Finwise Bancorp

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1 –Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business and Organization –FinWise Bancorp is a Utah bank holding company headquartered in Murray, Utah and operates all business activities through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, FinWise Bank (“Bank”) and FinWise Investment, LLC. The Bank provides a full range of banking services to individual and commercial customers and provides banking and payments solutions to fintech brands. As a technology-focused bank, the Bank also has established Strategic Programs with various third-party platforms that use technology to streamline the origination of consumer and business loans and process payments. FinWise Investment, LLC’s purpose is to hold and manage private investments made by the Company and the Bank.

References to “FinWise Bancorp,” “Bancorp” or the “holding company,” refer to FinWise Bancorp on a standalone basis. References to the “Company” refer to FinWise Bancorp, FinWise Bank, and FinWise Investment, LLC collectively and on a consolidated basis.

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, the statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. All significant inter-company transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of management, all the adjustments (consisting of normal and recurring adjustments) necessary for the fair statement of the consolidated financial condition and the consolidated results of operations for the periods presented have been included. The results of operations and other data presented for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for subsequent periods or the full year results. The consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2024 was derived from audited financial statements; however, the accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements do not include all of the annual disclosures required by GAAP and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Reclassifications – Reclassifications have been made to the interim consolidated financial statements to conform to the current year’s presentation. Certain of these reclassifications relate to the change in fair value of the SBA servicing asset, which was reclassified from non-interest expense to non-interest income to better align with the SBA servicing asset revenue and the associated costs. The effect of these reclassifications were not material to the previously reported interim consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates – In preparing the interim consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated balance sheets and certain revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ, either positively or negatively, from those estimates.

Stock Repurchase Program – On March 7, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors (the “Board”) had authorized, effective March 6, 2024, a common stock repurchase program to purchase up to 641,832 shares of the Company’s common stock in the aggregate. The repurchase program authorizes the repurchase by the Company of its common stock in open market transactions, including pursuant to a trading plan in accordance with Rule 10b-18 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or privately negotiated transactions. Repurchases could also be made pursuant to a trading plan under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, which would permit shares to be repurchased when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or other regulatory restrictions. The Share Repurchase Committee, designated by the Board of Directors, will determine the actual timing, number and value of any shares repurchased in its discretion depending on a variety of factors, including but not limited to, the market price and trading volume of the Company’s common stock, general market and economic conditions, the ongoing assessment of the Company’s capital needs, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any particular number of shares and may be limited or terminated at any time at the Company’s discretion without notice. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there were no open-market share repurchases. Since the repurchase program’s inception, the Company has repurchased and subsequently retired a total of 44,608 shares for $0.5 million at an average price of $10.30 per share.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”. ASU 2023-09 improves the transparency of annual income tax disclosures by requiring entities to provide greater disaggregation of information on income taxes paid and on the rate reconciliation disclosures. This pronouncement also requires qualitative discussion of the primary state and local jurisdictions for income taxes and the type of reconciling categories. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 effective January 1, 2025 and will include the incremental disclosures in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses”, which requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement. The standard requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented in the income statement. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The requirements should be applied on a prospective basis while retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on its disclosures.

Note 2 –Investments

Investment Securities Available-for-Sale, at Fair Value

The Company’s available-for-sale (“AFS”) investment portfolio consists of U.S. Treasury securities. The Company reports debt securities AFS on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair value of investment securities AFS as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are summarized as follows:

The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities AFS as of the periods ended, by contractual maturity:

At March 31, 2025, debt securities AFS in the amount of$30.0 million were pledged as collateral for a credit line held by the Bank.

Accrued interest receivable on debt securities AFS totaled$0.2 million and$0.5 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and was included inaccrued interest receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Investment Securities Held-to-Maturity, at Cost

The Company's held-to-maturity (“HTM”) investment portfolio consists of agency mortgage-backed securities and agency collateralized mortgage obligations. The Company reports debt securities HTM on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets at carrying value which is amortized cost. The amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair values of the Company’s debt securities HTM at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are summarized as follows:

Credit Quality Indicators & Allowance for Credit Losses - HTM and AFS

For debt securities HTM and AFS, the Company evaluates the credit risk of its securities on at least a quarterly basis. The Company estimates expected credit losses on debt securities HTM and AFS on a collective basis by major security type. Accrued interest receivable on debt securities HTM and AFS is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there wasno ACL related to debt securities HTM or AFS due to the composition of the portfolio which is generally considered not to have credit risk given the United States government issuance or guarantee associated with these agency securities.

The Company hadeighteen securities, consisting ofeight collateralized mortgage obligations andten mortgage-backed securities, in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2025 andtwenty-two securities, consisting of eight collateralized mortgage obligations, ten mortgage-backed securities andfour U.S. Treasury securities, in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024. The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of debt securities HTM and AFS, aggregated by category and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The amortized cost and estimated market value of debt securities HTM at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

At March 31, 2025, debt securities HTM in the amount of$12.0 million were pledged as collateral for a credit line held by the Bank. There wereno sales or transfers of investment securities andno realized gains or losses on these securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024.

FHLB Stock

The Bank is a member of the FHLB system. As a member, the Bank is required to maintain a minimum level of investment in FHLB stock based on a percentage of the Bank’s previous year-end assets and the Bank’s FHLB advances outstanding. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank owned $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of FHLB stock, which is carried at cost. The Company evaluated the carrying value of its FHLB stock investment at March 31, 2025 and determined that it was not impaired. This evaluation considered the long-term nature of the investment, the current financial and liquidity position of the FHLB, repurchase activity of excess stock by the FHLB at its carrying value, the return on the investment from recurring and special dividends, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold this investment for a period of time sufficient to recover its recorded investment.

Note 3 –Loans

Loans held-for-investment outstanding by general ledger classification as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, consisted of the following:

The Bank sells participation interests in some loans it originates and may acquire a participation interest in loans originated by others. All reported amounts reflect only the Bank’s ownership interest in the loans.

Strategic Program Loans– The Company originates loans with various third-party loan origination platforms that use technology and other innovative systems to streamline the origination of unsecured and secured consumer and business loans to a wide array of borrowers within certain approved credit profiles. Loans issued by the Company through these programs follow and are limited to specific predetermined underwriting criteria. The Company earns monthly minimum program fees from these third parties. Based on the volume of loans originated by the Company related to each Strategic Program, an additional fee equal to a percentage of the loans generated under the Strategic Program may be collected. The program fee is included within non-interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The Company generally retains the loans and/or receivables for a number of business days after origination before selling the loans and/or receivables to the Strategic Program provider or another investor. Interest income is earned by the Company while holding the loans. These loans are classified as held-for-sale on the balance sheet and measured at the lower of cost or market.

The Company may also hold loans or a portion of the loans or receivables and sell the remainder directly to the Strategic Program provider or other investors. The Company is generally the servicer of the loans it originates through Strategic Programs. The Company earns a servicing fee equal to a percentage of the outstanding balance of the loans generated under Strategic Programs for servicing such loans. In turn, the Strategic Program service providers, subject to the Company’s approval and oversight, typically serve as sub-servicer and perform primary servicing duties including loan collections, modifications, charging-off, reporting and monitoring, for which the Company incurs a cost.

Each Strategic Program provider establishes a “reserve” deposit account with the Company to reasonably ensure the strategic programs will have sufficient funds available to purchase the loans. The agreements generally require that the reserve account deposit balance does not fall below an agreed upon dollar or percentage threshold related to the total loans currently outstanding as held-for-sale by the Company for the specific Strategic Program. If necessary, the Company has the right to withdraw amounts from the reserve account to fulfill loan purchaser obligations created under the program agreements. Total cash held in reserve by Strategic Program providers at the Company at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, was $36.4 million and $54.0 million, respectively.

Strategic Program loans retained and held-for-sale as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are summarized as follows:

Allowance for Credit Losses: In determining an appropriate amount for the allowance, the Bank segmented and aggregated the loan portfolio based on the FDIC Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income (“Call Report”) codes. These classifications, which in general are based upon the nature of the collateral and type of borrower, are different than the classifications adopted for other financial reporting purposes, which are based upon the proposed use of the loan proceeds. The following pool segments identified as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are based on the CECL methodology:

Activity in the ACL by common characteristic loan pools based on the CECL methodology was as follows for the periods indicated:

Nonaccrual and past due loans are summarized below as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

There wasno interest income recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, while loans were classified as nonaccrual. The amount of accrued interest for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, that was reversed against interest income on nonaccrual loans was approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in loans as of the balance sheet date. The allowance for credit losses is estimated by management using relevant available information, from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Bank measures expected credit losses for loans on a pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Generally, collectively assessed loans are grouped by Call Report code and then risk grade grouping.

In addition to past due and nonaccrual status criteria, the Company also evaluates loans using a loan grading system. Internal loan grades are based on current financial information, historical payment experience, and credit documentation, among other factors. Performance-based grades are summarized below:

Pass– A Pass asset is higher quality and does not fit any of the other categories described below. The likelihood of loss is believed to be remote.

Watch– A Watch asset may be a larger loan or one that places a heavier reliance on collateral due to the relative financial strength of the borrower. The assets may be maintenance intensive requiring closer monitoring. The obligor is believed to have an adequate primary source of repayment.

Special Mention– A Special Mention asset has potential weaknesses that may be temporary or, if left uncorrected, may result in a loss. While concerns exist, the Company believes that it is currently protected against a default and loss is considered unlikely and not imminent.

Substandard– A Substandard asset is believed to be inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified have identified weaknesses and are characterized by the possibility that the Company may sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – A doubtful asset has an existing weakness or weaknesses that make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts and conditions, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss – A loss asset has an existing weakness or weaknesses that render the loan uncollectible and of such little value that continuing to carry as an asset on the Company’s books is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical nor desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.

Not Rated– For Strategic Program loans, the Company does not evaluate and risk rate the loans in the same manner as other loans in the Company’s portfolio. The Not Rated loans are typically homogenous, smaller dollar balances approved using abridged underwriting methods that allow the Company to streamline the loan approval process and increase efficiency. Credit quality for Strategic Program loans is highly correlated with delinquency levels.

The following table presents the amortized cost of the Company's loan and lease portfolio by collateral type, risk rating and origination year as of March 31, 2025, in addition to the gross writeoff by collateral type for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The loans are grouped based on how they are assessed under CECL.

The following table presents the amortized cost of the Company's loan and lease portfolio by collateral type, risk rating and origination year as of December 31, 2024, in addition to the gross writeoff by collateral type for the year ended December 31, 2024. The loans are grouped based on how they are assessed under CECL.

Modified Loans to Troubled Borrowers

Modified loans to troubled borrowers arise from a modification made to a loan in order to alleviate temporary difficulties in the borrower’s financial condition or constraints on the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, and to minimize potential losses to the Company. GAAP requires that certain types of modifications be reported, which consist of the following: principal forgiveness, interest rate reduction, other-than-insignificant payment delay, term extension, or any combination of the foregoing.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 there wereno new material loan modifications. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there was a payment default of $0.2 million on a commercial real estate owner occupied loan to a borrower whose loan was modified due to financial difficulties within the previous twelve months and the loan was placed on nonaccrual status. The remaining modified loans were current as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 there weretwo material loan modific ations. There wereno payment defaults during the three months ended March 31, 2024 of modified loans that were modified during the previous twelve months.

Modified Retained Strategic Program Loans

Retained Strategic Program loans of $19.9 million and $20.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, consist primarily of personal loans to individuals. A significant amount of the retained Strategic Program loans are made to subprime borrowers. The subprime borrowers’ ability to repay the loans according to the original loan terms can be compromised by both short-term financial challenges, such as unexpected car repairs or physical injury, and longer-term financial challenges, such as a job loss or more serious injury or illness.

In certain circumstances, some of the Company’s strategic programs will modify the original loan terms to optimize the recovery of principal and interest. The loan modifications may include (i) a delay in payment and extension of the loan term, or (ii) accrued interest forgiveness and interest rate and payment reductions. As of March 31, 2025, the balance of outstanding modified loans to individuals in the retained portfolio was approximately $1.1 million. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of outstanding modified loans to individuals in the retained portfolio was approximately $4.4 million. The Company does not have any obligation to fund additional amounts to the borrowers. If after modification, some or all of the loan is determined to be uncollectible, the full balance determined to be uncollectible is charged off. The amount charged off is included in the Company’s vintage analysis used to estimate the Company’s allowance for credit losses.

Collateral-Dependent Loans

A collateral-dependent loan is a nonaccrual loan for which the Bank relies substantially on the operation or sale of the collateral for repayment. In evaluating the overall risk associated with a loan, the Company considers (1) character, overall financial condition and resources, and payment record of the borrower; (2) the prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors; and (3) the nature and degree of protection provided by the cash flow and value of any underlying collateral. The loan may become collateral-dependent when foreclosure is probable or the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and its sources of repayment become inadequate over time. At such time, the Company develops an expectation that repayment will be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of the periods indicated:

The amount of collateral-dependent loans as of March 31, 2025 include $14.9 million of SBA 7(a) loan balances that are guaranteed by the SBA.

The amount of collateral-dependent loans as of December 31, 2024 include $18.9 million of SBA 7(a) loan balances that are guaranteed by the SBA.

Note 4 –SBA Servicing Asset, Net

The Company periodically sells the guaranteed portions of SBA loans and retains rights to service the loans. Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying balance sheet. The unpaid principal balances of SBA loans serviced for others was $223.7 million and $218.4 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table summarizes SBA servicing asset, net activity for the periods indicated:

Activity in the valuation allowance for the SBA servicing asset was as follows for the periods indicated:

The fair market value of the SBA servicing asset as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, was $3.3 million and $3.3 million, respectively. Recovery or impairment adjustments to servicing rights are mainly due to market-based assumptions associated with discounted cash flows, loan prepayment speeds, and changes in interest rates. A significant change in these assumptions could result in a significant change in the SBA servicing asset carrying amount.

The Company assumed a weighted average prepayment rate of 21.0%, weighted average term of 3.27 years, and a weighted average discount rate of 11.7% at March 31, 2025.

The Company assumed a weighted average prepayment rate of 21.1%, weighted average term of 3.30 years, and a weighted average discount rate of 12.1% at December 31, 2024.

Note 5 –Capital Requirements

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and State of Utah banking agencies (the regulators). Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Bank’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank’s assets, liabilities, and certain off -balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk -weighting, and other factors. Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable to the bank holding company.

Beginning January 1, 2020, the Bank qualified and elected to use the community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) framework for quantitative measures which requires the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets. Management believes, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, that the Bank’s capital levels exceed the regulatory floors required to be classified as a well-capitalized bank.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the most recent notification from the FDIC categorized the Bank as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action (there are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category). The following table sets forth the actual capital amounts and ratios for the Bank and the minimum amount and ratio of capital required to be categorized as well-capitalized as of the dates indicated:

Bank Dividends

The Federal Reserve’s policy statement and supervisory guidance on the payment of cash dividends by a Bank Holding Company (“BHC”), such as FinWise Bancorp, expresses the view that a BHC should generally pay cash dividends on common stock only to the extent that (1) the BHC’s net income available over the past year is sufficient to cover the cash dividend, (2) the rate of earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition, and (3) the regulatory capital adequacy ratios are met. Should an insured depository institution controlled by a bank holding company be “significantly undercapitalized” under the applicable federal bank capital ratios, or if the bank subsidiary is “undercapitalized” and has failed to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan or has materially failed to implement such a plan, federal banking regulators (in the case of the Bank, the FDIC) may choose to require prior Federal Reserve approval for any capital distribution by the BHC.

In addition, since FinWise Bancorp is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank and does not conduct stand-alone operations, an ability to pay dividends depends on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to FinWise Bancorp. The FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions (“UDFI”) may, under certain circumstances, prohibit the payment of dividends to FinWise Bancorp from the Bank. Utah corporate law also requires that dividends can only be paid out of funds legally available.

The Company has not paid any cash dividends on its common stock since inception and it does not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. However, the Company’s Board of Directors may declare a cash or stock dividend out of retained earnings provided the regulatory capital ratio requirements are met. The Company plans to maintain capital ratios that meet or exceed the well-capitalized standards per the regulations and, therefore, would limit dividends to amounts that are appropriate to maintain those well-capitalized regulatory capital ratios.

Note 6 –Commitments and Contingencies

Federal Home Loan Bank Secured Line of Credit

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank’s available line of credit with the FHLB to borrow funds was $25.7 million and $25.0 million, respectively. All borrowings are short-term and the interest rate is equal to the correspondent bank’s daily federal funds purchase rate. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, no amounts were outstanding under the line of credit. Loans totaling $43.4 million and $41.6 million were pledged to secure the FHLB line of credit as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Other Lines of Credit

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank had the ability to borrow $246.3 million and $239.2 million, respectively, in total from the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) on a collateralized basis through the Discount Window and/or the borrower-in-custody (“BIC”) program. Loans totaling $277.1 million and $240.8 million and securities of $42.0 million and $42.6 million were pledged to secure these lines of credit with the FRB as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. In 2024, the Bank was accepted into the FRB’s borrower-in-custody program, which allows financial institutions to pledge loans that are not pledged to the FHLB as collateral for FRB’s Discount Window advances while retaining possession or control of the collateral. The Bank can borrow a maximum of $206.1 million and $198.8 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, under the BIC program utilizing the loans pledged to the FRB while under the Discount Window the Bank can borrow a maximum of $246.3 million and $239.2 million, respectively, utilizing both the aforementioned loans as well as the securities pledged to the FRB. In no instance can the Bank exceed outstanding borrowings of $246.3 million and $239.2 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company hadno advances outstanding under either program as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Through Zions Bank, the Bank had an available unsecured line of credit of $5.0 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Bank had an available line of credit with Bankers’ Bank of the West to borrow up to $1.1 million in overnight funds at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Bank hadno outstanding balances on such unsecured or secured lines of credit as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

Commitments to Extend Credit

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank has entered into commitments to extend credit to customers which have not yet been exercised. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit in the form of loans. Those instruments involve to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheets. The Company’scommitments to extend credit as of the dates indicated are summarized below. Since commitments associated with commitments to extend credit may expire unused, the amounts shown in the table below do not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk were as follows:

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancelable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and is adjusted through a charge to provision for credit loss expense on the consolidated statements of income. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments was $0.5 million and $0.5 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Note 7 –Investment in Business Funding Group, LLC

On December 31, 2019, the Company purchased from certain members of BFG a 10% membership interest in exchange for an aggregate of 950,784 shares of the Company’s common stock The exchange was accounted for at fair value based on the fair value of the Company’s shares of approximately $3.5 million. On July 25, 2023 the Company entered into a definitive agreement, as amended, to purchase from certain members of BFG an additional 10% membership interest in exchange for shares of common stock of the Company. On February 5, 2024, the transaction was consummated and the Company issued in the aggregate 339,176 shares of common stock of the Company in a private placement to the sellers in exchange for the additional membership interest in BFG. The second transaction increased the Company’s total ownership interest in BFG to 20%. The ownership interest consists of Class A Voting Units representing 4.7% of the aggregate membership interests of BFG and Class B Non-Voting Units representing 15.3% of the aggregate membership interests of BFG.

The remaining 80% of the outstanding membership interests are Class A Voting Units. Based on the Company’s accounting policy with respect to investments in limited liability companies, the Company concluded that its level of ownership was indicative of significant influence and, as a result, the investment would be accounted for using the equity method. However, the Company elected the fair value option for its investment due to cost-benefit considerations.

On March 31, 2020, the Company entered into a right of first refusal and option agreement with the members of BFG whereby the Company has the right of first refusal to purchase additional interests in BFG from any selling members and the option to purchase all, but not less than all, of the interests in BFG from the remaining members. The purchase price for the remaining members’ interests is based on an earnings multiple between 10 times and 15 times BFG’s net profit for the fiscal year ended immediately prior to the exercise of the option. The option period begins on January 1, 2021 and expires on January 1, 2028. The Company issued an aggregate 270,000 warrants to the BFG members as consideration for entering into the agreement. The warrants have an exercise price of $6.67 per share and the warrants expire on March 31, 2028. The warrants are free-standing equity instruments and, as a result, are classified within equity at the fair value on the issuance date. The fair value of the warrants was determined by the Company’s board of directors with input from management, relying in part upon valuation reports prepared by a third-party valuation firm using a Black-Scholes option pricing model adjusted for a lack of marketability since the Company’s stock was not publicly traded at that time. The resulting fair value of the warrants was $0.19 per share.

For further discussion on the Company’s investment in BFG, see Note 9 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments and 12 - Related Party Transactions.

Note 8 –Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Option Plans

The Company utilizes stock-based compensation plans, as well as discretionary grants, for employees, directors and consultants to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, to provide additional incentives and to promote the success of the Company’s business.

The 2019 Stock Plan (“2019 Plan”) was adopted on June 20, 2019 following approval by the Company’s Board of Directors and shareholders. The 2019 Plan will terminate as to future awards 10 years from the later of the effective date or the earlier of the most recent Board or stockholder approval of an increase in the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan. On June 27, 2024, the shareholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2019 Plan increasing the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the plan by an additional 500,000 shares to 1,780,000. At March 31, 2025,445,547 shares under the 2019 Plan were available for future issuance.

The 2016 Stock Plan (“2016 Plan”) was adopted on April 20, 2017 following approval by the Company’s Board of Directors and shareholders. The 2016 Plan authorizes the issuance of 299,628 common shares. The 2016 Plan will terminate as to future awards 10 years from the later of the effective date or the earlier of the most recent Board or stockholder approval of an increase in the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan. At March 31, 2025,2,189 shares under the 2016 Plan were available for future issuance.

The 2019 Plan and the 2016 Plan (collectively, the “Plans”) provide for the issuance of non-statutory stock options and restricted stock to employees, directors and consultants. The Plans also provide for the issuance of incentive stock options only to employees. The stock-based incentive awards for the Plans are granted at an exercise price not less than the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant in the case of stock options. Restricted stock is valued based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Vesting of the options vary by employee or director and can have a term no more than 10 years, with the options generally having vesting periods ranging from 1 to 5 years.

Under the Plans, if an award expires or becomes un-exercisable without having been exercised in full, or is surrendered pursuant to an exchange program, the unpurchased shares that were subject thereto shall become available for future grant or sale under the Plans. However, shares that have actually been issued under the Plans, or upon exercise of an award, shall not be returned to the Plans and shall not become available for future distribution under the Plans, except that if unvested shares of restricted stock are repurchased by the Company at their original purchase price, such shares shall become available for future grant under the Plans.

The following summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company received de minimis proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

The following table presents stock-based compensation expense recognized:

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized a $0.1 million and ade minimis income tax benefit, respectively, for stock-based compensation. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock of approximately $0.1 million and $2.6 million, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average recognition period of 1.0 years and 2.2 years, respectively.

Note 9 –Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company measures and discloses certain assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale). GAAP establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and disclosure requirements about fair value measurements. Among other things, the standard requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s estimates for market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy.

Level 1– Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments. An active market is a market in which transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available.

Level 2– Observable inputs other than Level 1 including quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, quoted prices in less active markets for identical or similar instruments, or other observable inputs that can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3– Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity for financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation also includes observable inputs from nonbinding single dealer quotes not corroborated by observable market data. In developing Level 3 measurements, management incorporates whatever market data might be available and uses discounted cash flow models where appropriate. These calculations include projections of future cash flows, including appropriate default and loss assumptions, and market-based discount rates.

The estimated fair value amounts of financial instruments have been determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to interpret data to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize at a future date. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. In addition, reasonable comparability between financial institutions may not be likely due to the wide range of permitted valuation techniques and numerous estimates that must be made given the absence of active secondary markets for many of the financial instruments. This lack of uniform valuation methodologies also introduces a greater degree of subjectivity to these estimated fair values. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are deemed to occur at the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers between fair value levels for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The following methods were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments on a recurring basis:

Investment securities available-for-sale: Investment securities available-for-sale consist of U.S. Treasury securities and are carried at fair value. The Company estimates the fair value of investment securities available-for-sale using current active market quotes, if available, which are considered Level 1 measurements. Level 1 measurements include securities issued by the U.S. Treasury.

Investment in BFG: The Company’s valuation technique utilized the average of the discounted cash flow method and the Guideline Public Company method. A 20% lack of marketability discount was applied to the valuation as well as a 4.5% discount to non-voting shares to arrive at fair value as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The calculation of fair value utilized significant unobservable inputs, including projected cash flows, growth rates, and discount rates.

Derivative instruments: The Company’s derivative instruments consist of interest rate swaps accounted for as cash flow hedges. The Company’s derivative instruments are carried at fair value and considered Level 2 measurements. The Company measures fair value of interest rate swaps utilizing market observable inputs, such as forecasted yield curves.

The table below presents the Company's financial instruments valued on a recurring basis at the periods indicated:

The table below presents a reconciliation of the Company’s investment in BFG classified as a Level 3 financial instrument and measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated:

The table below presents the Company’s financial instruments valued on a nonrecurring basis at the periods indicated:

Individually evaluated loans– The loan amount above represents loans individually evaluated that have been adjusted to the lower of cost or fair value. When collateral-dependent loans are individually evaluated, they are measured using the current fair value of the collateral securing these loans, less selling costs. The fair value of real estate collateral is determined using collateral valuations or a discounted cash flow analysis using inputs such as discount rates, sale prices of similar assets, and term of expected disposition. Some appraised values are adjusted based on management’s review and analysis, which may include historical knowledge, changes in market conditions, estimated selling and other anticipated costs, and/or expertise and knowledge. The loss, if any, represents charge-offs on loans when the fair value of the collateral is less than the carrying amount of the loan.

Quantitative information for Level 3 fair value measurements–The following table presents information about quantitative inputs and assumptions used to fair value Level 3 nonrecurring assets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The range and weighted average of the significant unobservable inputs used to fair value the investment in BFG as of March 31, 2025 and as of December 31, 2024 are shown in the following table:

The tables below present the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments at the periods indicated:

Note 10 –Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, income tax expense was $1.2 million and $1.2 million, respectively, resulting in an effective income tax rate of 28.1% and 26.5%, respectively. The effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 21.0% during the three months ended March 31, 2025 dueprimarily to estimated permanent differences related to officer compensation.

Note 11 –Derivatives and Hedging Activities

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate deposits.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated OCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest on deposits as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate deposits. During the twelve months following March 31, 2025, the Company estimates that an additional$0.1 million will be reclassified as a reduction to interest expense.

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets

The table below presents the notional amount, location, and fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Effect of Cash Flow Hedge Accounting on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The table below presents the pre-tax effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income as of March 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Effect of Cash Flow Hedge Accounting on the Statement of Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

The table below presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Offsetting Derivative Assets

The tables below present a gross presentation, the effects of offsetting, and a net presentation of the Company’s derivatives as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands). The net amounts of derivative assets can be reconciled to the tabular disclosure of fair value. The tabular disclosure of fair value provides the location that derivative assets are presented on the consolidated balance sheets.

Note 12 –Related Party Transactions

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank may grant loans to certain executive officers and directors and the companies with which they are associated. The Company hadde minimis loans outstanding to related parties as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Total deposits from certain executive officers and directors and the companies with which they are associated were $2.5 million and $2.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

BFG is a small business loan broker, primarily under the SBA’s 7(a) loan program. As noted in Note 7 - Investment in Business Funding Group, the Company has a 20% ownership in the outstanding membership units of BFG. The Company underwrites loans sourced by BFG in its normal course of business. If approved and funded, the Company pays BFG a commission fee based on the amount funded. There is no guarantee or commitment made by the Company to BFG to approve or fund loans referred by BFG. The Company is able to use its sole discretion in deciding to approve and fund loans referred by BFG. SBA 7(a) loans sourced from BFG totaled $21.7 million and $13.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company paid commission fees to BFG in the amounts of $0.9 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company received distributions from BFG in the amounts of $0.5 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These distributions were recorded in the consolidated statements of income in other miscellaneous income.

Note 13 –Earnings per Share

The following table is a reconciliation of the components used to derive basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

(1)Represents earnings attributable to holders of unvested restricted stock issued to the Company’s directors and employees.

Note 14 –Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table presents changes to accumulated other comprehensive income by component for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in thousands):