ISABELLA BANK CORP

INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(1) See “Note 6 – Capital Ratios and Shareholders' Equity” for tax effect reconciliation.

INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

NOTES TO INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Note 1 –Significant Accounting Policies

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND CONSOLIDATION: As used in these notes, as well as in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, references to “the Corporation”, “Isabella”, “we”, “our”, “us”, and similar terms refer to the consolidated entity consisting of Isabella Bank Corporation and its subsidiary. References to Isabella Bank or “the Bank” refers to Isabella Bank Corporation’s subsidiary, Isabella Bank.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In our opinion, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three-month period ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025. For further information, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

OPERATING SEGMENTS: Segment information is prepared on the same basis that our CEO, who is our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), manages our segments, evaluates financial results, and makes key operating decisions. While the CODM monitors the revenue streams of our various products and services, operations are managed, and financial performance is evaluated on a corporate-wide basis. Operating segments are aggregated into one as operating results for all segments are similar. Accordingly, all of the banking-related operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment.

The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the CODM, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products and services, and geographical regions are similar. The CODM will evaluate the financial performance of our business components by evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results in assessing our reportable segment and in the determination of allocating resources. Further, the CODM uses revenue streams to evaluate product pricing and significant expenses to assess performance and evaluate return on assets.

Consolidated net income is used to benchmark results against our competitors. Benchmarking and monitoring of budget to actual results are used in assessment performance and in establishing compensation. Revenue from banking operations consists primarily of loan and investment interest, deposit related fees, and wealth fees. Interest expense, provision for credit losses, compensation, and occupancy and equipment costs provide the significant expenses in our banking operations. All operations are domestic.

RECLASSIFICATIONS: Certain amounts reported in the interim 2024 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the 2025 presentation. Our accounting policies are materially the same as those discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Note 2 –AFS Securities

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities, with gross unrealized gains and losses, are as follows at:

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities by contractual maturity at March 31, 2025 are as follows:

Expected maturities for government sponsored enterprises and states and political subdivisions may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

As the auction rate money market preferred investments have continual call dates, they are not reported by a specific maturity group. Because of their variable monthly payments, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are not reported by a specific maturity group.

The information in the following tables pertains to AFS securities with gross unrealized losses at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position.

As of March 31, 2025, no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, as management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. This is based on our analysis of the underlying risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors related to our AFS securities and consideration of our historical credit loss experience and internal forecasts. The issuers of these securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Furthermore, management does not intend to sell any of the securities classified as AFS in the table above, and believes it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The unrealized losses are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their respective maturity date or repricing date, or if the market yields for such investments decline.

Note 3 –Loans and ACL

Loan Composition

The following table provides a detailed listing of our loan portfolio at:

We grant commercial, agricultural, residential real estate, and consumer loans to customers primarily in Bay, Clare, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Midland, Montcalm, and Saginaw counties in Michigan. The ability of borrowers to honor their repayment obligations is often dependent upon the real estate, agricultural, manufacturing, retail, gaming, tourism, health care, higher education, and general economic conditions of this region. Substantially all of our consumer and residential real estate loans are secured by various items of property, while commercial loans are secured primarily by real estate, business assets, and personal guarantees. A portion of loans are unsecured.

Loans that we have the intent and ability to hold in our portfolio are reported at their outstanding principal balance adjusted for any charge-offs, the ACL, and deferred fees or costs. Unless a loan has a nonaccrual status, interest income is accrued over the term of the loan based on the principal amount outstanding. Loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs are capitalized and recognized as a component of interest income over the term of the loan using the appropriate amortization method. Net unamortized deferred loan costs were $3,317 and $3,330 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Commercial and agricultural loans include loans for commercial real estate, commercial operating loans, advances to mortgage brokers, farmland and agricultural production, and loans to states and political subdivisions. Repayment of these loans is dependent upon the successful operation and management of a business. We minimize our risk by limiting the amount of direct credit exposure to any one borrower to $18,000. Borrowers with direct credit needs of more than $18,000 may be serviced through the use of loan participations with other commercial banks. Commercial and agricultural real estate loans commonly require loan-to-value limits of 80% or less. Depending upon the type of loan, past credit history, and current operating results, we may require the borrower to pledge accounts receivable, inventory, property, or equipment. Government agency guarantee may be required. Personal guarantees and/or life insurance beneficiary assignments are generally required from the owners of closely held corporations, partnerships, and sole proprietorships. In addition, we may require annual financial statements, prepare cash flow analyses, and review credit reports.

We offer adjustable-rate mortgages, construction loans, and fixed rate residential real estate loans which have amortization periods up to a maximum of 30 years. We consider the anticipated direction of interest rates, balance sheet duration, the sensitivity of our balance sheet to changes in interest rates, our liquidity needs, and overall loan demand to determine whether or not to sell fixed rate loans to Freddie Mac.

Our lending policies generally limit the maximum loan-to-value ratio on residential real estate loans to 100% of the lower of the appraised value of the property or the purchase price. Private mortgage insurance is typically required on loans with loan-to-value ratios in excess of 80% unless the loan qualifies for government guarantees.

Underwriting criteria for originated residential real estate loans generally include:

•Evaluation of the borrower’s ability to make monthly payments.

•Evaluation of the value of the property securing the loan.

•Ensuring the payment of principal, interest, taxes, and hazard insurance generally does not exceed 28% of a borrower’s gross income.

•Ensuring all debt servicing does not exceed 40% of income.

•Verification of acceptable credit reports.

•Verification of employment, income, and financial information.

Appraisals are performed by independent appraisers and are reviewed for appropriateness. Generally, mortgage loan requests are reviewed by our mortgage loan committee or through a secondary market underwriting system; loans in excess of $1,000 require the approval of one or more of the following committees: Internal Loan Committee, the Executive Loan Committee, or the Board of Directors.

Consumer loans include secured and unsecured personal loans. Loans are amortized for a period of up to 15 years based on the age and value of the underlying collateral. The underwriting emphasis is on a borrower’s perceived intent and ability to pay rather than collateral value. No consumer loans are sold to the secondary market.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

The accrual of interest on commercial and agricultural loans, as well as residential real estate loans, is discontinued at the time a loan is 90 days or more past due unless the credit is well-secured and in the process of short-term collection. Upon transferring a loan to nonaccrual status, we perform an evaluation to determine the net realizable value of the underlying collateral. This evaluation is used to help determine if a charge-off is necessary. Consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 180 days past due. Past due status is based on the contractual term of the loan. In all cases, a loan is placed in nonaccrual status at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

When a loan is placed in nonaccrual status, all interest accrued in the current calendar year, but not collected, is reversed against interest income while interest accrued in prior calendar years, but not collected, is charged against the ACL. Loans may be returned to accrual status aftersix months of continuous performance and achievement of current payment status. Accrued interest receivable on loans was $6,494 and $6,384 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table summarizes nonaccrual loan data by class of loans as of:

The following tables summarize the past due and current loans for the entire loan portfolio as of:

Credit Quality Indicators

The following tables display commercial and agricultural loans by credit risk ratings and year of origination as of:

We have certain lending policies and procedures in place designed to maximize loan income within an acceptable level of risk. The Board reviews and approves these policies and procedures on a regular basis. A reporting system supplements the review process by providing management and the Board with frequent reports related to loan production, loan quality, and concentration of credit, loan delinquencies, nonperforming loans and potential problem loans. We seek to diversify the loan portfolio as a means of managing risk associated with fluctuations in economic conditions.

Internally assigned credit risk ratings are reviewed, at a minimum, when loans are renewed or when management has knowledge of improvements or deterioration of the credit quality of individual credits. Descriptions of the internally assigned credit risk ratings for commercial and agricultural loans are as follows:

1. EXCELLENT – Substantially Risk Free

Credit has strong financial condition and solid earnings history, characterized by:

•High liquidity, strong cash flow, low leverage.

•Unquestioned ability to meet all obligations when due.

•Experienced management, with management succession in place.

•Secured by cash.

2. HIGH QUALITY – Limited Risk

Credit with sound financial condition and a positive trend in earnings supplemented by:

•Favorable liquidity and leverage ratios.

•Ability to meet all obligations when due.

•Management with successful track record.

•Steady and satisfactory earnings history.

•If loan is secured, collateral is of high quality and readily marketable.

•Access to alternative financing.

•Well defined primary and secondary source of repayment.

•If supported by guaranty, the financial strength and liquidity of the guarantor(s) are clearly evident.

3. HIGH SATISFACTORY – Reasonable Risk

Credit with satisfactory financial condition and further characterized by:

•Working capital adequate to support operations.

•Cash flow sufficient to pay debts as scheduled.

•Management experience and depth appear favorable.

•Loan performing according to terms.

•If loan is secured, collateral is acceptable, and loan is fully protected.

4. SATISFACTORY – Acceptable Risk

Credit with bankable risks, although some signs of weaknesses are shown:

•Would include most start-up businesses.

•Occasional instances of trade slowness or repayment delinquency – may have been 10-30 days slow within the past year.

•Management’s abilities are apparent yet unproven.

•Weakness in primary source of repayment with adequate secondary source of repayment.

•Loan structure generally in accordance with policy.

•If secured, loan collateral coverage is marginal.

To be classified as less than satisfactory, only one of the following criteria must be met.

5. SPECIAL MENTION – Criticized

Credit constitutes an undue and unwarranted credit risk but not to the point of justifying a classification of substandard. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitutes an unwarranted risk in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific loan:

•Downward trend in sales, profit levels, and margins.

•Impaired working capital position.

•Cash flow is strained in order to meet debt repayment.

•Loan delinquency (30-60 days) and overdrafts may occur.

•Shrinking equity cushion.

•Diminishing primary source of repayment and questionable secondary source.

•Management abilities are questionable.

•Weak industry conditions.

•Litigation pending against the borrower.

•Loan may need to be restructured to improve collateral position or reduce payments.

•Collateral or guaranty offers limited protection.

•Negative debt service coverage, however, the credit is well collateralized, and payments are current.

6. SUBSTANDARD – Classified

Credit is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged. There is a distinct possibility we will implement collection procedures if the loan deficiencies are not corrected. Any commercial loan placed in nonaccrual status will be rated “7” or worse. In addition, the following characteristics may apply:

•Sustained losses have severely eroded the equity and cash flow.

•Deteriorating liquidity.

•Serious management problems or internal fraud.

•Original repayment terms liberalized.

•Likelihood of bankruptcy.

•Inability to access other funding sources.

•Reliance on secondary source of repayment.

•Litigation filed against borrower.

•Interest non-accrual may be warranted.

•Collateral provides little or no value.

•Requires excessive attention of the loan officer.

•Borrower is uncooperative with loan officer.

7. VULNERABLE – Classified

Credit is considered “Substandard” and warrants placing in nonaccrual status. Risk of loss is being evaluated and exit strategy options are under review. Other characteristics that may apply:

•Insufficient cash flow to service debt.

•Minimal or no payments being received.

•Limited options available to avoid the collection process.

•Transition status, expect action will take place to collect loan without immediate progress being made.

8. DOUBTFUL – Workout

Credit has all the weaknesses inherent in a “Substandard” loan with the added characteristic that collection and/or liquidation is pending. The possibility of a loss is extremely high, but its classification as a loss is deferred until liquidation procedures are completed, or reasonably estimable. Other characteristics that may apply:

•Normal operations are severely diminished or have ceased.

•Seriously impaired cash flow.

•Original repayment terms materially altered.

•Secondary source of repayment is inadequate.

•Survivability as a “going concern” is impossible.

•Collection process has begun.

•Bankruptcy petition has been filed.

•Judgments have been filed.

•Portion of the loan balance has been charged off.

9. LOSS – Charge-off

Credit is considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification is for charged-off loans but does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value. These loans are further characterized by:

•Liquidation or reorganization under bankruptcy, with poor prospects of collection.

•Fraudulently overstated assets and/or earnings.

•Collateral has marginal or no value.

•Debtor cannot be located.

•Over 120 days delinquent.

Our primary credit quality indicator for residential real estate and consumer loans is the individual loan’s past due status. The following tables display residential real estate and consumer loans by payment status and year of origination as of:

Loan Modifications

A loan modification includes terms outside of normal lending practices to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty.

Typical modifications granted include, but are not limited to:

•Agreeing to interest rates below prevailing market rates for debt with similar risk characteristics.

•Extending the maturity date or amortization period beyond typical lending guidelines for loans with similar risk characteristics.

•Agreeing to an interest-only payment structure, delaying principal payments, or delaying payments.

•Forgiving principal.

To determine if a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, factors we consider include:

•The borrower is currently in default on any debt.

•The borrower would likely default on any debt if the concession is not granted.

•The borrower’s cash flow is insufficient to service all debt if the concession is not granted.

•The borrower has declared, or is in the process of declaring, bankruptcy.

•The borrower is unlikely to continue as a going concern (if the entity is a business).

The following is a summary of the amortized cost basis of loan modifications granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the:

We do not modify any loans by forgiving principal or accrued interest. We had committed to advance $0 and $43 in additional funds to be disbursed in connection with modified loans at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, as displayed in the tables above.

The following is a summary of the financial effect of the modifications granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the:

We closely monitor the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of our modification efforts. The following tables summarize the amortized cost basis of loans that have been modified within the past 12 months prior to:

We hadno loans that defaulted in the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 which were modified within 12 months prior to the default date.

ACL - Loans

The credit quality of our loan portfolio is continuously monitored and is reflected within the ACL for loans. The ACL is an estimate of expected losses inherent within our loan portfolio. The ACL is adjusted by a credit loss expense, which is reported in earnings, and reduced by the charge-off of loan amounts, net of recoveries.

The ACL is evaluated on a regular basis for appropriateness. Our periodic review of the collectability of a loan considers historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

The primary factors behind the determination of the level of the ACL are specific allocations for loans individually evaluated, historical loss percentages, delinquency status, and other credit trends and risk characteristics, including current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. In future periods evaluations of the overall loan portfolio, in light of the factors and forecasts then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance and credit loss expense in those future periods.

The methodology for estimating the amount of expected credit losses reported in the ACL has two basic components: a component of individual loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans; and a pooled component for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics.

For a loan that does not share risk characteristics with other loans, an individual analysis is performed to measure an allowance. Loans in nonaccrual status are individually evaluated for specific allocation of the allowance using the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell if foreclosure is probable, or the discounted cash flow method. We do not recognize interest income on loans in nonaccrual status. For loans not classified as nonaccrual, interest income is recognized daily, as earned, according to the terms of the loan agreement and the principal amount outstanding.

In determining the allowance for credit losses, we derive an estimated credit loss assumption from a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type and credit risk ratings or delinquency bucket. This model calculates an expected loss percentage for each loan class by considering the probability of default, based on the migration of loans from performing to loss by credit risk ratings or delinquency buckets using life-of-loan analysis, and the historical severity of loss, based on the aggregate net lifetime losses incurred per loan class.

The default and severity factors used to calculate the allowance for credit losses for loans that share similar risk characteristics with other loans are adjusted for differences between the historical period used to calculate historical default and loss severity rates and expected conditions over the remaining lives of the loans in the portfolio. These qualitative factors are used to adjust the historical probabilities of default and severity of loss so that they reflect management's expectation of future conditions based on a reasonable and supportable forecast. To the extent the lives of the loans in the portfolio extend beyond the period for which a reasonable and supportable forecast can be made, the model reverts back to the historical rates of default and severity of loss. Qualitative factors include:

•Changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses;

•Changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff;

•Changes in interest rates;

•Changes in international, national, regional, and local economic factors;

•Changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans;

•Changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans;

•Lack of current financial information;

•Competition, legal, and regulatory; and

•Changes in the value of underlying collateral.

A summary of activity in the ACL by portfolio segment and the recorded investment in loans by segments follows for the:

The following table illustrates the two main components of the ACL as of:

The following table presents loans that were evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and the related specific allocations, by loan segment as of:

We have designated loans classified as collateral dependent for which we apply the practical expedient to measure the ACL based on the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell when the repayment is expected to be provided substantially by the sale or operation of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The fair value of the collateral is based on appraisals, which may be adjusted due to their age, and the type, location, and condition of the property or area or general market conditions to reflect the expected change in value between the effective date of the appraisal and the measurement date. Appraisals are updated every one to two years depending on the type of loan and the total exposure of the borrower. Loans evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis as of March 31, 2025 include $145 in collateral dependent loans secured by residential real estate.

Note 4 –Borrowed Funds

Short-term borrowings

Short-term borrowings include securities sold under repurchase agreements without stated maturity dates, federal funds purchased, and FRB Discount Window advances, which all generally mature within one to four days from the transaction date.

A summary of short-term borrowed funds without stated maturity dates was as follows for the:

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are classified as secured borrowings and are reflected at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction. The securities underlying the agreements have a carrying value and a fair value of $58,094 and $67,539 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Such securities remain under our control. We may be required to provide additional collateral based on the fair value of underlying securities.

Securities sold under repurchase agreements without stated maturity dates were as follows as of:

We had pledged AFS securities and 1-4 family residential real estate loans in the following amounts at:

AFS securities pledged to repurchase agreements without stated maturity dates consisted of the following at:

AFS securities pledged to repurchase agreements are monitored to ensure the appropriate level is collateralized. In the event of maturities, calls, significant principal repayments, or significant decline in market values, we have an adequate level of AFS securities to pledge to satisfy collateral requirements.

As of March 31, 2025, we had the ability to borrow up to an additional $377,824 without pledging additional collateral.

FHLB advances

FHLB advances are collateralized by a blanket lien on all qualified 1-4 family residential real estate loans, specific AFS securities, and FHLB stock.

The following table lists the maturities and weighted average interest rates of FHLB advances as of:

Subordinated notes

We have $30,000 in aggregate principal amount of 3.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2031 (the "Notes"). The Notes will initially bear a fixed interest rate of 3.25% until June 15, 2026, after which time until maturity on June 15, 2031, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an annual floating rate equal to the then-current 3-month SOFR plus 256 basis points. The Notes are redeemable by us at our option, in whole or in part, on or after June 15, 2026. The Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holders.

The following table summarizes our outstanding notes as of:

Note 5 –Computation of Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share represents income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share includes additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued. Potential common shares that may be issued relate solely to outstanding shares in the Directors Plan and grant awards under the RSP.

Earnings per common share have been computed based on the following for the:

Note 6 –Capital Ratios and Shareholders' Equity

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the most recent notifications from the FRB and the FDIC categorized us as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, an institution must maintain total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, Common Equity Tier 1, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following tables. The minimum requirements presented below include the minimum required capital levels based on the Basel III Capital Rules. Capital requirements to be considered well capitalized are based upon prompt corrective action regulations, as amended to reflect the changes under the Basel III Capital Rules. There were no conditions or events since the notifications that we believe have changed our categories. The following tables set forth these requirements and our ratios as of:

(1)"Well-capitalized" minimum Common Equity Tier 1 to Risk-Weighted and Leverage Ratio are not formally defined under applicable regulations for bank holding companies.

Total capital includes Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital includes a permissible portion of the allowances for credit losses and subordinated debt, net of unamortized issuance costs. There are no significant regulatory constraints placed on our capital. At March 31, 2025, the Bank exceeded all minimum capital requirements.

The following table summarizes the changes in AOCI by component for the:

Included in OCI for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are changes in unrealized gains and losses related to certain auction rate money market preferred stocks. These investments, for federal income tax purposes, have no deferred federal income taxes related to unrealized gains or losses given the nature of the investments.

A summary of the components of unrealized gains on AFS securities included in OCI follows for the:

Note 7 –Fair Value

Under fair value measurement and disclosure authoritative guidance, we group assets and liabilities measured at fair value into three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded, and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value, based on the prioritization of inputs in the valuation techniques. These levels are:

The asset’s or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Transfers between measurement levels are recognized at the end of reporting periods.

Fair value measurement requires the use of an exit price notion which may differ from entrance pricing. Generally, we believe our assets and liabilities classified as Level 1 or Level 2 approximate an exit price notion.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies, key inputs, and an indication of the level of the fair value hierarchy in which the assets or liabilities are classified.

AFS securities: AFS securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Level 1 fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments. Level 2 fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss and liquidity assumptions. The values for Level 1 and Level 2 investment securities are generally obtained from an independent third party. On a quarterly basis, we compare the values provided to alternative pricing sources.

Loans: We do not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, some loans are individually evaluated for ACL purposes, and a specific ACL may be established. To measure reserve, the fair value of the loan is estimated using the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell if foreclosure is probable, or the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. Loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans.

We review the net realizable values of the underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans on at least a quarterly basis for all loan types. To determine the collateral value, we utilize independent appraisals, broker price opinions, or internal evaluations. We review these valuations to determine whether an additional discount should be applied given the age of market information that may have been considered as well as other factors such as costs to sell an asset if it is determined that the collateral will be liquidated in connection with the ultimate settlement of the loan. We use these valuations to determine if any specific reserves or charge-offs are necessary. We may obtain new valuations in certain circumstances, including when there has been significant deterioration in the condition of the collateral, if the foreclosure process has begun, or if the existing valuation is deemed to be outdated.

The following tables list the quantitative information about loans measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of:

Collateral discount rates may have ranges to accommodate differences in the age of the independent appraisal, broker price opinion, or internal evaluation.

OMSR: OMSR (which are included in other assets) are subject to impairment testing. To test for impairment, we utilize a discounted cash flow analysis using interest rates and prepayment speed assumptions currently quoted for comparable instruments and discount rates. If the valuation model reflects a value less than the carrying value, OMSR are adjusted to fair value through a valuation allowance as determined by the model. As such, we classify OMSR subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustments as Level 3.

The following table lists the quantitative information about OMSR fair value measurement as of:

The preceding methods described may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Although we believe our valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement.

Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value in their Entirety on a Recurring Basis

Disclosure of the estimated fair values of financial instruments, which differ from carrying values, often requires the use of estimates. In cases where quoted market values in an active market are not available, we use present value techniques and other valuation methods to estimate the fair values of our financial instruments. These valuation methods require considerable judgment and the resulting estimates of fair value can be significantly affected by the assumptions made and methods used.

The carrying amount and estimated fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value in their entirety on a recurring basis were as follows as of:

(1) Due to the characteristics of equity securities without readily determinable fair values, they are not disclosed under a specific fair value hierarchy. When an impairment or write-down related to these securities is recorded, such amount would be classified as a nonrecurring Level 3 fair value adjustment.

Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value

The table below presents the recorded amount of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on:

We recorded an impairment related to foreclosed assets of $63 through earnings for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and $0 for the three month period ended March 31, 2024. We had no other assets or liabilities recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through earnings, on a recurring basis or nonrecurring basis, as of March 31, 2025. Further, we had no unrealized gains and losses included in OCI for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period.

Note 8 –Subsequent Events

On April 2, 2025, we recovered the full contractual balance of overdrawn deposit accounts from one customer. These accounts were charged off during the third quarter of 2024 in the amount of $1,622. Additionally, we collected all legal fees associated with the loss and the full contractual balance of all commercial loans outstanding with this customer. The recovery of losses and fees will be reflected in our second quarter 2025 results.

We evaluated subsequent events after March 31, 2025 through the date our interim condensed consolidated financial statements were issued for potential recognition and disclosure. No other subsequent events require financial statement recognition or disclosure between March 31, 2025 and the date our interim condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.