AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CO INC

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

AEP Consolidated Earnings Attributable to Common Shareholders

Earnings Attributable to AEP Common Shareholders increased from $397 million in 2023 to $1,003 million in 2024 primarily due to:

•A favorable impact from the receipt of PLRs in 2024 related to the treatment of NOLCs in retail rate making. See “NOLCs in Retail Jurisdictions - IRS PLRs” section below for additional information.

•Favorable rate proceedings in AEP’s various jurisdictions.

•Investment in transmission assets, which resulted in higher revenues and income.

•An increase in sales volumes driven by favorable weather and increased load in the commercial customer class.

•A loss on the sale of the competitive contracted renewables portfolio in 2023.

See “Results of Operations” section for additional information by operating segment.

Customer Demand

AEP’s weather-normalized retail sales volumes for the first quarter of 2024 increased by 2.9% from the first quarter of 2023. Weather-normalized residential sales decreased by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2024 from the first quarter of 2023. Weather-normalized commercial sales increased by 10.5% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023. The increase in commercial sales was primarily due to new data center loads and economic development. AEP’s first quarter 2024 industrial sales volumes increased by 0.4% from the first quarter of 2023.

Supply Chain Disruption and Inflation

The Registrants have experienced certain supply chain disruptions driven by several factors including international tensions and the ramifications of regional conflict, increased demand due to the economic recovery from the pandemic, inflation, labor shortages in certain trades and shortages in the availability of certain raw materials. These supply chain disruptions have not had a material impact on the Registrants’ net income, cash flows and financial condition, but have extended lead times for certain goods and services and have contributed to higher prices for fuel, materials, labor, equipment and other needed commodities. Management has implemented risk mitigation strategies in an attempt to mitigate the impacts of these supply chain disruptions.

The United States economy has experienced a significant level of inflation that has contributed to increased uncertainty in the outlook of near-term economic activity, including whether the pace of inflation will continue to moderate. A prolonged continuation or a further increase in the severity of supply chain and inflationary disruptions could result in additional increases in the cost of certain goods, services and cost of capital and further extend lead times which could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

2024 SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS AND TRANSACTIONS

NOLCs in Retail Jurisdictions - IRS PLRs

The Registrants have made rate filings with state commissions to transition to stand-alone treatment of NOLCs in retail rate making. The Registrants completed the transition in Tennessee, West Virginia and Virginia prior to 2024. In the most recent I&M, PSO and SWEPCo base rate cases, the companies filed to transition to stand-alone rate making which was contingent upon a supportive PLR from the IRS.

In April 2024, supportive PLRs for certain retail jurisdictions were received from the IRS, effective March 2024. The PLRs concluded NOLCs on a stand-alone rate making basis should be included in rate base and should also be included in the computation of Excess ADIT regulatory liabilities to be refunded to customers. Based on this conclusion, I&M, PSO and SWEPCo recognized regulatory assets related to revenue requirement amounts to be collected from customers, reduced Excess ADIT regulatory liabilities and recorded favorable impacts to net income in the first quarter of 2024 as shown in the table below:

(a)Primarily relates to a $224 million remeasurement of Excess ADIT Regulatory Liabilities partially offset by $29 million of tax expense on favorable pretax income from the recognition of regulatory assets.

Planned Sale of AEP Energy and AEP Onsite Partners

AEP management has continued a strategic evaluation of AEP’s portfolio of businesses with a focus on core regulated utility operations, risk mitigation and simplification. As a result of these efforts, the following decisions have recently been made with respect to AEP Energy and AEP Onsite Partners.

AEP Energy

In October 2022, AEP initiated a strategic evaluation for its ownership in AEP Energy, a wholly-owned retail energy supplier that offers electricity and natural gas on a price risk managed basis to residential, commercial and industrial customers. AEP Energy provides various energy solutions in Illinois, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio and Washington, D.C. AEP Energy had approximately 954,000 customer accounts as of March 31, 2024. In April 2023, AEP management completed the strategic evaluation of AEP Energy and initiated a sale process. The timing of the completion of the sales process is dependent upon a number of factors. AEP is currently targeting the sales process to be completed in mid-2024. At conclusion of this process, AEP may decide to retain its interest in AEP Energy. Depending on the outcome of the sales process, it could reduce future net income and impact financial condition.

AEP Onsite Partners

In April 2023, AEP initiated a sales process for its ownership in AEP Onsite Partners. AEP OnSite Partners targets opportunities in distributed solar, combined heat and power, energy storage, waste heat recovery, energy efficiency, peaking generation and other energy solutions. As of March 31, 2024, AEP OnSite Partners owned projects located in 21 states, including approximately 102 MWs of installed solar capacity and three solar projects under construction totaling approximately 9 MWs. As of March 31, 2024, the net book value of these assets was $349 million. The timing of the completion of the sales process is dependent upon a number of factors. AEP is currently targeting the sales process to be completed in mid-2024. At conclusion of this process, AEP may decide to retain its interest in AEP Onsite Partners.

AEP Onsite Partners also owned a 50% interest in NMRD. The NMRD portfolio consisted of 9 operating solar projects totaling 185 MWs and 6 projects totaling 440 MWs in development. In December 2023, AEP and the joint owner signed an agreement to sell NMRD to a nonaffiliated third party and the sale was completed in February 2024. AEP received cash proceeds of approximately $107 million, net of taxes and transaction costs. The transaction did not have a material impact on net income or financial condition. See the “Disposition of NMRD” section of Note 6 for additional information.

Voluntary Severance Program

In April 2024, management announced a voluntary severance program designed to achieve a reduction in the size of AEP’s workforce and help offset increasing Other Operation and Maintenance expenses due to inflation in order to keep electricity costs affordable for customers. Approximately 7,400 of AEP’s 16,800 employees are eligible to participate in the program. Participating employees will receive two weeks of base pay for every year of service with a minimum of four weeks and a maximum of 52 weeks of base pay. Management expects to record a charge to expense in the second quarter of 2024 related to this voluntary severance program. At this time, management is unable to predict the impact on net income, cash flows and financial condition, but the amount may be material.

Federal Tax Legislation

In August 2022, President Biden signed H.R. 5376 into law, commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or IRA.

In June 2023, the IRS issued temporary regulations related to the transfer of tax credits. In 2023, AEP, on behalf of PSO, SWEPCo and AEP Energy Supply, LLC, entered into transferability agreements with nonaffiliated parties to sell 2023 generated PTCs resulting in cash proceeds of approximately $174 million with $102 million received in 2023, $62 million received in the first quarter of 2024 and the remaining $10 million was received in April 2024. AEP expects to continue to explore the ability to efficiently monetize its tax credits through third party transferability agreements.

I&M’s Cook Plant qualifies for the transferable Nuclear PTC, which is available for tax years beginning in 2024 through 2032. The Nuclear PTC is calculated based on electricity generated and sold to third-parties and is subject to a “reduction amount” as the facility’s gross receipts increase above a certain threshold. Due to lack of guidance and uncertainty surrounding the computation of gross receipts, AEP and I&M are unable to estimate the amount of the Nuclear PTCs earned as of March 31, 2024 and have not included any Nuclear PTCs in the annualized effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2024. See Note 11 - Income Taxes for additional information.

New Generation to Support Reliability

The growth of AEP’s regulated generation portfolio reflects the company’s commitment to meet customer’s energy and capacity needs while balancing cost and reliability.

Significant Approved Generation Filings

AEP has received regulatory approvals from various state regulatory commissions to acquire approximately 2,811 MWs of owned renewable generation facilities, totaling approximately $6.6 billion, in addition to 612 MWs of renewable purchase power agreements, as included in the following table:

(a)PSO issued notices to proceed for the construction of two wind facilities and one solar facility for a combined total capacity of 477 MWs that will have an approximate cost of $1 billion. These facilities reflect the first of the approved projects contemplated within PSO’s 996 MWs of total new renewable generation.

(b)Includes approvals by the APSC and LPSC for 999 MWs of owned projects. Additionally, the LPSC approved the flex-up option, allowing SWEPCo to provide additional service to Louisiana customers and recover the portion of the projects denied by the PUCT.

(c)SWEPCo issued notice to proceed for the construction of a 200 MW capacity wind facility that will have an approximate cost of $425 million. This facility is the first of the approved projects contemplated within SWEPCo’s 799 MWs of total new renewable wind generation.

In addition to the generation projects in the table above, AEP enters into Capacity Purchase Agreements (CPA) to satisfy operating companies capacity reserve margins to serve customers. The following table includes CPA amounts currently under contract, by year:

Significant Generation Requests for Proposal (RFP)

The table below includes RFPs recently issued for both owned and purchased power generation. Unless otherwise noted, RFPs issued are all-source solicitations for accredited capacity. Projects selected will be subject to regulatory approval.

(a)RFP is seeking nameplate capacity proposals from various types of generation. Actual MWs by technology type depends on the portfolio of projects selected and individual contribution toward meeting I&M’s overall capacity need.

(b)RFP is seeking proposals for PPAs only.

Regulatory Matters - Utility Rates and Rate Proceedings

The Registrants are involved in rate cases and other proceedings with their regulatory commissions in order to establish fair and appropriate electric service rates to recover their costs and earn a fair return on their investments. Depending on the outcomes, these rate cases and proceedings can have a material impact on results of operations, cash flows and possibly financial condition. AEP is currently involved in the following key proceedings.

The following tables show the Registrants’ completed and pending base rate case proceedings in 2024. See Note 4 - Rate Matters for additional information.

Completed Base Rate Case Proceedings

(a)See “2022 Oklahoma Base Rate Case” section of Note 4 in the 2023 Annual Report for additional information.

(b)See “2020-2022 Virginia Triennial Review” section of Note 4 in the 2023 Annual Report for additional information.

(c)See “2023 Kentucky Base Rate and Securitization Case” section of Note 4 in the 2023 Annual Report for additional information.

Pending Base Rate Case Proceedings

Other Significant Regulatory Matters

Ohio ESP Filings

In January 2023, OPCo filed an application with the PUCO to approve an ESP that included proposed rate adjustments, proposed new riders and the continuation and modification of certain existing riders, including the DIR, effective June 2024 through May 2030. The proposal includes a return on common equity of 10.65% on capital costs for certain riders. In June 2023, intervenors filed testimony opposing OPCo’s plan for various new riders and modifications to existing riders, including the DIR. In September 2023, OPCo and certain intervenors filed a settlement agreement with the PUCO addressing the ESP application. The settlement included a four year term from June 2024 through May 2028, an ROE of 9.7% and continuation of a number of riders including the DIR subject to revenue caps. In April 2024, the PUCO issued an order approving the settlement agreement.

SWEPCo 2012 Texas Base Rate Case

In 2012, SWEPCo filed a request with the PUCT to increase annual base rates primarily due to the completion of the Turk Plant. In 2013, the PUCT issued an order affirming the prudence of the Turk Plant but determined that the Turk Plant’s Texas jurisdictional capital cost cap established in a previous Certificate of Convenience and Necessity case also limited SWEPCo’s recovery of AFUDC in addition to limits on its recovery of cash construction costs. Upon rehearing in 2014, the PUCT reversed its initial ruling and determined that AFUDC was excluded from the Turk Plant’s Texas jurisdictional capital cost cap. In 2017, the Texas District Court upheld the PUCT’s 2014 order and intervenors filed appeals with the Texas Third Court of Appeals. In August 2021, the Texas Third Court of Appeals reversed the Texas District Court judgment affirming the PUCT’s order on AFUDC, concluding that the language of the PUCT’s original 2008 order intended to include AFUDC in the Texas jurisdictional capital cost cap, and remanded the case to the PUCT for future proceedings. In November 2021, SWEPCo and the PUCT submitted Petitions for Review with the Texas Supreme Court. In October 2022, the Texas Supreme Court denied the Petitions for Review submitted by SWEPCo and the PUCT. In December 2022, SWEPCo and the PUCT filed requests for rehearing with the Texas Supreme Court. In June 2023, the Texas Supreme Court denied SWEPCo’s request for rehearing and the case was remanded to the PUCT for future proceedings. In October 2023, SWEPCo filed testimony with the PUCT in the remanded proceeding recommending no refund or disallowance.

On December 14, 2023, the PUCT approved a preliminary order stating the PUCT will not address SWEPCo’s request that would allow the PUCT to find cause to allow SWEPCo to exceed the Texas jurisdictional capital cost cap in the current remand proceeding. As a result of the PUCT’s approval of the preliminary order, SWEPCo believes it is probable the PUCT will disallow capitalized AFUDC in excess of the Texas jurisdictional capital cost cap and recorded a pretax, non-cash disallowance of $86 million in the fourth quarter of 2023. Such determination may reduce SWEPCo’s future revenues by approximately $15 million on an annual basis. On December 21, 2023, SWEPCo filed a motion with the PUCT for reconsideration of the preliminary order. In January 2024, the PUCT denied the motion for reconsideration of the preliminary order.

The PUCT’s December 2023 approval of the preliminary order determined that it will address, in the ongoing PUCT remand proceeding, any potential revenue refunds to customers that may be required by future PUCT orders. In January 2024, the PUCT established a procedural schedule for the remand proceeding. On March 1, 2024, SWEPCo filed supplemental direct testimony with the PUCT in response to the December 2023 preliminary order. On March 8, 2024, intervenors and the PUCT staff filed a motion with the PUCT to strike portions of SWEPCo’s October 2023 direct testimony and March 2024 supplemental direct testimony. On March 19, 2024, the ALJ granted portions of the motion which included removal of testimony supporting SWEPCo’s position that refunds are not appropriate. On March 28, 2024, SWEPCo filed an appeal of the ALJ decision with the PUCT. A decision by the PUCT on the appeal is expected in the second quarter of 2024. In April 2024, intervenors and PUCT staff submitted testimony recommending customer refunds through December 2023 ranging from $149 million to $197 million, including carrying charges, with refund periods ranging from 18 months to 48 months. A hearing is scheduled for May 2024. Although SWEPCo does not currently believe any refunds are probable of occurring, SWEPCo estimates it could be required to make customer refunds, including interest, ranging from $0 to $200 million related to revenues collected from February 2013 through March 2024.

FERC 2021 PJM and SPP Transmission Formula Rate Challenge

The Registrants transitioned to stand-alone treatment of NOLCs in its PJM and SPP transmission formula rates beginning with the 2022 projected transmission revenue requirements and 2021 true-up to actual transmission revenue requirements, and provided notice of this change in informational filings made with the FERC. Stand-alone treatment of the NOLCs for transmission formula rates increased the annual revenue requirements for years 2024, 2023, 2022 and 2021 by $52 million, $60 million, $69 million and $78 million, respectively.

In January 2024, the FERC issued two orders granting formal challenges by certain unaffiliated customers related to stand-alone treatment of NOLCs in the 2021 Transmission Formula Rates of the AEP transmission owning subsidiaries within PJM and SPP. The FERC directed the AEP transmission owning subsidiaries within PJM and SPP to provide refunds with interest on all amounts collected for the 2021 rate year, and for such refunds to be reflected in the annual update for the next rate year. In February 2024, AEPSC on behalf of the AEP transmission owning subsidiaries within PJM and SPP filed requests for rehearing. In March 2024, the FERC denied AEPSC’s requests for rehearing of the January 2024 orders by operation of law and stated it may address the requests for rehearing in future orders. In March 2024, AEPSC submitted refund compliance reports to the FERC, which preserve the non-finality of the FERC’s January 2024 orders pending further proceedings on rehearing and appeal. In April 2024, AEP made filings with the FERC which request that the FERC: (a) reopen the record so that the FERC may take the IRS PLRs received in April 2024 regarding the treatment of stand-alone NOLCs in ratemaking into evidence and consider them in substantive orders on rehearing, and (b) stay its January 2024 orders and related compliance filings and refunds to provide time for consideration of the April 2024 IRS PLRs. The Registrants have not yet been directed to make cash refunds related to the 2024, 2023 or 2022 rate years.

As a result of the January 2024 FERC orders, the Registrants’ balance sheets reflect a liability for the probable refund of all NOLC revenues included in transmission formula rates for years 2024, 2023, 2022 and 2021, with interest. The probable refunds to affiliated and nonaffiliated customers are reflected as Deferred Credits and Other Noncurrent Liabilities on the balance sheets, with the exception of amounts expected to be refunded within one year which are reflected in Other Current Liabilities. Refunds probable to be received by affiliated companies, resulting in a reduction to affiliated transmission expense, were deferred as an increase to Regulatory Liabilities or a reduction to Regulatory Assets on the balance sheets where management expects that refunds would be returned to retail customers through authorized retail jurisdiction rider mechanisms.

Merchant Portion of Turk Plant

SWEPCo constructed the Turk Plant, a base load 600 MW (650 MW net maximum capacity) pulverized coal ultra-supercritical generating unit in Arkansas, which was placed in-service in December 2012 and is included in the Vertically Integrated Utilities segment. SWEPCo owns 73% (440 MWs/477 MWs) of the Turk Plant and operates the facility. As of March 31, 2024, the net book value of the Turk Plant was $1.4 billion, before cost of removal including CWIP and inventory.

Approximately 20% of SWEPCo’s portion of the Turk Plant output is currently not subject to cost-based rate recovery in Arkansas. This portion of the plant’s output is being sold into the wholesale market. Approximately 80% of the Turk Plant investment is recovered under retail cost-based rate recovery in Texas, Louisiana and through SWEPCo’s wholesale customers under FERC-approved rates. In November 2022, SWEPCo filed a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity with the APSC for approval to operate the Turk Plant to serve Arkansas customers and recover the associated costs through a cost recovery rider. Cost-based recovery of the Turk Plant would aid SWEPCo’s near-term capacity needs and support compliance with SPP’s 2023 increased capacity planning reserve margin requirements. In April 2023, intervenors filed testimony recommending the APSC deny the Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity on the basis that the Turk Plant is not the least cost alternative. In March 2024, the APSC issued an order denying SWEPCo’s request to allow the merchant portion of the Turk Plant to serve Arkansas customers. As a result of the APSC’s March 2024 order, SWEPCo recorded a $32 million favorable impact to net income as a result of the reduction to the regulatory liability related to the merchant portion of Turk Plant Excess ADIT.

Kentucky Securitization Case

In January 2024, the KPSC issued a financing order approving KPCo’s request to securitize certain regulatory assets balances as of the time securitization bonds are issued and concluding that costs requested for recovery through securitization were prudently incurred. The KPSC’s financing order includes certain additional requirements related to securitization bond structuring, marketing, placement, and issuance that were not reflected in KPCo’s proposal. In accordance with Kentucky statutory requirements and the financing order, the issuance of the securitized bonds is subject to final review by the KPSC after bond pricing. KPCo expects to proceed with the securitized bond issuance process and to complete the securitization process in the second half of 2024, subject to market conditions. As of March 31, 2024, regulatory asset balances expected to be recovered through securitization total $476 million and include: (a) $288 million of plant retirement costs, (b) $79 million of deferred storm costs related to 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 major storms, (c) $46 million of deferred purchased power expenses, (d) $62 million of under-recovered purchased power rider costs and (e) $1 million of deferred issuance-related expenses including KPSC advisor expenses. If any of these costs are not recoverable, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

Investigation of the Service, Rates and Facilities of KPCo

In June 2023, the KPSC issued an order directing KPCo to show cause why it should not be subject to Kentucky statutory remedies, including fines and penalties, for failure to provide adequate service in its service territory. The KPSC’s show cause order did not make any determination regarding the adequacy of KPCo’s service. In July 2023, KPCo filed a response to the show cause order demonstrating that it has provided adequate service. In December 2023 and February 2024, KPCo and certain intervenors filed testimony with the KPSC. In February 2024, KPCo filed a motion to strike and exclude intervenor testimony. In March 2024, the KPSC denied KPCo’s February 2024 motion. A hearing is expected in 2024. If any fines or penalties are levied against KPCo relating to the show cause order, it could reduce net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

KPCo Fuel Adjustment Clause (FAC) Review

In December 2023, KPCo received intervenor testimony in its FAC review for the two-year period ending October 31, 2022, recommending a disallowance ranging from $44 million to $60 million of its total $432 million purchased power cost recoveries as a result of proposed modifications to the ratemaking methodology that limits purchased power costs recoverable through the FAC. A hearing was held in February 2024 and an order is expected in the second quarter of 2024. If any fuel costs are not recoverable or refunds are ordered, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

Deferred Fuel Costs

Increases in fuel and purchased power costs in excess of amounts included in fuel-related revenues has led to an increase in the under collection of fuel costs from customers in several jurisdictions in recent years. To help ease the financial burden on customers, certain state commissions have issued orders allowing recovery of these costs over periods exceeding the traditional jurisdictional FAC terms. The table below illustrates the current and noncurrent under-recovered fuel regulatory asset balances, by jurisdiction, impacted by these orders. If any of these deferred fuel costs are not recoverable, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition. See Note 4 - Rate Matters for additional information.

(a)In September 2023, APCo submitted a filing with the Virginia SCC requesting to extend the previously authorized recovery period through October 2024 to October 2025. Interim Virginia FAC rates were implemented in November 2023. The Virginia SCC staff analyzed APCo’s fuel procurement activities and concluded the procurement practices were reasonable and prudent and have recommended no disallowances. In March 2024, the Hearing Examiner issued a report on APCo’s Virginia fuel update filing that did not recommend any disallowances. The Hearing Examiner’s report recommended leaving the review of APCo fuel costs for 2021 and 2022 open for further evaluation. An order from the Virginia SCC is expected in the first half of 2024.

(b)In January 2024, the WVPSC issued a final order which approved the recovery of $321 million ($174 million attributable to APCo and $147 million attributable to WPCo) of under-recovered ENEC regulatory assets as of February 28, 2023 over 10 years beginning September 1, 2024. In February 2024, the Companies filed briefs with the West Virginia Supreme Court to initiate an appeal of this order.

(c)In September 2022, the Director of the Public Utility Division of the OCC approved a Fuel Cost Adjustment rate designed to collect a $402 million deferred fuel balance through December 2024. In April 2024, the OCC issued an order confirming the prudency of the 2022 fuel and purchased power expenses.

(d)In September 2023, the PUCT issued an order approving an unopposed settlement agreement that provides recovery of $81 million of Oxbow mine and Sabine related fuel costs through 2035.

Ohio House Bill 6 (HB 6)

In July 2019, HB 6, which offered incentives for power-generating facilities with zero or reduced carbon emissions, was signed into law by the Ohio Governor. HB 6 terminated energy efficiency programs as of December 31, 2020, including OPCo’s shared savings revenues of $26 million annually and phased out renewable mandates after 2026. HB 6 also provided for continued recovery of existing renewable energy contracts on a bypassable basis through 2032 and included a provision for continued recovery of OVEC costs through 2030 which is allocated to all electric distribution utility customers in Ohio on a non-bypassable basis. OPCo’s Inter-Company Power Agreement for OVEC terminates in June 2040. In July 2020, an investigation led by the U.S. Attorney’s Office resulted in a federal grand jury indictment of the Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives, Larry Householder, four other individuals, and Generation Now, an entity registered as a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization, in connection with an alleged racketeering conspiracy involving the adoption of HB 6. Certain defendants in that case had previously plead guilty and, in March 2023, a federal jury convicted Larry Householder and another individual of participating in the racketeering conspiracy. In 2021, four AEP shareholders filed derivative actions purporting to assert claims on behalf of AEP against certain AEP officers and directors. See “Litigation Related to Ohio House Bill 6” section of Litigation below for additional information.

In March 2021, the Governor of Ohio signed legislation that, among other things, repealed the payments to the nonaffiliated owner of Ohio’s nuclear power plants that were previously authorized under HB 6. The new legislation, House Bill 128, went into effect in May 2021 and leaves unchanged other provisions of HB 6 regarding energy efficiency programs, recovery of renewable energy costs and recovery of OVEC costs. To the extent that the law changes or OPCo (a) is unable to recover the costs of renewable energy contracts on a bypassable basis by the end of 2032, (b) is unable to recover costs of OVEC after 2030 or (c) incurs significant costs associated with the derivative actions, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

LITIGATION

In the ordinary course of business, AEP is involved in employment, commercial, environmental and regulatory litigation. Since it is difficult to predict the outcome of these proceedings, management cannot predict the eventual resolution, timing or amount of any loss, fine or penalty. Management assesses the probability of loss for each contingency and accrues a liability for cases that have a probable likelihood of loss if the loss can be estimated. Adverse results in these proceedings have the potential to reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition. See Note 4 – Rate Matters and Note 5 – Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies for additional information.

Litigation Related to Ohio House Bill 6 (HB 6)

In 2019, Ohio adopted and implemented HB 6 which benefits OPCo by authorizing rate recovery for certain costs including renewable energy contracts and OVEC’s coal-fired generating units. OPCo engaged in lobbying efforts and provided testimony during the legislative process in connection with HB 6. In July 2020, an investigation led by the U.S. Attorney’s Office resulted in a federal grand jury indictment of an Ohio legislator and associates in connection with an alleged racketeering conspiracy involving the adoption of HB 6. After AEP learned of the criminal allegations against the Ohio legislator and others relating to HB 6, AEP, with assistance from outside advisors, conducted a review of the circumstances surrounding the passage of the bill. Management does not believe that AEP was involved in any wrongful conduct in connection with the passage of HB 6.

In August 2020, an AEP shareholder filed a putative class action lawsuit in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio against AEP and certain of its officers for alleged violations of securities laws. In December 2021, the district court issued an opinion and order dismissing the securities litigation complaint with prejudice, determining that the complaint failed to plead any actionable misrepresentations or omissions. The plaintiffs did not appeal the ruling.

In January 2021, an AEP shareholder filed a derivative action in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio purporting to assert claims on behalf of AEP against certain AEP officers and directors. In February 2021, a second AEP shareholder filed a similar derivative action in the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County, Ohio. In April 2021, a third AEP shareholder filed a similar derivative action in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio and a fourth AEP shareholder filed a similar derivative action in the Supreme Court for the State of New York, Nassau County. These derivative complaints allege the officers and directors made misrepresentations and omissions similar to those alleged in the putative securities class action lawsuit filed against AEP. The derivative complaints together assert claims for: (a) breach of fiduciary duty, (b) waste of corporate assets, (c) unjust enrichment, (d) breach of duty for insider trading and (e) contribution for violations of sections 10(b) and 21D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and seek monetary damages and changes to AEP’s corporate governance and internal policies among other forms of relief. The court entered a scheduling order in the New York state court derivative action staying the case other than with respect to briefing the motion to dismiss. AEP filed substantive and forum-based motions to dismiss in April 2022. In June 2022, the Ohio state court entered an order continuing the stays of that case until the final resolution of the consolidated derivative actions pending in Ohio federal district court. In September 2022, the New York state court granted the forum-based motion to dismiss with prejudice and the plaintiff subsequently filed a notice of appeal with the New York appellate court. In January 2023, the New York plaintiff filed a motion to intervene in the pending Ohio federal court action and withdrew his appeal in New York. The two derivative actions pending in federal district court in Ohio have been consolidated and the plaintiffs in the consolidated action filed an amended complaint. AEP filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint and subsequently filed a brief in opposition to the New York plaintiffs’ motion to intervene in the consolidated action in Ohio. In March 2023, the federal district court issued an order granting the motion to dismiss with prejudice and denying the New York plaintiffs’ motion to intervene. In April 2023, one of the plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit of the Ohio federal district court order dismissing the consolidated action and denying the intervention. The defendants will continue to defend against the claims. Management does not believe the range of potential losses that is reasonably possible of occurring will have a material impact on results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

In March 2021, AEP received a litigation demand letter from counsel representing a purported AEP shareholder. The litigation demand letter was directed to the Board of Directors of AEP (AEP Board) and contained factual allegations involving HB 6 that were generally consistent with those in the derivative litigation filed in state and federal court. The shareholder that sent the letter has since withdrawn the litigation demand, which is now terminated and of no further effect. In April 2023, AEP received a litigation demand from counsel representing the purported AEP shareholder who filed the dismissed derivative action in New York state court and unsuccessfully tried to intervene in the consolidated derivative actions in Ohio federal court. The litigation demand letter is directed to the AEP Board and contains factual allegations involving HB 6 that are generally consistent with those in the derivative litigation filed in state and federal court. The letter demands, among other things, that the AEP Board undertake an independent investigation into alleged legal violations by certain current and former directors and officers, and that AEP commence a civil action for breaches of fiduciary duty and related claims against any individuals who allegedly harmed AEP. The AEP Board considered the 2023 litigation demand letter and formed a committee of the Board (the “Demand Review Committee”) to investigate, review, monitor and analyze the allegations in the letter and make a recommendation to the AEP Board regarding a reasonable and appropriate response to the same. The AEP Board will act in response to the letter as appropriate. Management does not believe the range of potential losses that is reasonably possible of occurring will have a material impact on results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

In May 2021, AEP received a subpoena from the SEC’s Division of Enforcement seeking various documents, including documents relating to the passage of HB 6 and documents relating to AEP’s policies and financial processes and controls. In August 2022, AEP received a second subpoena from the SEC seeking various additional documents relating to its ongoing investigation. AEP is cooperating fully with the SEC’s investigation, which has included taking testimony from certain individuals and inquiries regarding Empowering Ohio’s Economy, Inc., which is a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization, and related disclosures. The SEC staff has advanced its discussions with certain parties involved in the investigation, including AEP, concerning the staff’s intentions regarding potential claims under the securities laws. AEP and the SEC are engaged in discussions about a possible resolution of the SEC’s investigation and potential claims under the securities laws. Any resolution or filed claims, the outcome of which cannot be predicted, may subject AEP to civil penalties and other remedial measures. Discussions are continuing and management does not believe the range of potential losses that is reasonably possible of occurring as a result of this investigation, or possible resolution thereof, will have a material impact on results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Claims for Indemnification Made by Owners of the Gavin Power Station

In November 2022, the Federal EPA issued a final decision denying Gavin Power LLC’s requested extension to allow a CCR surface impoundment at the Gavin Power Station to continue to receive CCR and non-CCR waste streams after April 11, 2021 until May 4, 2023 (the Gavin Denial). As part of the Gavin Denial, the Federal EPA made several assertions related to the CCR Rule (see “CCR Rule” section below for additional information), including an assertion that the closure of the 300 acre unlined fly ash reservoir (FAR) is noncompliant with the CCR Rule in multiple respects. The Gavin Power Station was formerly owned and operated by AEP and was sold to Gavin Power LLC and Lightstone Generation LLC in 2017. Pursuant to the PSA, AEP maintained responsibility to complete closure of the FAR in accordance with the closure plan approved by the Ohio EPA which was completed in July 2021. The PSA contains indemnification provisions, pursuant to which the owners of the Gavin Power Station have notified AEP they believe they are entitled to indemnification for any damages that may result from these claims, including any future enforcement or litigation resulting from any determinations of noncompliance by the Federal EPA with various aspects of the CCR Rule consistent with the Gavin Denial. The owners of the Gavin Power Station have also sought indemnification for landowner claims for property damage allegedly caused by modifications to the FAR. Management does not believe that the owners of the Gavin Power Station have any valid claim for indemnity or otherwise against AEP under the PSA. In addition, Gavin Power LLC, several AEP subsidiaries, and other parties have filed Petitions for Review of the Gavin Denial with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Management is unable to determine a range of potential losses that is reasonably possible of occurring. In January 2024, Gavin Power LLC also filed a complaint with the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, alleging various violations of the Administrative Procedure Act and asserting that the Federal EPA, through its prior inaction, has waived and is estopped from raising certain objections raised in the Gavin Denial. Management cannot predict the outcome of that litigation.

Litigation Regarding Justice Thermal Coal Contract

In December 2023, APCo filed a suit in the Franklin County Ohio Court of Common Pleas seeking a declaratory judgment confirming APCo’s right to terminate a long-term coal contract with Justice Thermal LLC (“Justice Thermal”) based on Justice Thermal’s failure to perform under the contract. APCo terminated that contract in January 2024, and in April 2024 APCo filed an amended complaint seeking a declaration that the termination was proper and also seeking damages for Justice Thermal’s breach of contract. Justice Thermal filed an answer and counterclaim in April 2024, contesting the validity of the contract termination and asserting counterclaims. Justice Thermal’s counterclaims allege that APCo breached the contract, assert a claim for fraud relating to APCo’s alleged fabrication of coal sample analyses, and seek damages. APCo will continue to pursue its claims and defend against the counterclaims. Management is unable to determine a range of potential losses that is reasonably possible of occurring.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

AEP has a substantial capital investment program and incurs additional operational costs to comply with environmental control requirements. Additional investments and operational changes will be made in response to existing and anticipated requirements to reduce emissions from fossil generation and in response to rules governing the beneficial use and disposal of coal combustion by-products, clean water and renewal permits for certain water discharges.

AEP is engaged in litigation about environmental issues, was notified of potential responsibility for the clean-up of contaminated sites and incurred costs for disposal of SNF and future decommissioning of the nuclear units. Management is engaged in the development of possible future requirements including the items discussed below.

AEP will seek recovery of expenditures for pollution control technologies and associated costs from customers through rates in regulated jurisdictions. Environmental rules could result in accelerated depreciation, impairment of assets or regulatory disallowances. If AEP cannot recover the costs of environmental compliance, it would reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

Impact of Environmental Compliance on the Generating Fleet

The rules and environmental control requirements discussed below will have a material impact on AEP’s operations. As of March 31, 2024, AEP owned generating capacity of approximately 23,200 MWs, of which approximately 10,700 MWs were coal-fired. In April 2024, the Federal EPA announced four major new rules directed at fossil-fuel electric generation facilities. Management continues to evaluate the impacts of these rules on the plans for the future of AEP’s generating fleet, in particular, the economic feasibility of making the requisite environmental investments on AEP’s fossil generation fleet. AEP continues to refine the cost estimates of complying with these rules to identify the best alternative for ensuring compliance with all of the rules while meeting AEP’s obligations to provide reliable and affordable electricity.

The costs of complying with new rules may also change based on: (a) potential state rules that impose additional more stringent standards, (b) additional rulemaking activities in response to court decisions, (c) actual performance of the pollution control technologies installed, (d) changes in costs for new pollution controls, (e) new generating technology developments, (f) total MWs of capacity retired and replaced, including the type and amount of such replacement capacity, and (g) other factors.

Clean Air Act Requirements

The CAA establishes a comprehensive program to protect and improve the nation’s air quality and control sources of air emissions. The states implement and administer many of these programs and could impose additional or more stringent requirements. The primary regulatory programs that continue to drive investments in AEP’s existing generating units include: (a) periodic revisions to NAAQS and the development of SIPs to achieve more stringent standards, (b) implementation of the regional haze program by the states and the Federal EPA, (c) regulation of hazardous air pollutant emissions under MATS, (d) implementation and review of CSAPR and (e) the Federal EPA’s regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil generation under Section 111 of the CAA. Notable developments in significant CAA regulatory requirements affecting AEP’s operations are discussed in the following sections.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The Federal EPA periodically reviews and revises the NAAQS for criteria pollutants under the CAA. Revisions tend to increase the stringency of the standards, which in turn may require AEP to make investments in pollution control equipment at existing generating units, or, since most units are already well controlled, to make changes in how units are dispatched and operated. In February 2024, the Federal EPA finalized a new more stringent annual primary PM 2.5 standard.

Areas with air quality that does not meet the new standard will be designated by the Federal EPA as “nonattainment,” which will trigger an obligation for states to revise their SIPs to include additional requirements, resulting in further emission reductions to ensure that the new standard will be met. Areas around some of AEP’s generating facilities may be deemed nonattainment, which may require those facilities to install additional pollution controls or to implement operational constraints. The nonattainment designations by the Federal EPA and the subsequent SIP revisions by the affected states will take some time to complete; therefore, management cannot reasonably estimate the impact on AEP’s operations, cash flows, net income or financial condition.

Regional Haze

The Federal EPA issued a Clean Air Visibility Rule (CAVR) in 2005, which could require power plants and other facilities to install best available retrofit technology to address regional haze in federal parks and other protected areas. CAVR is implemented by the states, through SIPs, or by the Federal EPA, through FIPs. In 2017, the Federal EPA revised the rules governing submission of SIPs to implement the visibility programs. Petitions for review of the final rule revisions have been filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

The Federal EPA disapproved portions of the Texas regional haze SIP and finalized a FIP that allows participation in the CSAPR ozone season program to satisfy the NOX regional haze obligations for electric generating units in Texas. Additionally, the Federal EPA finalized an intrastate SO 2 emissions trading program based on CSAPR allowance allocations. Legal challenges to these various rulemakings are pending in both the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Management cannot predict the outcome of that litigation, although management supports the intrastate trading program as a compliance alternative to source-specific controls and has intervened in the litigation in support of the Federal EPA.

Cross-State Air Pollution Rule

CSAPR is a regional trading program that the Federal EPA began implementing in 2015, which was originally designed to address interstate transport of emissions that contribute significantly to non-attainment and interfere with maintenance of the 1997 ozone NAAQS and the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS in downwind states. CSAPR relies on SO 2 and NOX allowances and individual state budgets to compel further emission reductions from electric utility generating units. Interstate trading of allowances is allowed on a restricted basis. The Federal EPA has revised, or updated, the CSAPR trading programs several times since they were established.

In January 2021, the Federal EPA finalized a revised CSAPR, which substantially reduced the ozone season NOX budgets for several states, including states where AEP operates, beginning in ozone season 2021. AEP has been able to meet the requirements of the revised rule over the first few years of implementation, and is evaluating its compliance options for later years, when the budgets are further reduced.

In addition, in February 2023, the Federal EPA Administrator finalized the disapproval of interstate transport SIPs submitted by 19 states, including Texas, addressing the 2015 Ozone NAAQS. The Federal EPA disapproved interstate transport SIPs submitted by additional states soon thereafter. Disapproval of the SIPs provided the Federal EPA with authority to impose a FIP for those states, replacing the SIPs that were disapproved. In August 2023, a FIP went into effect that further revised the ozone season NOX budgets under the existing CSAPR program in states to which the FIP applies. Several states and industry parties initiated legal challenges to the Federal EPA’s SIP disapprovals, and at the request of those parties, the courts have stayed SIP disapprovals for several states, including some states in which AEP operates. The Federal EPA has issued interim rules staying the FIP for states where the courts have stayed the underlying SIP disapprovals for the period while the judicial stays of the SIP disapprovals remain in place. The disapproval of SIPs and implementation of FIPs continues to be subject to extensive litigation. Management will continue to monitor the outcome of this litigation and the development of SIPs for any potential impact to operations.

Climate Change, CO 2 Regulation and Energy Policy

In April 2024, the Administrator of the Federal EPA signed new greenhouse gas standards and guidelines for new and existing fossil-fuel fired sources. The rule relies on carbon capture and sequestration and natural gas co-firing as means to reduce CO 2 emissions from coal fired plants and carbon capture and sequestration to reduce CO 2 emissions from new gas turbines. The Federal EPA deferred the finalization of standards for existing gas turbines until later in 2024. AEP is in the early stages of evaluating and identifying the best strategy for complying with this and other new rules, discussed below, while ensuring the adequacy of resources to meet customer needs. AEP is also evaluating potential legal challenges to the rule.

Even in the absence of federal regulatory requirements to reduce CO 2 emissions, AEP has already taken action to reduce and offset CO 2 emissions from its generating fleet. AEP expects CO 2 emissions from its operations to continue to decline due to the retirement of some of its coal-fired generation units, and actions taken to diversify the generation fleet and increase energy efficiency where there is regulatory support for such activities. Certain states where AEP has generating facilities have passed legislation establishing renewable energy, alternative energy and/or energy efficiency requirements that can assist in reducing carbon emissions.

AEP routinely submits IRPs in various regulatory jurisdictions to address future generation and capacity needs. These IRPs take into account economics, customer demand, grid reliability and resilience, regulations and RTO capacity requirements. The objective of the IRPs is to recommend future generation and capacity resources that provide the most cost-efficient and reliable power to customers. In October 2022, AEP announced new intermediate and long-term CO 2 emission reduction goals. AEP adjusted its near-term CO 2 emission reduction target from a 2000 baseline to a 2005 baseline, upgraded its 80% reduction by 2030 target to include full Scope 1 emissions and accelerated its net-zero goal by five years to 2045 for Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. AEP’s total Scope 1 GHG estimated emissions in 2023 were approximately 44.5 million metric tons, a 67% reduction according to the GHG Protocol, which excludes emission reductions that result from assets that have been sold, or a 71% reduction from AEP’s 2005 Scope 1 GHG emissions (inclusive of emission reductions that result from plants that have been sold).

AEP has made significant progress in reducing CO 2 emissions from its power generation fleet and expects its emissions to continue to decline over the long-term. AEP also expects Scope 1 GHG emissions to vary annually depending on the mix of its own generation and purchased power used to serve customers. AEP’s ability to achieve these goals is dependent upon a number of factors including continuing to provide the most cost-efficient and reliable power to customers, having regulatory support to execute on renewable resource plans, evolving RTO requirements, the advancement of carbon-free generation technologies, customer demand for carbon-free energy, potential tariffs, carbon policy and regulation, operational performance of renewable generation and supply chain costs and constraints.

Excessive costs to comply with environmental regulations have led to the announcement of early plant closures across the country. The Federal EPA’s new GHG rules and the suite of other new rules announced simultaneously and directed at the fossil-fuel fired electric utility industry, see discussion of other rules below, and could force AEP to close additional coal-fired generation facilities earlier than their estimated useful life. If AEP is unable to recover the costs of its investments, it would reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

MATS Rule

In April 2024, the Federal EPA issued a revised MATS rule for power plants. The rule includes a more stringent standard for emissions of filterable PM for coal-fired electric generating units, as well as a new mercury standard for lignite-fired electric generating units. The rule also requires the installation and operation of continuous emissions monitors for PM. Management is evaluating the impacts of the rule, but does not anticipate any significant challenges complying with the rule.

CCR Rule

The Federal EPA’s CCR rule regulates the disposal and beneficial re-use of CCR, including fly ash and bottom ash created from coal-fired generating units and FGD gypsum generated at some coal-fired plants. The original rule applied to active and inactive CCR landfills and surface impoundments at facilities of active electric utility or independent power producers. With revisions announced in April 2024, the scope of the rule has expanded significantly, to include inactive impoundments at inactive facilities (“legacy CCR surface impoundments”) as well as to establish requirements for currently exempt solid waste management units that involve the direct placement of CCR on the land (“CCR management units”).

In 2020, the Federal EPA revised the original CCR rule to include a requirement that unlined CCR storage ponds cease operations and initiate closure by April 11, 2021. The revised rule provides two options that allow facilities to extend the date by which they must cease receipt of coal ash and close the ponds.

The first option provides an extension to cease receipt of CCR no later than October 15, 2023 for most units, and October 15, 2024 for a narrow subset of units; however, the Federal EPA’s grant of such an extension requires a satisfactory demonstration of the need for additional time to develop alternative ash disposal capacity and will be limited to the soonest timeframe technically feasible to cease receipt of CCR. Additionally, each request must undergo formal review, including public comments, and be approved by the Federal EPA. AEP filed applications for additional time to develop alternative disposal capacity at the various plants.

In January 2022, the Federal EPA proposed to deny several extension requests filed by the other utilities based on allegations that those utilities are not in compliance with the CCR Rule (the January Actions). In November 2022, the Federal EPA finalized one of these denials (the Gavin Denial, discussed above). The Federal EPA’s allegations of noncompliance rely on new interpretations of the CCR Rule requirements. The January Actions of the Federal EPA and the Gavin Denial have been challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit as unlawful rulemaking that revises the existing CCR Rule requirements without proper notice and without opportunity for comment. Management is unable to predict the outcome of that litigation or how it may impact the Federal EPA’s interpretation of the CCR Rule.

In July 2022, the Federal EPA proposed conditional approval of the pending extension request for APCo’s Mountaineer Plant. The Federal EPA alleged that the Mountaineer Plant was not fully compliant with the CCR Rule. In December 2022, AEP withdrew the pending extension request for the Mountaineer Plant as work to construct new CCR disposal facilities was completed and the extension was no longer needed. In addition, AEP ceased receiving ash in the other ponds subject to the extension requests, completed construction of new, CCR Rule compliant facilities and withdrew all of the remaining applications for additional time to develop alternative disposal capacity.

Under the second option for obtaining an extension of the April 11, 2021 deadline to cease operation of unlined impoundments, a generating facility may continue operating its existing impoundments without developing alternative CCR disposal, provided the facility commits to cease combustion of coal by a date certain. Under this option, a generating facility had until October 17, 2023 to cease coal-fired operations and to close CCR storage ponds 40 acres or less in size, or through October 17, 2028 for facilities with CCR storage ponds greater than 40 acres in size. Pursuant to this option, AEP informed the Federal EPA of its intent to retire the Pirkey Plant and cease using coal at the Welsh Plant. In March 2023, the Pirkey Plant was retired. To date, the Federal EPA has not taken any action on the pending extension request for the Welsh Plant.

In April 2024, the Federal EPA finalized revisions to the CCR Rule to expand the scope of the rule to include inactive impoundments at inactive facilities (“legacy CCR surface impoundments”) as well as to establish requirements for currently exempt solid waste management units that involve the direct placement of CCR on the land (“CCR management units”). The Federal EPA is requiring that owners and operators of legacy surface impoundments comply with all of the existing CCR Rule requirements applicable to inactive CCR surface impoundments at active facilities, except for the location restrictions and liner design criteria. The rule establishes compliance deadlines for legacy surface impoundments to meet regulatory requirements, including a requirement to initiate closure within five years after the effective date of the final rule. The rule requires evaluations to be completed at both active facilities and inactive facilities with one or more legacy surface impoundments. AEP is evaluating the applicability of the rule to current and former plant sites and is working to develop estimates of compliance costs, which are expected to be material, including costs to upgrade or close and replace legacy CCR surface impoundments and to conduct any required remedial actions including removal of coal ash.

Closure and post-closure estimated costs for facilities subject to the original CCR Rule have been included in ARO in accordance with the requirements in the Federal EPA’s original CCR rule. Material ARO revisions will be necessary to address the expanded scope of facilities subject to the revised rule. Additional material ARO revisions may occur on a site-by-site basis if groundwater monitoring activities conclude that corrective actions are required to mitigate groundwater impacts. AEP may incur significant additional costs complying with the Federal EPA’s CCR Rule, including costs to upgrade or close and replace surface impoundments and landfills used to manage CCR and to conduct any required remedial actions including removal of coal ash.

AEP would need to seek cost recovery through regulated rates, including proposing new regulatory mechanisms for cost recovery where existing mechanisms are not applicable, for which regulatory approval cannot be assured. The rule could have a material adverse impact on net income, cash flows and financial condition if AEP cannot ultimately recover any additional costs of compliance. Management is also evaluating potential legal challenges to the revised rule.

Clean Water Act Regulations

The Federal EPA’s ELG rule for generating facilities establishes limits for FGD wastewater, fly ash and bottom ash transport water and flue gas mercury control wastewater, which are to be implemented through each facility’s wastewater discharge permit. A revision to the ELG rule, published in October 2020, established additional options for reusing and discharging small volumes of bottom ash transport water, provided an exception for retiring units and extended the compliance deadline to a date as soon as possible beginning one year after the rule was published but no later than December 2025. Management has assessed technology additions and retrofits to comply with the rule and the impacts of the Federal EPA’s actions on facilities’ wastewater discharge permitting for FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water. For affected facilities that must install additional technologies to meet the ELG rule limits, permit modifications were filed in January 2021 that reflect the outcome of that assessment. AEP continues to work with state agencies to finalize permit terms and conditions. Other facilities opted to file Notices of Planned Participation (NOPP), pursuant to which the facilities are not required to install additional controls to meet ELG limits provided they make commitments to cease coal combustion by a date certain. In April 2024, the Federal EPA finalized further revisions to the ELG rule that establish a zero liquid discharge standard for FGD wastewater, bottom ash transport water, and managed combustion residual leachate, as well as more stringent discharge limits for unmanaged combustion residual leachate. The revised rule provides a new compliance alternative that would avoid the need to install zero liquid discharge systems for facilities that comply with the 2020 rule’s control technology requirements and commit to retire by 2024. Management is evaluating the compliance alternatives in the rule, taking into consideration the requirements of the other new rules and their combined impacts to operations. Management is also evaluating potential legal challenges to the rule.

The definition of “waters of the United States” has been subject to rule making and litigation which has led to inconsistent scope among the states. Management will continue to monitor developments in rule making and litigation for any potential impact to operations.

Impact of Environmental Regulation on Coal-Fired Generation

Compliance with extensive environmental regulations requires significant capital investment in environmental monitoring, installation of pollution control equipment, emission fees, disposal, remediation and permits. Management continuously evaluates cost estimates of complying with these regulations which may result in a decision to retire coal-fired generating facilities earlier than their currently estimated useful lives.

The table below summarizes the net book value, as of March 31, 2024, of generating facilities retired or planned for early retirement in advance of the retirement date currently authorized for ratemaking purposes:

(a)Net book value, including CWIP excluding cost of removal and materials and supplies.

(b)These amounts represent the amount of annual depreciation that has been collected from customers over the prior 12-month period.

(c)Northeastern Plant, Unit 3 is currently being recovered through 2040.

(d)Represents Arkansas and Texas jurisdictional share.

(e)As part of the 2021 Arkansas Base Rate Case, the APSC granted SWEPCo regulatory asset treatment. SWEPCo will request recovery including a weighted average cost of capital carrying charge through a future proceeding. The Texas share of the Pirkey Plant will be addressed in SWEPCo’s next base rate case. See the “Coal-Fired Generation Plants” section of Note 4 for additional information.

(f)In November 2020, management announced it will cease using coal at the Welsh Plant in 2028. Management is evaluating a potential conversion to natural gas after 2028 for both units.

(g)Welsh Plant, Unit 1 is being recovered through 2027 in the Louisiana jurisdiction and through 2037 in the Arkansas and Texas jurisdictions. Welsh Plant, Unit 3 is being recovered through 2032 in the Louisiana jurisdiction and through 2042 in the Arkansas and Texas jurisdictions.

Management is seeking or will seek regulatory recovery, as necessary, for any net book value remaining when the plants are retired. To the extent the net book value of these generation assets is not deemed recoverable, it could materially reduce future net income, cash flows and impact financial condition.

AEP’s Reportable Segments

AEP’s primary business is the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Within its Vertically Integrated Utilities segment, AEP centrally dispatches generation assets and manages its overall utility operations on an integrated basis because of the substantial impact of cost-based rates and regulatory oversight. Intersegment sales and transfers are generally based on underlying contractual arrangements and agreements. AEP’s reportable segments are as follows:

•Vertically Integrated Utilities

•Transmission and Distribution Utilities

•AEP Transmission Holdco

•Generation & Marketing

The remainder of AEP’s activities are presented as Corporate and Other, which is not considered a reportable segment. See Note 8 - Business Segments for additional information on AEP’s segments.

The following discussion of AEP’s results of operations by operating segment provides a comparison of Earnings Attributable to AEP Common Shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. For AEP’s Vertically Integrated Utilities and Transmission and Distribution Utilities segment and subsidiary registrants within these segments, the results include revenues from rate rider mechanisms designed to recover fuel, purchased power and other recoverable expenses such that the revenues and expenses associated with these items generally offset and do not affect Earnings Attributable to AEP Common Shareholders. For additional information regarding the financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 see the discussions of Results of Operations by Subsidiary Registrant.

The following tables present Earnings (Loss) Attributable to AEP Common Shareholders by segment:

VERTICALLY INTEGRATED UTILITIES

Summary of KWh Energy Sales for Vertically Integrated Utilities

(a)Includes Off-system Sales, municipalities and cooperatives, unit power and other wholesale customers.

Heating degree days and cooling degree days are metrics commonly used in the utility industry as a measure of the impact of weather on revenues. In general, degree day changes in the eastern region have a larger effect on revenues than changes in the western region due to the relative size of the two regions and the number of customers within each region.

Summary of Heating and Cooling Degree Days for Vertically Integrated Utilities

•Retail Revenues increased $56 million primarily due to the following:

•A $46 million increase in rider revenues at APCo.

•A $24 million increase in weather-related usage primarily in the residential class driven by an 11% increase in heating degree days.

•A $19 million increase in base rate and rider revenues at PSO.

•A $15 million increase in rider revenues at KPCo.

•A $5 million increase in rider revenues at I&M.

•A $45 million decrease in fuel revenues primarily due to decreases at PSO and SWEPCo, partially offset by increases at APCo and I&M.

•A $13 million decrease due to a regulatory provision for refund at I&M.

•Transmission Revenues increased $10 million primarily due to:

•A $6 million increase primarily due to lower PJM rates in 2023 for certain point-to-point transmission service resulting from a December 2022 FERC approved settlement agreement.

• A $3 million increase due to increased transmission investment.

•Other Revenues increased $20 million primarily due to pole attachment revenue at APCo, increases in associated business development at PSO and SWEPCo and increased affiliated rent revenue at PSO.

•Purchased Electricity, Fuel and Other Consumables Used for Electric Generation expenses increased $23 million primarily due to increases at APCo and I&M, partially offset by decreases at PSO and SWEPCo.

•Other Operation and Maintenance expenses increased $53 million primarily due to:

•A $39 million increase in transmission services.

•A $14 million increase primarily due to a disallowance recorded at SWEPCo on the remaining net book value of the Dolet Hills Power Station as a result of an LPSC approved settlement agreement in April 2024.

•Depreciation and Amortization decreased $20 million primarily due to a $17 million decrease at I&M due to the deferral of Excess ADIT as a result of the PLR received regarding the treatment of stand alone NOLCs and the timing of refunds to customers under rate rider mechanisms.

•Taxes Other Than Income Taxes increased $7 million primarily due to an increase in the Virginia state minimum tax liability at APCo and increased property taxes driven by additional investments and higher tax rates at I&M.

•Allowance for Equity Funds Used During Construction increased $6 million primarily due to higher CWIP and AFUDC equity rates.

•Non-Service Cost Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost increased $6 million primarily due to a decrease in the expected return on asset assumption, an increase in loss amortization, changes in prior service credit amortization, partially offset by lower loss amortization resulting from favorable asset returns during 2023 and lower interest costs due to lower interest rates.

•Interest Expense decreased $16 million primarily due to:

•A $49 million decrease due to the recognition of debt carrying charges as a result of the IRS PLR received regarding the treatment of stand alone NOLCs in retail rate making.

•A $17 million increase due to higher long-term debt balances and interest rates.

•A $14 million increase due to a decrease in carrying charges at SWEPCo on storm-related regulatory assets due to a prior year settlement agreement in Louisiana.

•Income Tax Expense decreased $260 million primarily due to the following:

•A $212 million decrease due to a reduction in Excess ADIT regulatory liabilities at I&M, PSO, and SWEPCo as a result of the PLR received regarding the treatment of stand alone NOLCs.

•A $32 million decrease due to a reduction in Excess ADIT regulatory liabilities as a result of the APSC’s denial of SWEPCo’s request to allow the merchant portion of the Turk Plant to serve Arkansas customers.

•A $15 million decrease due to an increase in PTCs.

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION UTILITIES

Summary of KWh Energy Sales for Transmission and Distribution Utilities

(a)Represents energy delivered to distribution customers.

(b)Primarily Ohio’s contractually obligated purchases of OVEC power sold to PJM.

Heating degree days and cooling degree days are metrics commonly used in the utility industry as a measure of the impact of weather on revenues. In general, degree day changes in the eastern region have a larger effect on revenues than changes in the western region due to the relative size of the two regions and the number of customers within each region.

Summary of Heating and Cooling Degree Days for Transmission and Distribution Utilities

(c)Eastern Region cooling degree days are calculated on a 65 degree temperature base.

(d)Western Region cooling degree days are calculated on a 70 degree temperature base.

•Retail Revenues increased $3 million primarily due to the following:

•A $105 million increase in rider revenues.

•A $20 million increase in weather-normalized revenues primarily in the residential and commercial classes in Texas.

•A $16 million increase in weather-related usage driven by a 9% increase in heating degree days in Ohio.

•A $122 million decrease due to lower customer participation in OPCo’s SSO, partially offset by higher prices.

•A $9 million decrease in weather-normalized revenues in the residential and industrial classes, partially offset by the commercial class in Ohio.

•An $8 million decrease in weather-related usage primarily due to a 46% decrease in cooling degree days in Texas.

•Transmission Revenues increased $13 million primarily due to interim rate increases driven by increased transmission investments in Texas.

•Other Revenues increased $13 million primarily due to the following:

•A $10 million increase due to third-party Legacy Generation Resource Rider revenue related to the recovery of OVEC costs.

•A $6 million increase in refundable sales of renewable energy credits in Ohio.

•Purchased Electricity for Resale expenses decreased $134 million primarily due to the following:

•A $177 million decrease due to lower auction volumes driven by lower customer participation in OPCo’s SSO, partially offset by higher prices.

•A $30 million decrease in deferrals of recoverable OVEC costs.

•Purchased Electricity from AEP Affiliates expenses increased $47 million primarily due to increased purchases in OPCo’s SSO auction.

•Other Operation and Maintenance expenses increased $27 million primarily due to the following:

•A $27 million increase in transmission expenses primarily due to an increase in recoverable PJM expenses in Ohio.

•A $16 million increase in distribution expenses primarily related to recoverable storm restoration costs and recoverable vegetation management expenses in Ohio.

•A $5 million decrease in distribution-related expenses in Texas.

•A $3 million decrease in recoverable transmission expenses in Texas.

•Depreciation and Amortization expenses increased $36 million primarily due to a higher depreciable base and an increase in recoverable rider depreciable expenses in Ohio.

•Taxes Other Than Income Taxes increased $12 million primarily due to property taxes as a result of increased transmission and distribution investment and higher tax rates in Ohio.

•Interest Expense increased $8 million primarily due to higher long-term debt balances and interest rates.

•Income Tax Expense increased $7 million primarily due to an increase in pretax book income in Texas.

AEP TRANSMISSION HOLDCO

Summary of Investment in Transmission Assets for AEP Transmission Holdco

The major components of the increase in Transmission Revenues, which consists of wholesale sales to affiliates and nonaffiliates were as follows:

•Transmission Revenues increased $42 million primarily due to continued investment in transmission assets.

Expenses and Other and Equity Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiary changed between years as follows:

•Depreciation and Amortization expenses increased $11 million primarily due to a higher depreciable base.

•Interest Expense increased $10 million primarily due to higher long-term debt balances and interest rates.

•Equity Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiary increased $5 million primarily due to higher pretax equity earnings for ETT.

GENERATION & MARKETING

•Merchant Generation decreased $5 million primarily due to lower market prices in 2024.

•Renewable Generation decreased $21 million primarily due to the sale of the competitive contracted renewables portfolio in August 2023.

•Retail, Trading and Marketing increased $262 million primarily due to a $145 million unrealized loss on economic hedge activity in 2023 and $91 million unrealized hedging gains in 2024 driven by changes in commodity prices.

Expenses and Other, Income Tax Benefit and Equity Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries changed between years as follows:

•Purchased Electricity, Fuel and Other Consumables Used for Electric Generation expenses decreased $10 million primarily due to a reduction in energy costs in 2024.

•Other Operation and Maintenance expenses decreased $12 million primarily due to the sale of the competitive contracted renewables portfolio in August 2023.

•Loss on the Sale of the Competitive Contracted Renewables Portfolio increased $112 million due to the pretax loss on the sale in 2023.

•Depreciation and Amortization decreased $10 million primarily due to the sale of the competitive contracted renewables portfolio in August 2023.

•Interest Expense decreased $18 million primarily due to lower advances from affiliates.

•Income Tax Benefit decreased $103 million primarily due to:

•An $83 million decrease due to increased pretax book income.

•A $19 million decrease due to an decrease in PTCs.

•A $9 million decrease due to the amortization of deferred ITCs from the sale of the competitive contracted renewables portfolio in 2023.

•A $12 million increase due to the amortization of deferred ITCs from the sale of NMRD.

•Equity Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries decreased $5 million primarily due to the sale of the competitive contracted renewables portfolio in August 2023.

CORPORATE AND OTHER

Earnings Attributable to AEP Common Shareholders from Corporate and Other decreased from a loss of $14 million in 2023 to a loss of $54 million in 2024 primarily due to:

•A $23 million decrease in interest income, primarily due to lower advances to affiliates.

•A $14 million increase in interest expense due to higher interest rates and an increase in long-term debt balances.

•A $10 million increase in corporate expenses, primarily due to prior-year adjustments driven by the termination of the sale of the Kentucky operations.

These decreases in earnings were partially offset by a $5 million decrease in Income Tax Expense due to the following:

•A $15 million decrease due to a decrease in pretax book income.

•A $10 million decrease due to an increase in PTCs.

These decreases in Income Tax Expense were partially offset by:

•A $12 million increase due to the impact of the termination of the sale of the Kentucky operations in 2023.

•An $8 million increase due to a decrease in amortization of Excess ADIT.

AEP CONSOLIDATED INCOME TAXES

Income Tax Expense decreased $152 million primarily due to:

•A $224 million decrease due to a reduction in Excess ADIT regulatory liabilities at I&M, PSO, and SWEPCo as a result of the PLRs received regarding the treatment of stand alone NOLCs in retail rate making.

•A $32 million decrease due to the reversal of a regulatory liability related to the merchant portion of Turk Plant Excess ADIT as a result of the APSC's March 2024 denial of SWEPCo's request to allow the merchant portion of the Turk Plant to serve Arkansas customers.

•A $95 million increase due to an increase in pretax book income.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

AEP measures financial condition by the strength of its balance sheet and the liquidity provided by its cash flows.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Debt and Equity Capitalization

AEP’s ratio of debt-to-total capital decreased slightly from 63.0% to 62.8% as of December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024, respectively, primarily due to an increase in earnings in 2024, partially offset by an increase in debt to support distribution, transmission and renewable investment growth in addition to working capital needs.

Liquidity

Liquidity, or access to cash, is an important factor in determining AEP’s financial stability. Management believes AEP has adequate liquidity. As of March 31, 2024, AEP had $6 billion of revolving credit facilities to support its commercial paper program. Additional liquidity is available from cash from operations and a receivables securitization agreement. Management is committed to maintaining adequate liquidity. AEP generally uses short-term borrowings to fund working capital needs, property acquisitions and construction until long-term funding is arranged. Sources of long-term funding include issuance of long-term debt, leasing agreements, hybrid securities or common stock. AEP and its utilities finance its operations with commercial paper and other variable rate instruments that are subject to fluctuations in interest rates. To the extent that there is an increase in interest rates, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

Market volatility and reduced liquidity in the financial markets could affect AEP’s ability to raise capital on reasonable terms to fund capital needs, including construction costs and refinancing maturing indebtedness. AEP is also monitoring the current bank environment and any impacts thereof. AEP was not materially impacted by these conditions during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

AEP continues to address the cash flow implications of increased fuel and purchased power costs, see “Deferred Fuel Costs” section of Executive Overview for additional information.

Net Available Liquidity

AEP manages liquidity by maintaining adequate external financing commitments. As of March 31, 2024, available liquidity was approximately $3.4 billion as illustrated in the table below:

(a)In March 2024, AEP increased its $4 billion Revolving Credit Facility to $5 billion and extended the maturity date from March 2027 to March 2029. Also, in March 2024, AEP extended the maturity date of its $1 billion Revolving Credit Facility from March 2025 to March 2027.

AEP uses its commercial paper program to meet the short-term borrowing needs of its subsidiaries. The program funds a Utility Money Pool, which funds AEP’s utility subsidiaries; a Nonutility Money Pool, which funds certain AEP nonutility subsidiaries; and the short-term debt requirements of subsidiaries that are not participating in either money pool for regulatory or operational reasons, as direct borrowers. The maximum amount of commercial paper outstanding during the first three months of 2024 was $2.9 billion. The weighted-average interest rate for AEP’s commercial paper during 2024 was 5.62%.

Other Credit Facilities

An uncommitted facility gives the issuer of the facility the right to accept or decline each request made under the facility. AEP issues letters of credit on behalf of subsidiaries under six uncommitted facilities totaling $450 million. The Registrants’ maximum future payments for letters of credit issued under the uncommitted facilities as of March 31, 2024 was $247 million with maturities ranging from April 2024 to March 2025.

Securitized Accounts Receivables

AEP Credit’s receivables securitization agreement provides a commitment of $900 million from bank conduits to purchase receivables and expires in September 2025. As of March 31, 2024, the affiliated utility subsidiaries were in compliance with all requirements under the agreement.

Debt Covenants and Borrowing Limitations

AEP’s credit agreements contain certain covenants and require it to maintain a percentage of debt-to-total capitalization at a level that does not exceed 67.5%. The method for calculating outstanding debt and capitalization is contractually-defined in AEP’s credit agreements. Debt as defined in the revolving credit agreement excludes securitization bonds and debt of AEP Credit. As of March 31, 2024, this contractually-defined percentage was 60.2%. Non-performance under these covenants could result in an event of default under these credit agreements. In addition, the acceleration of AEP’s payment obligations, or the obligations of certain of AEP’s major subsidiaries, prior to maturity under any other agreement or instrument relating to debt outstanding in excess of $100 million, would cause an event of default under these credit agreements. This condition also applies, at the more restrictive level of $50 million of debt outstanding, in a majority of AEP’s non-exchange-traded commodity contracts and would similarly allow lenders and counterparties to declare the outstanding amounts payable. However, a default under AEP’s non-exchange-traded commodity contracts would not cause an event of default under its credit agreements.

The revolving credit facilities do not permit the lenders to refuse a draw on any facility if a material adverse change occurs.

Utility Money Pool borrowings and external borrowings may not exceed amounts authorized by regulatory orders and AEP manages its borrowings to stay within those authorized limits.

ATM Program

AEP participates in an ATM offering program that allows AEP to issue, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $1.7 billion of its common stock, including shares of common stock that may be sold pursuant to an equity forward sales agreement. There were no issuances under the ATM program for the three months ended March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, approximately $1.7 billion of equity is available for issuance under the ATM offering program. See Note 12 - Financing Activities for additional information.

Dividend Policy and Restrictions

The Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.88 per share in April 2024. Future dividends may vary depending upon AEP’s profit levels, operating cash flow levels and capital requirements, as well as financial and other business conditions existing at the time. Parent’s income primarily derives from common stock equity in the earnings of its utility subsidiaries. Various financing arrangements and regulatory requirements may impose certain restrictions on the ability of the subsidiaries to transfer funds to Parent in the form of dividends. Management does not believe these restrictions will have any significant impact on its ability to access cash to meet the payment of dividends on its common stock. See “Dividend Restrictions” section of Note 12 for additional information.

Credit Ratings

AEP and its utility subsidiaries do not have any credit arrangements that would require material changes in payment schedules or terminations as a result of a credit downgrade, but its access to the commercial paper market may depend on its credit ratings. In addition, downgrades in AEP’s credit ratings by one of the rating agencies could increase its borrowing costs. Counterparty concerns about the credit quality of AEP or its utility subsidiaries could subject AEP to additional collateral demands under adequate assurance clauses under its derivative and non-derivative energy contracts.

CASH FLOW

AEP relies primarily on cash flows from operations, debt issuances and its existing cash and cash equivalents to fund its liquidity and investing activities. AEP’s investing and capital requirements are primarily capital expenditures, repaying of long-term debt and paying dividends to shareholders. AEP uses short-term debt, including commercial paper, as a bridge to long-term debt financing. The levels of borrowing may vary significantly due to the timing of long-term debt financings and the impact of fluctuations in cash flows.

Operating Activities

(a)Non-Cash Adjustments to Net Income includes Depreciation and Amortization, Deferred Income Taxes, Loss on the Sale of the Competitive Contracted Renewables Portfolio and AFUDC.

Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities increased by $724 million primarily due to the following:

•A $311 million increase in cash from Net Income, after non-cash adjustments. See Results of Operations for further detail.

•A $220 million increase in cash from the Change in Certain Components of Working Capital. The increase is primarily due to the timing of accounts payable, decreases in fuel, material and supplies driven by coal inventory on hand and proceeds received from the sale of transferable tax credits. These increases were partially offset by the timing of accounts receivable collections.

•A $142 million increase in cash from Changes in Other Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities. This increase is primarily due to changes in regulatory assets and liabilities driven by timing differences between collections from and refunds to customers under rate rider mechanisms.

•A $123 million increase primarily due to an increase in collateral held associated with risk management contracts driven by a change in commodity prices.

These increases in cash were partially offset by:

•An $85 million decrease in cash primarily due to the timing of fuel and purchase power revenues and expenses.

Investing Activities

Net Cash Flows Used for Investing Activities decreased by $576 million primarily due to the following:

•A $328 million decrease in Construction Expenditures, primarily due to decreases in Transmission and Distribution Utilities of $140 million, AEP Transmission Holdco of $76 million and Vertically Integrated Utilities of $74 million.

•A $146 million decrease due to the 2023 acquisition of the Rock Falls Wind Facility. See “Rock Falls Wind Facility” section of Note 6 for additional information.

•A $114 million increase in Proceeds from Sale of Equity Method Investment. See “Disposition of NMRD” section of Note 6 for additional information.

Financing Activities

Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities decreased by $1.2 billion primarily due to the following:

•A $2 billion decrease in issuances of long-term debt. See Note 12 - Financing Activities for additional information.

•A $643 million increase in retirements of long-term debt. See Note 12 - Financing Activities for additional information.

These decreases in cash were partially offset by:

•A $1.4 billion increase due to changes in short-term debt. See Note 12 - Financing Activities for additional information.

See the “Long-term Debt Subsequent Events” section of Note 12 for Long-term debt and other securities issued, retired and principal payments made after March 31, 2024 through April 30, 2024, the date that the first quarter 10-Q was filed.

BUDGETED CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

Management forecasts approximately$7.5 billion of capital expenditures in 2024. For the four year period, 2025 through 2028, management forecasts capital expenditures of $35 billion. The expenditures are generally for transmission, generation, distribution, regulated renewables and required environmental investment to comply with the Federal EPA rules. Estimated capital expenditures are subject to periodic review and modification and may vary based on the ongoing effects of regulatory constraints, environmental regulations, business opportunities, market volatility, economic trends, supply chain issues, weather, legal reviews, inflation and the ability to access capital. Management expects to fund these capital expenditures through cash flows from operations, proceeds from the strategic sale of assets and financing activities. Generally, the Registrant Subsidiaries use cash or short-term borrowings under the money pool to fund these expenditures until long-term funding is arranged. For complete information of forecasted capital expenditures, see “Budgeted Capital Expenditures” section of “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the 2023 Annual Report.

SIGNIFICANT CASH REQUIREMENTS

A summary of significant cash requirements is included in the 2023 Annual Report and has not changed significantly from year-end other than the debt issuances and retirements discussed in the “Cash Flow” section above.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES AND ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

See the “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” section of “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the 2023 Annual Report for a discussion of the estimates and judgments required for regulatory accounting, revenue recognition, derivative instruments, the valuation of long-lived assets, the accounting for pension and other postretirement benefits and the impact of new accounting standards and SEC rulemaking activity.

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

See Note 2 - New Accounting Standards for information related to accounting standards and SEC rulemaking activity.