FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORP

Farmer Mac is driven by its mission to increase the accessibility of financing to provide vital liquidity for American agriculture and infrastructure. Our secondary market provides liquidity to our nation's agricultural and infrastructure businesses, supporting a vibrant and strong rural America. We offer a wide range of solutions to help meet financial institutions’ growth, liquidity, risk management, and capital relief needs across diverse markets, including agriculture, agribusiness, broadband infrastructure, power and utilities, and renewable energy. We are uniquely positioned to facilitate competitive access to financing that fuels growth, innovation, and prosperity in America's rural and agricultural communities. Farmer Mac also serves as a critical investment tool for a number of entities – such as states, counties, municipalities, pension funds, banks, public trust funds, and credit unions – by offering investment opportunities that may diversify their investment portfolios and provide possibilities to earn a competitive return on their investment dollars.

During third quarter 2025, Farmer Mac:

•provided $2.5 billion in liquidity and lending capacity to lenders serving rural America;

•added $96.9 million in equity through the issuance of 4.0 million shares of 6.500% non-cumulative perpetual Series H preferred stock;

•maintained strong liquidity in our investment portfolio well above regulatory requirements; and

•increased our strong capital position, well above regulatory requirements, and maintained uninterrupted access to the debt capital markets.

On August 5, 2025, Farmer Mac's board of directors revised the terms of the company's share repurchase program to increase the total authorized amount of repurchases from $9.8 million to $50 million and to extend the expiration date of the program to August 5, 2027. During fourth quarter 2025 to date, Farmer Mac repurchased 30,395 shares of Class C non-voting common stock at a cost of approximately $5.0 million.

The discussion below of Farmer Mac's financial information includes "non-GAAP measures," which are measures of financial performance not presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures."

Net Income and Core Earnings

The following table shows our net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings for the periods presented. Core earnings is a non-GAAP measure that differs from net income attributable to common stockholders by excluding the effects of fair value fluctuations and specified infrequent or unusual transactions.

Table 1

The $0.5 million sequential decrease in net income attributable to common stockholders was primarily attributable to a $1.1 million decrease in the fair value of financial derivatives and a $1.1 million increase in income tax expense primarily related to fewer purchases of renewable energy investment tax credits in third quarter 2025 compared to second quarter 2025. These decreases in net income were partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in net interest income.

The $6.4 million year-over-year increase in net income attributable to common stockholders was primarily attributable to a $11.7 million increase in net interest income partially offset by a $4.2 million increase in the provision for credit losses.

The $2.3 million sequential increase in core earnings was primarily attributable to a $3.9 million increase in net effective spread and a $0.4 million decrease in the provision for credit losses. These impacts were partially offset by a $1.8 million increase in income tax expense due to fewer purchases of renewable energy investment tax credits in third quarter 2025 compared to second quarter 2025.

The $4.7 million year-over-year increase in core earnings was primarily attributable to a $12.4 million increase in net effective spread, a $1.1 million increase in guarantee and commitment fees, and a $0.7 million decrease in income tax expense primarily related to purchases of renewable energy investment tax credits in third quarter 2025. These impacts were partially offset by a $4.2 million increase in the provision for credit losses and a $5.2 million increase in operating expenses.

For more information about net income attributable to common stockholders, the composition of core earnings, and a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations." For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures."

Net Interest Income and Net Effective Spread

The following table shows our net interest income and net effective spread in both dollars and percentage yield or spread for the periods presented. Farmer Mac uses net effective spread, a non-GAAP measure, as an alternative to net interest income because management believes it is a useful metric that reflects the economics of the net spread between all the assets owned by Farmer Mac and all related funding, including any associated derivatives, some of which may not be included in net interest income.

Table 2

The $1.7 million and $3.9 million sequential increases in net interest income and net effective spread, respectively, were both primarily due to a $3.6 million increase from net new business volume and a $3.2 million decrease in funding costs. These changes were partially offset by a $1.9 million decrease in interest income related to an increase in loans on non-accrual during third quarter 2025. The sequential change in net interest income was further offset by a $2.8 million decrease in the fair value of derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives). This impact is excluded from net effective spread. The decreases in the fair value of designated financial derivatives and the reversal of interest income related to non-accrual loans resulted in a 2 basis point sequential decrease in net interest yield.

The year-over-year increase of $11.7 million in net interest income and $12.4 million in net effective spread for third quarter 2025 compared to third quarter 2024 were primarily attributable to the same drivers, which include a $9.6 million increase from net new business volume and a $3.9 million decrease in funding costs. These impacts were partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in interest income related to an increase in loans on non-accrual. The year-over-year increase in net interest income was further offset by a $0.3 million decrease in the fair value of designated financial derivatives, the impact of which is excluded from net effective spread.

For more information about Farmer Mac's use of net effective spread as a financial measure, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures." For a reconciliation of net interest income to net effective spread, see Table 10 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Net Interest Income."

Business Volume

Our outstanding business volume was $31.1 billion as of September 30, 2025, a net increase of $0.5 billion from June 30, 2025 after taking into account all new business, maturities, sales, and paydowns on existing assets. The net increase was primarily attributable to a net increase of $0.6 billion in the Infrastructure Finance line of business.

For more information about Farmer Mac's business volume, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Business Volume."

Capital

Table 3

The capital in excess of the minimum capital level required increased from December 31, 2024 to September 30, 2025 primarily as a result of the issuance of the Series H preferred stock noted above and an increase in retained earnings, partially offset by the capital impact due to growth in total assets.

Credit Quality

During third quarter 2025, we charged off $4.4 million primarily related to three specific borrower relationships for an agricultural storage and processing loan, a crop loan, and a permanent planting loan to reflect the amount of each loan that we deemed uncollectible. The following table presents Agricultural Finance on- and off-balance sheet substandard assets, in dollars and as a percentage of the respective portfolio as of September 30, 2025, June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024:

Table 4

The increase of $46.0 million in on-balance sheet Agricultural Finance substandard assets during third quarter 2025 was primarily driven by credit downgrades in crops and permanent plantings.

On-balance sheet substandard assets within Infrastructure Finance were$72.2 million as of September 30, 2025, unchanged from the balance reported as of June 30, 2025.

For an analysis of current loan-to-value ratios across substandard and other internally assigned risk ratings, see Table 23 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."

The following table pres ents 90-day delinquencies for the on- and off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance portfolios in dollars and as a percentage of the respective balance sheet category as of September 30, 2025, June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024:

Table 5

The increase of $41.4 million and $10.5 million in on- and off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance assets, respectively, that are 90 or more days delinquent is primarily attributable to crops and permanent plantings. The top ten borrower exposures over 90 days delinquent in either the on- or off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance portfolio represented approximately half of the aggregate 90-day delinquencies as of September 30, 2025.

As of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no 90-day delinquencies in Farmer Mac's portfolio of Infrastructure Finance loan purchases and loans underlying LTSPCs.

For more information about Farmer Mac's credit metrics, including 90-day delinquencies, the total allowance for losses, and substandard assets, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."