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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31,2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number:001-41921

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Kazakhstan

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

154A Nauryzbai Batyr Street

Almaty,050013, Kazakhstan

(Address of principal executive offices)

Copy to:

Tengiz Mosidze

+7 727 3306710

154A Nauryzbai Batyr Street

Almaty,050013, Kazakhstan

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing one common share, no par valueKSPINasdaq Global Select Market
Common shares, no par value*KSPINasdaq Global Select Market

*Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:190,227,932 common shares

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer,” “large accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐Non-accelerated filer☐
Emerging growth company☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐International Financial Reporting Standards as issue by the International Accounting Standards Board☒Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTORY NOTE4
IMAGES7
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION7
MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA8
TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS AND TRADENAMES8
CAUTIONARY NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND RISK FACTOR SUMMARY8
PART I11
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS11
A. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT11
B. ADVISERS11
C. AUDITORS11
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE11
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION11
A. [RESERVED]11
B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS11
C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS11
D. RISK FACTORS11
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY49
A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY49
B. BUSINESS OVERVIEW49
C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE88
D. PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT89
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS89
A. OPERATING RESULTS89
B. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES107
C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC.122
D. TREND INFORMATION122
E. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES122
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES122
A. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT122
B. COMPENSATION124
C. BOARD PRACTICES124
D. EMPLOYEES126

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E. SHARE OWNERSHIP127
F. DISCLOSURE OF A REGISTRANT’S ACTION TO RECOVER ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION.127
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS128
A. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS128
B. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS129
C. INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL131
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION131
A. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION131
B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES132
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING132
A. OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS132
B. PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION132
C. MARKETS132
D. SELLING SHAREHOLDERS132
E. DILUTION132
F. EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE133
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION133
A. SHARE CAPITAL133
B. MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION133
C. MATERIAL CONTRACTS133
D. EXCHANGE CONTROLS133
E. TAXATION133
F. DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS141
G. STATEMENT BY EXPERTS141
H. DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY141
I. SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION141
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS142
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES142
A. DEBT SECURITIES142
B. WARRANTS AND RIGHTS142
C. OTHER SECURITIES142
D. AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES142

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PART II145
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES145
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS145
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES145
ITEM 16. [RESERVED]146
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT146
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS146
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES147
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES147
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS147
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT148
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE148
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE148
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.148
ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES148
ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY149
PART III150
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS150
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS150
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS150
SIGNATURES152

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The text of this filing, as the company filed it with the SEC, without its images or exhibits. This is not investment advice.