Western New England Bancorp Inc

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

MARCH 31, 2025

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation. Western New England Bancorp, Inc. (“WNEB,” “Company,” “we,” or “us”) is a Massachusetts-chartered stock holding company for Westfield Bank, a federally-chartered savings bank (“Bank”).

The Bank operates 25 banking offices in Hampden County and Hampshire County in western Massachusetts and Hartford County and Tolland County in northern Connecticut, and its primary sources of revenue are interest income from loans as well as interest income from investment securities. The West Hartford Financial Services Center serves as the Company’s Connecticut hub, housing Commercial Lending, Cash Management and a Mortgage Loan Officer. The Bank’s deposits are insured up to the maximum Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) coverage limits.

Wholly-owned Subsidiaries. Elm Street Securities Corporation, WFD Securities, Inc. and CSB Colts, Inc., are Massachusetts-chartered securities corporations, formed for the primary purpose of holding qualified securities. WB Real Estate Holdings, LLC is a Massachusetts-chartered limited liability company that holds real property acquired as security for debts previously contracted by the Bank.

Principles of Consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Western New England Bancorp, Inc., the Bank, CSB Colts, Inc., Elm Street Securities Corporation, WB Real Estate Holdings, LLC and WFD Securities, Inc. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Estimates. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses for each. Actual results could differ from those estimates. An estimate that is particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term relates to the determination of the allowance for credit losses.

Basis of Presentation. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of our financial condition as of March 31, 2025, and the results of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the year ending December 31, 2025. Certain information and disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Annual Report”).

**Reclassifications.**Amounts in the prior period financial statements are reclassified when necessary to conform to the current year presentation.

2. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share represents income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. If rights to dividends on unvested awards are non-forfeitable, these unvested awards are considered outstanding in the computation of basic earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Potential common shares that may be issued by us relate to stock options and certain performance-based restricted stock awards and are determined using the treasury stock method. Unallocated ESOP shares are not deemed outstanding for earnings per share calculations. There were no anti-dilutive shares outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 have been computed based on the following:

3. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the balance sheet, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income (loss).

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, included in shareholders’ equity, are as follows:

4. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The following tables summarize the amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss on securities available-for-sale. The Company did not record an allowance for credit losses on its securities held-to-maturity portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the unrealized gains recognized on marketable equity securities for the periods indicated:

At March 31, 2025, U.S. Treasury securities with a fair value of $4.8 million, government-sponsored enterprise obligations with a fair value of $8.1 million and mortgage-backed securities with a fair value of $157.2 million were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law. The securities collateralizing public deposits are subject to fluctuations in fair value. We monitor the fair value of the collateral on a periodic basis, and pledge additional collateral if necessary based on changes in fair value of collateral or the balances of such deposits.

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at March 31, 2025, by final maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations.

There were no gross realized gains or losses on sales of securities available-for-sale for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. There were no sales of available-for-sale securities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company measures expected credit losses on debt securities available-for-sale based upon the gain or loss position of the security. For debt securities available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position which the Company does not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the Company’s amortized cost, the Company evaluates qualitative criteria to determine any expected loss. This includes among other items the financial health of, and specific prospects for the issuer, including whether the issuer is in compliance with the terms and covenants of the security. The Company also evaluates quantitative criteria including determining whether there has been an adverse change in expected future cash flows of the security. Securities available-for-sale which are guaranteed by government agencies do not currently have an allowance for credit loss as the Company determined these securities are either backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and/or there is an unconditional commitment to make interest payments and to return the principal investment in full to investors when a debt security reaches maturity. In assessing the Company's investments in government-sponsored and U.S. government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities and government-sponsored enterprise obligations, the contractual cash flows of these investments are guaranteed by the respective government-sponsored enterprise; Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), Federal Farm Credit Bank (“FFCB”), or Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). Accordingly, it is expected that the securities would not be settled at a price less than the par value of the Company's investments. The Company will evaluate this position no less than annually, however, certain items which may cause the Company to change this methodology include legislative changes that remove a government-sponsored enterprise’s ability to draw funds from the U.S. government, or legislative changes to housing policy that reduce or eliminate the U.S. government’s implicit guarantee on such securities. Accrued interest receivable on securities available-for-sale guaranteed by government agencies totaled $490,000 at March 31, 2025 and $472,000 at December 31, 2024, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. If the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, an allowance for credit losses would be recorded, with a related charge to earnings. If the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company recognizes the entire difference between the amortized cost basis of the security and its fair value in earnings. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income. Accrued interest receivable on debt securities available-for-sale not guaranteed by government agencies totaled $56,000 at March 31, 2025 and $123,000 at December 31, 2024, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. There were no allowances for credit losses established on debt securities available-for-sale during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Securities Held-to-Maturity

The Company measures expected credit losses on debt securities held-to-maturity on a collective basis by security type and risk rating where available. The reserve for each pool is calculated based on a Probability of Default/Loss Given Default basis taking into consideration the expected life of each security. Held-to-maturity securities which are issued by the United States Treasury or are guaranteed by government agencies do not currently have an allowance for credit loss as the Company determined these securities are either backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and/or there is an unconditional commitment to make interest payments and to return the principal investment in full to investors when a debt security reaches maturity. In assessing the Company's investments in government-sponsored and U.S. government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities and government-sponsored enterprise obligations, the contractual cash flows of these investments are guaranteed by the respective government-sponsored enterprise; FHLMC, FNMA, FFCB, or FHLB. Accordingly, it is expected that the securities would not be settled at a price less than the par value of the Company's investments. The Company will evaluate this position no less than annually, however, certain items which may cause the Company to change this methodology include legislative changes that remove a government-sponsored enterprise’s ability to draw funds from the U.S. government, or legislative changes to housing policy that reduce or eliminate the U.S. government’s implicit guarantee on such securities. Any expected credit losses on securities held-to-maturity would be presented as an allowance for credit loss. Accrued interest receivable on securities held-to-maturity totaled $438,000 at March 31, 2025 and $430,000 at December 31, 2024, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. There were no allowances for credit losses established on securities held-to-maturity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was one available-for-sale corporate bond that was rated below investment grade by one or more ratings agencies. The Company reviewed the financial strength of the corporate bond rated below investment grade at March 31, 2025 and has concluded that the amortized cost remains supported by the expected future cash flows of the securities.

The following tables summarize the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company's securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity, segregated by the duration of their continuous unrealized loss positions at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The Company expects to recover its amortized cost basis on all securities in its available-for-sale and held-to-maturity portfolios. Furthermore, the Company does not intend to sell, nor does it anticipate that it will be required to sell any of its securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2025, prior to this anticipated recovery. The decline in fair value on its available-for-sale and held-to-maturity portfolios is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions and not due to credit quality issues. The issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments on the securities and the fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach maturity. The Company’s ability and intent to hold these securities until recovery is supported by the Company’s stable capital and liquidity positions as well as its historically low portfolio turnover. The following description provides the number of investment positions in an unrealized loss position:

At March 31, 2025, the Company reported gross unrealized losses on the securities available-for-sale portfolio of $27.9 million, or 14.3% of the amortized cost basis of the securities available-for-sale, compared to gross unrealized losses on the securities available-for-sale portfolio of $31.2 million, or 16.2% of the amortized cost basis of the securities available-for-sale at December 31, 2024. At March 31, 2025, there were 93 securities available-for-sale in which the fair value was less than the amortized cost, compared to 96 securities available-for-sale at December 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2025, the Company reported gross unrealized losses on the securities held-to-maturity portfolio of $35.8 million, or 17.8%, of the amortized cost basis of the securities held-to-maturity portfolio, compared to $39.4 million, or 19.2%, of the amortized cost basis of the securities held-to-maturity portfolio at December 31, 2024. At March 31, 2025, there 39 securities held-to-maturity in which the fair value was less than the amortized cost, compared to 43 securities held-to-maturity at December 31, 2024.

5. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The following table presents the summary of the loan portfolio by the major classification of the loan at the periods indicated:

Lending activities primarily consist of commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, residential real estate loans, and to a lesser degree, consumer loans.

Loans Pledged as Collateral.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of eligible loans pledged as collateral to support borrowing capacity at the FHLB was $919.6 million and $906.0 million, respectively. The outstanding balance of FHLB advances was $98.0 million at March 31, 2025 and at December 31, 2024, respectively.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of eligible loans pledged as collateral to support borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window (“FRB”) was $365.7 million and $377.0 million, respectively, with no outstanding borrowings at March 31, 2025 and at December 31, 2024.

Loans Serviced for Others.

The Company has transferred a portion of its originated commercial loans to participating lenders. The amounts transferred have been accounted for as sales and are therefore not included in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We continue to service the loans on behalf of the participating lenders. We share with participating lenders, on a pro-rata basis, any gains or losses that may result from a borrower’s lack of compliance with contractual terms of the loan. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company was servicing commercial loans participated out to various other institutions totaling $64.9 million and $65.3 million, respectively.

Residential real estate mortgages are originated by the Company both for its portfolio and for sale into the secondary market. The Company may sell its loans to institutional investors such as the FHLMC. Under loan sale and servicing agreements with the investor, the Company generally continues to service the residential real estate mortgages. The Company pays the investor an agreed upon rate on the loan, which is less than the interest rate received from the borrower. The Company retains the difference as a fee for servicing the residential real estate mortgages. The Company capitalizes mortgage servicing rights at their fair value upon sale of the related loans, amortizes the asset over the estimated life of the serviced loan, and periodically assesses the asset for impairment. The significant assumptions used by a third party to estimate the fair value of capitalized servicing rights at March 31, 2025, include weighted average prepayment speed for the portfolio using the Public Securities Association Standard Prepayment Model (151 PSA), average internal rate of return (10.01%), weighted average servicing fee (0.25%), and average cost to service loans ($83.32 per loan). The estimated fair value of capitalized servicing rights may vary significantly in subsequent periods primarily due to changing market interest rates, and their effect on prepayment speeds and discount rates. There were no sales of residential real estate mortgages to the secondary market during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company was servicing residential mortgage loans owned by investors totaling $83.1 million and $84.8 million, respectively. Servicing fee income of $52,000 and $44,000 was recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and is included in service charges and fees on the consolidated statements of net income.

A summary of the activity in the balances of mortgage servicing rights follows:

Loans are recorded at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted for charge-offs, unearned premiums and deferred loan fees and costs. Interest on loans is calculated using the effective yield method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding and is credited to income on the accrual basis to the extent it is deemed collectable. Our general policy is to discontinue the accrual of interest when principal or interest payments are delinquent 90 days or more based on the contractual terms of the loan, or earlier if there are concerns regarding the collectability of the loan. Any unpaid amounts previously accrued on these loans are reversed from income. Subsequent cash receipts are applied to the outstanding principal balance or to interest income if, in the judgment of management, collection of the principal balance is not in question. Loans are returned to accrual status when they become current as to both principal and interest and perform in accordance with contractual terms for a period of at least six months, reducing the concern as to the collectability of principal and interest. Loan fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred, and the net fee or cost is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the estimated average lives of the related loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”).

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of expected losses inherent within the Company's existing loans held for investment portfolio. The allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment, as reported in our consolidated balance sheet, is adjusted by a credit loss expense, which is reported in earnings, and reduced by the charge-off of loan amounts, net of recoveries. Accrued interest receivable on loans held for investment was $7.6 million at March 31, 2025 and $7.4 million at December 31, 2024 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The loan loss estimation process involves procedures to appropriately consider the unique characteristics of loan portfolio segments, which consist of commercial real estate loans, residential real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans. These segments are further disaggregated into loan classes, the level at which credit risk is monitored. For each of these pools, the Company generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, probability of default, and loss given default. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on historical internal data. The quantitative component of the ACL on loans is model-based and utilizes a forward-looking macroeconomic forecast. For commercial real estate loans, residential real estate loans, and commercial and industrial loans, the Company uses a discounted cash flow method, incorporating probability of default and loss given default forecasted based on statistically derived economic variable loss drivers, to estimate expected credit losses. This process includes estimates which involve modeling loss projections attributable to existing loan balances, and considering historical experience, current conditions, and future expectations for pools of loans over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The historical information either experienced by the Company or by a selection of peer banks, when appropriate, is derived from a combination of recessionary and non-recessionary performance periods for which data is available. The expected loss estimates for the consumer loan segment are based on historical loss rates using the weighted average remaining maturity (“WARM”) method.

Commercial real estate loans. Loans in this segment include owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multi-family dwellings, and income producing investment properties, as well as commercial construction loans for commercial development projects throughout New England. Typically, commercial real estate loans are secured by office buildings, apartment buildings, industrial properties, warehouses, retail facilities, hotels, assisted living facilities, and educational facilities. Collateral values are established by independent third-party appraisals and evaluations. Primary repayment sources for commercial real estate loans include operating income and cash flow generated by the real estate, sale of the real estate and, funds from any liquidation of the collateral. Under its lending guidelines, the Company generally requires a corporate or personal guarantee from individuals that hold material ownership in the borrowing entity. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties or operations can be adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy due to increased vacancy rates or diminished cash flows, which in turn, would have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. The Company’s management (“Management”) obtains financial information annually and continually monitors the cash flows of these loans.

Residential real estate loans. This portfolio segment consists of first mortgages secured by one-to-four family residential properties and home equity loans and home equity lines secured by first or second mortgage on one-to-four family owner occupied properties. First mortgages may be underwritten to a maximum loan-to-value of 97% for owner occupied homes,90% for second homes and 85% for investment properties. Mortgages with loan-to-values greater than 80% require private mortgage insurance. We do not grant subprime loans. Home equity loans and lines are underwritten to a maximum combined loan-to-value of 85% of the appraised value of the property. Underwriting approval is dependent on review of the borrower’s ability to repay principal and interest on a monthly basis, credit history, financial resources and the value of the collateral. Residential real estate loans are originated either for sale to investors or retained in the Company’s loan portfolio. Decisions about whether to sell or retain residential real estate loans are made based on the interest rate, pricing for loans in the secondary market, and the Company’s liquidity and capital needs. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing pricing, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Commercial and industrial loans. The primary risk associated with commercial and industrial loans is the ability of borrowers to achieve business results and cash flows consistent with those projected at loan origination. Collateral frequently consists of a first lien position on business assets including, but not limited to, accounts receivable, inventory, and equipment. The primary repayment source is operating cash flow, followed by liquidation of assets. Under its lending guidelines, the Company generally requires a corporate or personal guarantee from individuals that hold material ownership in the borrowing entity. A weakened economy and resultant decreased consumer spending will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Consumer loans. Loans in this segment are both secured and unsecured and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower.

Allowance for Credit Losses Methodology

In estimating the component of the allowance for credit losses for loans that share similar risk characteristics with other loans, such loans are segregated into loan classes. Loans are designated into loan classes based on loans pooled by product types and similar risk characteristics or areas of risk concentration. In determining the allowance for credit losses, we derive an estimated credit loss assumption from a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type and purpose.

The discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model calculates an expected loss percentage for each loan class by considering the probability of default, using life-of-loan analysis periods for the commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, residential real estate loan segments, and the historical severity of loss, based on the aggregate net lifetime losses incurred per loan class. The expected loss estimates for the consumer loan segment are based on historical loss rates using the remaining life method. The default and severity factors used to calculate the allowance for credit losses for loans that share similar risk characteristics with other loans are adjusted for differences between the historical period used to calculate historical default and loss severity rates and expected conditions over the remaining lives of the loans in the portfolio related to: (1) lending policies and procedures; (2) international, national, regional and local economic business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio; (3) the nature and volume of the loan portfolio including the terms of the loans; (4) the experience, ability, and depth of the lending management and other relevant staff; (5) the volume and severity of past due and adversely classified loans and the volume of nonaccrual loans; (6) the quality of our loan review system and (7) the value of underlying collateral for collateralized loans. Additional factors include the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations and the effect of external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing portfolio. Such factors are used to adjust the historical probabilities of default and severity of loss so that they reflect management expectation of future conditions based on a reasonable and supportable forecast. The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine which variables are best suited to be economic variables utilized when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. This analysis also determines how expected probability of default and loss given default will react to forecasted levels of the economic variables.

For all DCF models, management has determined that four quarters represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period and reverts back to a historical loss rate over four quarters on a straight-line basis. Other internal and external indicators of economic forecasts are also considered by management when developing the forecast metrics.

The Company uses a WARM method to estimate the ACL for the consumer loan segment. Under this method, the historical average annual charge-off rate is applied to the weighted average remaining maturity of the loan portfolio, currently calculated at 2.5 years. This calculation is adjusted based on additional factors that include (1) lending policies and procedures; (2) international, national, regional and local economic business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio; (3) the nature and volume of the loan portfolio including the terms of the loans; (4) the experience, ability, and depth of the lending management and other relevant staff; (5) the volume and severity of past due and adversely classified loans and the volume of nonaccrual loans; (6) the quality of our loan review system and (7) the value of underlying collateral for collateralized loans.

Individually evaluated financial assets

For a loan that does not share risk characteristics with other loans, expected credit loss is measured based on net realizable value, that is, the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the amortized cost basis of the loan. For these loans, we recognize expected credit loss equal to the amount by which the net realizable value of the loan is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan (which is net of previous charge-offs and deferred loan fees and costs), except when the loan is collateral dependent, that is, when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In these cases, expected credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral. The fair value of the collateral is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on the sale (rather than only on the operation) of the collateral.

Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments

The Company maintains a separate allowance for credit losses from off-balance-sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments, which is included in other liabilities on the balance sheet. Management estimates the amount of expected losses by calculating a commitment usage factor over the contractual period for exposures that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company and applying the loss factors used in the ACL methodology to the results of the usage calculation to estimate the liability for credit losses related to unfunded commitments for each loan type. No credit loss estimate is reported for outstanding off-balance-sheet credit exposures that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as credit loss expense. Categories of off-balance sheet credit exposures correspond to the loan portfolio segments described above. Management evaluates the need for a reserve on unfunded loan commitments in a manner consistent with loans held for investment.

An analysis of changes in the allowance for credit losses by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 is as follows:

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of$142,000, compared to a reversal of credit losses of $550,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The$142,000 provision for credit losses during the three months ended March 31, 2025 was comprised of a $169,000 provision for credit losses on loans, which was offset by a $27,000 reversal of credit losses on unfunded loan commitments related to the impact of lower unfunded loan commitments for the period.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded a reversal of credit losses of $550,000, comprised of a $450,000 reversal of credit losses for loan losses and a $100,000 reversal of reserves on unfunded loan commitments primarily related to the impact of lower unfunded loan commitments.

The provision for or reversal of credit losses was determined by a number of factors: the continued stable credit performance of the Company’s loan portfolio, changes in the loan portfolio mix and management’s consideration of existing economic conditions and the economic outlook from the Federal Reserve’s actions to control inflation. Management continues to monitor macroeconomic variables related to increasing interest rates, inflation and the concerns of an economic downturn, and believes it is appropriately reserved for the current economic environment and supportable forecast period.

Past Due Loans.

The following tables present an age analysis of past due loans as of the dates indicated:

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total past due loans totaled $4.5 million, or 0.22% of total loans, and $5

.0 million, or 0.24% of total loans, respectively.

Nonaccrual Loans.

Accrual of interest on loans is generally discontinued when contractual payment of principal or interest becomes past due 90 days or, if in management's judgment, reasonable doubt exists as to the full timely collection of interest. Exceptions may be made if the loan has matured and is in the process of renewal or is well-secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, interest accruals cease and uncollected accrued interest is reversed and charged against current interest income. Interest payments on nonaccrual loans are generally applied to principal. If collection of the principal is reasonably assured, interest payments are recognized as income on the cash basis. Loans are generally returned to accrual status when principal and interest payments are current, full collectability of principal and interest is reasonably assured and a consistent record of at least six consecutive months of performance has been achieved.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s nonaccrual loans by major categories at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, nonaccrual loans totaled $6.0 million, or 0.29% of total loans and $5.4 million, or 0.26% of total loans, respectively. The Company did not recognize any interest income on nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to any borrower on nonaccrual status. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest. There was no other real estate owned at March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Individually Evaluated Collateral Dependent Loans.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with loans that are pooled into portfolio segments are individually evaluated. A loan is considered collateral dependent when, based on current information and events, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment, both principal and interest, is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Loans that are rated Substandard, have a loan-to-value above 85% or have demonstrated a specific weakness (e.g., slow payment history, industry weakness, or other clear credit deterioration) may be considered for individual evaluation if they are determined not to share similar risk characteristics within the segment. Individually evaluated assets will be measured primarily using the collateral dependent financial asset practical expedient, although the discounted cash flow method may be used when management deems it more appropriate or collateral values cannot be supported. For individually evaluated assets, an ACL is determined separately for each financial asset. At March 31, 2025, the Company had $1.2 million in individually evaluated commercial loans, collateralized by business assets, and $13.0 million in individually evaluated real estate loans, collateralized by real estate property.

The following table summarizes the Company’s individually evaluated collateral dependent loans by class as of the dates indicated:

Modified Loans to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty.

The Company will modify the contractual terms of loans to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties as a way to mitigate loss and comply with regulations regarding bankruptcy and discharge situations. Loans are designated as modified when, as part of an agreement to modify the original contractual terms of the loan as a result of financial difficulties of the borrower, the Company grants the borrower a concession on the terms that would not otherwise be considered. Typically, such concessions may consist of a reduction in interest rate to a below market rate, taking into account the credit quality of the note, extension of additional credit based on receipt of adequate collateral, or a deferment or reduction of payments (principal or interest) which materially alters the Company's position or significantly extends the note's maturity date, such that the present value of cash flows to be received is materially less than those contractually established at the loan's origination.

There were no loan modifications granted based on borrower financial difficulty during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, no modified loans defaulted (defined as 30 days or more past due) within 12 months of restructuring. There were no charge-offs on modified loans during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024.

Credit Quality Information.

The Company monitors the credit quality of its loan portfolio by using internal risk ratings that are based on regulatory guidance. The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company utilizes an eight-grade internal loan rating system for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans.

The grades assigned and definitions are as follows: loans graded excellent, above average, good are classified as “Pass” for grading purposes (risk ratings 1-4). All loans risk rated Special Mention (5), Substandard (6), Doubtful (7) and Loss (8) are listed on the Company’s criticized report and are reviewed not less than on a quarterly basis to assess the level of risk and to ensure that appropriate actions are being taken to minimize potential loss exposure. In addition, the Company closely monitors classified loans, defined as Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss for signs of deterioration to mitigate the growth in nonaccrual loans, including performing additional due diligence, updating valuations and requiring additional financial reporting from the borrower. Loans identified as containing a loss are partially charged-off or fully charged-off. Performing residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are grouped with “Pass” rated loans. Nonaccrual residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are risk rated as “Substandard” and individually evaluated.

Loans rated 1 – 4: Loans rated 1-4 are classified as “Pass” and have quality metrics to support that the loan will be repaid according to the terms established and are not subject to adverse criticism as defined in regulatory guidance. Pass loans exhibit characteristics that represent acceptable risk and are not considered problem loans.

Loans rated 5: Loans rated 5 are classified as “Special Mention” and have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. Special mention loans are currently performing but with potential weaknesses including adverse trends in borrower’s operations, credit quality, financial strength, or possible collateral deficiency. Loans in this category are currently protected based on collateral and repayment capacity and do not constitute undesirable credit risk, but have potential weakness that may result in deterioration of the repayment process at some future date. Special Mention loans do not sufficiently expose the Company to warrant adverse classification.

Loans rated 6: Loans rated 6 are classified as “Substandard” and have an identified definitive weakness which may make full collection of contractual cash flows questionable and/or jeopardize the liquidation of the debt.

Loans rated 7: Loans rated 7 are classified as “Doubtful” and have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation of the loan highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of some loss is extremely high, but because of specific pending factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the asset, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined.

Loans rated 8: Loans rated 8 are classified a “Loss” and are considered uncollectible and are charged to the allowance for credit losses. The loss classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off the asset because recovery and collection time may be affected in the future.

On an annual basis, or more often if needed, the Company formally reviews the ratings on all commercial real estate loans over $2 million and commercial and industrial loans over $1 million. On an ongoing basis, Management utilizes delinquency reports, interim customer financials, the criticized loan report and other loan reports to monitor credit quality and adjust risk ratings accordingly. In addition, at least on an annual basis, the Company contracts with an independent third-party to review the internal credit ratings assigned to loans in the commercial loan portfolio on a pre-determined schedule, based on the type, size, rating, and overall risk of the loan. During the course of its review, the third party examines a sample of loans, including new loans, existing relationships over certain dollar amounts and classified assets.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost basis by aggregate Pass and criticized categories of Special Mention and Substandard within the Company’s internal risk rating system by year of origination as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The tables also summarize gross charge-offs by year of origination for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes information about total loans rated Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful or Loss for the periods noted.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any loans rated Doubtful or Loss.

6. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES

Goodwill

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of the Company’s goodwill was $12.5 million. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of a business combination over the sum of the amounts assigned to identifiable intangible assets acquired less liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized but rather assessed for impairment annually or more frequently if circumstances warrant. Management has the option of first assessing qualitative factors, such as events and circumstances, to determine whether it is more likely than not, meaning a likelihood of more than 50%, the value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after considering all relevant events and circumstances, management determines it is not more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then performing an impairment test is unnecessary. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s goodwill was related to the acquisition of Chicopee Bancorp, Inc. in October 2016. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, management determined that it was not more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. If management had determined otherwise, a fair value analysis would have been completed to determine the impairment and necessary write-down of goodwill.

Core Deposit Intangibles

In connection with the acquisition of Chicopee Bancorp, Inc., the Company recorded a core deposit intangible of $4.5 million, which is being amortized over twelve years using the straight-line method. Amortization expense was $94,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. At March 31, 2025, future amortization of the core deposit intangible totaled $375,000 for each of the next three years and $219,000 thereafter.

**7. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION **

Restricted Stock Awards.

In May 2021, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, a share-based compensation plan (the “2021 Omnibus Plan”). Under the 2021 Omnibus Plan, up to 700,000 shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for grants of stock awards, including stock options and restricted stock, which may be granted to any officer, key employee or non-employee director of the Company. Any shares that are not issued because vesting requirements are not met will be available for future issuance under the 2021 Omnibus Plan.

On an annual basis, the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) approves long-term incentive awards out of the 2021 Omnibus Plan, whereby shares will be granted to eligible participants of the Company that are nominated by the Chief Executive Officer and approved by the Committee, with vesting over athree-year term for employees and aone-year term for directors. Annual employee grants provide for a periodic award that is both performance and time-based and is designed to recognize the executive’s responsibilities, reward performance and leadership and as a retention tool. The objective of the award is to align compensation for the named executive officers and directors over a multi-year period directly with the interests of our shareholders by motivating and rewarding creation and preservation of long-term financial strength, shareholder value and relative shareholder return.

2022 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

In March 2022, the Committee granted 119,376 shares under the 2022 Long-Term LTI Plan (the “2022 LTI Plan”). Of the 119,376 shares granted,59,688 shares, or 50% of the shares granted, were time-based restricted shares that are scheduled to vest ratably over athree-year period. The remaining 59,688 shares, or 50% of the shares granted, were performance-based restricted shares that are subject to the achievement of the 2022 LTI Plan performance metrics.

The Committee selected Return on Equity (“ROE”) and Earnings per Share (“EPS”) as the primary performance metrics for the 2022 LTI Plan. Each of these two measures were independently assigned a 50% weight for determining future performance against goals. Performance-based restricted shares will be earned based upon the Company’s performance relative to Threshold, Target and Stretch absolute goals on an annual performance period for ROE metrics and for a three-year cumulative performance period for EPS. For each performance-based goal, achieving Threshold performance pays at 50% of Target value, while achieving Stretch performance pays at 150% of Target value. The performance-based restricted shares will be certified by the Committee and distributed at the end of the three-year period as earned.

The Threshold, Target and Stretch metrics under the 2022 LTI Plan are as follows:

At December 31, 2024, the three-year performance period for the 2022 LTI Plan ended. Of the 59,688 performance-based shares granted in 2022, based on achieving 58.7% of target,31,460 performance-based shares vested on March 7, 2025, and were eligible to be issued to recipients.

2022 Annual Equity Retainer.

In March 2022, under the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Plan, each non-employee director received an annual equity retainer of 1,975 time-based restricted shares of WNEB common stock. In total,17,775 shares were granted and fully vested on December 31, 2022.

2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

In March 2023, the Committee granted 120,998 shares under the 2023 Long-Term LTI Plan (the “2023 LTI Plan”). Of the 120,998 shares granted,60,499 shares, or 50% of the shares granted, were time-based restricted shares and vest ratably over athree-year period. The remaining 60,499 shares, or 50% of the shares granted, were performance-based restricted shares that are subject to the achievement of the 2023 LTI Plan performance metrics.

The Committee selected ROE and EPS as the primary performance metrics for the 2023 LTI Plan. Each of these two measures were independently assigned a 50% weight for determining future performance against goals. Performance-based restricted shares will be earned based upon the Company’s performance relative to Threshold, Target and Stretch absolute goals on an annual performance period for ROE metrics and for a three-year cumulative performance period for EPS. For each performance-based goal, achieving Threshold performance pays at 50% of Target value, while achieving Stretch performance pays at 150% of Target value. The performance-based restricted shares will be certified by the Committee and distributed at the end of the three-year period as earned.

The Threshold, Target and Stretch metrics under the 2023 LTI Plan are as follows:

2023 Annual Equity Retainer.

In March 2023, under the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Plan, each non-employee director received an annual equity retainer of 2,022 time-based restricted shares of WNEB common stock. In total,18,198 shares were granted and fully vested on December 31, 2023.

2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

In March 2024, the Committee granted 146,422 shares under the 2024 Long-Term LTI Plan (the “2024 LTI Plan”). Of the 146,422 shares granted,73,211 shares, or 50% of the shares granted, were time-based restricted shares that are scheduled to vest ratably over athree-year period. The remaining 73,211 shares, or 50% of the share granted, were performance-based restricted shares that are subject to the achievement of the 2024 LTI Plan performance metrics.

The Committee selected ROE and EPS as the primary performance metrics for the 2024 LTI Plan. Each of these two measures were independently assigned a 50% weight for determining future performance against goals. Performance-based restricted shares will be earned based upon the Company’s performance relative to Threshold, Target and Stretch absolute goals on an annual performance period for ROE metrics and for a three-year cumulative performance period for EPS. For each performance-based goal, achieving Threshold performance pays at 50% of Target value, while achieving Stretch performance pays at 150% of Target value. The performance-based restricted shares will be certified by the Committee and distributed at the end of the three-year period as earned.

The Threshold, Target and Stretch metrics under the 2024 LTI Plan are as follows:

2024 Annual Equity Retainer.

In March 2024, under the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Plan, each non-employee director received an annual equity retainer of 2,384 time-based restricted shares of WNEB common stock. In total,21,456 shares were granted and there were 19,072 shares that fully vested on December 31, 2024.

2025 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

In March 2025, the Committee granted 140,384 shares under the 2025 Long-Term LTI Plan (the “2025 LTI Plan”). Of the 140,384 shares granted,70,192 shares, or 50% of the shares granted, were time-based restricted shares that are scheduled to vest ratably over athree-year period. The remaining 70,192 shares, or 50% of the share granted, were performance-based restricted shares that are subject to the achievement of the 2025 LTI Plan performance metrics.

The Committee selected ROE and EPS as the primary performance metrics for the 2025 LTI Plan. Each of these two measures were independently assigned a 50% weight for determining future performance against goals. Performance-based restricted shares will be earned based upon the Company’s performance relative to Threshold, Target and Stretch absolute goals on an annual performance period for ROE metrics and for a three-year cumulative performance period for EPS. For each performance-based goal, achieving Threshold performance pays at 50% of Target value, while achieving Stretch performance pays at 150% of Target value. The performance-based restricted shares will be certified by the Committee and distributed at the end of the three-year period as earned.

The Threshold, Target and Stretch metrics under the 2025 LTI Plan are as follows:

At March 31, 2025, there were 5,379 remaining shares available to grant under the 2021 Omnibus Plan.

A summary of the status of unvested restricted stock awards at March 31, 2025 and 2024 is presented below:

We recorded total expense for restricted stock awards of $145,000 and $505,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

8. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS AND LONG-TERM DEBT

On a long-term basis, the Company intends to continue to increase its core deposits to fund loan growth. The Company also uses FHLB borrowings as part of the Company’s overall strategy to manage interest rate risk and liquidity risk. FHLB advances are secured by a blanket security agreement which requires the Company to maintain certain qualifying assets as collateral, principally certain residential real estate loans and commercial real estate loans and securities, not otherwise pledged. The maximum amount that the FHLB will advance to member institutions, including the Company, fluctuates from time to time in accordance with the policies of the FHLB. As an FHLB member, the Company is required to own capital stock of the FHLB, calculated periodically based primarily on its level of borrowings from the FHLB. Advances are made under several different credit programs with different lending standards, interest rates and range of maturities. The Company’s relationship with the FHLB is an integral component of the Company’s asset-liability management program. At March 31, 2025, the Company pledged $919.6 million of eligible collateral to support its borrowing capacity at the FHLB.

There were no short-term FHLB advances outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company also has a standing available overnight Ideal Way line of credit with the FHLB of $9.5 million. Interest on this line of credit is payable at a rate determined and reset by the FHLB on a daily basis. The outstanding principal is due daily but the portion not repaid will be automatically renewed. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have an outstanding balance under the Ideal Way line of credit. At March 31, 2025, the Company had an immediate availability to borrow an additional $447.5 million from the FHLB, including the Ideal Way line of credit, based on qualified collateral pledged.

Other borrowings, held as collateral for customer swap arrangements, totaled $4.5 million with a weighted average rate of 4.33% at March 31, 2025 and $5.4 million with a weighted average rate of 4.33% at December 31, 2024, respectively.

As a member of the FRB, the Company may also borrow from the Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window (the “Discount Window”). At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had an available line of credit of $378.5 million and $382.9 million, respectively, with the FRB Discount Window at an interest rate determined and reset on a daily basis. Borrowings from the FRB Discount Window are secured by eligible loan collateral and certain securities from the Company’s investment portfolio not otherwise pledged. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have an outstanding balance under the Discount Window.

The Company also has pre-established, non-collateralized overnight borrowing arrangements with large national and regional correspondent banks to provide additional overnight and short-term borrowing capacity for the Company. The Company has a $15.0 million line of credit with a correspondent bank and a $10.0 million line of credit with another correspondent bank, both at an interest rate determined and reset on a daily basis. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no advances outstanding under these lines.

Long-term debt consists of FHLB and FRB advances with an original maturity of one year or more. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, long-term debt consisted of $98.0 million in outstanding FHLB advances with a weighted average fixed rate of 4.97%.

9. SUBORDINATED DEBT

On April 20, 2021, the Company completed an offering of $20 million in aggregate principal amount of its 4.875% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes (the “Notes”) to certain qualified institutional buyers in a private placement transaction. At March 31, 2025, $19.8 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes was outstanding.

Unless earlier redeemed, the Notes mature on May 1, 2031. The Notes will bear interest from the initial issue date to, but excluding, May 1, 2026, or the earlier redemption date, at a fixed rate of 4.875% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on May 1, August 1, November 1 and February 1 of each year, beginning August 1, 2021, and from and including May 1, 2026, but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption date, equal to the benchmark rate, which is the 90-day average secured overnight financing rate, plus 412 basis points, determined on the determination date of the applicable interest period, payable quarterly in arrears on May 1, August 1, November 1 and February 1 of each year. The Company may also redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, on or after May 1, 2026, and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events, subject in each case to the approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). The Notes were designed to qualify as Tier 2 capital under the Federal Reserve’s capital adequacy regulations.

The Notes are presented net of issuance costs of $239,000 as of March 31, 2025, which are being amortized into interest expense over the life of the Notes. Amortization of issuance costs into interest expense was $10,000 for both the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**10. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES **

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives.

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both our business operations and economic conditions. We principally manage our exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of our core business activities. We manage economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of our assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, we entered into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Our derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of our known or expected cash receipts and our known or expected cash payments principally related to certain variable rate loan assets and variable rate borrowings.

Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk.

The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of certain pools of fixed-rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rate. The Company’s interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve the payment of fixed-rate amounts to a counterparty in exchange for the Company receiving variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in interest income**.**

In October of 2024,$200 million in notional amount of designated fair value hedges matured. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any outstanding fair value hedges on the balance sheet.

Non-hedging Derivatives.

Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative, but rather result from a service the Company provides to certain customers. The Company executes loan-level derivative products such as interest-rate swap agreements with commercial banking customers to aid them in managing their interest-rate risk by converting floating-rate loan payments to fixed-rate loan payments. The Company concurrently enters into offsetting swaps with a third-party financial institution, effectively minimizing the Company’s net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. The third-party financial institution exchanges the customer’s fixed-rate loan payments for floating-rate loan payments. As the interest-rate swap agreements associated with this program do not meet hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value are recognized directly in earnings.

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet.

The tables below present the fair value of our derivative financial instruments designated as hedging and non-hedging instruments as well as our classification on the balance sheet as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.

The table below presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the statements of net income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

There were no gains or losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivative financial instruments during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Credit-risk-related Contingent Features

By using derivative financial instruments, we expose ourselves to credit risk. Credit risk is the risk of failure by the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes us, which creates credit risk for us. When the fair value of a derivative is negative, we owe the counterparty and, therefore, it does not possess credit risk. The credit risk in derivative instruments is mitigated by entering into transactions with highly-rated counterparties that we believe to be creditworthy and by limiting the amount of exposure to each counterparty.

We have agreements with our derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if we default on any of our indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then we could also be declared in default on our derivative obligations. We also have agreements with certain of our derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if we fail to maintain our status as well capitalized, then the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and we would be required to settle our obligations under the agreements. Certain of our agreements with our derivative counterparties contain provisions where if a formal administrative action by a federal or state regulatory agency occurs that materially changes our creditworthiness in an adverse manner, we may be required to fully collateralize our obligations under the derivative instrument.

At March 31, 2025, we had minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of our derivative counterparties. As of March 31, 2025, we were not required to post collateral under these agreements because we did not have any derivatives in a liability position with those counterparties.

11. FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Determination of Fair Value.

We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for our various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

Methods and assumptions for valuing our financial instruments are set forth below. Estimated fair values are calculated based on the value without regard to any premium or discount that may result from concentrations of ownership of a financial instrument, possible tax ramifications or estimated transaction cost.

Securities. The securities measured at fair value in Level 1 are based on quoted market prices in an active exchange market. All other securities are measured at fair value in Level 2 and are based on pricing models that consider standard input factors such as observable market data, benchmark yields, interest rate volatilities, broker/dealer quotes, credit spreads and new issue data. These securities include government-sponsored enterprise obligations, state and municipal obligations, corporate bonds, residential mortgage-backed securities guaranteed and sponsored by the U.S. government or an agency thereof. Fair value measurements are obtained from a third-party pricing service and are not adjusted by management.

Interest rate swaps. The valuation of our interest rate swaps is obtained from a third-party pricing service and is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. The pricing analysis is based on observable inputs for the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity and interest rate curves. We have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our interest rate derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

There were no transfers to or from Level 1 and 2 for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis.

We may also be required, from time to time, to measure certain other financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. These adjustments to fair value usually result from application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. There were no collateral dependent loans measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2025. The following table summarize the fair value hierarchy used to determine the carrying values of the related assets as of December 31, 2024.

The amount of impaired loans represents the carrying value, net of the related write-down or valuation allowance of collateral dependent loans for which adjustments are based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of collateral dependent loans with specific allocations of the allowance for loan losses is generally based on real estate appraisals performed by independent licensed or certified appraisers. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Management will discount appraisals as deemed necessary based on the date of the appraisal and new information deemed relevant to the valuation. Such adjustments are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Summary of Fair Values of Financial Instruments.

The estimated fair values of our financial instruments are as follows:

12. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07,Segment Reporting – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280), which expands segment disclosure requirements for public entities to require disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis. It also requires companies to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. This ASU, as amended, became effective for the Company in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 (see Note 13 – Segment) and did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In addition, this ASU, as amended, will be effective for interim periods beginning in 2025 and did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09,Income Taxes—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740), which requires entities to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. On an annual basis, entities must disclose: (1) the amount of income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign; and (2) the amount of income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid, net of refunds received, for amounts equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid. Further, the amendments also require entities to disclose: (1) income or loss from continued operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign sources; and (2) income or loss from continued operations disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign sources. This ASU, as amended, is effective for the Company in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03,Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures – Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses(Subtopic 220-40). ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. ASU 2024-03 requires new financial statement disclosures in tabular form, disaggregating information about prescribed categories underlying any relevant income statement expense caption. The prescribed categories include, among other things, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. Additionally, entities must disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. This ASU is effective for the Company, on a prospective basis, for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

13. SEGMENT

The Company operates as asingle reportable segment under ASC 280, as the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews financial performance and allocates resources based on the consolidated results of the Company as a whole. The Company, through its bank subsidiary, provides banking services to individuals and companies primarily in Hampden County and Hampshire County in western Massachusetts and Hartford County and Tolland County in northern Connecticut. These services include commercial lending, residential lending and consumer lending, checking, savings, time deposits, cash management, and wealth management. The CODM primarily evaluates performance using net interest income and net income as reported in the consolidated statement of income. The Company’s primary measure of profitability is net interest and dividend income. Net interest and dividend income is the difference between the interest income earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Interest-earning assets consist primarily of commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, residential real estate loans and securities. Interest-bearing liabilities consist primarily of time deposits and money market accounts, demand deposits, savings accounts and borrowings from the FHLB. The consolidated results of operations also depend on the provision for credit losses, non-interest income, and non-interest expense. In addition, the CODM considers net income as a key measure of overall financial performance. The Company’s CODM consists of members of the Senior Management team, including the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Banking Officer and the Chief Lending Officer.