Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

Other than as set forth below, there were no material changes from the risk factors set forth under Part I, Item 1A., “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth below and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, as well as other reports and statements that we file and have filed with the SEC, in addition to the other information set forth in this report which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks and uncertainties described in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as well as other reports and statements that we file with the SEC, are not the only risks and uncertainties facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Tax legislation continues to evolve globally with new laws and regulations that create uncertainty in the global economy. For example, on July 4, 2025, legislation commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "OBBBA") was signed into law, which includes significant provisions, including tax cut extensions and modifications to the international tax framework. We are currently assessing the impact the OBBBA may have on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or effective tax rate, and will continue to evaluate the impact of the legislative changes as additional guidance becomes available. Uncertainty remains regarding timing and interpretation by the tax authorities in the affected jurisdictions. Future tax reform and legislative changes could have an adverse impact on our future effective tax rate, tax liabilities, and cash tax.