Ally Financial Inc.

Previous wording

•our ability to optimize our automotive finance and insurance businesses and to continue diversifying into and growing other consumer and commercial business lines, including corporate finance, brokerage, and personal advice;

Current wording

•our ability to grow and optimize our automotive finance and insurance businesses and to continue diversifying into and growing other consumer and commercial business lines, including corporate finance, brokerage, and personal advice;

Previous wording

•our ability to innovate, to anticipate the needs of current or future customers, to successfully compete, to increase or hold market share in changing competitive environments, or to deal with pricing or other competitive pressures;

Current wording

•our ability to innovate, to anticipate the needs of current or future customers, to successfully compete, to increase or hold market share in changing competitive environments, or to respond to pricing or other competitive pressures;

Previous wording

•our ability to effectively deal with economic, business, or market slowdowns or disruptions;

Current wording

•our ability to effectively respond to economic, business, or market slowdowns or disruptions;

Previous wording

•our ability to keep pace with changes in technology, such as artificial intelligence, that affect us or our customers, counterparties, service providers, or competitors or to maintain rights or interests in associated intellectual property;

Current wording

•our ability to keep pace with changes in technology, such as AI, that affect us or our customers, counterparties, service providers, or competitors or to maintain rights or interests in associated intellectual property;

Previous wording

Ally Financial Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context otherwise requires, Ally, the Company, we, us, or our) is a financial-services company with the nation’s largest all-digital bank and an industry-leading automotive financing and insurance business, driven by a mission to “Do It Right” and be a relentless ally for customers and communities. The Company serves customers with deposits and securities brokerage and investment advisory services as well as automotive financing and insurance offerings. The Company also includes a seasoned corporate finance business that offers capital for equity sponsors and middle-market companies. Ally is a Delaware corporation and is registered as a BHC under the BHC Act, and an FHC under the GLB Act.

Current wording

Ally Financial Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context otherwise requires, Ally, the Company, we, us, or our) is a financial-services company with the nation’s largest all-digital bank and an industry-leading automotive financing and insurance business, driven by a mission to “Do It Right” and be a relentless ally for all stakeholders. The Company serves customers with deposits and securities brokerage and investment advisory services as well as automotive financing and insurance offerings. The Company also includes a seasoned corporate finance business that offers capital for equity sponsors and middle-market companies. Ally is a Delaware corporation and is registered as a BHC under the BHC Act, and an FHC under the GLB Act.

Previous wording

Dealer Financial Services is composed of our Automotive Finance and Insurance segments. Our primary customers are automotive dealers, which includes OEM-franchised dealers, non-OEM-franchised dealers with a national presence, and automotive retailers, such as Carvana, CarMax, and EchoPark. A dealer may sell or lease a vehicle for cash but, more typically, enters into a retail installment sales contract or operating lease with the customer and then sells the retail installment sales contract or the operating lease and the leased vehicle, as applicable, to Ally or another automotive finance provider. The purchase by Ally or another provider is commonly described as indirect automotive lending to the customer.

Current wording

Dealer Financial Services is composed of our Automotive Finance and Insurance segments. Our primary customers are automotive dealers, which include OEM-franchised dealers, non-OEM-franchised dealers with a national presence, and automotive retailers, such as Carvana, CarMax, and EchoPark. A dealer may sell or lease a vehicle for cash but, more typically, enters into a retail installment sales contract or operating lease with the customer and then sells the retail installment sales contract or the operating lease and the leased vehicle, as applicable, to Ally or another automotive finance provider. The purchase by Ally or another provider is commonly described as indirect automotive lending to the customer.

Previous wording

Our Dealer Financial Services business is one of the largest full-service automotive finance operations in the country and offers a wide range of financial services and insurance products to automotive dealerships and their customers. We have deep dealer relationships that have been built throughout our over 100-year history, and we are leveraging competitive strengths to expand our dealer footprint. Our business model encourages dealers to use our broad range of products through incentive programs like our Ally Dealer Rewards program. Our automotive finance services include purchasing retail installment sales contracts and operating leases from dealers and automotive retailers, extending automotive loans directly to consumers, offering term loans to dealers, financing dealer floorplans and providing other lines of credit to dealers, supplying warehouse lines to automotive retailers, offering automotive-fleet financing, providing financing to companies and municipalities for the purchase or lease of vehicles, and supplying vehicle-remarketing services. We also offer retail VSCs and commercial insurance primarily covering dealers’ vehicle inventories. We are a leading provider of VSCs, GAP, and VMCs. Our dealer-centric business model, value-added products and services, full-spectrum financing, and business expertise proven over many credit cycles, make us a premier automotive finance and insurance company ready to support and strengthen our approximately 21,400 active dealer relationships. A dealer is considered to have an active relationship with us if we provided automotive financing, remarketing, or insurance services during the three months ended December 31, 2024.

Current wording

Our Dealer Financial Services business is one of the largest full-service automotive finance operations in the country and offers a wide range of financial services and insurance products to automotive dealerships and their customers. We have deep dealer relationships that have been built throughout our over 100-year history, and we are leveraging competitive strengths to expand our dealer footprint. Our business model encourages dealers to use our broad range of products through incentive programs such as our Ally Dealer Rewards program. Our automotive finance services include purchasing retail installment sales contracts and operating leases from dealers and automotive retailers, extending automotive loans directly to consumers, offering term loans to dealers, financing dealer floorplans and providing other lines of credit to dealers, offering automotive-fleet financing, providing financing to companies and municipalities for the purchase or lease of vehicles, and supplying vehicle-remarketing services. As part of our focus on offering dealers a broad range of consumer F&I products, we offer VSCs, VMCs, and GAP products. Our dealer-centric business model, value-added products and services, full-spectrum financing, and business expertise proven over many credit cycles, make us a premier automotive finance and insurance company ready to support and strengthen our approximately 21,400 active dealer relationships. A dealer is considered to have an active relationship with us if we provided automotive financing, remarketing, or insurance services during the three months ended December 31, 2025.

Previous wording

Our Automotive Finance operations provide U.S.-based automotive financing services to consumers, automotive dealers and retailers, other businesses, and municipalities. Our business model, value-added products and services, full-spectrum financing, and business expertise proven over many credit cycles make us a premier automotive finance company. At December 31, 2024, our Automotive Finance operations had $113.1 billion of assets and generated $5.8 billion of total net revenue in 2024. For consumers, we provide financing for new and used vehicles. In addition, our CSG provides automotive financing for small businesses and municipalities. At December 31, 2024, our CSG had $9.3 billion of loans outstanding. Through our commercial automotive financing operations, we fund purchases of new and used vehicles through wholesale floorplan financing. We manage commercial account servicing on approximately 2,600 dealers that utilize our floorplan inventory lending or other commercial loans. We serviced $84.0 billion on-balance sheet consumer loans and operating leases at December 31, 2024, and our commercial loan portfolio was approximately $22.9 billion at December 31, 2024. The extensive infrastructure, technology, and analytics of our servicing operations, as well as the experience of our servicing personnel, enhance our ability to manage our loan losses and enable us to deliver a favorable customer experience to both our dealers and retail customers. During 2024, we continued to reposition our origination profile to focus on capital optimization and risk-adjusted returns. In 2024, total consumer automotive originations were $39.2 billion, a decrease of $791 million compared to 2023. The shorter-term duration consumer automotive loan and variable-rate commercial loan portfolios offer attractive asset classes where we continue to optimize risk-adjusted returns through origination mix management and pricing and underwriting discipline.

Current wording

Our Automotive Finance operations provide U.S.-based automotive financing services to consumers, automotive dealers and retailers, other businesses, and municipalities. Our business model, value-added products and services, full-spectrum financing, and business expertise proven over many credit cycles make us a premier automotive finance company. At December 31, 2025, our Automotive Finance operations had $115.8 billion of assets and generated $5.6 billion of total net revenue during the year ended December 31, 2025. For consumers, we provide financing for new and used vehicles. In addition, our CSG provides automotive financing for small businesses and municipalities. At December 31, 2025, our CSG had $9.0 billion of loans outstanding. Through our commercial automotive financing operations, we fund purchases of new and used vehicles through wholesale floorplan financing. We manage commercial account servicing on approximately 2,500 dealers that utilize our floorplan inventory lending or other commercial loans. We serviced $85.1 billion on-balance sheet consumer loans and operating leases at December 31, 2025, and our commercial loan portfolio was approximately $23.1 billion at December 31, 2025. The extensive infrastructure, technology, and analytics of our servicing operations, as well as the experience of our servicing personnel, enhance our ability to manage our loan losses and enable us to deliver a favorable customer experience to both our dealers and retail customers. During 2025, we continued to refine our origination profile to focus on capital optimization and risk-adjusted returns. During the year ended December 31, 2025, total consumer automotive originations were $43.7 billion, an increase of $4.5 billion compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The shorter-term duration consumer automotive loan and variable-rate commercial loan portfolios offer attractive asset classes where we continue to optimize risk-adjusted returns through origination mix management and pricing and underwriting discipline.

Previous wording

Our success as an automotive finance provider is driven by the consistent and broad range of products and services we offer to dealers and automotive retailers. The automotive marketplace is dynamic and evolving, including substantial investments in electrification by automotive manufacturers and suppliers. We continue to identify and cultivate relationships with automotive retailers, including those with leading e-commerce platforms. We also operate an online direct-lending platform for consumers seeking direct financing. We believe these products will enable us to respond to the growing trends for a more streamlined and digital automotive financing process to serve both dealers and consumers. Furthermore, our strong and expansive dealer relationships, comprehensive suite of products and services, full-spectrum financing, and depth of experience position us to evolve with future shifts in automobile technologies, including electrification. We have provided and continue to provide automobile financing for battery-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, including brands such as Tesla, Jeep, Alfa Romeo, and Chevrolet. This positions us to remain a leader in automotive financing as we believe the majority of these vehicles will be sold through dealerships and automotive retailers with whom we have an established relationship. Additionally, we continue to partner and build relationships with automotive manufacturers who use a direct-to-consumer model. During the year ended December 31, 2024, $1.8 billion of our consumer automotive retail loan originations and purchases, and $2.5 billion of our operating lease originations and purchases, were for battery-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. As of December 31, 2024, $2.3 billion of our consumer automotive finance receivables and loans had battery-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles as the underlying collateral, and $3.0 billion of our investment in operating leases, net of accumulated depreciation, were battery-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles.

Current wording

Our success as an automotive finance provider is driven by the consistent presence and breadth of products and services we offer to dealers and automotive retailers. The automotive marketplace continues to evolve, including varying levels of investment in electric vehicle technologies by automotive manufacturers and suppliers. We continue to identify and cultivate relationships with automotive retailers, including those with leading e-commerce platforms, and we also operate an online direct lending platform for consumers seeking direct financing. We believe these products enable us to respond to ongoing trends toward more streamlined and digital automotive financing processes that serve both dealers and consumers. Our strong and expansive dealer relationships, comprehensive suite of products and services, full spectrum financing, and depth of experience position us to adapt as vehicle technologies and consumer preferences evolve. We have provided and continue to provide automobile financing for battery electric and, to a lesser extent, plug-in hybrid vehicles, including brands such as Tesla, Jeep, Alfa Romeo, and Chevrolet. While we expect most of these vehicles to continue to be sold through dealerships and automotive retailers with whom we have established relationships, we also partner with automotive manufacturers that use a direct to consumer model. During the year ended December 31, 2025, $1.9 billion of our consumer automotive retail loan originations and purchases, and $2.1 billion of our operating lease originations and purchases, were for battery-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. As of December 31, 2025, $3.1 billion of our consumer automotive finance receivables and loans had battery-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles as the underlying collateral, and $4.2 billion of our investment in operating leases, net of accumulated depreciation, were battery-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles.

Previous wording

We have focused on developing dealer relationships beyond those relationships that primarily were developed through our previous role as a captive finance company for GM and a preferred provider for Stellantis. We have established relationships with thousands of automotive dealers through our customer-centric approach and specialized incentive programs designed to drive loyalty amongst dealers to our products and services. Outside of GM and Stellantis, our other OEM-franchised dealers include brands such as Ford, Toyota, Hyundai, Kia, Nissan, Honda, and others, including automotive manufacturers who use a direct-to-consumer model. Our non-OEM-franchised dealers and automotive retailers include used-vehicle-only retailers with a national presence, as well as online-only automotive retailers, such as Carvana, CarMax, and EchoPark.

Current wording

We have focused on developing dealer relationships beyond those relationships that primarily were developed through our previous role as a captive finance company for GM and a preferred provider for Stellantis. We have established relationships with thousands of automotive dealers through our customer-centric approach and specialized incentive programs designed to drive loyalty amongst dealers to our products and services. Outside of GM and Stellantis, our other OEM-franchised dealers include brands such as Ford, Toyota, Hyundai, Kia, Nissan, Honda, and others, including automotive manufacturers who use a direct-to-consumer model. Our non-OEM-franchised dealers and automotive retailers include used-vehicle-only retailers with a national presence, such as CarMax and EchoPark, as well as primarily online automotive retailers, such as Carvana.

Previous wording

We have continued to focus on the consumer used-vehicle segment, primarily through franchised dealers and automotive retailers. This has resulted in used-vehicle financing volume growth, and has positioned us as an industry leader in used-vehicle financing. The highly fragmented used-vehicle financing market, with a total financing opportunity represented by approximately 292 million vehicles in operation, provides an attractive opportunity that we believe will further expand and support our dealer relationships and increase our risk-adjusted return on retail loan originations. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 75% of our automotive dealer relationships were with franchised dealers.

Current wording

We have continued to focus on the consumer used-vehicle segment, primarily through franchised dealers and automotive retailers. This has resulted in used-vehicle financing volume growth and has positioned us as an industry leader in used-vehicle financing. The highly fragmented used-vehicle financing market, with a total financing opportunity represented by approximately 296 million vehicles in operation, provides an attractive opportunity that we believe will further expand and support our dealer relationships and increase our risk-adjusted return on retail loan originations.

Previous wording

Beyond offering a full suite of solutions for our dealership customers, we also offer application pass-through programs for credit applications that do not meet our underwriting criteria, allowing dealers to provide expanded access to credit for consumers and improve sales at their dealership. Through our pass-through programs, we are able to monetize our declined applications by generating a combination of acquisition fee and servicing revenue for loans that are originated, sold to, and serviced on behalf of a third-party lender, or one-time acquisition fees for loans funded and serviced by a third party. At December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the consumer automotive whole-loan serviced portfolio related to our pass through program was $1.2 billion and $956 million, respectively.

Current wording

Beyond offering a full suite of solutions for our dealership customers, we also offer application pass-through programs for credit applications that do not meet our underwriting criteria, allowing dealers to provide expanded access to credit for consumers and improve sales at their dealership. Through our pass-through programs, we are able to monetize our declined applications by generating a combination of acquisition fee and servicing revenue for loans that are originated, sold to, and serviced on behalf of third-party lenders, or one-time acquisition fees for loans funded and serviced by a third party. At December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the consumer automotive whole-loan serviced portfolio related to our pass-through program was $2.2 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively.

Previous wording

For consumers, we provide automotive loan financing and leasing for approximately 4.0 million new and used vehicle contracts. Retail financing for the purchase of vehicles by individual consumers generally takes the form of installment sales financing. We originated a total of approximately 1.2 million automotive loans and operating leases during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, totaling $39.2 billion and $40.0 billion, respectively.

Current wording

For consumers, we provide automotive loan financing and leasing for approximately 4.0 million new and used vehicle contracts. Retail financing for the purchase of vehicles by individual consumers generally takes the form of installment sales financing. We originated a total of approximately 1.3 million and 1.2 million automotive loans and operating leases during the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. We originated total automotive loans and operating leases of $43.7 billion and $39.2 billion during the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

Previous wording

Our consumer automotive financing operations generate revenue primarily through finance charges on retail installment sales contracts and rental payments on operating lease contracts. For operating leases, when the contract is originated, we estimate the residual value of the leased vehicle at lease termination. Periodically thereafter we revise the projected residual value of the leased vehicle at lease termination and may adjust depreciation expense over the remaining life of the lease, if appropriate. Given the fluctuations in used vehicle values, our actual sales proceeds from remarketing the vehicle may be higher or lower than the projected residual value after adjusting for any residual value guarantees, which results in gains or losses on lease termination. While all operating leases are exposed to potential reductions in used vehicle values, it is only where we take possession of the vehicle that we could be affected by potential reductions in used vehicle values. Refer to the Operating Lease Residual Risk Management and Critical Accounting Estimates sections of this MD&A for further discussion of credit risk and lease residual risk.

Current wording

Our consumer automotive financing operations generate revenue primarily through finance charges on retail installment sales contracts and rental payments on operating lease contracts. For operating leases, when the contract is originated, we estimate the residual value of the leased vehicle at lease termination. Periodically thereafter we reassess the projected residual value of the leased vehicle at lease termination and may adjust depreciation expense over the remaining life of the lease or recognize impairment, if appropriate. Given the fluctuations in used vehicle values, our actual sales proceeds from remarketing the vehicle may be higher or lower than the projected residual value after adjusting for any OEM residual value guarantees, which results in gains or losses on lease termination. While all operating leases are exposed to potential reductions in used vehicle values, it is only where we take possession of the vehicle that we could be affected by potential reductions in used vehicle values. Refer to the Operating Lease Residual Risk Management and Critical Accounting Estimates sections of this MD&A for further discussion of credit risk and lease residual risk.

Previous wording

We continue to maintain a diverse mix of product offerings across a broad risk spectrum, subject to underwriting policies that reflect our risk appetite. Our current operating results increasingly reflect our ongoing strategy to grow used vehicle financing and expand risk-adjusted returns. While we predominately focus on prime-lending markets, we seek to be a meaningful source of financing to a wide spectrum of customers and continue to carefully measure risk versus return. We place great emphasis on our risk management and risk-based pricing policies and practices and employ robust credit decisioning processes coupled with granular pricing that is differentiated across our proprietary credit tiers.

Current wording

We continue to maintain a diverse mix of product offerings across a broad risk spectrum, subject to underwriting policies that reflect our risk appetite. Our current operating results reflect our strategy to optimize risk-adjusted returns while strategically refining our mix of new and used vehicle financing. While we predominately focus on prime-lending markets, we seek to be a meaningful source of financing to a wide spectrum of customers and continue to carefully measure risk versus return. We place great emphasis on our risk management and risk-based pricing policies and practices and employ robust credit decisioning processes coupled with granular pricing that is differentiated across our proprietary credit tiers.

Previous wording

Our commercial automotive financing operations primarily fund inventory purchases of new and used vehicles by dealers, commonly referred to as wholesale floorplan financing. This represents the largest portion of our commercial automotive financing business. Wholesale floorplan loans are secured by vehicles financed (and all other vehicle inventory), which provide strong collateral protection in the event of dealership default. Additional collateral or other credit enhancements (for example, personal guarantees from dealership owners) are typically obtained to further mitigate credit risk. The amount we advance to dealers is equal to 100% of the wholesale invoice price of new vehicles, subject to payment curtailment schedules. Interest on wholesale automotive financing is generally payable monthly and is indexed to a floating-rate benchmark. The rate for a particular dealer is based on, among other considerations, competitive factors and the dealer’s creditworthiness. During 2024, we financed an average of $17.4 billion of dealer vehicle inventory through wholesale floorplan financings. Other commercial automotive lending products, which averaged $6.4 billion during 2024, consist of automotive dealer revolving lines of credit, term loans, including those to finance dealership land and buildings, and dealer fleet financing. We also provide comprehensive automotive remarketing services, including the use of SmartAuction, our online auction platform, which efficiently supports dealer-to-dealer and other commercial wholesale vehicle transactions. SmartAuction provides diversified fee-based revenue and serves as a means of deepening relationships with our dealership customers. In 2024, Ally and other parties, including dealers, fleet rental companies, and financial institutions, utilized SmartAuction to sell approximately 556,000 vehicles to dealers and other commercial customers. SmartAuction served as the remarketing channel for 35% of our off-lease vehicles.

Current wording

Our commercial automotive financing operations primarily fund inventory purchases of new and used vehicles by dealers, commonly referred to as wholesale floorplan financing. This represents the largest portion of our commercial automotive financing business. Wholesale floorplan loans are secured by vehicles financed (and all other vehicle inventory), which provide strong collateral protection in the event of dealership default. Additional collateral or other credit enhancements (for example, personal guarantees from dealership owners) are typically obtained to further mitigate credit risk. The amount we advance to dealers is equal to 100% of the wholesale invoice price of new vehicles, subject to payment curtailment schedules. Interest on wholesale automotive financing is generally payable monthly and is indexed to a floating-rate benchmark. The rate for a particular dealer is based on, among other considerations, competitive factors and the dealer’s creditworthiness. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we financed an average of $15.2 billion of dealer vehicle inventory through wholesale floorplan financings. Other commercial automotive lending products, which averaged $6.4 billion during the year ended December 31, 2025, consist of automotive dealer revolving lines of credit, term loans, including those to finance dealership land and buildings, and dealer and other fleet financing. We also provide comprehensive automotive remarketing services, including the use of SmartAuction, our online auction platform, which efficiently supports dealer-to-dealer and other commercial wholesale vehicle transactions. SmartAuction provides diversified fee-based revenue and serves as a means of deepening relationships with our dealership customers. In 2025, Ally and other parties, including dealers, fleet rental companies, and financial institutions, utilized SmartAuction to sell approximately 573,000 vehicles to dealers and other commercial customers. SmartAuction served as the remarketing channel for 44% of our off-lease vehicles.

Previous wording

Our Insurance operations offer both consumer finance protection and insurance products sold primarily through the automotive dealer channel in the U.S. and Canada, and commercial insurance products sold directly to dealers in the U.S. Our insurance business provides a strong dealer value proposition through our deep industry knowledge, strong service levels, and diversified product suite that complements our automotive finance business in order to drive strong retention rates and help protect and grow the business of our dealer customers. In addition to our product offerings, we provide consultative services and training to assist dealers in optimizing F&I results while achieving high levels of customer satisfaction and regulatory compliance. We also advise dealers regarding necessary liability and physical damage coverages critical to protecting a dealer’s business. We continue to evolve our product suite and digital capabilities to position our business for future opportunities through growing third-party relationships and sales through our online direct-lending platform. Our Insurance operations had $9.3 billion of assets at December 31, 2024, and generated $1.6 billion of total net revenue during 2024.

Current wording

Our Insurance operations offer both consumer finance protection and insurance products sold primarily through the automotive dealer channel in the U.S. and Canada, and commercial insurance products sold directly to dealers in the U.S. Our insurance business provides a strong dealer value proposition through our deep industry knowledge, strong service levels, and diversified product suite that complements our automotive finance business in order to drive strong retention rates and help protect and grow the business of our dealer customers. In addition to our product offerings, we provide consultative services and training to assist dealers in optimizing F&I results while achieving high levels of customer satisfaction and regulatory compliance. We also advise dealers regarding necessary liability and physical damage coverages critical to protecting a dealer’s business. We continue to evolve our product suite and digital capabilities to position our business for future opportunities through growing third-party relationships and sales through our online direct-lending platform. Our Insurance operations had $9.9 billion of assets at December 31, 2025, and generated $1.7 billion of total net revenue during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Previous wording

We are a market leading provider of dealer insurance products and have approximately 5,700 dealer relationships to whom we offer a variety of commercial products and levels of coverage. Vehicle inventory insurance for dealers provides physical damage protection for dealers’ floorplan vehicles that may be financed by Ally, another lender, or may be owned by the dealer. Dealers who receive wholesale financing from us are eligible for insurance incentives such as automatic eligibility for our preferred insurance programs. During 2024, we added new inventory insurance relationships, including Nissan and Toyota, and continue to grow our market position leveraging our scale and significant experience in this space. We also offer property, liability, and other ancillary coverages to dealers that are underwritten by a third-party carrier with a portion of the insurance risk assumed through a quota share agreement.

Current wording

We are a market leading provider of dealer insurance products and have approximately 5,100 dealer relationships to whom we offer a variety of commercial products and levels of coverage. Vehicle inventory insurance for dealers provides physical damage protection for dealers’ floorplan vehicles that may be financed by Ally, another lender, or may be owned by the dealer. Dealers who receive wholesale financing from us are eligible for insurance incentives such as automatic eligibility for our preferred insurance programs. We continue to grow our market position leveraging our scale and significant experience in this space. We also offer property, liability, and other ancillary coverages to dealers; starting July 1, 2025, we are the underwriting carrier on a majority of these product offerings.

Previous wording

Our dealer F&I products are primarily distributed indirectly through the automotive dealer network which includes dealer relationships of approximately 1,500 in the U.S. where we serve 2.4 million consumers. As part of our focus on offering dealers a broad range of consumer F&I products, we offer VSCs, VMCs, and GAP products. Ally Premier Protection is our flagship VSC offering, which provides coverage for new and used vehicles of virtually all makes and models offering owners and lessees mechanical repair protection and roadside assistance beyond the manufacturer’s new vehicle warranty. Our GAP products cover certain amounts owed by a customer beyond their covered vehicle’s value in the event the vehicle is damaged or stolen and declared a total loss. We offer F&I products in Canada, where we serve approximately 500,000 consumers and are the preferred VSC and other protection plan provider for GM Canada and VSC provider for Subaru Canada. Our contract to serve as the preferred VSC and protection plan provider for GM Canada extends into the third quarter of 2027.

Current wording

Our dealer F&I products are primarily distributed indirectly through the automotive dealer network, which includes dealer relationships of approximately 1,600 in the U.S. where we serve 2.4 million customers. As part of our focus on offering dealers a broad range of consumer F&I products, we offer VSCs, VMCs, and GAP products. Ally Premier Protection is our flagship VSC offering, which provides coverage for new and used vehicles of virtually all makes and models offering owners and lessees mechanical repair protection and roadside assistance beyond the manufacturer’s new vehicle warranty. Our GAP products cover certain amounts owed by a customer beyond their covered vehicle’s value in the event the vehicle is damaged or stolen and declared a total loss. We offer F&I products in Canada, where we serve approximately 545,000 customers and are the preferred VSC and other protection plan provider for GM. Our contract to serve as the preferred VSC and protection plan provider for GM Canada extends into the third quarter of 2027.

Previous wording

We also underwrite ClearGuard on the SmartAuction platform, which is a protection product designed to minimize the risk to dealers from arbitration claims for eligible vehicles sold at auction. On a smaller scale, we also periodically assume other non-automotive insurance risks through quota share arrangements and perform services as an underwriting carrier for insurance programs managed by a third party where we cede the majority of such business to external reinsurance markets.

Current wording

We also underwrite ClearGuard on the SmartAuction platform, which is a protection product designed to minimize the risk to dealers from arbitration claims for eligible vehicles sold at auction. On a smaller scale, we also periodically direct write or assume other non-automotive insurance risks. We typically assume other non-automotive insurance risks through quota share arrangements and perform services as an underwriting carrier for insurance programs managed by a third party where we cede the majority of such business to external reinsurance markets.

Previous wording

Our Corporate Finance operations primarily offer senior-secured loans to private equity sponsor-owned U.S.-based middle-market companies and to well-established asset managers that mostly provide leveraged loans. The portfolio is composed of floating-rate leveraged asset-based and cash flow/enterprise value loans. Our Corporate Finance operations had $9.7 billion of assets at December 31, 2024, and generated $579 million of total net revenue during 2024, and continues to offer attractive returns and diversification benefits to our broader lending portfolio. We have continued to prudently grow our lending portfolio with a focus on a disciplined and selective approach to credit quality, including a greater focus on asset-based loans. As of December 31, 2024, 58% of our loans and 59% of our lending commitments were asset based, with 100% in a first-lien position. We seek markets and opportunities where our clients require customized, highly structured, and time-sensitive financing solutions.

Current wording

Our Corporate Finance operations primarily offer senior-secured loans to private equity sponsor-owned U.S.-based middle-market companies and to well-established asset managers that mostly provide leveraged loans. The portfolio is composed of floating-rate leveraged asset-based and cash flow/enterprise value loans. Our Corporate Finance operations had $13.0 billion of assets at December 31, 2025, and generated $538 million of total net revenue during the year ended December 31, 2025, and continues to offer attractive returns and diversification benefits to our broader lending portfolio. We have continued to prudently grow our lending portfolio with a focus on a disciplined and selective approach to credit quality, including a greater focus on asset-based loans. As of December 31, 2025, 65% of our loans and 64% of our lending commitments were asset based, with all in a first-lien position. We seek markets and opportunities where our clients require customized, highly structured, and time-sensitive financing solutions.

Previous wording

Our Sponsor Finance business focuses on companies owned by private-equity sponsors with loans typically used for leveraged buyouts, refinancing and recapitalizations, mergers and acquisitions, growth, co-lending arrangements, turnarounds, and debtor-in-possession financings. Additionally, our Lender Finance business provides asset managers and other financing sources with facilities to partially fund their direct-lending activities. We also provide a commercial real estate product, primarily focused on lending to skilled nursing facilities, senior housing, memory care facilities, and medical office buildings. Sponsor Finance loan facilities typically include both a revolver and term loan component. Our target commitment hold level for these individual exposures ranges from $15 million to $150 million, depending on product type. Additionally, hold sizes in our Lender Finance business range from $50 million to $750 million. We also have a demonstrated track record of success in arranging larger transactions that we may retain on-balance sheet or syndicate to other lenders. By syndicating loans to other lenders, we are able to provide financing commitments in excess of our target hold levels and generate loan syndication fee income while reducing single obligor risk exposure. All our loans are floating-rate facilities with maturities typically ranging from two to seven years. In certain instances, we may be offered the opportunity to make small equity investments in our borrowers, which provides an additional revenue opportunity for our business. The portfolio is well diversified across multiple industries including financials, services, manufacturing distribution, and other specialty sectors. These specialty sectors include technology/venture finance, and defense and aerospace. Other smaller complementary product offerings that help strengthen our reputation as a full-spectrum provider of financing solutions include issuing letters of credit through Ally Bank and selectively offering second-out loans on certain transactions. For additional information regarding industry concentration of our Corporate Finance operations, refer to the Corporate Finance section of this MD&A.

Current wording

Our Sponsor Finance business focuses on companies owned by private-equity sponsors with loans typically used for leveraged buyouts, refinancing and recapitalizations, mergers and acquisitions, growth, co-lending arrangements, turnarounds, and debtor-in-possession financings. Additionally, our Private Credit Finance business provides asset managers and other financing sources with facilities to partially fund their direct-lending activities. We also provide a commercial real estate product, primarily focused on lending to skilled nursing facilities, senior housing, and medical office buildings. Sponsor Finance loan facilities typically include both a revolver and term loan component. Our target commitment hold level for these individual exposures ranges from $15 million to $150 million, depending on product type. Additionally, hold sizes in our Private Credit Finance business range from $50 million to $850 million. We also have a demonstrated track record of success in arranging larger transactions that we may retain on-balance sheet or syndicate to other lenders. By syndicating loans to other lenders, we are able to provide financing commitments in excess of our target hold levels and generate loan syndication fee income while reducing single obligor risk exposure. All our loans are floating-rate facilities with maturities typically ranging up to seven years. In certain instances, we may be offered the opportunity to make small equity investments in our borrowers, which provides an additional revenue opportunity for our business. The portfolio is well diversified across multiple industries including financials, services, manufacturing distribution, and other specialty sectors. These specialty sectors include technology/venture finance, defense and aerospace, as well as energy and infrastructure finance that launched during 2025. Other smaller complementary product offerings that help strengthen our reputation as a full-spectrum provider of financing solutions include issuing letters of credit through Ally Bank and selectively offering second-out loans on certain transactions. For additional information regarding industry concentration of our Corporate Finance operations, refer to the Corporate Finance section of this MD&A.

Previous wording

Corporate and Other primarily consists of centralized corporate treasury activities such as management of the cash and corporate investment securities and loan portfolios, short- and long-term debt, retail and brokered deposit liabilities, derivative instruments, original issue discount, and the residual impacts of our corporate FTP and treasury ALM activities. Corporate and Other also includes activity related to certain equity investments, which primarily consist of FHLB and FRB stock, as well as other equity investments through Ally Ventures, our strategic investment business. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes the management of our consumer mortgage portfolio, CRA loans and investments, and reclassifications and eliminations between the reportable operating segments. Costs that are not allocated to our reportable operating segments as part of our COH methodology, which involves management judgment, are also included in Corporate and Other. These costs include operating costs of deposits, treasury activities, and other corporate activities.

Current wording

Corporate and Other primarily consists of centralized corporate treasury activities (including deposit operations) such as management of the cash and corporate investment securities and loan portfolios, short- and long-term debt, retail and brokered deposit liabilities, derivative instruments, original issue discount, and the residual impacts of our corporate FTP and treasury ALM activities. Corporate and Other also includes activity related to certain equity investments, which primarily consist of FHLB and FRB stock, as well as other equity investments through Ally Ventures, our strategic investment business. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes the management of our consumer mortgage portfolio, CRA loans and investments, and reclassifications and eliminations between the reportable operating segments. Costs that are not allocated to our reportable operating segments as part of our COH methodology, which involves management judgment, are also included in Corporate and Other. These costs include operating costs of deposits, treasury activities, and other corporate activities.

Previous wording

The net financing revenue and other interest income of our Automotive Finance and Corporate Finance operations include the results of an FTP process that insulates these operations from interest rate volatility by matching assets and liabilities with similar interest rate sensitivity. We utilize an FTP methodology for the majority of our business operations. The FTP methodology assigns charge rates and credit rates to classes of assets and liabilities on a match funded basis, utilizing a benchmark rate curve plus an assumed credit spread. The assumed credit spread is calculated based on a composite investment grade unsecured yield curve, or based on advance rates published by the FHLB for any asset that is eligible to be pledged as collateral to the FHLB. While the baseline FTP components at Ally assume 100% debt funding, the methodology also incorporates a credit on the allocated capital for each business line based on the business line’s FTP rate charged to its assets. For business lines not subject to an FTP funding allocation, the FTP methodology applies a capital charge to the amount of excess equity that the business line holds, relative to its regulatory capital and other adjustments. The net residual impact of the FTP methodology is included within the results of Corporate and Other. In addition, capital is managed with the goal of enhancing risk-adjusted returns on shareholders’ equity, while maintaining a strong capital position that is consistent with our risk profile. We allocate capital to business growth opportunities, within an established risk appetite, to support our customers and communities. We seek to pay a competitive dividend and may also distribute excess capital to shareholders through common share repurchases.

Current wording

The net financing revenue and other interest income of our Automotive Finance and Corporate Finance operations include the results of an FTP process that insulates these operations from interest rate volatility by matching assets and liabilities with similar interest rate sensitivity. We utilize an FTP methodology for the majority of our business operations. The FTP methodology assigns charge rates and credit rates to classes of assets and liabilities on a match funded basis, utilizing a benchmark rate curve plus an assumed credit spread. The assumed credit spread is calculated based on a composite investment grade unsecured yield curve, or based on advance rates published by the FHLB for any asset that is eligible to be pledged as collateral to the FHLB. While the baseline FTP components at Ally assume 100% debt funding, the methodology also incorporates a credit on the allocated capital for each business line based on the business line’s FTP rate charged to its assets. For business lines not subject to an FTP funding allocation, the FTP methodology applies a capital charge to the amount of excess equity that the business line holds, relative to its regulatory capital and other adjustments. The net residual impact of the FTP methodology is included within the results of Corporate and Other. In addition, capital is managed with the goal of enhancing risk-adjusted returns on shareholders’ equity, while maintaining a strong capital position that is consistent with our risk profile. We allocate capital to business growth opportunities, within an established risk appetite, to support our customers and communities. We seek to pay a competitive dividend and distribute excess capital to shareholders through common share repurchases.

Previous wording

We are focused on growing and retaining a stable deposit base and deepening relationships with our 3.3 million primary deposit customers by leveraging our compelling brand and strong value proposition. Ally Bank is a digital direct bank with no branch network that obtains retail deposits directly from customers. We have grown our deposits with a strong brand that is based on a promise of being straightforward with our customers, and offering high-quality customer service and competitive interest rates. Ally Bank is the largest online only bank in the United States as measured by retail deposit balances. Our strong customer acquisition and retention rates reflect the strength of our brand and, together with our overall value proposition, continue to drive growth in retail deposits. At December 31, 2024, Ally Bank had $151.6 billion of total deposits—including $143.4 billion of retail deposits, which grew $1.2 billion, or 1%, during 2024. Over the past several years, the continued growth of our retail-deposit base has contributed to a more favorable mix of lower cost funding and we continue to focus on efficient deposit growth by continuing to expand the deposit value proposition beyond competitive deposit rates.

Current wording

We are focused on growing and retaining a stable deposit base and deepening relationships with our 3.5 million primary deposit customers by leveraging our compelling brand and strong value proposition. Ally Bank is a digital direct bank with no branch network that obtains retail deposits directly from customers. We have grown our deposits with a strong brand that is based on a promise of being straightforward with our customers, and offering high-quality customer service and competitive interest rates. Ally Bank is the largest online only bank in the United States as measured by retail deposit balances. Our strong customer acquisition and retention rates reflect the strength of our brand and, together with our overall value proposition, continue to drive growth in retail deposits. At December 31, 2025, Ally Bank had $151.6 billion of total deposits—including $143.5 billion of retail deposits, which grew $99 million during the year ended December 31, 2025. Over the past several years, the continued growth of our retail-deposit base has contributed to a more favorable mix of lower cost funding and we continue to focus on efficient deposit growth by continuing to expand the deposit value proposition beyond competitive deposit rates.

Previous wording

Our deposit products and services are designed to develop long-term customer relationships and capitalize on the shift in consumer preference for direct banking. Ally Bank offers a full spectrum of retail deposit products, including savings accounts, money-market demand accounts, CDs, interest-bearing spending accounts, trust accounts, and IRAs. Our deposit services include Zelle® person-to-person payment services, eCheck remote deposit capture, and mobile banking. Our Smart Savings Tools further demonstrates the ability to deliver innovative digital tools on top of traditional financial products to add incremental value to customers, while also driving increased engagement and loyalty. Over 900,000 customers have adopted our Smart Savings Tools.

Current wording

Our deposit products and services are designed to develop long-term customer relationships and capitalize on the shift in consumer preference for direct banking. Ally Bank offers a full spectrum of retail deposit products, including savings accounts, money-market demand accounts, CDs, interest-bearing spending accounts, trust accounts, and IRAs. Our deposit services include Zelle® person-to-person payment services, eCheck remote deposit capture, and mobile banking. Our Smart Savings Tools further demonstrates the ability to deliver innovative digital tools on top of traditional financial products to add incremental value to customers, while also driving increased engagement and loyalty. Over 1 million active customers have adopted our Smart Savings Tools as of December 31, 2025.

Previous wording

We believe we are well-positioned to continue to benefit from the consumer-driven shift from branch banking to direct banking as demonstrated by the growth we have experienced since 2010. We had 3.3 million deposit customers and 6.3 million retail bank accounts as of December 31, 2024, compared to 3.0 million and 6.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. Our customer base spans across diverse demographic segmentations and socioeconomic bands. Our direct bank business model resonates particularly well with the millennial and younger generations, which consistently make up the largest percentage of our new customers. According to a 2024 American Bankers Association survey, 87% of customers prefer to do their banking most often via digital and other direct channels (internet, mobile, telephone, and mail). Furthermore, over the past five years, estimated direct banking deposits as a percentage of the broader retail deposits market increased by approximately 3 percentage points, from 10% in 2019 to 13% in 2024. We have received a positive response to innovative savings and other deposit products. For the second consecutive year, Wall Street Journal’s BuySide named Ally as the “Best Online Bank”. Additionally, Ally has been recognized on Fortune Recommends “Best Online Banks” list for 2024 in addition to being named “Best Bank” and “Best Bank for CDs” by Nerdwallet. Bankrate also named Ally as “Best Bank Overall”, “Best Online Bank”, “Best CD”, “Best Money Market Account” and “Best Checking Account”. Most recently, Newsweek ranked Ally Bank the #1 Online Bank for Customer Service. Ally

Current wording

We believe we are well-positioned to continue to benefit from the consumer-driven shift from branch banking to direct banking as demonstrated by the growth we have experienced since 2010. We had approximately 3.5 million deposit customers and approximately 6.5 million retail bank accounts as of December 31, 2025, compared to 3.3 million and 6.3 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. Our customer base spans across diverse demographic segmentations and socioeconomic bands. Our direct bank business model resonates particularly well with the millennial and younger generations, which consistently make up the largest percentage of our new customers. According to a 2025 American Bankers Association survey, 87% of customers prefer to do their banking most often via digital and other direct channels (internet, mobile, telephone, and mail). Furthermore, over the past five years, estimated direct banking deposits as a percentage of the broader retail deposits market increased by approximately 3 percentage points, from 11% in 2020 to 14% in 2025. We have received a positive response to innovative savings and other deposit products. Our commitment to customer service was recognized by Newsweek, who ranked Ally Bank the #1 Online Bank for Customer Service. MONEY named Ally as a “Best National Bank” and “Best Online Bank” in their 2025-2026 feature, while NerdWallet and Bankrate both recognized us as a “Best Bank” and “Best CD” in 2025. Additionally, Barron’s and Wall Street Journal both recognized our Ally Invest Robo Portfolios as best in class in 2025. Ally Bank’s competitive direct banking offerings include online and mobile banking features such as electronic bill pay, remote deposit, and electronic funds transfer nationwide, and no minimum balance requirements. During 2025, we introduced the ability for customers to add cash into their Ally Bank spending account at a national retailer.

Previous wording

We intend to continue to grow and invest in our digital direct bank and further capitalize on the shift in consumer preference for direct banking with expanded digital capabilities and customer-centric products that utilize advanced analytics for personalized interactions and other technologies that improve efficiency, security, and the customer’s connection to the brand. We are focused on growing, deepening, and further leveraging the customer relationships and brand loyalty that exist with Ally Bank as a catalyst for future loan and deposit growth.

Current wording

We intend to continue to grow and invest in our digital direct bank and further capitalize on the shift in consumer preference for direct banking with customer-centric products, expanded digital tools and everyday banking capabilities that improve efficiency, security, and customer trust in the brand. We are focused on growing, deepening, and further cultivating the customer relationships and brand loyalty that exist at Ally Bank.

Previous wording

Corporate and Other includes the financial results of our mortgage operations, which consist of our held-for-sale and held-for-investment consumer mortgage loan portfolios. During 2024, we shifted to prioritize held-for-sale loan originations in our mortgage operations. Consumer mortgage originations will cease during the second quarter of 2025, which will result in a gradual run-off of our remaining consumer mortgage loan portfolio. Under our current arrangement, our direct-to-consumer conforming mortgages and certain direct-to-consumer non-conforming jumbo mortgages are originated as held-for-sale and sold. The remaining jumbo and LMI mortgages are originated as held-for-investment and subserviced by a third party.

Current wording

Corporate and Other includes the financial results of our mortgage operations, which consist of our held-for-sale and held-for-investment consumer mortgage loan portfolios. Our direct-to-consumer conforming mortgages and certain direct-to-consumer non-conforming jumbo mortgages were originated as held-for-sale and sold. The remaining jumbo and LMI mortgages were originated as held-for-investment and are subserviced by a third party. Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025, which has and will continue to result in a gradual run-off of our consumer mortgage loan portfolio.

Previous wording

Through our direct-to-consumer channel, we offer a variety of competitively priced jumbo and conforming fixed- and adjustable-rate mortgage products through a third party. Loans originated in the direct-to-consumer channel are sourced by existing Ally customer marketing, prospect marketing on third-party websites, and email or direct mail campaigns. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we originated $930 million of mortgage loans through our direct-to-consumer channel.

Current wording

Through our direct-to-consumer channel, we offered a variety of competitively priced jumbo and conforming fixed- and adjustable-rate mortgage products through a third party. Loans originated in the direct-to-consumer channel were sourced by existing Ally customer marketing, prospect marketing on third-party websites, and email or direct mail campaigns. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we originated $95 million of mortgage loans through our direct-to-consumer channel.

Previous wording

Through the bulk loan channel, we purchase loans from several qualified sellers, including direct originators and large aggregators who have the financial capacity to support strong representations and warranties, and the industry knowledge and experience to originate high-quality assets. Bulk purchases are made on a servicing-released basis, allowing us to directly oversee servicing activities and manage refinancing through our direct-to-consumer channel. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we purchased $21 million of mortgage loans that were originated by third-parties.

Current wording

Through the bulk loan channel, we purchased loans from several qualified sellers, including direct originators and large aggregators who had the financial capacity to support strong representations and warranties, and the industry knowledge and experience to originate high-quality assets. Bulk purchases were made on a servicing-released basis, allowing us to directly oversee servicing activities and manage refinancing through our direct-to-consumer channel. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we purchased $8 million of mortgage loans that were originated by third-parties.

Previous wording

We closed the sale of Ally Lending on March 1, 2024. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Current wording

We closed the sale of Ally Lending on March 1, 2024.

Previous wording

Our primary funding source is retail deposits, which we believe, at scale, is the most efficient and stable source of funding for us when compared to other funding sources. At December 31, 2024, deposit liabilities totaled $151.6 billion, which reflects a decrease of $3.1 billion as compared to December 31, 2023. Deposits as a percentage of total liability-based funding was 89% and 88% at December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. Approximately 92% of retail deposits at Ally Bank, excluding affiliate and intercompany deposits, were FDIC-insured as of December 31, 2024.

Current wording

Our primary funding source is retail deposits, which we believe, at scale, is the most efficient and stable source of funding for us when compared to other funding sources. At December 31, 2025, deposit liabilities totaled $151.6 billion, which reflects an increase of $75 million as compared to December 31, 2024. Deposits as a percentage of total liability-based funding was 87% and 89% at December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Approximately 92% of retail deposits at Ally Bank, excluding affiliate and intercompany deposits, were FDIC-insured as of December 31, 2025.

Previous wording

At both December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, 95% of Ally’s total assets were within Ally Bank. Longer-term unsecured debt is the primary funding source utilized at the parent company. At December 31, 2024, we had $2.5 billion and $149 million of unsecured long-term debt principal maturing in 2025 and 2026, respectively. We have substantially reduced our reliance on market-based funding by continuing to focus on retail deposit funding.

Current wording

At December 31, 2025, 94% of Ally’s total assets were within Ally Bank, compared to approximately 95% as of December 31, 2024. Longer-term unsecured debt is the primary funding source utilized at the parent company. At December 31, 2025, we had $82 million and $1.6 billion of unsecured long-term debt principal maturing in 2026 and 2027, respectively. We have substantially reduced our reliance on market-based funding by continuing to focus on retail deposit funding.

Previous wording

The strategies outlined above have allowed us to build and maintain a conservative liquidity position. Total available liquidity at December 31, 2024, was $68.5 billion. Absolute levels of liquidity increased during 2024, primarily due to higher cash balances and available FHLB borrowing capacity. Refer to the section below titled Liquidity Management, Funding, and Regulatory Capital for a further discussion about liquidity risk management.

Current wording

The strategies outlined above have allowed us to build and maintain a conservative liquidity position. Total available liquidity at December 31, 2025, was $66.1 billion. Absolute levels of liquidity decreased during 2025, primarily due to lower available FHLB borrowing capacity. Refer to the section below titled Liquidity Management, Funding, and Regulatory Capital section of this MD&A for a further discussion about liquidity risk management.

Previous wording

Within our consumer automotive loan portfolio, we serve a mix of consumers across the credit spectrum to achieve portfolio diversification and to optimize the risk and return of our consumer automotive portfolio. This is achieved through the utilization of robust credit decisioning processes, coupled with granular pricing that is differentiated across our proprietary credit tiers. While we are a full-spectrum automotive finance lender, the significant majority of our consumer automotive loans are underwritten within the prime-lending segment. We define prime consumer automotive loans primarily as those loans with a FICO® Score at origination of 620 or greater. The carrying value of our held-for-investment, nonprime consumer automotive loans before allowance for loan losses was approximately 9.7% of our total consumer automotive loans at December 31, 2024.

Current wording

Within our consumer automotive loan portfolio, we serve a mix of consumers across the credit spectrum to achieve portfolio diversification and to optimize the risk and return of our consumer automotive portfolio. This is achieved through the utilization of robust credit decisioning processes, coupled with granular pricing that is differentiated across our proprietary credit tiers. While we are a full-spectrum automotive finance lender, the significant majority of our consumer automotive loans are underwritten within the prime-lending segment. We define prime consumer automotive loans primarily as those loans with a FICO® Score at origination of 620 or greater. The carrying value of our held-for-investment, nonprime consumer automotive loans before allowance for loan losses was approximately 10.1% and 9.7% of our total consumer automotive loans at December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Previous wording

Within our commercial lending portfolios, our Corporate Finance operations offer senior-secured loans to private equity sponsor-owned U.S.-based middle-market companies and to well-established asset managers that mostly provide leveraged loans. The portfolio is composed of floating-rate leveraged asset-based and cash flow/enterprise value loans. Throughout 2024, this portfolio decreased due to an increased volume of paydowns compared to 2023. The portfolio continued to be well positioned with a disciplined and selective approach to credit quality. Provision for credit losses for our Corporate Finance operations was $8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $52 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Within our commercial automotive business, we continue to offer a variety of dealer-centric lending products, including automotive dealer revolving lines of credit, term loans, including those to finance dealership land and buildings, acquisitions, and dealer fleet financing. These commercial automotive products are an important aspect of our dealer relationships and offer a secured lending arrangement with strong collateral protections in the event of dealer default. The performance of our commercial credit portfolios continues to remain strong. Commercial nonperforming finance receivables and loans decreased $8 million from $119 million at December 31, 2023, to $111 million at December 31, 2024. We had net recoveries within our commercial lending portfolio of $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net charge-offs of $124 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Refer to the Risk Management section of the MD&A for further details.

Current wording

Within our commercial lending portfolios, our Corporate Finance operations primarily offer senior-secured loans to private equity sponsor-owned U.S.-based middle-market companies and to well-established asset managers that mostly provide leveraged loans. The portfolio is composed of floating-rate leveraged asset-based and cash flow/enterprise value loans. During the year ended December 31, 2025, this portfolio increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, as we have continued to prudently grow our lending portfolio with a focus on a disciplined and selective approach to credit quality, including a greater focus on asset-based loans. Provision for credit losses for our Corporate Finance operations was $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Within our commercial automotive business, we continue to offer a variety of dealer-centric lending products, including funding dealer purchases of new and used vehicles through wholesale financing, automotive dealer revolving lines of credit, term loans, including those to finance dealership land and buildings, acquisitions, and dealer and other fleet financing. These commercial automotive products are an important aspect of our dealer relationships and offer a secured lending arrangement with strong collateral protections in the event of dealer default. The performance of our commercial credit portfolios continues to remain strong. Commercial nonperforming finance receivables and loans increased $38 million to $149 million at December 31, 2025. We had net recoveries within our commercial lending portfolio of $2 million and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Refer to the Risk Management section of this MD&A for further details.

Previous wording

Our mortgage operations focus on applicants with credit profiles and income streams to support repayments of the loan and operates under credit standards that consider and assess the value of the underlying real estate in accordance with prudent credit practices and regulatory requirements. We generally rely on appraisals conducted by licensed appraisers in conformance with the expectations and requirements of Fannie Mae and federal regulators. When appropriate, we require credit enhancements such as private mortgage insurance. We price each mortgage loan that we originate based on several factors, including the customer’s FICO® Score, the LTV ratio, and the size of the loan. For bulk purchases, we only purchase loans from sellers with the experience to originate high-quality loans and the financial wherewithal to support their representations and warranties. During 2024, we shifted to prioritize held-for-sale loan originations in our mortgage operations. Consumer mortgage originations will cease during the second quarter of 2025, which will result in a gradual run-off of our remaining consumer mortgage loan portfolio.

Current wording

Our mortgage operations focused on applicants with credit profiles and income streams to support repayments of the loan and operates under credit standards that consider and assess the value of the underlying real estate in accordance with prudent credit practices and regulatory requirements. We generally relied on appraisals conducted by licensed appraisers in conformance with the expectations and requirements of Fannie Mae and federal regulators. When appropriate, we required credit enhancements such as private mortgage insurance. We priced each mortgage loan that we originated based on several factors, including the customer’s FICO® Score, the LTV ratio, and the size of the loan. For bulk purchases, we only purchased loans from sellers with the experience in originating high-quality loans and the financial wherewithal to support their representations and warranties. Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025, which has and will continue to result in a gradual run-off of our consumer mortgage loan portfolio.

Previous wording

Dealer Financial Services, which includes our Automotive Finance and Insurance operations, and Corporate Finance are our primary business lines. The remaining activity is reported in Corporate and Other, which primarily consists of centralized treasury activities as well as Ally Invest, our digital brokerage and personal advice offering, Ally Lending, Ally Credit Card, the management of our consumer mortgage portfolio, CRA loans and investments, and certain strategic investments. Consumer mortgage originations will cease during the second quarter of 2025, which will result in a gradual run-off of our remaining consumer mortgage loan portfolio. Additionally, we entered into a definitive agreement to divest our credit card business, the transaction is expected to close during the second quarter of 2025. During the first quarter of 2024, we closed the sale of Ally Lending. For further information, refer to Note 2 and Note 31 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table summarizes the operating results excluding discontinued operations of each business line. Operating results for each of the business lines are more fully described in the MD&A sections that follow.

Current wording

Dealer Financial Services, which includes our Automotive Finance and Insurance operations, and Corporate Finance are our primary business lines. The remaining activity is reported in Corporate and Other, which primarily consists of centralized treasury activities (including deposit operations) as well as Ally Invest, our digital brokerage and personal advice offering, Ally Lending, Ally Credit Card, the management of our consumer mortgage portfolio, CRA loans and investments, and certain strategic investments through Ally Ventures. Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025, which has and will continue to result in a gradual run-off of our consumer mortgage loan portfolio. We closed the sales of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025, and Ally Lending on March 1, 2024. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on Ally Credit Card. The following table summarizes the operating results excluding discontinued operations of each business line. Operating results for each of the business lines are more fully described in the MD&A sections that follow.

Previous wording

The following table summarizes our consolidated operating results for the periods shown. Refer to the reportable operating segment sections of the MD&A that follow for a more complete discussion of operating results by business line.

Current wording

The following table summarizes our consolidated operating results for the periods shown. Refer to the reportable operating segment sections of the MD&A that follow for a more complete discussion of operating results by business line. For a discussion of our fiscal 2024 results compared to fiscal 2023, refer to Part II, Item 7. Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.