue and service revenue each increasing by 5%, driven by Splunk. Total gross margin increased 0.6 percentage points due to benefits from Splunk, productivity improvements, and favorable product mix, partially offset by pricing erosion. As a percentage of revenue, research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses, collectively, increased by 3.0 percentage points. Operating income as a percentage of revenue decreased by 3.1 percentage points primarily due to increases in cash compensation expenses from acquisitions, amortization of purchased intangible assets, and share-based compensation expense in the first nine months of fiscal 2025. Diluted earnings per share decreased 5%, driven by a decrease of 6% in net income, partially offset by a decrease in diluted share count of 67 million shares.
Previous report
Across the globe, businesses and organizations of every size are leveraging Cisco technology to transform and drive better outcomes and experiences. We also help customers navigate emerging technological shifts. Our strategy is to securely connect everything to make those desired outcomes and experiences possible for our customers.
Previous report
Total revenue increased by 5%, with product and services revenue each increasing by 5%, driven by Splunk. Our total revenue reflected growth across each of our geographic segments.
Previous report
Product revenue in the Americas segment increased by 4%, with growth in the enterprise market, partially offset by declines in the public sector and service provider and cloud markets. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in the United States, Canada, and Brazil by 5%, 4%, and 9%, respectively, partially offset by a decline in product revenue in Mexico of 17%.
Previous report
Product revenue in the EMEA segment increased by 4%, driven by growth in the public sector and enterprise markets, partially offset by a decline in the service provider and cloud market. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany by 10%, 7%, and 5%, respectively.
Previous report
Product revenue in the APJC segment increased by 12%, with growth in the enterprise and service provider and cloud markets, partially offset by a slight decline in the public sector market. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in Japan, Australia, India and China by 9%, 24%, 2%, and 9%, respectively.
Previous report
Revenue from the Networking product category decreased by 8%, or $1.8 billion. Revenue declined in Switching, as a result of a decline in campus switching, primarily driven by a decline in our Catalyst 9000 series offerings. We also experienced revenue declines in Servers, Internet Infrastructure, Enterprise Routing, and Wireless.
Previous report
Revenue from the Security product category increased by 87%, or $2.9 billion, primarily driven by Threat Intelligence, Detection, and Response offerings, which includes the offerings from Splunk, and to a lesser extent, growth in our SASE and Network Security offerings.
Previous report
Revenue from our Collaboration product category increased by 1%, or $19 million, primarily driven by revenue growth in our Collaboration Devices, CPaaS and Contact Center offerings, partially offset by a decline in our Webex Suite offerings.
Previous report
Revenue from the Observability product category increased by 35%, or $207 million, driven by primarily by our Observability Suite offerings from Splunk and growth in our ThousandEyes network services offerings, partially offset by a decline in monitoring and analytics.
Previous report
Services revenue increased 5% in the first nine months of fiscal 2025 compared to the first nine months of fiscal 2024, primarily driven by Splunk and revenue growth in our solution support offerings, network support offerings and advisory services. Services revenue increased across each of our geographic segments.
Previous report
Product gross margin increased by 0.9 percentage points primarily driven by benefits from productivity improvements and Splunk, partially offset by negative impacts from pricing.
Previous report
Product gross margin increased by 0.8 percentage points primarily driven by benefits from Splunk, productivity improvements, and favorable product mix, partially offset by negative impacts from pricing and the amortization of purchased intangible assets primarily related to Splunk.
Previous report
Our services gross margin percentage decreased by 0.5 percentage points primarily due to higher headcount-related costs, partially offset by increased volume and lower delivery costs.
Previous report
Services gross margin percentage increased by 0.3 percentage points primarily due to higher sales volume and lower delivery costs, partially offset by higher headcount-related costs and an unfavorable mix of service offerings.
Previous report
The slight decrease in the APJC segment gross margin percentage was primarily due to pricing erosion and lower services gross margin, partially offset by positive impacts from favorable product mix and productivity improvements.
Previous report
The Americas segment had a gross margin percentage increase driven by positive impacts from productivity improvements and favorable product mix, partially offset by pricing erosion.
Previous report
The APJC segment had a slight gross margin percentage decrease driven primarily by pricing erosion and lower services gross margin, partially offset by positive impacts from productivity improvements and favorable product mix.
Previous report
R&D expenses increased primarily due to higher headcount-related expenses, higher share-based compensation expense, and higher cash compensation expenses from acquisitions.
Previous report
We continue to invest in R&D in order to bring a broad range of products to market in a timely fashion. If we believe that we are unable to enter a particular market in a timely manner with internally developed products, we may purchase or license technology from other businesses, or we may partner with or acquire businesses as an alternative to internal R&D.
Previous report
R&D expenses increased primarily due to higher headcount-related expenses, higher cash compensation expenses from acquisitions, higher share-based compensation expense and higher discretionary spending.
Previous report
Sales and marketing expenses increased primarily due to higher headcount-related expenses, higher discretionary spending, and higher cash compensation expenses from acquisitions, partially offset by lower contracted services spending.
Previous report
Sales and marketing expenses increased primarily due to higher headcount-related expenses, higher cash compensation expenses from acquisitions, higher discretionary spending, and higher share-based compensation expense, partially offset by lower contracted services spending.
Previous report
In the first nine months of fiscal 2025, foreign currency fluctuations, net of hedging, decreased the combined R&D, sales and marketing, and G&A expenses by approximately $50 million, or 0.3%, compared with the first nine months of fiscal 2024.
Previous report
The increase in amortization of purchased intangible assets was primarily due to the acquisition of Splunk and other recent acquisitions, partially offset by certain purchased intangible assets that became fully amortized and lower impairment charges in fiscal 2025. Impairment charges related to purchased intangible assets were $19 million for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 and $145 million for the first nine months of fiscal 2024. The impairment charges were as a result of declines in estimated fair values resulting from the reductions in or the elimination of expected future cash flows associated with certain in-process research and development and technology intangible assets.
Previous report
In the third quarter of fiscal 2024, we initiated a restructuring plan in order to realign the organization and enable further investment in key priority areas. In connection with this restructuring plan, we incurred charges of $542 million in the third quarter and the first nine months of fiscal 2024. This plan was completed in fiscal 2024.
Previous report
Operating income decreased by 9%, and operating income as a percentage of revenue decreased by 3.1 percentage points. These changes resulted primarily from higher cash compensation expenses from acquisitions, higher amortization of purchased intangible assets, and higher share-based compensation expense in the first nine months of fiscal 2025.
Previous report
The change in our other income (loss), net was primarily driven by lower impairment charges and higher unrealized gains on our privately held investments, partially offset by lower gains on our marketable equity investments and unfavorable impacts from foreign exchange.
Previous report
Provision for Income Taxes
Previous report
The provision for income taxes resulted in an effective tax rate of 15.5% for the third quarter of fiscal 2025, relatively unchanged compared with an effective tax rate of 15.6% for the third quarter of fiscal 2024.
Previous report
In February 2025, we issued senior notes for an aggregate principal amount of $5.0 billion.
Previous report
We also have certain funding commitments primarily related to our privately held investments. The funding commitments were $0.3 billion and $0.2 billion as of April 26, 2025 and July 27, 2024, respectively.
Previous report
In the ordinary course of business, we have privately held investments and provide financing to certain customers. Certain of these investments are considered to be variable interest entities. We evaluate on an ongoing basis our privately held investments and customer financings, and we have determined that as of April 26, 2025 there were no material unconsolidated variable interest entities.
Previous report
On an ongoing basis, we reassess our privately held investments and customer financings to determine if they are variable interest entities and if we would be regarded as the primary beneficiary pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance. As a result of this ongoing assessment, we may be required to make additional disclosures or consolidate these entities. Because we may not control these entities, we may not have the ability to influence these events.
Reworded paragraphs (49)
Previous wording
Cisco designs and sells a broad range of technologies that help to power, secure, and draw insights from the Internet. We are integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into our product portfolios across networking, security, collaboration and observability to simplify how our technology is delivered, managed and optimized and to help customers maximize the business value of their technology investments and accelerate their digital transformation.
Current wording
Cisco designs and sells a broad range of technologies that help to power, secure, and draw insights from the Internet. We are incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into our product portfolios across networking, security, collaboration and observability as well as integrating our products more tightly together. We are simplifying how our technology is delivered, managed and optimized and helping customers maximize the business value of their technology investments.
Previous wording
In the third quarter of fiscal 2025, we delivered strong revenue growth across all geographies and solid margins as we saw a positive demand environment. Total revenue increased by 11% compared with the third quarter of fiscal 2024. Our results for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 include a full quarter of Splunk's results compared to six weeks for the third quarter of fiscal 2024. Within total revenue, product revenue increased by 15% and services revenue increased by 3%. In the third quarter of fiscal 2025, total software revenue was $5.6 billion across all product areas and services, an increase of 25%, primarily driven by the contribution of Splunk. Total subscription revenue increased 15%, primarily driven by the contribution of Splunk.
Current wording
In the first quarter of fiscal 2026, we delivered strong revenue growth across all geographies and solid margins as we saw a positive demand environment. Total revenue increased by 8% compared with the first quarter of fiscal 2025, driven by revenue from Networking, particularly within our AI Infrastructure and Campus Networking solutions. Within total revenue, product revenue increased by 10% and services revenue increased by 2%. In the first quarter of fiscal 2026, total software revenue was $5.7 billion across all product areas and services, an increase of 3%. Total subscription revenue increased 2%.
Previous wording
Total gross margin increased by 0.5 percentage points. Product gross margin increased by 0.9 percentage points, primarily driven by benefits from productivity improvements and Splunk, partially offset by pricing erosion. As a percentage of revenue, research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses, collectively, decreased by 0.3 percentage points. Operating income as a percentage of revenue increased by 5.4 percentage points primarily driven by lower restructuring and other charges and the gross margin improvement in the third quarter of fiscal 2025. Diluted earnings per share increased 35%, driven by an increase of 32% in net income and a decrease in diluted share count of 58 million shares.
Current wording
Total gross margin decreased by 0.4 percentage points. Product gross margin decreased by 0.6 percentage points, primarily driven by negative impacts from product mix and pricing, partially offset by productivity improvements and lower amortization of purchased intangible assets. As a percentage of revenue, research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses, collectively, decreased by 1.8 percentage points. Operating income as a percentage of revenue increased by 5.6 percentage points primarily driven by lower restructuring and other charges and revenue growth in the first quarter of fiscal 2026. Diluted earnings per share increased 6%, driven by the revenue growth and operating margin improvement, partially offset by the income tax benefit of $720 million we had in the first quarter of fiscal 2025.
Previous wording
In terms of our geographic segments, revenue from the Americas increased by $1.0 billion, EMEA revenue increased by $278 million and APJC revenue increased by $161 million. From a customer market standpoint, we experienced product revenue growth across all of our customer markets. From a product category perspective, the product revenue increase of 15% was driven by growth in Networking of 8%, Security of 54%, Observability of 24% and Collaboration of 4%. The product revenue growth in Security and Observability were each driven in large part by the contribution of Splunk.
Current wording
In terms of our geographic segments, revenue from the Americas increased by $0.7 billion, EMEA revenue increased by $0.2 billion and APJC revenue increased by $0.1 billion. From a customer market standpoint, we experienced product revenue growth across all of our customer markets. From a product category perspective, the product revenue increase of 10% was driven by growth in Networking of 15% and Observability of 6%, partially offset by declines in Collaboration of 3% and Security of 2%.
Previous wording
We continue to operate in a highly competitive environment and the overall macroeconomic environment remains challenging and uncertain, especially with respect to tariffs and trade policy. Despite this uncertainty, we plan to continue to invest in key priority areas with the objective of driving profitable growth over the long term. We remain focused on delivering innovation across our technologies to assist our customers in executing on their digital transformations and on accelerating innovation across our portfolio. We believe that we are making progress on our strategic priorities.
Current wording
We continue to operate in a highly competitive environment, and one that is complex especially with respect to tariffs and trade policy. We plan to continue to invest in key priority areas with the objective of driving profitable growth over the long term. We remain focused on delivering innovation across our technologies to assist our customers in executing on their digital transformations and on accelerating innovation across our portfolio. We believe that we are making progress on our strategic priorities.
Previous wording
The following is a summary of our other key financial measures for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 (in millions):
Current wording
The following is a summary of our other key financial measures for the first quarter of fiscal 2026 (in millions):
Previous wording
We enter into contracts with customers that can include various combinations of products and services which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. As a result, our contracts may contain multiple performance obligations. We determine whether arrangements are distinct based on whether the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or together with other resources that are readily available and whether our commitment to transfer the product or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other obligations in the contract. We classify our hardware, perpetual software licenses, and SaaS as distinct performance obligations. Term software licenses represent multiple obligations, which include software licenses and software maintenance. In transactions where we deliver hardware or software, we are typically the principal and we record revenue and costs of goods sold on a gross basis.
Current wording
We enter into contracts with customers that can include various combinations of products and services which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations, resulting in contracts that may contain multiple performance obligations. We determine whether arrangements are distinct based on whether the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or together with other resources that are readily available and whether our commitment to transfer the product or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other obligations in the contract. We classify our hardware, perpetual software licenses, and SaaS as distinct performance obligations. Term software licenses represent multiple obligations, which include software licenses and software maintenance. In transactions where we deliver hardware or software, we are typically the principal and we record revenue and costs of goods sold on a gross basis.
Previous wording
We assess relevant contractual terms in our customer contracts to determine the transaction price. We apply judgment in identifying contractual terms and determining the transaction price as we may be required to estimate variable consideration when determining the amount of revenue to recognize. Variable consideration includes potential contractual penalties and various rebate, cooperative marketing and other incentive programs that we offer to our distributors, channel partners and end customers. When determining the amount of revenue to recognize, we estimate the expected usage of these programs, applying the expected value or most likely estimate and update the estimate at each reporting period as actual utilization becomes available. We also consider the customers’ right of return in determining the transaction price, where applicable. If actual credits received by distributors under these programs were to deviate significantly from our estimates, which are based on historical experience, our revenue could be adversely affected.
Current wording
We assess relevant contractual terms in our customer contracts to determine the transaction price. We apply judgment in identifying contractual terms and determining the transaction price as we may be required to estimate variable consideration when determining the amount of revenue to recognize. Variable consideration includes potential contractual penalties and various rebate, cooperative marketing and other incentive programs that we offer to our distributors, channel partners and customers that we sell to directly. When determining the amount of revenue to recognize, we estimate the expected usage of these programs, applying the expected value or most likely estimate and update the estimate at each reporting period as actual utilization becomes available. We also consider the customers’ right of return in determining the transaction price, where applicable. If actual credits received by customers under these programs were to deviate significantly from our estimates, which are based on historical experience, our revenue could be adversely affected.
Previous wording
Inventory is written down based on excess and obsolete inventories, determined primarily by future demand forecasts. Inventory write-downs are measured as the difference between the cost of the inventory and net realizable value, based upon assumptions about future demand, and are charged to the provision for inventory, which is a component of our cost of sales. At the point of the loss recognition, a new, lower cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.
Current wording
Inventory is written down based on excess and obsolete inventories, determined primarily by future demand forecasts. Inventory write-downs are measured as the difference between the cost of the inventory and net realizable value, based upon assumptions about future demand, and are charged to the provision for inventory. At the point of the loss recognition, a new, lower cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.
Previous wording
We record a liability for firm, noncancelable, and unconditional purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers for quantities in excess of our future demand forecasts consistent with the valuation of our excess and obsolete inventory.
Current wording
We record a provision for firm, noncancelable, and unconditional purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers for quantities in excess of our future demand forecasts consistent with the valuation of our excess and obsolete inventory. Both provisions are a component of cost of sales.
Previous wording
Our provision for inventory was $593 million and $348 million for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. The provision/benefit from the liability related to purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers was a benefit of $134 million and a provision of $213 million for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. If there were to be a sudden and significant decrease in demand for our products, if there were a higher incidence of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology or customer requirements, or if supply constraints were to continue, we could be required to increase our inventory write-downs, and our liability for purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers, and accordingly our profitability, could be adversely affected. We regularly evaluate our exposure for inventory write-downs and the adequacy of our liability for purchase commitments. For further discussion around the supply chain impacts and risks, see “—Results of Operations—Gross Margin—Supply Chain Impacts and Risks” and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Inventory Supply Chain.”
Current wording
Our total provisions for inventory and the liability related to purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers were $63 million and $201 million for the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively. If there were to be a sudden and significant decrease in demand for our products, or a higher incidence of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology or customer requirements, then we could be required to increase our inventory write-downs, and our liability for purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers, and accordingly our profitability, could be adversely affected. We regularly evaluate our exposure for inventory write-downs and the adequacy of our liability for purchase commitments. For further discussion around the supply chain impacts and risks, see “—Results of Operations—Gross Margin—Supply Chain Impacts and Risks” and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Inventory Supply Chain.”
Previous wording
In response to changes in industry and market conditions, we could be required to strategically realign our resources and consider restructuring, disposing of, or otherwise exiting businesses, which could result in an impairment of goodwill. There was no impairment of goodwill in each of the first nine months of fiscal 2025 and 2024.
Current wording
In response to changes in industry and market conditions, we could be required to strategically realign our resources and consider restructuring, disposing of, or otherwise exiting businesses, which could result in an impairment of goodwill. There was no impairment of goodwill in each of the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and 2025.
Previous wording
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Our effective tax rates differ from the statutory rate, primarily due to the tax impact of state taxes, foreign operations, R&D tax credits, foreign-derived intangible income deductions, global intangible low-taxed income, tax audit settlements, nondeductible compensation, and international realignments. Our effective tax rate was 15.5% and 15.6% in the third quarter of fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively and 5.8% and 17.1% in the first nine months of fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Current wording
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Our effective tax rates differ from the statutory rate, primarily due to the tax impact of state taxes, foreign operations, R&D tax credits, foreign-derived intangible income deductions, global intangible low-taxed income, tax audit settlements, nondeductible compensation, and international realignments. Our effective tax rate was a tax provision of 15.7% and a benefit of 19.6% in the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively.
Previous wording
Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. Although we believe our reserves are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different from that which is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties.
Current wording
Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. Although we believe our reserves are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different from that which is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. We adjust these reserves due to changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate, and the related net interest and penalties.
Previous wording
Total revenue increased by 11%. Product revenue increased by 15% and services revenue increased by 3%. Our total revenue reflected growth across each of our geographic segments.
Current wording
Total revenue increased by 8%. Product revenue increased by 10% and services revenue increased by 2%. Our total revenue reflected growth across each of our geographic segments.
Previous wording
Product revenue in the Americas segment increased by 19%, with growth across each of our customer markets. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in the United States, Brazil, and Canada by 21%, 13%, and 1%, respectively, partially offset by a decline in Mexico of 7%.
Current wording
Product revenue in the Americas segment increased by 12%, with growth across each of our customer markets, led by the Service Provider and Cloud customer market which was largely driven by revenue from our AI Infrastructure solutions. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in the United States and Mexico by 13% and 25%, respectively, partially offset by declines in Brazil and Canada of 28% and 3%, respectively.
Previous wording
Product revenue in the EMEA segment increased by 9%, with growth in the enterprise and public sector markets, partially offset by a decline in the service provider and cloud market. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Germany by 20%, 9% and 5%, respectively.
Current wording
Product revenue in the EMEA segment increased by 6%, with growth across each of our customer markets. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia by 35%, 6% and 9%, respectively.
Previous wording
Product revenue in the APJC segment increased by 6%, with growth across each of our customer markets. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in Japan, Australia, India and China by 12%, 19%, 4%, and 8%, respectively.
Current wording
Product revenue in the APJC segment increased by 7%, with growth across each of our customer markets. From a country perspective, product revenue increased in Japan, Singapore and China by 12%, 50%, and 15%, respectively, partially offset by a decline in Australia of 11%.
Previous wording
The Networking product category consists of our core networking technologies of switching, routing, wireless, and servers. Revenue from the Networking product category increased by 8%, or $546 million. We experienced double digit revenue growth in Switching and Enterprise Routing. We also experienced revenue growth in Internet Infrastructure and Wireless, partially offset by a revenue decline in Servers.
Current wording
The Networking product category consists of our core networking technologies of switching, routing, wireless, and servers. Revenue from the Networking product category increased by 15%, or $1.0 billion. The increase was primarily driven by double digit revenue growth in Service Provider Routing, particularly within our AI Infrastructure solutions, Data Center Switching, and Enterprise Routing. We also experienced revenue growth in Campus Switching.
Previous wording
The Security product category consists of our Network Security, Identity and Access Management, SASE and Threat Intelligence, Detection, and Response offerings. Revenue in our Security product category increased by 54%, or $709 million, primarily driven by Threat Intelligence, Detection, and Response offerings, which includes the offerings from Splunk, and growth in our SASE offerings.
Current wording
The Security product category consists of our Network Security, Identity and Access Management, SASE and Threat Intelligence, Detection, and Response offerings. Revenue in our Security product category decreased by 2%, or $37 million. The decline was driven in part due to a change in how our customers consumed Splunk offerings, shifting from fewer on-premise deals to more cloud subscriptions. We also experienced a revenue decline in our prior generation products. These declines were partially offset by growth in Secure Firewall, Duo, and SASE offerings.
Previous wording
The Collaboration product category consists of our Webex Suite, Collaboration Devices, Contact Center and CPaaS offerings. Revenue in our Collaboration product category increased by 4%, or $44 million, primarily driven by growth in our Collaboration Devices, CPaaS, and Webex Suite offerings.
Current wording
The Collaboration product category consists of our Webex Suite, Collaboration Devices, Contact Center and CPaaS offerings. Revenue in our Collaboration product category decreased by 3%, or $30 million, primarily driven by declines in our Devices and Webex Suite offerings.
Previous wording
The Observability product category consists of our network assurance, monitoring and analytics and observability suite offerings. Revenue in our Observability product category increased 24%, or $50 million, primarily driven by our Observability Suite offerings from Splunk and growth in our ThousandEyes network services offerings, partially offset by a decline in monitoring and analytics.
Current wording
The Observability product category consists of our network assurance, monitoring and analytics and observability suite offerings. Revenue in our Observability product category increased by 6%, or $16 million, primarily driven by growth in ThousandEyes.
Previous wording
Services revenue increased 3% in the third quarter of fiscal 2025 compared with the third quarter of fiscal 2024, primarily driven by Splunk. Services revenue increased across all of our geographic segments for the third quarter of fiscal 2025.
Current wording
Services revenue increased 2% in the first quarter of fiscal 2026 compared with the first quarter of fiscal 2025, with the growth driven by higher revenue from professional and support services. Services revenue increased across all of our geographic segments for the first quarter of fiscal 2026.
Previous wording
The following table summarizes the key factors that contributed to the change in product gross margin percentage for the third quarter and first nine months of fiscal 2025, as compared with the corresponding prior year periods:
Current wording
The following table summarizes the key factors that contributed to the change in product gross margin percentage for the first quarter of fiscal 2026, as compared with the corresponding prior year period:
Previous wording
(1) Productivity includes overall manufacturing-related costs, such as component costs, warranty expense, provision for inventory, freight, logistics, shipment volume, and other items not categorized elsewhere.
Current wording
(1) Productivity includes overall manufacturing-related costs, such as component costs, warranty expense, provisions for inventory and the liability related to the purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers, freight, logistics, shipment volume, and other items not categorized elsewhere.
Previous wording
In past periods, we took multiple actions in order to mitigate component shortages and address significant supply constraints. These supply constraints resulted in the need to secure long-term supply and increased inventory supply chain balances compared to historical levels. This in turn has significantly increased our supply chain exposure, which has resulted in negative impacts to our product gross margin in recent periods and may result in further negative impacts in future periods. This exposure includes potential material excess and obsolete or other charges if product demand significantly decreases for a sustained duration, we are unable to generate demand for certain products planned for development, or we are unable to mitigate the remaining supply chain exposures. Additionally, while we are exposed to new and proposed tariffs and other trade policies, the extent of such exposure is uncertain but could be significant if the exposure remains and we are unable to mitigate it.
Current wording
We regularly enter into purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers and in recent periods have increased such commitments related to manufacturing Cisco Silicon One and other products to meet demand from hyperscalers and other customers. We expect to continue entering into these additional purchase commitments in fiscal 2026. These purchase commitments have in turn significantly increased our supply chain exposure. This exposure includes potential material excess and obsolete or other charges if product demand significantly decreases for a sustained duration, we are unable to generate demand for certain products, or we are otherwise unable to mitigate this exposure. Additionally, while we are exposed to new and proposed tariffs and other trade policies, the extent of such exposure is uncertain but could be significant if the exposure remains and we are unable to mitigate it.
Previous wording
We experienced a slight gross margin percentage decrease in our Americas segment due to pricing erosion and unfavorable product mix, partially offset by positive impacts from productivity improvements.
Current wording
We experienced a gross margin percentage decrease in our Americas segment due to negative impacts from product mix and pricing, partially offset by positive impacts from productivity improvements.
Previous wording
Gross margin percentage in our EMEA segment increased primarily due to productivity improvements and favorable product mix, partially offset by pricing erosion.
Current wording
Gross margin percentage in our EMEA segment increased primarily due to productivity improvements, partially offset by negative impacts from pricing and product mix.
Previous wording
The gross margin percentage increase in our EMEA segment was primarily due to positive impacts from favorable product mix and productivity improvements, partially offset by pricing erosion.
Current wording
The increase in the APJC segment gross margin percentage was primarily due to productivity improvements, partially offset by negative impacts from pricing and product mix.
Previous wording
G&A expenses increased primarily due to higher headcount-related expenses, higher share-based compensation expense, and higher discretionary spending, partially offset by lower acquisition-related costs and lower contracted services spending.
Current wording
R&D expenses increased primarily due to higher headcount-related expenses reflecting our investments in AI and higher share-based compensation expense, partially offset by lower acquisition-related costs.
Previous wording
G&A expenses were flat primarily due to higher headcount-related expenses, higher discretionary spending, and higher share-based compensation expense, offset by lower acquisition-related costs and lower contracted services spending.
Current wording
G&A expenses decreased primarily due to lower acquisition-related costs and lower headcount-related expenses.
Previous wording
In the third quarter of fiscal 2025, foreign currency fluctuations, net of hedging, decreased the combined R&D, sales and marketing, and G&A expenses by approximately $39 million, or 0.7%, compared with the third quarter of fiscal 2024.
Current wording
In the first quarter of fiscal 2026, foreign currency fluctuations, net of hedging, increased the combined R&D, sales and marketing, and G&A expenses by approximately $36 million, or 0.6%, compared with the first quarter of fiscal 2025.
Previous wording
The decrease in amortization of purchased intangible assets was primarily due to lower impairment charges related to purchased intangible assets for the current period. Impairment charges related to purchased intangible assets were $139 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2024.
Current wording
For the first quarter of fiscal 2026, the decrease in amortization of purchased intangible assets was primarily due to certain purchased intangible assets that became fully amortized.
Previous wording
In the first quarter of fiscal 2025, we announced a restructuring plan in order to allow us to invest in key growth opportunities and drive more efficiencies in our business. This restructuring plan is expected to impact approximately 7% of our global workforce with estimated pre-tax charges of approximately $1 billion. In connection with this restructuring plan, we incurred charges of $34 million and $709 million in the third quarter and first nine months of fiscal 2025. We expect this plan to be substantially completed by the end of the first quarter of fiscal 2026. We expect to reinvest substantially all of the cost savings from this restructuring plan in our key growth opportunities. As a result, the overall cost savings from this restructuring plan is not expected to be material for future periods.
Current wording
In the first quarter of fiscal 2025, we announced a restructuring plan in order to allow us to invest in key growth opportunities and drive more efficiencies in our business. This restructuring plan is expected to impact approximately 7% of our global workforce with estimated pre-tax charges of approximately $1 billion. In connection with this restructuring plan, we incurred charges of $147 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2026. We expect this plan to be completed by the end of the second quarter of fiscal 2026.
Previous wording
Operating income increased by 46%, and operating income as a percentage of revenue increased by 5.4 percentage points. These changes primarily resulted from a revenue increase, a higher gross margin percentage, and lower restructuring and other charges.
Current wording
Operating income increased by 43%, and operating income as a percentage of revenue increased by 5.6 percentage points. These changes primarily resulted from lower restructuring and other charges and revenue growth in the first quarter of fiscal 2026.
Previous wording
The decrease in interest income was driven by a lower average balance of cash and available-for-sale debt investments and lower interest rates. The increase in interest expense was primarily driven by issuances of senior notes and commercial paper.
Current wording
The decrease in interest income was driven by a lower average balance of cash and available-for-sale debt investments and lower interest rates. The decrease in interest expense was driven by a lower average balance of debt outstanding and lower effective interest rate on commercial paper during the period.
Previous wording
The change in our other income (loss), net was primarily driven by higher unrealized losses on marketable equity investments and unfavorable impacts from foreign exchange.
Current wording
The change in our other income (loss), net was primarily driven by higher unrealized gains on privately held investments.
Previous wording
The provision for income taxes resulted in an effective tax rate of 5.8% for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 compared with 17.1% for the first nine months of fiscal 2024. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily due to a $720 million benefit related to a U.S. Tax Court opinion issued during the first quarter of fiscal 2025 regarding the U.S. taxation of deemed foreign dividends in the transition year of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (our fiscal 2018).
Current wording
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes resulted in an effective tax rate of 15.7% for the first quarter of fiscal 2026, compared with an effective tax rate of (19.6)% for the first quarter of fiscal 2025. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to a $720 million tax benefit related to the U.S. Tax Court opinion issued during the first quarter of fiscal 2025 regarding the U.S. taxation of deemed foreign dividends in the transition year of the Tax Cut and Job Act (“Tax Act”) (our fiscal 2018).
Previous wording
The net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and investments in the first nine months of fiscal 2025 was primarily driven by cash returned to stockholders in the form of cash dividends of $4.8 billion and repurchases of common stock of $4.7 billion, net repayments of short-term borrowing and debt of $1.6 billion, capital expenditures of $0.7 billion, and net cash paid for acquisitions and divestitures of $0.3 billion. These uses of cash were partially offset by net cash provided by operating activities of $10.0 billion.
Current wording
The net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and investments in the first quarter of fiscal 2026 was primarily driven by cash returned to stockholders in the form of cash dividends of $1.6 billion and repurchases of common stock of $2.0 billion, and capital expenditures of $0.3 billion. These uses of cash were partially offset by net cash provided by operating activities of $3.2 billion and the release to us of approximately $0.6 billion of restricted cash previously held in escrow.
Previous wording
The remaining authorized amount for stock repurchases under this program is approximately $15.4 billion, with no termination date.
Current wording
The remaining authorized amount for stock repurchases under this program is approximately $12.2 billion, with no termination date.
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Previous report — wording carried elsewhere
The decrease in interest income was driven by a lower average balance of cash and available-for-sale debt investments and lower interest rates. The increase in interest expense was driven by higher interest expense from issuances of senior notes, partially offset by lower interest expense on commercial paper.