GATX CORP

NOTE 1. Description of Business

As used herein, "GATX," "we," "us," "our," and similar terms refer to GATX Corporation and its subsidiaries, unless indicated otherwise.

We lease, operate, manage, and remarket long-lived, widely used assets, primarily in the rail market. We report our financial results through three primary business segments: Rail North America, Rail International, and Engine Leasing (previously named Portfolio Management). Financial results for our tank container leasing business ("Trifleet") are reported in the Other segment.

In 2024, we changed the name of our Portfolio Management business segment to Engine Leasing to reflect the prospective operations of this business segment. Historically, this business segment included marine operations from our liquefied gas-carrying vessels (the "Specialized Gas Vessels"). As of December 31, 2023, we had sold all of our marine assets and no longer have any marine operations. The segment is now almost entirely composed of our engine leasing operations, which include our ownership interest in the Rolls-Royce & Partners Finance ("RRPF") affiliates, a group of joint ventures with Rolls-Royce plc (or affiliates thereof, collectively "Rolls-Royce") that lease aircraft spare engines, and GATX Engine Leasing ("GEL"), our business that directly owns aircraft spare engines that are leased to airline customers or employed in an engine capacity agreement.

NOTE 2. Accounting Changes

New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

NOTE 3. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

We prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP").

Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements include our assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, as well as the assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of subsidiaries in which we had a controlling financial interest. We have eliminated intercompany transactions and balances.

Use of Estimates

Preparing financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts we report. We regularly evaluate our estimates and judgments based on historical experience and other relevant facts and circumstances. Actual amounts could differ from our estimates.

Lease Classification

We determine the classification of a lease at its inception. If the provisions of the lease subsequently change, we evaluate whether the modification requires a reassessment of the classification per the guidance around lease modifications within ASC Topic 842, Leases("Topic 842") and will reassess lease classification, if required. See "Note 6. Leases."

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods and services.

We disaggregate revenue into four categories as presented on our statements of comprehensive income:

Lease Revenue

Lease revenue, which includes operating lease revenue and finance lease revenue, is our primary source of revenue.

Operating Lease Revenue

We lease railcars, locomotives, aircraft spare engines, and tank containers under full-service and net operating leases. We price full-service leases as an integrated service that includes amounts related to maintenance, insurance, and ad valorem taxes. We do not offer stand-alone maintenance service contracts. Operating lease revenue is within the scope of Topic 842, and we have elected not to separate non-lease components from the associated lease component for qualifying leases. Operating lease revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying lease. As a result, lease revenue may not be recognized in the same period as maintenance and other costs, which we expense as incurred. Variable rents are recognized when applicable contingencies are resolved. Revenue is not recognized if collectability is not reasonably assured. See "Note 6. Leases."

Finance Lease Revenue

In certain cases, we lease railcars and tank containers that, at lease inception, are classified as finance leases. In accordance with Topic 842, finance lease revenue is recognized using the effective interest method, using the interest rate implicit in the lease. See "Note 6. Leases."

Non-Dedicated Engine Revenue

Certain of our owned aircraft spare engines are part of a pool of non-dedicated spare engines managed under a capacity agreement with Rolls-Royce. Revenue is earned based on our ability to meet engine capacity requirements under the agreement, which requires us to enroll a minimum number of engines in a pool of non-dedicated spare engines for short-term lease to Rolls-Royce customers. We recognize revenue based on our right to receive a portion of the revenue earned by the pool, which is calculated based on the average engine flight hours reported for each type of engine enrolled into the pool.

Marine Operating Revenue

Historically, we generated marine operating revenue through shipping services completed by our marine vessels. As of 2024, we no longer have marine operating revenue, as all marine vessels were sold as of December 31, 2023.

Other Revenue

Other revenue is comprised of customer repair revenue, termination fees, interest income, and other miscellaneous revenues. Select components of other revenue are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Revenue attributable to terms provided in our lease contracts are variable lease components that are recognized when earned, in accordance with Topic 842.

Earnings Per Share

We compute basic and diluted earnings per share using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation calculation that determines Earnings Per Share ("EPS") for each class of common stock and participating security. Our vested and exercisable stock options contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents and are classified as participating securities in the calculation of EPS. Our unvested stock options, restricted stock units, performance shares and non-employee director awards do not contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents and are therefore not classified as participating securities. Vested non-employee director awards are treated as shares outstanding for basic and diluted earnings per share because these awards are guaranteed to be settled in shares upon the passage of time.

Under the two-class method, net income is allocated between shares of common stock and participating securities based on their participating rights. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income, adjusted for earnings allocated to participating securities, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. We weight shares issued or reacquired for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income, adjusted for earnings allocated to participating securities, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of unvested stock options, restricted stock units and performance shares. The dilutive effect of participating securities is calculated using the more dilutive of the treasury stock method or the two-class method. Earnings allocated to participating securities include their portion of dividends declared and undistributed earnings during the period.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

We classify all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase as cash equivalents. Investments with maturities greater than three months but less than one year at the date of purchase are classified as short-term investments.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash is cash and cash equivalents that are restricted as to withdrawal and use. Our restricted cash primarily relates to cash received from a specific customer and held to pay for potential repairs.

Finance Lease Receivables

We record a gross lease payment receivable and an estimated residual value, net of unearned income for our finance leases. For sales-type leases, we may also recognize a gain or loss in the period the lease is recorded. Lease payment receivables represent the present value of the rents we expect to receive through the end of the lease term for a leased asset. Estimated residual values are our estimates of value of an asset at the end of a finance lease term. The combination of these is considered the net investment in a lease. Over the lease term, the net investment in these leases is reduced and finance lease income is recognized in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. We evaluate our net investment in finance leases for impairment based on current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions under ASC Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. See the “Allowance for Losses” section within this Note for more information.

Allowance for Losses

The allowance for losses is our estimate of credit losses associated with receivable balances. Receivables include rent and other receivables and finance lease receivables.

Our loss reserves for rent and other receivables are based on historical loss experience and judgments about the impact of economic conditions, the state of the markets we operate in, and collateral values, if applicable. In addition, we may establish specific reserves for known troubled accounts.

We evaluate reserve estimates for finance lease receivables under ASC 326, on a customer-specific basis, considering each customer's particular credit situation, current economic conditions, and expected value of the underlying collateral upon its repossession, to adjust the allowance when necessary. We also consider the factors we use to evaluate rent and other receivables, which are outlined above.

We record charges against the allowance when we deem them uncollectable. We made no material changes in our estimation methods or assumptions for the allowance during 2024. We believe that the allowance is adequate to cover losses inherent in our receivables balances as of December 31, 2024. Since the allowance is based on judgments and estimates, it is possible that actual losses incurred will differ from the estimate. See "Note 18. Allowance for Losses."

Operating Assets and Facilities

We record operating assets, facilities, and capitalized improvements at cost. We depreciate operating assets and facilities over their estimated useful lives to estimated residual values using the straight-line method. We depreciate leasehold improvements over the shorter of their useful lives or the lease term. Our estimated depreciable lives of operating assets and facilities are as follows:

We review our operating assets and facilities for impairment annually, or if circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable. We evaluate the recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the undiscounted future net cash flows we expect the asset to generate. If we determine an asset is impaired, we recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value. We classify assets we plan to sell or otherwise dispose of as held for sale, provided they meet specified accounting criteria, and we record those assets at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. See "Note 10. Asset Impairments and Assets Held for Sale" for further information about asset impairment losses and assets held for sale.

Leased Assets as a Lessee

We record right-of-use assets for operating leases and finance leases as a lessee and we record the related obligations as liabilities. We amortize the leased assets over the lease terms. We review our right-of-use assets for impairment annually, or if circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable.

Investments in Affiliates

We use the equity method to account for investments in joint ventures and other unconsolidated entities if we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the financial and operating policies of those investees. Under the equity method, we record our initial investments in these entities at cost and subsequently adjust the investment for our share of the affiliates’ earnings (losses), and distributions. We review the carrying amount of our investments in affiliates annually, or whenever circumstances indicate that the value of these investments may have declined. If we determine an investment is impaired on an other-than-temporary basis, we record a loss equal to the difference between the fair value of the investment and its carrying amount. See "Note 7. Investments in Affiliated Companies."

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

We recognize goodwill when the consideration paid to acquire a business exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. We assign goodwill to the same reporting unit as the net assets of the acquired business and we assess our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter, or if impairment indicators are present. Goodwill is initially assessed for impairment by performing a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. If necessary, the fair value of the reporting unit is then compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the applicable reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we record an impairment loss for the difference. The fair values of our reporting units are determined using discounted cash flow models. See "Note 17. Goodwill."

We recognize intangible assets acquired in a business combination at their estimated fair value at the time of the business combination. Intangible assets consist of customer relationships and trade names and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 10 years to 25 years. We review intangible assets for potential impairment if circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable. Intangible assets are included in other assets on the balance sheet.

Income Taxes

We calculate provisions for federal, state, and foreign income taxes on our reported income before income taxes. We base our calculations of deferred tax assets and liabilities on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted rates in effect for the year we expect the differences will reverse. We reflect the cumulative effect of changes in tax rates from those we previously used to determine deferred tax assets and liabilities in the provision for income taxes in the period the change is enacted. Provisions for income taxes in any given period can differ from those currently payable or receivable because certain items of income and expense are recognized in different periods for financial reporting purposes than for income tax purposes. We may deduct expenses or defer income attributable to uncertain tax positions for tax purposes, and include those items in our liability for uncertain tax positions in other liabilities on the balance sheet. See "Note 13. Income Taxes."

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that a market participant would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction at the measurement date. We classify fair value measurements according to the three-level hierarchy defined by GAAP, and those classifications are based on our judgment about the reliability of the inputs we use in the fair value measurement. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, and may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. For assets or liabilities with a specified contractual term, Level 2 inputs must be observable for substantially the full term of that asset or liability. Level 3 inputs are unobservable, meaning they are supported by little or no market activity. Fair value measurements classified as Level 3 typically rely on pricing models and discounted cash flow methodologies, both of which require significant judgment. See "Note 9. Fair Value."

Derivatives

We use derivatives, such as interest rate swap agreements, treasury rate locks, options, cross currency swaps, and currency forwards, to hedge our exposure to interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risk on existing and anticipated transactions. We formally designate derivatives that meet specific accounting criteria as qualifying hedges at inception. These criteria require us to have the expectation that the derivative will be highly effective at offsetting changes in the fair value or expected cash flows of the hedged exposure, both at the inception of the hedging relationship and on an ongoing basis.

We recognize all derivative instruments at fair value and classify them on the balance sheet as either other assets or other liabilities. We generally base the classification of derivative activity in the statements of comprehensive income and cash flows on the nature of the hedged item. For derivatives we designate as fair value hedges, we recognize changes in the fair value of both the derivative and the hedged item in interest expense, and we include the related cash flows in the cash flow section corresponding to the hedged item. For derivatives we designate as cash flow hedges, we record the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative as part of other comprehensive (loss) income, and we recognize those changes in earnings in the period the hedged transaction affects earnings. We recognize any ineffective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative immediately in earnings. Cash flows from derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are included in the cash flow section corresponding to the hedged item. Although we do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for purposes other than hedging, we may not designate certain derivatives as accounting hedges. We recognize changes in the fair value of these derivatives in earnings immediately. We classify gains and losses on derivatives that are not designated as hedges as other expenses, and we include the related cash flows in cash flows from operating activities. See "Note 9. Fair Value."

Foreign Currency

We translate the assets and liabilities of our operations that have non-US dollar functional currencies at exchange rates in effect at year-end. Revenue, expenses, and cash flows are translated monthly using average exchange rates. We defer gains and losses resulting from foreign currency translation and record those gains and losses as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions and from the remeasurement of non-functional currency assets and liabilities are recognized in other expense during the periods in which they occur. Net gains (losses) recognized were $0.6 million, $6.9 million and $(4.6) million for 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Environmental Liabilities

We record accruals for environmental remediation costs at applicable sites when they are probable and when we can reasonably estimate the expected costs. We record adjustments to initial estimates as necessary. Since these accruals are based on estimates, actual environmental remediation costs may differ. We expense or capitalize environmental remediation costs related to current or future operations as appropriate. See "Note 23. Legal Proceedings and Other Contingencies."

Defined Benefit Pension and Other Post-Retirement Plans

Our balance sheet reflects the funded status of our pension and post-retirement plans, which is the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the projected benefit obligation. We recognize the aggregate overfunding of any plans in other assets, the aggregate underfunding of any plans in other liabilities, and the corresponding adjustments for unrecognized actuarial gains (losses) and prior service cost (credits) in accumulated other comprehensive loss. We record the service cost component of net periodic cost in selling, general, and administrative expense in the statements of comprehensive income and the non-service components in other expense. See "Note 11. Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits."

Maintenance and Repair Costs

We expense maintenance and repair costs as incurred. We capitalize certain costs incurred in connection with planned major maintenance activities if those activities improve the asset or extend its useful life. We depreciate those capitalized costs over the estimated useful life of the improvement.

Operating Lease Expense

We classify leases of certain railcars and other equipment as operating leases. We record the lease expense associated with these leases in operating lease expense on a straight-line basis. We also classify our leases of office facilities and related administrative assets as operating leases, and we record the associated expense in selling, general and administrative expense. See "Note 6. Leases."

Share-Based Compensation

We base our measurement of share-based compensation expense on the grant date fair value of an award, and we recognize the expense over the requisite service period. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur. For awards accounted for as liability awards, the liability and related compensation expense is adjusted to reflect the fair value of the underlying shares at the end of each reporting period. We recognize compensation expense for these awards over the applicable vesting period. See "Note 12. Share-Based Compensation."

Net Gain on Asset Dispositions

Net gain on dispositions includes gains and losses on sales of operating assets and residual sharing income, which we also refer to as asset remarketing income; non-remarketing disposition gains, primarily from scrapping of railcars; and asset impairment losses. We recognize disposition gains, including non-remarketing gains, upon completion of the sale or scrapping of operating assets. Residual sharing income includes fees we receive from the sale of managed assets, and we recognize these fees upon completion of the underlying transactions.

The following table presents the net gain on asset dispositions for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

(1) See "Note 10. Asset Impairments and Assets Held for Sale" for further information about asset impairment losses.

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense is the interest we accrue on indebtedness and the amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums. We defer debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums and amortize them over the term of the related debt. We report interest expense net of interest income on bank deposits. Interest income on bank deposits was $24.3 million in 2024, $15.2 million in 2023, and $6.4 million in 2022.

Other Expense

We include fair value adjustments on certain financial instruments, gains and/or losses on foreign currency transactions, legal defense costs and litigation settlements, along with other miscellaneous income and expense items in other expense.

NOTE 4. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following table shows supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

(1) Interest paid consisted of interest on debt obligations and interest rate swaps (net of interest received).

NOTE 5. Operating Assets and Facilities

The following table shows the components of our operating assets and facilities as of December 31 (in millions):

The following table shows the components of our total depreciation expense for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

NOTE 6. Leases

GATX as Lessor

We lease railcars, locomotives, aircraft spare engines, and tank containers under full-service and net operating leases. We price full-service leases as an integrated service that includes amounts related to maintenance, insurance, and ad valorem taxes. In accordance with applicable guidance, we do not separate lease and non-lease components when reporting revenue for our full-service operating leases. In some cases, we lease railcars and tank containers that, at commencement, are classified as finance leases. For certain operating leases, revenue is based on equipment usage and is recognized when earned. Typically, our leases do not provide customers with renewal options or options to purchase the asset. Our lease agreements do not generally have residual value guarantees. We collect reimbursements from customers for damage to our railcars, as well as additional rental payments for usage above specified levels, as provided in the lease agreements.

The following table shows the components of our lease revenue for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

In accordance with the terms of our leases with customers, we may earn additional revenue, primarily for customer repairs. This additional revenue is reported in other revenue in the statements of comprehensive income and was $115.8 million, $94.6 million and $81.5 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022.

The following table shows the components of our finance leases as of December 31 (in millions):

The following table shows our future contractual receipts from our noncancelable operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

(1) The future contractual receipts due under our full-service operating leases include executory costs such as maintenance, car taxes, and insurance.

We recorded gains on finance leases of $8.5 million, $12.9 million and $1.0 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022. The gains are reported in net gain on asset dispositions in the statements of comprehensive income.

GATX as Lessee

We lease assets, including railcars at North America, as well as other assets such as offices, maintenance facilities, and other general purpose equipment. Railcars are subleased to customers as part of our normal course of operations. Certain leases have options to purchase the underlying assets early, renew the lease, or purchase the underlying assets at the end of the lease term. The specific terms of the renewal and purchase options vary, and we did not include these amounts in our future contractual rental payments. Additionally, the contractual rental payments do not include amounts we are required to pay for licenses, taxes, insurance, and maintenance. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees. At December 31, 2024, we leased 4,432 railcars at Rail North America, all of which are accounted for as operating leases.

To calculate the right-of-use asset and lease liability for our leases, we use the implicit rate if readily determinable or when the implicit rate is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate. Our incremental borrowing rate is the interest rate we estimate we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term of the lease payments. The implicit rate was measurable for railcars leased at Rail North America. For our other operating leases, we used our incremental borrowing rate. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The following table shows the components of lease expense for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

(1) Total operating lease cost includes amounts recorded in operating lease expense and selling, general and administrative expense. Operating lease cost also includes short-term leases, which are immaterial.

Operating lease cost includes amounts attributable to sale lease-back financing transactions for railcars we lease to customers. Lease revenue of $41.9 million for 2024 was recognized in connection with these operating leases compared to $41.3 million for 2023 and $40.1 million for 2022.

The following table shows the maturities of our lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

The following table shows the lease terms and discount rates related to leases as of December 31:

The following table shows other information related to leases for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

(1) Non-cash financing lease transactions are a result of the reclassification from operating lease liability to finance lease liability upon notice of the intent to exercise an early buy-out option.

In 2024, we exercised options to acquire 728 railcars previously recorded on the balance sheet as a finance lease for $30.4 million, compared to no activity in 2023 and 21 railcars for $1.5 million in 2022.

NOTE 7. Investments in Affiliated Companies

Investments in affiliated companies is composed of investments in domestic and foreign affiliates, and primarily include entities that lease aircraft spare engines.

The following table presents our investments in affiliated companies and our ownership percentage in those companies by segment as of December 31 (in millions):

(1) Combined investment balances of a group of 50% owned domestic and foreign joint ventures with Rolls-Royce.

The following table shows our share of affiliates’ earnings (losses) by segment for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

There were no cash investments in affiliates in any of the periods presented. The following table shows distributions received from affiliates, by segment, for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

Summarized Financial Data of Affiliates

The following table shows the aggregated operating results for the years ended December 31 for the affiliated companies we held at December 31 (in millions):

The following table shows aggregated summarized balance sheet data for our affiliated companies as of December 31 (in millions):

Summarized Financial Data for the RRPF Affiliates

Our affiliate investments include interests in each of the RRPF affiliates, a group of 50% owned domestic and foreign joint ventures with Rolls-Royce plc, a leading manufacturer of commercial aircraft jet engines. The RRPF affiliates are primarily engaged intwo business activities: lease financing of aircraft spare engines to a diverse group of commercial aircraft operators worldwide and lease financing of aircraft spare engines to Rolls-Royce for use in its engine maintenance programs. In aggregate, the RRPF affiliates owned 427 aircraft engines at December 31, 2024, of which 198 were on lease to Rolls-Royce. Aircraft engines are generally depreciated over a useful life of 20 to 30 years to their estimated residual value. Lease terms vary but typically range from 5 to 12 years. Seconded Rolls-Royce employees act as manager for each of the RRPF affiliates and also perform substantially all required maintenance activities. In addition, the RRPF affiliates manage all of GEL's aircraft spare engines, for which we paid them a fee of $4.1 million in 2024, $2.7 million in 2023, and $1.0 million in 2022. Our share of affiliates' earnings (after-tax) from the RRPF affiliates was $82.8 million in 2024, $72.8 million in 2023, and $33.2 million in 2022. In 2022, financial results included $11.5 million (after-tax) of impairment losses related to aircraft spare engines in Russia that RRPF does not expect to recover.

We derived the following financial information from the combined financial statements of the RRPF affiliates.

The following table shows condensed income statements of the RRPF affiliates for the years ending December 31 (in millions):

(1)Represents income taxes directly attributable to the RRPF affiliates in the United Kingdom. Certain of the RRPF affiliates are disregarded entities for income tax purposes and, as a result, income taxes are incurred at the shareholder level.

The following table shows the condensed balance sheets of the RRPF affiliates as of December 31 (in millions):

(1) $3,954.7 million of operating assets were pledged as collateral for long-term debt obligations at December 31, 2024.

The following table shows contractual future lease receipts from noncancelable leases of the RRPF affiliates as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

The following table shows the scheduled principal payments of debt obligations of the RRPF affiliates as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

(1) All debt obligations are nonrecourse to the shareholders.

NOTE 8. Debt

Debt Obligations

The following table shows the outstanding balances of our debt obligations and the applicable interest rates as of December 31 (in millions):

(1) Denominated in euros, but presented in U.S. dollars in this table.

(2) Denominated in Indian rupees, but presented in U.S. dollars in this table.

(3) The loan was originally set to mature in November 2024 but was extended to December 2031 at a new rate of 3.62%.

(4) Term loans were drawn against delayed draw term loans in multiple tranches, resulting in various interest rates for each tranche.

(5) For floating rate debt, the interest disclosed is the applicable interest rate as of December 31, 2024.

The following table shows the weighted-average interest rate and term of our recourse debt as of December 31:

The following table shows the scheduled principal payments of our debt obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

Borrowings Under Bank Credit Facilities

The following table shows the balance and weighted-average interest rate of our borrowings under bank credit facilities as of December 31 (in millions):

Credit Lines and Facilities

In 2024, we entered into a $600 million, 5-year unsecured revolving credit facility in the United States, expiring in May 2029. The facility contains two one-year extension options. This replaced our prior $600 million, 5-year unsecured revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2024, the full $600 million was available under this facility. We also entered into a $350 million 3-year unsecured revolving credit facility in the United States, expiring in May 2027. This facility contains two one-year extension options. This replaced our prior $250 million 3-year unsecured revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2024, the full $350 million was available under this facility.

In 2024, we entered into a new €210 million, 3-year unsecured revolving credit facility in Europe, expiring in December 2027. In total, our European subsidiaries have unsecured credit facilities with an aggregate limit of €245.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, €235.0 million was available under these credit facilities.

Annual commitment fees for GATX's credit facilities were $1.3 million for 2024, $1.1 million for 2023, and $1.2 million for 2022.

Delayed Draw Term Loans

As of December 31, 2024, we had INR 2.0 billion ($23.4 million) available under an outstanding delayed draw term loan in India.

Restrictive Covenants

Our $600 million and $350 million revolving credit facilities in the United States, and our €210 million revolving credit facility in Europe, contain various restrictive covenants, including requirements to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio and an asset coverage test. Our ratio of earnings to fixed charges, as defined in this facility, was 2.0 for the period ended December 31, 2024, which is in excess of the minimum covenant ratio of 1.2. Some of our bank term loans have the same financial covenants as these facilities.

The indentures for our public debt also contain various restrictive covenants, including limitations on liens provisions that restrict the amount of additional secured indebtedness that we may incur. As of December 31, 2024, this limit was $2.4 billion. Additionally, certain exceptions to the covenants permit us to incur an unlimited amount of purchase money and nonrecourse indebtedness.

At December 31, 2024, our European subsidiaries had outstanding term loans, public debt, and private placement debt balances totaling €991.0 million. The loans are guaranteed by GATX Corporation and are subject to similar restrictive covenants as the revolving credit facility noted above.

At December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants and conditions of all of our credit agreements, indentures and loans. We do not anticipate any covenant violations nor do we expect that any of these covenants will restrict our operations or our ability to obtain additional financing.

NOTE 9. Fair Value

The assets and liabilities that GATX records at fair value on a recurring basis consisted entirely of derivatives at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

In addition, we review long-lived assets, such as operating assets and facilities, investments in affiliates, and goodwill, for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable or when assets may be classified as held for sale. We determine the fair value of the respective assets using Level 3 inputs, including estimates of discounted future cash flows, independent appraisals, and market comparables, as applicable.

Certain assets were subject to non-recurring Level 3 fair value measurements during 2024 and 2023 and continue to be held at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The fair value of such assets at the time of their measurement was $0.4 million at December 31, 2024 and $0.8 million at December 31, 2023 and primarily consisted of railcars in both periods. See "Note 10. Asset Impairments and Assets Held for Sale" for further information.

Derivative Instruments

Fair Value Hedges

We use interest rate swaps to manage the fixed-to-floating rate mix of our debt obligations by converting a portion of our fixed rate debt to floating rate debt. For fair value hedges, we recognize changes in fair value of both the derivative and the hedged item as interest expense. We hadfour instruments outstanding with an aggregate notional amount of$200.0 million as of December 31, 2024 with maturities ranging from 2025 to 2027 andfour instruments outstanding with an aggregate notional amount of $200.0 million as of December 31, 2023 with maturities ranging from 2025 to 2027.

Cash Flow Hedges

We use Treasury rate locks and swap rate locks to hedge our exposure to interest rate risk on anticipated transactions. We also use currency swaps, forwards, and put/call options to hedge our exposure to fluctuations in the exchange rates of foreign currencies for certain loans and operating expenses denominated in non-functional currencies. There were no instruments outstanding as of December 31, 2024 andone instrument outstanding with an aggregate notional amount of $131.0 million as of December 31, 2023 that matured in 2024. Within the next 12 months, we expect to reclassify $1.1 million ($0.8 million after-tax) of net losses on previously terminated derivatives from accumulated other comprehensive loss to interest expense. We reclassify these amounts when interest and operating lease expense on the related hedged transactions affect earnings.

Non-Designated Derivatives

We do not hold derivative financial instruments for purposes other than hedging, although certain of our derivatives are not designated as accounting hedges. We recognize changes in the fair value of these derivatives in other expense immediately.

Certain of our derivative instruments contain credit risk provisions that could require us to make immediate payment on net liability positions in the event that we default on certain outstanding debt obligations. The aggregate fair value of our derivative instruments with credit risk related contingent features that were in a liability position was $4.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and $8.0 million as of December 31, 2023. We are not required to post any collateral on our derivative instruments and do not expect the credit risk provisions to be triggered.

In the event that a counterparty fails to meet the terms of an interest rate swap agreement or a foreign exchange contract, our exposure is limited to the fair value of the swap, if in our favor. We manage the credit risk of counterparties by transacting with institutions that we consider financially sound and by avoiding concentrations of risk with a single counterparty. We believe that the risk of non-performance by any of our counterparties is remote.

The following tables show our derivative assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value (in millions):

(1) Designated as hedges.

(2) Not designated as hedges.

We value derivatives using a pricing model with inputs (such as yield curves and foreign currency rates) that are observable in the market or that can be derived principally from observable market data. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all derivatives were classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. There were no derivatives classified as Level 1 or Level 3.

The following table shows the amounts recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of December 31 (in millions):

The following tables show the impact of our derivative instruments on our statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

The following tables show the impact of our fair value and cash flow hedge accounting relationships, as well as the impact of our non-designated derivatives, on the statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

(1) These amounts are substantially offset by foreign currency remeasurement adjustments on related hedged instruments, also recognized in other expense.

(2) Foreign exchange contracts.

Other Financial Instruments

Except for derivatives, as disclosed above, GATX has no other assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, rent and other receivables, accounts payable, and borrowings under bank credit facilities with maturities under one year approximate fair value due to the short maturity of those instruments.

We estimate the fair values of fixed and floating rate debt using discounted cash flow analyses that are based on interest rates currently offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. The inputs we use to estimate each of these values are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because they are directly or indirectly observable inputs.

The following table shows the carrying amounts and fair values of our other financial instruments as of December 31 (in millions):

NOTE 10. Asset Impairments and Assets Held for Sale

In 2022, we made the decision to exit Rail Russia, which was historically reported within the Rail International segment. The net assets of Rail Russia were classified as held for sale and adjusted to the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to dispose. As a result, we recorded impairment losses totaling $14.6 million in 2022. The impairment charges included $1.2 million for the anticipated liquidation of the cumulative translation adjustment. We sold Rail Russia in 2023.

In 2022, we made the decision to sell our five Specialized Gas Vessels within the Engine Leasing segment. The Specialized Gas Vessels were classified as held for sale and adjusted to the lower of their respective carrying amounts or fair value less costs to dispose. As a result, we recorded impairment losses of $34.3 million in 2022 and $1.2 million in 2023. All vessels were sold as of December 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes the components of asset impairments for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

We had no asset impairments in 2024. Impairment losses at Rail International in 2023 were due to declines in value of railcars from functional obsolescence and to the decision to sell Rail Russia in 2022, as noted above. Impairment losses at Engine Leasing in 2023 and 2022 were due to the decision to sell the Specialized Gas Vessels, as noted above.

In the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, impairment losses related to consolidated assets were included in net gain on asset dispositions.

Assets held for sale, all at Rail North America, were $0.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2023. All assets held for sale at December 31, 2024 are expected to be sold within one year and are included in Other Assets on the balance sheet.

NOTE 11. Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits

We maintain both funded and unfunded noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering our domestic employees and the employees of our subsidiaries. We also have a funded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan related to a former business in the United Kingdom that has no active employees. The plans base benefits payable on years of service and/or final average salary. We base our funding policies for the pension plans on actuarially determined cost methods allowable under IRS regulations and statutory requirements in the United Kingdom.

In addition to the pension plans, we have other post-retirement plans that provide health care, life insurance, and other benefits for certain retired domestic employees who meet established criteria. Most domestic employees that retire with immediate benefits under our pension plan are eligible for health care and life insurance benefits. The other post-retirement plans are either contributory or noncontributory, depending on various factors.

Certain lump sum distributions paid to retirees triggered settlement accounting, resulting in the recognition of $1.4 million of expense in 2023.

We use a December 31 measurement date for all of our plans. The following tables show pension obligations, plan assets, and other post-retirement obligations as of December 31 (in millions):

The aggregate accumulated benefit obligation for the defined benefit pension plans was $316.1 million at December 31, 2024 and $334.0 million at December 31, 2023.

The following table shows our pension plans that have a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31 (in millions):

The following table shows our pension plans that have an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31 (in millions):

The following table shows the components of net periodic cost for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

(1) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss.

The service cost component of net periodic cost was $6.2 million in 2024, $5.4 million in 2023, and $7.9 million in 2022 and is recorded in selling, general and administrative expense. The non-service components totaled income of $4.1 million in 2024, income of $2.5 million in 2023, and expense of $10.1 million in 2022 and are recorded in other expense in thestatements of comprehensive income.

We amortize the unrecognized prior service credit using a straight-line method over the average remaining service period of the employees we expect to receive benefits under the plan. We amortize the unrecognized net actuarial loss (gain), which is subject to certain averaging conventions, over the average remaining service period of active employees.

We use the following assumptions to measure the benefit obligation, compute the expected long-term return on assets, and measure the periodic cost for our defined benefit pension plans and other post-retirement benefit plans for the years ended December 31:

We calculate the present value of expected future pension and post-retirement cash flows as of the measurement date using a discount rate. We base the discount rate on yields for high-quality, long-term bonds with durations similar to that of our projected benefit obligation. We base the expected return on our plan assets on current and expected asset allocations, as well as historical and expected returns on various categories of plan assets. We routinely review our historical returns along with current market conditions to ensure our expected return assumption is reasonable and appropriate.

Our investment policies require that asset allocations of domestic and foreign funded pension plans be maintained at certain targets. The following table shows our weighted-average asset allocations of our domestic funded pension plans at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and current target asset allocation for 2024, by asset category:

The following table shows the weighted-average asset allocations of our foreign funded pension plan at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and current target asset allocation for 2023, by asset category:

The following table sets forth the fair value of our pension plan assets as of December 31 (in millions):

(1) In accordance with the relevant accounting standards, investments measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient are not recorded in any specific category of the fair value hierarchy.

The following is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Short-term investment collective trust fund

We value the short-term investment collective trust fund based on the closing net asset values ("NAV") quoted by the funds. The short-term investment collective trust fund is a highly liquid investment in obligations of the U.S. Government, or its agencies or instrumentalities, and the related money market instruments. The short-term investment fund has no restrictions on redemption frequency or advance notice periods required for redemption. The fund seeks to provide safety of principal, daily liquidity, and a competitive yield over the long term.

Common stock collective trust funds and fixed-income collective trust funds

We value common stock collective trust funds and fixed-income collective trust funds based on the closing NAV prices quoted by the funds. None of the collective trust funds have restrictions on redemption frequency or advance notice periods required for redemption. The investment objective of each of the common stock funds is long-term total return through capital appreciation and current income. The fixed-income funds are each designed to deliver safety and stability by preserving principal and accumulated earnings. The fixed-income fund seeks to achieve, over an extended period of time, total returns comparable or superior to broad measures of the long-term domestic investment grade credit bond market.

Real estate collective trust funds

We value real estate collective trust funds based on the NAV provided by the funds' administrators. A lack of liquidity in the funds may limit or delay redemptions. The investment objective of the real estate funds, which are diversified by location and property type, is long-term return through property appreciation, current income, and timely sales.

The primary investing objective of the pension plans is to provide benefits to plan participants and their beneficiaries. To achieve this goal, we invest in a diversified portfolio of equities, debt, and real estate investments to maximize return and to keep long-term investment risk at a reasonable level. Equity investments are diversified across U.S. and non-U.S. stocks, growth and value stocks, and small cap and large cap stocks. Debt securities are predominately investments in long-term, investment-grade corporate bonds. Real estate investments include investments in funds that are diversified by location and property type.

On a timely basis, but not less than twice a year, we formally review pension plan investments to ensure we adhere to investment guidelines and our stated investment approach. Our review also evaluates the reasonableness of our investment decisions and risk positions. We compare our investments' performance to indices and peers to determine if investment performance has been acceptable.

In 2025, we expect to contribute approximately $4.2 million to our pension and other post-retirement benefit plans. Additional contributions to the domestic funded pension plans will depend on investment returns on plan assets and actuarial experience.

The following table shows expected future benefit payments, which reflect expected future service (in millions):

In addition to our defined benefit plans, we havetwo 401(k) retirement savings plans available to substantially all salaried employees and certain other employee groups. We may contribute to the plans as specified by their respective terms and as our Board of Directors determines. Contributions to our 401(k) retirement plans were $4.0 million for 2024, $2.6 million for 2023, and $2.3 million for 2022.

NOTE 12. Share-Based Compensation

We provide equity awards to our employees under the GATX Corporation 2012 Incentive Award Plan, including grants of non-qualified employee stock options, restricted stock units, performance shares, and phantom stock awards and restricted stock units to non-employee directors. As of December 31, 2024,4.9 million shares were authorized under the 2012 Plan and 1.7 million shares were available for future issuance. We recognize compensation expense for our equity awards in selling, general and administrative expenses over the applicable service period of each award. Share-based compensation expense was $23.0 million for 2024, $18.3 million for 2023, and $12.7 million for 2022, and the related tax benefits were $5.8 million for 2024, $4.6 million for 2023, and $3.2 million for 2022.

Stock Options

Stock options entitle the holder to purchase shares of common stock for periods up toseven years from the grant date. Stock options entitle the holder to purchase shares of our common stock at a specified exercise price. The dividends that accrue on all stock options are paid upon vesting and continue to be paid until the stock options are exercised, canceled, or expire. The exercise price for stock options is equal to the average of the high and low trading prices of our common stock on the date of grant. We recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award, which is generally three years.

The estimated fair value of a stock option is the sum of the value we derive using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the present value of dividends we expect to pay over the expected term of the award. The Black-Scholes valuation incorporates various assumptions, including expected term, expected volatility, and risk free interest rates. We base the expected term on historical exercise patterns and post-vesting terminations, and we base the expected volatility on the historical volatility of our stock price over a period equal to the expected term. We use risk-free interest rates that are based on the implied yield on recently-issued U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with a term comparable to the expected term.

The following table shows the weighted-average fair value for our stock options and the assumptions we used to estimate fair value:

The following table shows information about outstanding stock options for the year ended December 31, 2024:

The following table shows the aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised in 2024, 2023, and 2022, and the weighted-average remaining contractual term and aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding and vested as of December 31, 2024:

(a) As of December 31, 2024,948,100 stock options were outstanding.

Total cash received from employees for exercises of stock options during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $32.1 million, $22.3 million, and $30.9 million. As of December 31, 2024, we had $8.8 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

Restricted Stock Units and Performance Shares

Restricted stock units entitle the recipient to receive a specified number of restricted shares of common stock upon vesting. Restricted stock units do not carry voting rights and are not transferable prior to the expiration of a specified restriction period, which is generally three years, as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors ("Compensation Committee"). We accrue dividends on all restricted stock units and pay those dividends when the awards vest. We recognize compensation expense for these awards over the applicable vesting period.

Performance shares are restricted shares that we grant to key employees for achieving certain strategic objectives. The shares convert to common stock at the end of a specified performance period if predetermined performance goals are achieved, as determined by the Compensation Committee. We estimate the number of shares we expect will vest as a result of actual performance against the performance criteria at the time of grant to determine total compensation expense to be recognized. We reevaluate the estimate annually and adjust total compensation expense for any changes to the estimate of the number of shares we expect to vest. The performance shares granted include an option to settle shares earned in cash upon vesting for certain eligible employees. As a result, these awards are accounted for as liability awards and recorded in other liabilities. The liability and related compensation expense is adjusted to reflect the fair value of the underlying shares at the end of each reporting period. We recognize compensation expense for these awards over the applicable vesting period, which is generally three years.

We value our restricted stock units and performance share awards using the average of the high and low values of our common stock on the grant date of the awards. As of December 31, 2024, there was $10.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards, which we expect to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

The following table shows information about restricted stock units and performance shares for the year ended December 31, 2024:

The total fair value of restricted stock units and performance shares that vested during the year was $11.9 million in 2024, $9.7 million in 2023, and $7.7 million in 2022. Cash paid to settle performance share awards was $4.7 million in 2024, $4.1 million in 2023, and $5.5 million in 2022.

Non-Employee Director Awards

We grant awards to non-employee directors as a component of their compensation for service on our board of directors. Currently, these awards are in the form of restricted stock units. Previously, these awards were in the form of phantom stock, which are units that equate to, but are not common shares. Restricted stock unit awards and phantom stock awards are both dividend participating and, for awards that are deferred, dividends are reinvested in additional shares at the average of the high and low trading prices of our stock on the dividend payment date. At the expiration of each director’s service on the board of directors, or in accordance with the deferral election, whole units of both restricted stock units and phantom stock will be settled with shares of common stock, and fractional units will be paid in cash. In 2024, we granted 14,213 units of restricted stock and there were a total of 250,464 restricted stock units and phantom stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

NOTE 13. Income Taxes

The following table shows the components of income before income taxes, excluding affiliates, for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

The following table shows income taxes, excluding domestic and foreign affiliates, for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

The following table is a reconciliation between the federal statutory income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

In 2024, our effective tax rate was 23.0% compared to 23.9% in 2023 and 30.9% in 2022.

The adjustment for foreign earnings in each year reflected the impact of applicable statutory tax rates on income earned at our foreign subsidiaries. Compensation is adjusted for the difference between the deductibility of these expenses under the U.S. tax law versus U.S. GAAP. State income taxes are recognized on domestic pretax income or loss. The amount of our domestic income subject to state taxes relative to our total worldwide income impacts the effect state income tax has on our overall income tax rate.

Separately, our affiliates incurred income taxes of $25.5 million, $25.7 million, and $12.3 million respectively in 2024, 2023, and 2022.

The following table shows the significant components of our deferred tax liabilities and assets as of December 31 (in millions):

Deferred income taxes are the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. We expect at this time to continue reinvestment of foreign earnings outside the U.S. indefinitely. Consequently, our tax provision does not include any deferred tax costs that might arise due to book versus tax basis differences in investments in foreign subsidiaries. Under provisions of the territorial tax system, future dividend distributions from foreign subsidiaries and affiliates are generally exempt from U.S. income tax. Taxes may arise from withholding taxes or on foreign exchange or other gains recognized in connection with the basis differences in our investments in foreign subsidiaries. The ultimate tax cost of repatriating these earnings depends on tax laws in effect and other circumstances at the time of distribution.

At December 31, 2024, we had a U.S. federal tax net operating loss carryforward of $393.2 million that can be carried forward indefinitely until the loss is fully recovered. The utilization of net operating losses carried forward are limited to 80% of future taxable income. We also had foreign tax credits of $0.8 million that expire after 2027. We have recorded a $0.8 million valuation allowance related to these credits, as we believe it is more likely than not that we will be unable to utilize them.

At December 31, 2024, due to a provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"), the deductibility of interest expense may be limited on our federal tax return. Disallowed amounts can be carried forward indefinitely until the expense is fully utilized. As a result of this limitation, we have a federal interest expense carryforward amount of $356.5 million.

At December 31, 2024, we had state tax net operating losses of $37.4 million, net of federal benefits that are scheduled to expire at various times beginning in 2025. We have recorded a $20.4 million valuation allowance related to state net operating losses, as we believe it is more likely than not that we will be unable to use all of these losses. Also, as a result of the provision in the Tax Act limiting the deductibility of interest expense on our federal tax return, as referenced above, we had a corresponding state interest limitation of $11.4 million that can be carried forward indefinitely until the expense is fully utilized.

At December 31, 2024, we had foreign net operating losses of $4.4 million, with various carryforward periods. It is more likely than not that we will be able to use these losses in the future, and therefore, no valuation allowance is required at this time.

At December 31, 2024, our gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits was $8.3 million. Of this amount, $8.1 million is attributed to our foreign operations. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. To the extent interest is not assessed or is otherwise reduced with respect to uncertain tax positions, we will record any required adjustment as a reduction of income tax expense.

We file one separate federal income tax return and one consolidated federal income tax return with our domestic subsidiaries in the U.S. jurisdiction, as well as tax returns in various state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2024, all audits or statutes of limitations with respect to our federal tax returns for years prior to 2021 have been closed or expired. Additionally, we currently have no open federal income tax audits, no open state income tax audits, and three of our foreign jurisdictions have open income tax audits.

NOTE 14. Concentrations

Concentration of Revenues

We derived revenue from a wide range of industries and companies. In 2024, we generated approximately 25% of our total revenues from customers in the transportation industry,24% from the chemical industry,22% from the petroleum industry,12% from food/agriculture industries and 5% from the mining, minerals and aggregates industry. Our foreign identifiable revenues were primarily derived in Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, Poland and India.

Concentration of Credit Risk

We did not have revenue concentrations greater than 10% from any particular customer for any of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Under our lease agreements with customers, we typically retain legal ownership of the assets unless such assets have been financed by sale-leasebacks. We perform a credit evaluation prior to approval of a lease contract. Subsequently, we monitor the creditworthiness of the customer and the value of the collateral on an ongoing basis. We maintain an allowance for losses to provide for credit losses inherent in our receivables balances.

Concentration of Labor Force

As of December 31, 2024, collective bargaining agreements covered approximately 39% of our employees, of which agreements covering 2% of employees will expire within the next year. The hourly employees at our U.S. service centers are represented by the United Steelworkers. Employees atthree of Rail North America's Canadian service centers are represented by Unifor and the Employee Shop Committee of Rivière-des-Prairies. Certain employees of GATX Rail Europe are represented byone union in Poland.

NOTE 15. Commercial Commitments

We have entered into various commercial commitments, including standby letters of credit, performance bonds, and guarantees related to certain transactions. These commercial commitments require us to fulfill specific obligations in the event of third-party demands. Similar to our balance sheet investments, these commitments expose us to credit, market, and equipment risk. Accordingly, we evaluate these commitments and other contingent obligations using techniques similar to those we use to evaluate funded transactions.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had commercial commitments of $8.7 million, consisting of standby letters of credit and performance bonds. There were no liabilities recorded on the balance sheet for commercial commitments at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, our outstanding commitments expire in 2025 through 2028. We are not aware of any event that would require us to satisfy any of our commitments.

We are parties to standby letters of credit and performance bonds, which primarily relate to contractual obligations and general liability insurance coverages. No material claims have been made against these obligations, and no material losses are anticipated.

NOTE 16. Earnings per Share

We compute basic and diluted earnings per share using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation calculation that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating security. Our vested and exercisable stock options contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents and are classified as participating securities in the calculation of EPS. Our unvested stock options, restricted stock units, performance shares and non-employee director awards do not contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents and are therefore not classified as participating securities. See "Note 3. Significant Accounting Policies" for more detail of our EPS calculation methodology.

The following table shows the computation of our basic and diluted earnings per common share for the years ended December 31 (in millions, except per share amounts):

(*) Sum of individual components may not be additive due to rounding.

NOTE 17. Goodwill

Our goodwill was $114.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and $120.0 million as of December 31, 2023. In the fourth quarter of 2024, we performed a review for impairment of goodwill, and concluded that goodwill was not impaired. The following table summarizes the components of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

(1) Goodwill relates to our rail operations in Europe at the Rail International segment and Trifleet at the Other segment.

The changes in the carrying amount of our goodwill for 2024 resulted from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

NOTE 18. Allowance for Losses

The following table shows changes in the allowance for losses at December 31 (in millions):

NOTE 19. Other Assets and Other Liabilities

The following table shows the components of other assets reported on our balance sheets as of December 31 (in millions):

The following table shows the components of other liabilities reported on our balance sheets as of December 31 (in millions):

NOTE 20. Shareholders’ Equity

On January 25, 2019, our board of directors ("Board") approved a $300 million share repurchase program, pursuant to which we are authorized to purchase shares of our common stock in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise, including pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 plans. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date, does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of common stock, and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The timing of share repurchases will be dependent on market conditions and other factors. During 2024, we repurchased 167,452 shares of common stock for $21.9 million. In 2023, we purchased 24,520 shares of common stock for $2.6 million. In 2022, we repurchased 472,609 shares of common stock for $47.2 million.

In accordance with our certificate of incorporation,120 million shares of common stock are authorized, at a par value of $0.625 per share. As of December 31, 2024,69.1 million shares were issued and 35.6 million shares were outstanding.

The following shares of common stock were reserved as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

Our certificate of incorporation also authorizes five million shares of preferred stock at a par value of $1.00 per share. We had no outstanding shares of preferred stock as of December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

NOTE 21. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following table shows the change in components for accumulated other comprehensive loss (in millions):

(1) See "Note 9. Fair Value" and "Note 11. Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits" for impacts of the reclassification adjustments on the statements of comprehensive income.

NOTE 22. Foreign Operations

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we did not derive revenues in excess of 10% of our consolidated revenues from any one foreign country. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the United Kingdom was the only foreign country that held more than 10% of our identifiable assets.

The following table shows our domestic and foreign revenues and identifiable assets for the years ended or as of December 31 (in millions):

NOTE 23. Legal Proceedings and Other Contingencies

Various legal actions, claims, assessments, and other contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business are pending against GATX and certain of our subsidiaries. These matters are subject to many uncertainties, and it is possible that some of these matters could ultimately be decided, resolved, or settled adversely.

Norfolk Southern Train Derailment in East Palestine, Ohio

On June 30, 2023, a third-party complaint was filed by Norfolk Southern Railway Company and Norfolk Southern Corporation (collectively, “Norfolk Southern”) against GATX and several other parties in the Northern District of Ohio (Eastern Division) for contribution and recovery of environmental damages related to the derailment of a Norfolk Southern train in East Palestine, Ohio that included railcars owned by GATX Corporation. The Company filed a motion to dismiss Norfolk Southern's third-party complaint on September 15, 2023. On March 6, 2024, the Court granted GATX's and the other third-party defendants’ motions and dismissed all Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA") claims. The Court also dismissed all state law claims, declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over them in light of its dismissal of the CERCLA claims. On March 26, 2024, Norfolk Southern moved the Court for entry of partial final judgment as to the order dismissing the third-party complaint in order to appeal before final judgment the Court’s dismissal order as to GATX and the other third-party defendants. The Court has not yet ruled on Norfolk Southern’s motion. In the interim, on May 23, 2024, Norfolk Southern entered into a Consent Decree settling claims with the United States Department of Justice and Environmental Protection Agency (but not the State of Ohio) to which GATX is not a party.

On July 25, 2023, a separate third-party complaint was filed by Norfolk Southern against GATX and two other defendants in the Northern District of Ohio (Eastern Division) for contribution to personal injury and property damages class claims related to the derailment of the Norfolk Southern train in East Palestine, Ohio. The plaintiffs who had originally filed the complaint against Norfolk Southern ("Plaintiffs") themselves subsequently filed direct claims against GATX and the two other third-party defendants alleging many of the same facts as Norfolk Southern. On September 15, 2023, the Company filed a motion to dismiss Norfolk Southern's third-party complaint, and on September 26, 2023, filed a motion to dismiss the Plaintiffs' complaint. Briefing was completed on October 30, 2023, and the Court issued an order on March 13, 2024, denying in part, and granting in part, the Company’s motion against Norfolk Southern and Plaintiffs. The Court held that Norfolk Southern’s contribution action was premature and dismissed the claim without prejudice but otherwise allowed the remaining claims against GATX to proceed. The Court also dismissed Plaintiffs’ claim for medical monitoring but held that Plaintiffs could seek such damages through their other claims, which could proceed. The Court also consolidated an additional action filed against GATX and others titled Almasy, et al. v. Norfolk Southern Corp., et al. by over 40 individual residents, employees and property owners in East Palestine, Ohio. Plaintiffs and Norfolk Southern reached a settlement for $600 million to resolve the consolidated class action claims of those within a 20-mile radius from the derailment, and, for those residents who choose to participate, personal injury claims within a 10-mile radius from the derailment. On September 25, 2024, the Court held a final approval hearing and two days later issued its final approval order for the settlement. To date, a handful of appeals challenging the fairness, reasonableness and adequacy of the settlement have been filed with the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. On October 9, 2024, all parties to the litigation filed motions for summary judgment for the pending claims. All motions have been fully briefed and are pending. The Court has indicated that rulings are imminent. Norfolk Southern has requested and has been granted leave to reinstate its contribution claims against GATX and others. Trial is currently scheduled for March 31, 2025.

On December 8, 2023, GATX and three other defendants were named as additional defendants in a putative class action lawsuit originally filed in federal court in Pennsylvania against Norfolk Southern by four Pennsylvania school districts and their students. The allegations largely mirror those in the action filed in federal court in Ohio. The amended complaint seeks monetary damages for the Pennsylvania plaintiffs for personal injury and property damage allegedly related to the derailment. The Company and other defendants filed a motion to dismiss on February 23, 2024. Briefing has been completed and the motions remain pending and undecided. The Court has not set any further deadlines.

GATX recently learned of two new lawsuits filed on February 3, 2025, in the Court of Common Pleas, Franklin County, Ohio on behalf of approximately 750 plaintiffs, of whom approximately 184 have opted out of the prior settlement agreements with Norfolk Southern or were not included and are now suing GATX and approximately 30 other defendants. The remaining plaintiffs who opted into the settlement with Norfolk Southern (approximately 550) are not suing GATX.

The Company is vigorously defending itself against each of these lawsuits. At this time, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the loss or range of loss, if any, that may ultimately be incurred in connection with any of these lawsuits and has not established any accruals for potential liability related to this incident.

Other Litigation

GATX and its subsidiaries have been named as defendants in various legal actions and claims, governmental proceedings, and private civil suits arising in the ordinary course of business, including environmental matters, workers’ compensation claims, and other personal injury claims. Some of these proceedings include claims for punitive as well as compensatory damages. Several of our subsidiaries have also been named as defendants or co-defendants in cases alleging injury caused by exposure to asbestos. The plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount of damages based on common law, statutory, or premises liability. In addition, demand has been made against GATX for asbestos-related claims under limited indemnities given in connection with the sale of certain of our former subsidiaries. These matters are subject to many uncertainties, and it is possible that some of these matters could ultimately be decided, resolved, or settled adversely.

Litigation Accruals

We have recorded accruals totaling $4.9 million at December 31, 2024 for losses related to those litigation matters that we believe to be probable and for which an amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. However, we cannot determine a reasonable estimate of the maximum possible loss or range of loss for these matters given that they are at various stages of the litigation process and each case is subject to the inherent uncertainties of litigation (such as the strength of our legal defenses and the availability of insurance recovery). Although the maximum amount of liability that may ultimately result from any of these matters cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, management expects that none of the matters for which we have recorded an accrual, when ultimately resolved, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or liquidity. It is possible, however, that the ultimate resolution of one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular quarter or year if such resolution results in liability that materially exceeds the accrued amount.

In addition, we have other litigation matters pending for which we have not recorded any accruals because our potential liability for those matters is not probable or cannot be reasonably estimated based on currently available information. For those matters where we have not recorded an accrual but a loss is reasonably possible, we cannot determine a reasonable estimate of the maximum possible loss or range of loss for these matters given that they are at various stages of the litigation process and each case is subject to the inherent uncertainties of litigation (such as the strength of our legal defenses and the availability of insurance recovery). Although the maximum amount of liability that may ultimately result from any of these matters cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, management expects that none of the matters for which we have not recorded an accrual, when ultimately resolved, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or liquidity. It is possible, however, that the ultimate resolution of one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular quarter or year if such resolution results in a significant liability for GATX.

Environmental

Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Our operating procedures include practices to protect the environment from the risks inherent in full service railcar leasing, which involves maintaining railcars used by customers to transport chemicals and other hazardous materials. Under some environmental laws in the U.S. and certain other countries, the owner of a leased transportation asset may be liable for environmental damage and cleanup or other costs in the event of a spill or discharge of material from such asset without regard to the owner’s fault. While our standard forms of lease agreements require the lessee to indemnify us against environmental claims and to carry liability insurance coverage, such indemnities and insurance may not fully protect us against claims for environmental damage. Additionally, some of our real estate holdings, including previously owned properties, are or have been used for industrial or transportation-related purposes or leased to commercial or industrial companies whose activities might have resulted in discharges on the property. As a result, we are subject to environmental cleanup and enforcement actions. In particular, CERCLA, also known as the Superfund law, as well as similar state laws, impose joint and several liability for cleanup and enforcement costs on current and former owners and operators of a site without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct. If there are other potentially responsible parties (“PRPs”), we generally contribute to the cleanup of these sites through cost-sharing agreements with terms that vary from site to site. Costs are typically allocated based on the relative volumetric contribution of material, the period of time the site was owned or operated, and/or the portion of the site owned or operated by each PRP.

At the time a potential environmental issue is identified, initial accruals for environmental liability are established when such liability is determined to be probable and a reasonable estimate of the associated costs can be made. Costs are estimated based on the type and level of investigation and/or remediation activities that our internal environmental staff (and where appropriate, independent consultants) have advised to be necessary to comply with applicable laws and regulations. Activities include surveys and environmental studies of potentially contaminated sites as well as costs for remediation and restoration of sites determined to be contaminated. In addition, we have provided indemnities for potential environmental liabilities to buyers of divested companies. In these instances, accruals are based on the scope and duration of the respective indemnities together with the extent of known contamination. Estimates are periodically reviewed and adjusted as required to reflect additional information about facility or site characteristics or changes in regulatory requirements. We conduct a quarterly environmental contingency analysis, which considers a combination of factors including independent consulting reports, site visits, legal reviews, analysis of the likelihood of participation in and the ability of other PRPs to pay for cleanup, and historical trend analyses.

We are involved in administrative and judicial proceedings and other voluntary and mandatory cleanup efforts at 9 sites, including Superfund sites, for which we are contributing to the cost of performing the study or cleanup, or both, of alleged environmental contamination. As of December 31, 2024, we have recorded accruals of $12.0 million for remediation and restoration costs that we believe to be probable and for which the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. These amounts are included inother liabilities on our balance sheet. Our environmental liabilities are not discounted.

We did not materially change our methodology for identifying and calculating environmental liabilities in the last three years. Currently, no known trends, demands, commitments, events or uncertainties exist that are reasonably likely to occur and materially affect the methodology or assumptions described above.

The recorded accruals represent our best estimate of all costs for remediation and restoration of affected sites, without reduction for anticipated recoveries from third parties, and include both asserted and unasserted claims. However, we are unable to provide a reasonable estimate of the maximum potential loss associated with these sites because cleanup costs cannot be predicted with certainty. Various factors beyond our control can impact the amount of loss GATX will ultimately incur with respect to these sites, including the extent of corrective actions that may be required; evolving environmental laws and regulations; advances in environmental technology, the extent of other parties' participation in cleanup efforts; developments in periodic environmental analyses related to sites determined to be contaminated, and developments in environmental surveys and studies of potentially contaminated sites. As a result, future charges associated with these sites could have a significant effect on results of operations in a particular quarter or year if the costs materially exceed the accrued amount as individual site studies and remediation and restoration efforts proceed. However, management believes it is unlikely that the ultimate cost to GATX for any of these sites, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or liquidity.

NOTE 24. Financial Data of Business Segments

The financial data presented below depicts the profitability, financial position, and capital expenditures of each of our business segments.

We lease, operate, manage, and remarket long-lived, widely used assets, primarily in the rail market. We report our financial results through three primary business segments: Rail North America, Rail International, and Engine Leasing (previously named Portfolio Management). Financial results for Trifleet are reported in the Other segment.

Rail North America is composed of our operations in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Rail North America primarily provides railcars pursuant to full-service leases under which it maintains the railcars, pays ad valorem taxes and insurance, and provides other ancillary services.

Rail International is an aggregation of our operating segments in Europe ("GATX Rail Europe" or "GRE"), India ("Rail India") and, until January 31, 2023, Rail Russia. In 2023, we completed the sale of Rail Russia. GRE primarily leases railcars to customers throughout Europe pursuant to full-service leases under which it maintains the railcars and provides value-added services according to customer requirements. Rail India primarily leases railcars to customers in India pursuant to net leases, under which the lessee assumes responsibility for maintenance of the railcars.

As previously disclosed, we changed the name of our Portfolio Management business segment to Engine Leasing in 2024 to reflect the prospective operations of the segment. Historically, this business segment included marine operations from our Specialized Gas Vessels. As of December 31, 2023, we had sold all of our marine assets and no longer have any marine operations.

Engine Leasing is now almost entirely composed our engine leasing operations, which include our ownership interest in the RRPF affiliates, a group of joint ventures with Rolls-Royce that lease aircraft spare engines, and GEL, our business that directly owns aircraft spare engines that are leased to airline customers or employed in engine capacity agreements.

Other includes Trifleet operations, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses, income taxes, and certain other amounts not allocated to the segments.

Segment profit is an internal performance measure reported to GATX's President and Chief Executive Officer, our chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), for purposes of assessing performance and allocating capital and resources to each segment. Segment profit includes all revenues, expenses, pre-tax earnings from affiliates, and net gains on asset dispositions that are directly attributable to each segment. We allocate interest expense to the segments based on what we believe to be the appropriate risk-adjusted borrowing costs for each segment. Segment profit excludes selling, general and administrative expenses, income taxes, and certain other amounts not allocated to the segments. We have disclosed in each segment the significant expense categories that are reviewed by the CODM, and there are no additional significant expenses within the expense categories presented in the segment tables. The CODM uses segment profit during the annual budget and forecasting processes and considers comparisons of actual segment profit against budget, forecast, and prior periods to assess current period performance and when making decisions about allocating capital and resources to each segment.

The following tables show certain segment data for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (in millions):