ALUMIS INC

Organization and Business

Alumis Inc. (the “Company”) is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on identifying, acquiring, and accelerating the development and commercialization of transformative medicines for autoimmune disorders. The Company leverages its proprietary precision data analytics platform, biological insights, and a team of experts with deep experience in precision medicine drug discovery, development, and immunology, to create medicines that significantly improve the lives of patients by replacing broad immunosuppression with targeted therapies.

The Company was founded on January 29, 2021, as a Delaware corporation under the name FL2021-001, Inc. FL2021-001, Inc.’s name was changed to Esker Therapeutics, Inc. on March 8, 2021, and to Alumis Inc. on January 6, 2022. The Company is headquartered in South San Francisco, California. As of March 31, 2025, the Company hadone wholly owned subsidiary, Arrow Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), incorporated in January 2025.

Reverse Stock Split

On June 19, 2024, the board of directors approved, and on June 20, 2024, the Company effected, a reverse stock split of the shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock at a ratio of 1-for-4.675 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The number of authorized shares and par value per share were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All references to shares, options to purchase common stock, share amounts, per share amounts, and related information contained in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the effect of the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. The shares of common stock underlying outstanding stock options and other equity instruments were proportionately reduced and the respective exercise prices, if applicable, were proportionately increased in accordance with the terms of the agreements governing such securities. In addition, the conversion ratios for each series of the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock, which were automatically convertible into shares of common stock upon the closing of the Company’s initial public offering (the “IPO”) of common stock, were proportionally adjusted.

IPO and Concurrent Private Placement

On July 1, 2024, the Company completed its IPO, pursuant to which it issued and sold 13,125,000 shares of its common stock at $16.00 price per share to the public. Net proceeds from the IPO were $193.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs totaling $16.7 million. On July 17, 2024, an existing investor and a holder of more than 5% of the Company’s capital stock, purchased an additional 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at the IPO price per share for total gross and net proceeds of $40.0 million in a private placement transaction (the “Concurrent Private Placement”).

Immediately prior to the closing of the IPO on July 1, 2024, all of the shares of the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock then outstanding converted into 28,855,656 shares of Class A common stock and 7,184,908 shares of Class B common stock at a 1-for-4.675 conversion ratio (the “Preferred Stock Conversion”). All outstanding Class A common stock shares and all outstanding Class B common stock shares were redesignated immediately thereafter into the same number of shares of voting common stock and non-voting common stock, respectively. Unless the context otherwise requires a different meaning, all references to “common stock” in these notes refers to the Company’s voting common stock and non-voting common stock combined.

Merger Agreement

On February 6, 2025, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and, on April 20, 2025, the Company entered into an Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger (collectively the “Merger Agreement”) with ACELYRIN, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“ACELYRIN”), and Merger Sub, a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into ACELYRIN, with ACELYRIN continuing as a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). The Merger Agreement was approved by the disinterested directors on the Company’s board of directors and the board of directors of ACELYRIN and is subject to stockholder approval by the stockholders of each company and satisfaction or waiver of other closing conditions. The Merger is anticipated to qualify as a tax-free reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, and at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), the Company will (i) issue shares of its common stock in exchange for ACELYRIN issued and outstanding common stock shares (the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued in exchange for each share of ACELYRIN common stock, the “Exchange Ratio”) and will pay cash for any fractional shares, (ii) assume options of ACELYRIN option holders with an exercise price of $18.00 or less outstanding and unexercised immediately prior to the Effective Time, which will be exercisable in the Company’s common stock, (iii) assume restricted stock units (“RSUs”) outstanding and unvested immediately prior to the Effective Time, and (iv) assume performance RSUs outstanding and unvested immediately prior to the Effective Time, which will be convertible into the Company’s RSUs awards subject only to a service vesting condition.

Outstanding shares, options, RSUs and performance RSUs will be exchanged at the Exchange Ratio of 0.4814-for-one. ACELYRIN’s outstanding and unexercised options with exercise prices more than $18.00 will be cancelled. Exercise prices for the assumed options will be determined as the product of the original exercise prices multiplied by the reciprocal of the Exchange Ratio. Converted ACELYRIN options and RSUs will continue to vest in accordance with their original terms. Performance RSUs will be deemed to have 100% satisfied their performance conditions and will vest inthree equal installments on May 15 of calendar years 2025, 2026 and 2027, unless the closing of the Merger occurs after May 15, 2025, in which case the converted performance RSUs will vest intwo equal installments on May 15 of calendar years 2026 and 2027, subject to the holder of the converted performance RSUs remaining in service with Alumis or any of its subsidiaries on such date.

Consummation of the Merger is subject to certain closing conditions, including the absence of any law or judgment that restrains, enjoins or otherwise prohibits consummation of the Merger, the effectiveness of a registration statement on Form S-4 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) by the Company, adoption of the Merger Agreement by the holders of a majority of the outstanding ACELYRIN Shares at ACELYRIN’s stockholders’ meeting, and approval of the share issuance by the holders of a majority of votes of the Company’s common stock cast at the Company’s stockholders’ meeting.

The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for both the Company and ACELYRIN, including the right of either party to terminate the Merger Agreement if the transactions have not been consummated prior to July 7, 2025. The Company or ACELYRIN will pay a termination fee of $10.0 million or $10.0 million, respectively, under certain circumstances, including termination to accept and enter into a definitive agreement with respect to a superior proposal. Immediately following the Merger, the Company’s pre-Merger equityholders are expected to collectively own approximately 52% of the shares of the combined company and the pre-Merger equityholders of ACELYRIN as of immediately prior to the Merger are expected to collectively own approximately 48% of the combined company, in each case, calculated on a fully diluted basis as of January 31, 2025.

The Merger will be accounted for as a business combination under the provisions of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805,Business Combinations, with the Company being treated as the accounting acquirer. This determination is primarily based on a number of factors expected at the closing of the Merger, including: (i) which entity

is issuing its equity interests, (ii) the expectation that, following the Effective Time, the holders of shares of the Company’s common stock will hold, in the aggregate, more than 50% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock immediately following the Effective Time, (iii) the intended corporate governance structure of the Company following the Effective Time, (iv) the intended senior management of the Company following the Effective Time, and (v) the terms of the share exchange. Net assets acquired will be recognized at their fair value at the closing of the Merger. Goodwill will be calculated as a difference between the purchase consideration and the fair value of net assets acquired.

The Merger is expected to close in the second quarter of 2025. The Company recognized Merger transaction costs of approximately $7.7 million in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company has incurred negative operating cash flows and significant losses from operations since its inception. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred net losses of $99.0 million and $49.8 million, respectively. Cash used in operating activities was $80.4 million and $44.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $757.5 million.

The Company has historically financed its operations primarily through issuance of common stock, including in its IPO and Concurrent Private Placement, the issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock and convertible promissory notes in private placements and, most recently, an upfront payment related to its collaboration and license agreement. The Company expects to continue to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future, and its ability to achieve and sustain profitability will depend on the successful development, approval, and commercialization of any product candidates it may develop, and on the achievement of sufficient revenue to support its cost structure. The Company may never achieve profitability and, unless and until it does, it will need to continue to raise additional capital. The Company believes that, based on its current operating plan, its existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $208.7 million as of March 31, 2025, will not be sufficient to meet its operating and capital requirements for at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

If the Merger closes, the Company’s liquidity would improve. However, as of the date of the issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the Merger has not been completed and there can be no assurance that it will be consummated.

The Company will need to raise significant additional capital to fund ongoing research and development activities and maintain future operations. The Company’s management plans to monitor expenses and may raise additional capital through a combination of public and private equity, debt financings, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. The Company’s ability to access capital when needed is not assured and, if capital is not available to the Company when, and in the amounts, needed, on the terms which are favorable, the Company could be required to delay, scale back, or abandon some or all of its planned development programs and other operations, which could materially harm the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not reflect any adjustments relating to the recoverability and reclassifications of assets and liabilities that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

The significant accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are described in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 19, 2025. There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2025, except collaboration arrangements and revenue recognition and stock-based compensation expense, as discussed below.

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the SEC regarding interim financial reporting and do not contain all information that is included in the annual financial statements and notes thereto of the Company.

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Merger Sub, a wholly owned subsidiary, and all intercompany transactions were eliminated. Prior to their dissolution, the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements included the accounts of FronThera U.S. Holdings, Inc. and FronThera U.S. Pharmaceuticals LLC, two wholly owned subsidiaries, and all intercompany transactions were eliminated. FronThera U.S. Holdings, Inc. was dissolved on April 8, 2024 and FronThera U.S. Pharmaceuticals LLC was dissolved on March 14, 2024.

The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2025 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, included in this filing, was derived from audited annual consolidated financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full year or for any other subsequent interim period.

Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the ASC and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to those related to revenue recognition, accruals for research and development expenses, stock-based compensation expense, the fair value of common stock and the fair value of the derivative liability. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.

Segment and Geographical Information

The Company operates and manages its business asone reportable and operating segment, which is the business of researching and developing medicines for autoimmune disorders. The chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance (see Note 14). All of the Company’s long-lived assets are located in the United States.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities and restricted cash. The Company maintains bank deposits in federally insured financial institutions and certain of these deposits exceed federally insured limits. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and periodically evaluates the creditworthiness of the financial institutions at which its bank deposits are maintained.

The Company may also invest in money market funds, U.S. treasuries, commercial paper, corporate bonds, supranational debt securities and agency bonds, which can be subject to certain credit risks. The Company mitigates the risks by investing in high-grade instruments, limiting its exposure to any one issuer and monitoring the ongoing creditworthiness of the financial institutions and issuers. The Company has not experienced any loss of principal on its financial instruments.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in any of the following areas that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on the future financial position or results of operations: the Company’s ability to advance the development of its proprietary precision data analytics platform, timing and ability to advance its product candidates through preclinical and clinical development; costs and timelines associated with the manufacturing of clinical supplies; regulatory approval, market acceptance of, and reimbursement for, any product candidates the Company may develop; performance of third-party vendors; competition from pharmaceutical or other biotechnology companies with greater financial resources or expertise; protection of intellectual property; litigation or claims against the Company based on intellectual property or other factors; and its ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth.

The Company’s business and results of operations may be affected by worldwide economic conditions, which may continue to be impacted by global macroeconomic challenges and uncertainty in the markets, including international trade policies and tariffs, severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, rising inflation and monetary supply shifts, rising interest rates, labor shortages, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, recession risks and uncertainty about economic and geopolitical stability (for example, related to the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Israel and the surrounding areas). These worldwide economic conditions have continued into 2025 and may negatively impact the Company’s business, financial position and results of operations.

Collaboration Arrangements and Revenue Recognition

The Company earns revenue from collaboration agreements that allow collaborators to develop, manufacture and commercialize product candidates. Arrangements with collaborators may include intellectual property licenses, research and development services, manufacturing services for clinical and commercial supply and participation in joint steering committees. At the inception of an agreement, the Company evaluates if an agreement is a collaborative arrangement within the scope of ASC 808,Collaborative Arrangements(“ASC 808”). For collaborative arrangements that fall within the scope of ASC 808, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be a performance obligation with a customer within the scope of ASC Topic 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers(“ASC 606”).

For elements of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808 and are not subject to the guidance in ASC 606, the Company applies the revenue recognition model under ASC 606 or other guidance, as deemed appropriate.

Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services when its collaborator, or customer, obtains control of promised goods or services. The Company follows a five-step approach: (i) identify the contract with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the customer obtains control of the product or service.

The Company assesses the goods or services promised within the contract to determine whether each promised good or service is a performance obligation. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer that (i) the customer can benefit from on its own or together with other readily available resources and (ii) are separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Goods or services that are not individually distinct performance obligations are combined with other promised goods or services until such combined group of promises meet the requirements of a performance obligation.

The Company determines the transaction price based on the amount of consideration the Company is entitled to receive in exchange for the transfer of control of a product or a service to the customer. Consideration may be fixed, variable, or a combination of both. Payments to the Company under these arrangements typically include one or more of the following: non-refundable upfront payments, reimbursement for research services, payments for clinical supplies, research, development or regulatory milestone payments, profit-sharing arrangements, and royalty and commercial sales milestone payments. Variable consideration, such as performance-based milestones, are included in the total consideration if the Company expects to receive such consideration and if it is probable that the inclusion of the variable consideration will not result in a significant reversal in the cumulative amount of revenue recognized under the arrangement. The Company includes cost reimbursements included the transaction price using the expected value method. The Company excludes sales-based royalty and milestone payments from the total consideration it expects to receive until the underlying sales occur because the license to our intellectual property is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties or milestones relate as it is the primary driver of value in the collaboration arrangements.

The Company then allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price. Key assumptions to determine the standalone selling price may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, probabilities of technical and regulatory success, and the expected level of effort for research and development services. The Company recognizes revenue associated with each performance obligation as the control over the promised goods or services transfer to its collaborators which occurs either at a point in time or over time. If control transfers over time, revenue is recognized by using a method of measuring progress that best depicts the transfer of goods or services. The Company evaluates the measure of progress and related inputs each reporting period and any resulting adjustments to revenue are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis. Consideration allocated to options that include material rights is deferred until the options are exercised or expire.

The Company records amounts as accounts receivable when the right to consideration is deemed unconditional. Consideration received that does not meet the requirements to satisfy ASC 606 revenue recognition criteria is recorded as deferred revenue in the consolidated balance sheets, classified as either current (less than 12 months) or non-current (more than 12 months) deferred revenue based on the Company’s best estimate of when such revenue will be recognized. See Note 6 for additional information.

The Company grants stock-based awards to employees, directors and non-employee consultants in the form of stock options to purchase shares of its common stock. The Company measures stock options granted with service-based vesting based on the fair value of the award on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions, including common stock fair value, expected volatility, expected term,

risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. The Company expenses the fair value of its stock-based compensation awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the period in which the related services are received.

The Company has also granted stock options with graded vesting based on market, service and performance conditions. At the grant date, the fair value of these stock options was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses a distribution of potential outcomes over the vesting period. The assumptions utilized in the calculation included the Company’s expected common stock price, expected volatility, risk-free rate and expected term. Stock-based compensation expense for these awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the longer of the explicit service period of the service condition and the derived service period of the market condition, as determined for each separately vesting portion of the awards as if each award was, in substance, multiple awards.

Stock-based compensation expense related to stock purchase rights under the Company’s 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2024 ESPP”) is measured based on grant date at fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions, including common stock fair value, expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the offering period.

The Company accounts for award forfeitures as they occur and classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s salary or services costs are classified.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. The Company qualifies as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”), and has elected not to “opt out” of the extended transition related to complying with new or revised accounting standards, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public and private companies, the Company will adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard and will do so until such time that the Company either (i) irrevocably elects to “opt out” of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualifies as an emerging growth company. The Company may choose to early adopt any new or revised accounting standards whenever such early adoption is permitted for private companies.

Recently Issued and Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09,Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures(“ASU 2023-09”), which requires the disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation and greater disaggregation for income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 for public entities and for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025 for all other entities, with early application permitted. ASU 2023-09 should be adopted prospectively with the option to be adopted retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its disclosure in its consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03,Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (Topic 220) (“ASU 2024-03”), requiring that public business entities disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to financial statements at interim and annual reporting periods. The amendments of ASU 2024-03 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The requirements of ASU 2024-03 may be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the

financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03 on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

The Company discloses and recognizes the fair value of its assets and liabilities using a hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The guidance establishes three levels of the fair value hierarchy as follows:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. The Company recognizes transfers into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy in the period in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 financial instruments. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels of certain securities within the fair value hierarchy.

Level 1 financial instruments are comprised of money market funds and U.S. treasuries. Level 2 financial instruments are comprised of U.S. treasuries. Usually, short term marketable securities are considered Level 2 when their fair values are determined using inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data such as pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions, cash flow models with yield curves, and benchmark securities. In addition, Level 2 financial instruments are valued using comparisons to like-kind financial instruments and models that use readily observable market data as their basis. Level 3 financial instruments include derivative liabilities issued in March 2024 and settled in May 2024 in connection with the closing of the second tranche of the Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock financing.

The following tables represent the Company’s fair value hierarchy for financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

In connection with the Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock financing in March 2024, the Company issued to investorstwo freestanding financial instruments: the Series C second tranche option liability and the put right option liability. The Company estimated their fair value using a Black-Scholes option pricing model weighted by the probability of occurring. The Company used the intrinsic value calculation to estimate the fair value of the Series C second tranche option liability and the put right option liability upon settlement. Significant estimates and assumptions impacting the derivative liability fair value included the probability of each option exercise, redeemable convertible preferred stock fair value, estimated stock volatility and the expected term.

The following table provides a range of assumptions used in the valuation of the derivative liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial instrument, the derivative liabilities, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

The Company did not have Level 3 financial instruments during the three months ended March 31, 2025. There wereno transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 categories for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Marketable securities, which are classified as available-for-sale marketable securities, consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

All marketable securities held as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, had contractual maturities of less than one year.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, no significant facts or circumstances were present to indicate a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuers of the marketable securities, and the Company has no requirement or intention to sell these securities before maturity or recovery of their amortized cost basis. The Company considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions and determined that its marketable securities were not significantly impacted. For all marketable securities with a fair value less than its amortized cost basis, the Company determined the decline in fair value below amortized cost basis to be immaterial and non-credit related, and thereforeno allowance for expected credit losses was recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

**5.**Balance Sheet Components

Other Prepaid Expenses and Current Assets

Other prepaid expenses and current assets consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the followingas of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024(in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense was $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Other Accrued Expenses and Current Liabilities

Other accrued expenses and current liabilities consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

On March 25, 2025, (the “Effective Date”) the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“Kaken”). Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company granted to Kaken an exclusive right to develop, manufacture and commercialize ESK-001 for dermatology indications in Japan, with options to expand the license, subject to opt-in payments and certain cost-sharing obligations on the part of Kaken, to include rheumatological and gastrointestinal diseases.

Pursuant to the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company is responsible for the global development of ESK-001 in the dermatology field, and Kaken is responsible for the clinical development, regulatory approvals and commercialization of ESK-001 in Japan in dermatology and other indications for which Kaken has exercised its option. Kaken is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct all subsequent development, manufacture, and commercialization activities. The Collaboration Agreement further provides that the Company will retain rights to ESK-001 in all other indications and geographies.

In March 2025, Kaken made an upfront, non-refundable payment of $20.0 million to the Company. In addition, Kaken will pay the Company an aggregate of $20.0 million towards global development costs for ESK-001 in the dermatology field through the end of 2026, and thereafter will pay a specified share of development costs applicable to the dermatology field, and for any field for which Kaken exercises its option, subject to Kaken's right to opt out of cost-sharing in certain indications in specified circumstances. In addition, Kaken would pay the Company up to an aggregate of $36.0 million upon the achievement of regulatory milestones and upon Kaken’s exercise of its field expansion options for the rheumatology and gastrointestinal fields. In addition, the Company is entitled to receive aggregate payments of up to ¥15.5 billion upon the achievement of commercial milestones, plus tiered royalties at percentages ranging from the low double digits into the twenties on aggregate net sales of ESK-001 in Japan.

The Company evaluated the Collaboration Agreement and concluded it was within the scope of ASC 606. As of the Effective Date, the Company identified four performance obligations: (1) license to develop, manufacture and commercialize ESK-001 (the “License Obligation”), (2) development services that support the global development of ESK-001 (the “Development Services Obligation”), (3) the manufacture of the clinical supply in Japan (the “Manufacturing Services Obligation”) and (4) a material right related to the option for rheumatology disease (the “Material Right Obligation”). The License Obligation was considered functional intellectual property and distinct from other promises under the contract, as Kaken can benefit from the license on its own or together with other readily available resources. The Development Services Obligation and Manufacturing Services Obligation were considered distinct as Kaken could benefit from both of these separately with the license transferred by the Company at the inception of the agreement. The option in the rheumatology field contained a material right because its exercise does not require payment of a fee that is commensurate with the value of the additional license. No material right was assigned to the gastrointestinal field since its estimated fair value did not exceed the exercise price of the option.

The transaction price includes the upfront license fee of $20.0 million, the global development cost reimbursement of $20.0 million in the dermatology field through the end of 2026, the estimated global development cost reimbursement in the dermatology field after 2026 of $1.5 million and an immaterial amount of variable consideration related to the Manufacturing Services Obligation. The Company determined that any variable consideration related to development and regulatory milestones was deemed to be fully constrained at inception and therefore excluded from the initial transaction price due to the high degree of uncertainty and risk associated with these potential payments, and the Company could not assert that it was probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized would not occur.

The Company developed the estimated standalone selling prices for the License Obligation and Material Right Obligation primarily based on the probability-weighted value of expected future revenues associated with each underlying license. In developing such estimates, the Company applied judgment in determining the forecasted revenue, taking into consideration the applicable market conditions, the probability of success, and the time needed to develop each indication for which the license relates. The Company developed the estimated standalone selling price for the development services and clinical supply primarily based on the resources to be committed to perform the service.

At inception of the contract, the Company allocated $17.4 million to the License Obligation, $20.8 million to the Development Services Obligation, $3.3 million to the Material Right Obligation and an immaterial amount to the Manufacturing Services Obligation. The License Obligation was satisfied in March 2025 upon transfer of the license to Kaken. For the Development Services Obligation, the Company recognizes revenue over time as Kaken consumes the benefit of such services as they are being performed. The Company measures proportional performance over time for the Development Services Obligation by using an input method based on cost incurred relative to the total estimated cost of the obligation on a quarterly basis. The Company re-evaluates the transaction price as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur as of the end of each reporting period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized revenue of $17.4 million related to the License Obligation. As of March 31, 2025, deferred revenue, non-current was $2.6 million and relates to the Material Right Obligation. The aggregate estimated amount of transaction price that was unsatisfied as of March 31, 2025 was $24.1 million, of which $20.8 million related to the Development Services Obligation that is expected to be recognized through 2028 as the Company performs its services towards the global development of ESK-001 in the dermatology field. The remaining $3.3 million estimated amount of transaction price that was unsatisfied as of March 31, 2025 related to the Material Right Obligation and is deferred until the option is exercised or expires.

Foresite Labs Services Agreement

Foresite Labs, LLC (“Foresite Labs”) is an affiliate of Foresite Capital Management, a stockholder of the Company. In January 2021, the Company entered into a services agreement with Foresite Labs, which was amended and restated in August 2021 and in December 2023, and expires in December 2026, unless terminated earlier by the parties. Thereafter, on each anniversary of the effective date, the agreement will automatically renew for an additionalone-year term, unless terminated earlier by the parties. Foresite Labs provides services to assist the Company in exploring specified immunology genetic targets. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized $0.3 million and $0.4 million as research and development expenses under the service agreement, respectively. Accrued expenses under the service agreement were zero as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

**8.**Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Operating Leases

In August 2022, the Company entered into a lease agreement for 55,000 square feet of office and laboratory space in South San Francisco, California, which commenced in January 2023 and has a contractual termination date in August 2033. The Company constructed leasehold improvements in the space, which were concluded to be lessee assets. The lessor provided the Company a tenant improvement allowance of $17.2 million, of which $0.5 million was received in the year ended December 31, 2022, and $16.7 million was received in the year ended December 31, 2023, and was accounted for as a reduction to lease payments. At the commencement date, future lease payments totaled $37.9 million, including $54.6 million in gross fixed payments less $16.7 million in lease incentives expected to be received during the first year of the lease. The lease liability at lease commencement was calculated to be $14.1 million, which is equal to the present value of the future lease payments, discounted at an incremental borrowing rate of 11.4%. Following the commencement date, the Company measured its lease liability and right-of-use asset in accordance with ASC 842-20-35-3. In accordance with this guidance, future lease payments increased as the $16.7 million incentive was received and future gross fixed payments were no longer offset by these incentives. Leasehold improvements were reflected in property and equipment, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The lease agreement also includes a renewal option allowing the Company to extend this lease for an additional three years at the prevailing rental rate, which the Company was not reasonably certain to exercise.

In December 2024, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 22,000 square feet of additional office space in South San Francisco, California. The lease has a contractual termination date of December 2026, with theright to extend the lease for an additionaltwo years subject to certain conditions. The Company determined that, for accounting purposes, the commencement date of the lease is in January 2025 and the lease term ends in December 2026, as it not reasonably certain that the lease will be extended. As of the commencement date, future lease payments totaled $1.9 million and the lease liability was calculated to be $1.8 million, which is equal to the present value of the future lease payments, discounted at an incremental borrowing rate of 7.9%.

The Company maintains letters of credit representing security deposits on its leases in the amount of $1.2 million and $1.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The letters of credit were reflected in restricted cash, non-current in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The components of lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental cash flow information related to the operating leases was as follows (in thousands):

Weighted-average remaining lease term and incremental borrowing rate for the operating leases were as follows:

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable leases as of March 31, 2025, were as detailed below (in thousands):

FronThera Contingent Consideration

In March 2021, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement to acquire FronThera U.S. Holdings, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, FronThera U.S. Pharmaceuticals LLC. (the “FronThera Acquisition”), and the transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition. Under the stock purchase agreement, the Company is obligated to pay contingent consideration of up to an aggregate of $120.0 million based on the achievement of specified clinical and approval milestones, of up to an aggregate of $70.0 million payable for clinical milestones, and of up to an aggregate of $50.0 million payable for approval milestones, all related to technology acquired under the agreement. In the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred and made a $37.0 million milestone payment for the first administration of ESK-001 to a patient enrolled in a Phase 2 clinical trial of ESK-001, which was recorded in research and development expenses in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. In July 2024, the Company met a milestone in connection with the first administration of ESK-001 to a patient enrolled in a Phase 3 clinical trial of ESK-001 and made a $23.0 million milestone payment in August 2024, which was recorded in research and development expenses in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for year ended December 31, 2024. No other milestones were achieved or were probable of being achieved as of March 31, 2025.

Research and Development Agreements

The Company enters into various agreements in the ordinary course of business, such as those with suppliers, clinical research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations and clinical trial sites. These agreements provide for termination at the request of either party, generally with less than one-year notice and are, therefore, cancellable contracts and, if cancelled, are not anticipated to have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

Legal Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings arising from the ordinary course of business. The Company records a liability for such matters when it is probable that future losses will be incurred and that such losses can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment by the Company is required to determine both probability and the

estimated amount. Management is currently not aware of any legal matters that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that contain a variety of representations and provide for general indemnification. Its exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future. To the extent permitted under Delaware law, the Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the director or officer is, or was serving, at a request in such capacity. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible and consequently has not recorded related liabilities.

In March 2024, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 41,264,891 shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock for gross proceeds of $129.5 million and incurred $0.4 million of offering costs. The purchase price for Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock was $3.13826 per share. Under the Series C stock purchase agreement, any time prior to the earliest of (i) December 31, 2024, (ii) the execution of a letter of intent for the sale of the Company, or (iii) the closing date of the Company’s IPO, at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors, the Company was obligated to sell and each Series C purchaser was obligated to purchase additional shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock with the amount equal to the purchaser’s aggregate purchase price in the first tranche Series C closing less any previous payments by the purchaser as part of the Put Right (as defined below) exercise. If the purchaser did not purchase its full share in the second tranche closing (the “Second Tranche Series C Closing”), all of its existing shares of Series C redeemable convertible stock and Series C-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock were convertible into voting common stock at a 10-to-1 basis. Additionally, a purchaser had a right to purchase shares of Series C-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock at a purchase price of $4.00 per share beginning from the earlier of (a) September 4, 2024 or (b) the date of a significant partnering or collaboration agreement and expiring upon the earlier of (a) December 31, 2024, (b) the public filing of a registration statement on Form S-1 for the IPO, (c) the Second Tranche Series C Closing and (d) the execution of a letter of intent for the sale of the Company (the “Put Right”). The Put Right could only be exercised once. The Company determined that the Second Tranche Series C Closing and the Put Right weretwo freestanding financial instruments and recognized the derivative liabilities at their estimated fair value of $8.9 million at the issuance date.

In May 2024, the Company closed the Second Tranche Series C Closing and issued an additional 41,264,892 shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock at a price of $3.13826 per share. The Company received gross proceeds of $129.5 million and incurred $0.2 million of offering costs. Accordingly, the derivative liabilities were settled, and the Company reclassified the derivative liabilities, remeasured at fair value of $14.3 million, into redeemable convertible preferred stock.

Immediately prior to the closing of the Company’s IPO on July 1, 2024, all outstanding shares of the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock were converted and then redesignated into voting and non-voting common stock and are no longer outstanding.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company was authorized to issue 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock,492,815,092 shares of voting common stock and 7,184,908 shares of non-voting common stock, all withpar values of $0.0001 per share. As of March 31, 2025, there wereno shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding,47,222,419 shares of voting common stock issued and outstanding and 7,184,908 shares non-voting common stock issued outstanding.

The holders of voting and non-voting common stock have the same rights except that non-voting common stock does not have voting rights, except as may be required by law. Each holder of non-voting common stock has a right to convert each share of non-voting common stock toone share of voting common stock subject to the following limitations. At any time following the Company’s registration of any class of equity securities under the Exchange Act, the holders of shares of non-voting common stock may not convert a number of shares of non-voting common stock into shares of voting common stock in excess of that number of shares of non-voting common stock which would cause the holder thereof to beneficially own (for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act), in excess of 4.99% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of voting common stock. Such maximum percentage may be increased or decreased to such other percentage as any holder of outstanding shares of non-voting common stock may designate in writing (in the case of an increase upon 61 days’ prior written notice).

Common stock reserved for issuance, on an as-converted basis, consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Common Stock Issued to Executives

In February 2021, the Company issued 100,532 shares of restricted common stock totwo executives at a purchase price of $0.94 per share. The shares vested over afour-year period with aone-year cliff. While the shares were unvested, the holders had voting and dividends rights and the Company had the right to repurchase unvested shares of common stock at the price paid by the holder in the event of termination of the holder’s continuous status as a service provider. The Company estimated the fair value of the restricted stock awards based on the fair value of common stock at the grant dates. The expense was recognized ratably over the vesting terms. The Company recognized less than $0.1 million of stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company’s restricted common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

2021 Stock Plan

In February 2021, the Company adopted its 2021 Stock Plan (the “2021 Plan”), which provided for stock awards to eligible employees, directors and consultants of the Company. Awards issuable under the 2021 Plan included incentive stock options (“ISOs”), non-statutory stock options (“NSOs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock grants. Subsequent to

the adoption of the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2024 EIP”) in June 2024, described below, no additional shares were available for issuance under the 2021 Plan, and any stock options granted under the 2021 Plan that were subsequently forfeited would be made available for issuance under the 2024 EIP.

The terms of the 2021 Plan permit option holders to exercise options before their options are vested. The shares of common stock granted upon early exercise that have not yet vested are subject to repurchase by the Company in the event of termination of the holder’s continuous status as a service provider, at the price paid by the holder.

Stock Option Repricing

In March 2024, the Company’s board of directors approved the repricing of all outstanding options as of March 29, 2024, which have an exercise price exceeding $8.84 per share. The exercise price of outstanding options with a weighted average exercise price of $10.23 for 4,603,443 common stock shares was reduced to the estimated common stock fair value of $8.84 per share at the date of the repricing. The vesting terms and expiration dates remain unchanged from the original grant dates.

The stock option repricing was treated as an option modification for accounting purposes and resulted in total incremental expense of $0.7 million, of which $0.1 million incremental expense associated with the vested options was recognized on the modification date. The remaining $0.6 million incremental expense associated with the unvested options as of the modification date is being recognized over the remainder of the original requisite service period.

2024 Performance Option Plan

In May 2024, the Company’s board of directors adopted, and its stockholders approved, the 2024 Performance Option Plan (the “2024 POP”). The Company reserved 1,880,680 shares of common stock issuable under the 2024 POP. The 2024 POP permits grants of ISOs, NSOs and restricted stock awards to the Company’s employees, directors and consultants.

In May 2024, the Company granted NSOs to employees to purchase 1,880,680 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $10.19 under the 2024 POP. Options generally vest on the date when the Company meets certain common stock public market price specified targets after the end of the lock-up period, subject to continuous service through each respective vest date. The price targets are calculated based on the volume weighted average price per share over 30 consecutive trading dates, in accordance with the grant terms. The unvested awards will expire if it is determined that the vesting conditions have not been met during the applicablesix-year performance period. The service condition includes monthly vesting over 36 months from the vesting commencement date and the employee’s continuous service with the Company through each such monthly vesting date. The terms of the 2024 POP permit option holders to exercise options before their options are vested if the market condition has been met.

2024 Equity Incentive Plan

In June 2024, the Company’s board of directors adopted, and its stockholders approved, the 2024 EIP, which became effective on June 27, 2024, upon execution of the underwriting agreement related to the Company’s IPO. The Company reserved 7,800,000 new shares of common stock for issuance under the 2024 EIP. In addition, up to 6,829,339 shares subject to awards under the 2021 Plan that terminate, expire, or lapse for any reason without the delivery of shares, or are reacquired or withheld (or not issued) to satisfy a tax withholding obligation or the purchase or exercise price, were authorized to be added to the 2024 EIP. The 2024 EIP is a successor to the 2021 Plan and no further grants will be made under the 2021 Plan. The 2024 EIP also provides that the number of shares initially reserved and available for issuance will automatically increase each January 1, beginning on January 1, 2025 through January 1, 2034, by an amount equal to 5% of the outstanding number of shares of the Company’s common stock as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the board of directors prior to the applicable January 1.

Pursuant to this evergreen provision, the Company increased the number of shares reserved under the 2024 EIP by 2,720,366 in the three months ended March 31, 2025. No more than 43,888,017 shares of common stock may be issued upon the exercise of incentive stock options under the 2024 EIP.

The 2024 EIP allows the Company to make equity-based awards to its officers, employees, directors and consultants. The 2024 EIP provides for the grant of ISOs, NSOs, restricted stock awards, RSUs, stock appreciation rights, performance awards and other stock-based awards. Options under the 2024 EIP may be granted for periods of up to 10 years at exercise prices no less than the fair market value of common stock on the date of grant; provided, however, that the exercise price of an incentive stock option granted to a 10% stockholder may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant and such option may not be exercisable after the expiration offive years from the date of grant. Stock option grants under the 2024 EIP generally vest over four years. The grant date fair market value of all awards made under the 2024 EIP and all cash compensation paid by the Company to any non-employee director for services as a director in any fiscal year may not exceed $750,000, increased to $1,000,000 in the fiscal year of their initial service as a non-employee director. The terms of the 2024 EIP do not permit option holders to exercise options before their options are vested.

Stock Option Activity

2021 Plan and 2024 EIP

The following table summarizes the Company’s option activity under the 2021 Plan and the 2024 EIP for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The table includes early exercised shares as part of options exercised.

Total exercisable shares of 6,557,242 as of March 31, 2025 included 3,463,556 unvested shares that were early exercisable under the 2021 Plan. The total fair value of shares vested for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $3.4 million and $4.5 million, respectively.

2024 POP

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity under the 2024 POP for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Valuation of Stock Options Granted under the 2021 Plan and the 2024 EIP

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted under the 2021 Plan and the 2024 EIP for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $4.10 and $8.43 per stock option, respectively.

The fair value of stock options granted under the 2021 Plan and the 2024 EIP for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:

Expected Term

The expected term represents the weighted-average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding and is based on the options’ vesting terms and contractual terms, as the Company did not have sufficient historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior.

Expected Volatility

The expected stock price volatility assumption was determined by examining the historical volatilities for industry peers, as the Company did not have sufficient trading history of its common stock. The Company will continue to use industry peers in determining historical stock price volatility until sufficient historical data of its common stock becomes available.

Risk-Free Interest Rate

The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on the U.S. Treasury instruments whose term was consistent with the expected term of the Company’s stock options.

Dividends

The Company has not paid any cash dividends on common stock since inception and does not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, an expected dividend yield ofzero was used.

Valuation of Stock Options Granted under the 2024 POP

Stock options granted under the 2024 POP vest based on service, market and performance conditions (the occurrence of the IPO or a change of control) and are classified as equity financial instruments. At the grant date, the fair value of stock options granted under the 2024 POP was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over the vesting period prioritizing the most reliable information available. The assumptions utilized in the calculation were based on the achievement of certain stock price thresholds, including the Company’s expected common stock price, expected volatility, risk-free rate and expected term. The Company used the following assumptions to estimate the fair value at the grant date in May 2024: common stock fair value of $12.06, vesting term of 6.0 years, volatility of 122.00%, and risk-free rate of 4.38%. The estimates of fair value are uncertain and changes in any of the estimated inputs could have resulted in significant adjustments to the fair value.

The Company’s estimated fair value of stock options issued under the 2024 POP of $18.0 million is recognized using graded vesting from July 1, 2024, the closing of the IPO, when the performance condition was met, over the longer of (i) the explicit service period of the service condition of 36 months or (ii) the derived service period between 1.4 years to 2.1 years), as determined for each graded vesting tranche.

Early Exercise of Employee Stock Options

Proceeds from the early exercise of stock options are recorded as share repurchase liability, and as shares vest are recognized to additional paid-in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $0.6 million and $0.8 million share repurchase liability related to the unvested shares, respectively, included in share repurchase liability in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company’s early exercised shares for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In June 2024, the Company’s board of directors adopted, and its stockholders approved, the 2024 ESPP, which became effective on June 28, 2024, upon execution of the underwriting agreement related to the Company’s IPO. The Company reserved 650,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2024 ESPP. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2024 ESPP will be automatically increased each year for ten calendar years beginning on January 1, 2025 through January 1, 2034, by the lesser of (i)1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of the automatic increase, and (ii)1,950,000 shares; provided that before the date of any such increase, the board of directors may determine that such increase will be less than the amount in (i) and (ii) above. Pursuant to this evergreen provision, the Company increased the number of shares

reserved under the 2024 ESPP by 544,073 in the three months ended March 31, 2025. The 2024 ESPP allows an eligible employee to purchase shares of common stock at an amount equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the beginning of the offering period or at each applicable purchase date during an offering period as established by the board of directors. In December 2024, the Company’s board of directors approved the grant of stock purchase rights under an offering period beginning on January 24, 2025 and ending on May 20, 2025, the purchase date.

The fair value of shares expected to be purchased on May 20, 2025 was $2.21 per share and is measured based on grant date at fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and includes an expected term of 0.32 years, volatility of 79.42%, risk-free interest rate of 4.25% and a dividend yield of 0%.

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss by award type for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Stock-based compensation expense related to non-employee awards was $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025, there was unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $63.1 million related to issued stock-based awards which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years.

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

The following outstanding potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented, because including them would have been antidilutive:

**13.**Employee Benefit Plans

The Company sponsors a qualified 401(k) defined contribution plan covering eligible employees. Participants may contribute a portion of their annual compensation limited to a maximum annual amount set by the Internal Revenue Service. There wereno employer contributions under this plan for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

For purposes of evaluating performance and allocating resources, the Company’s CODM, its Chief Executive Officer, regularly reviews consolidated net loss as reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as compared to budget. The measure of segment assets is reported in the consolidated balance sheets as total consolidated assets.

In addition to the significant expense categories included within consolidated net loss presented in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, see below for disaggregated amounts that comprise research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

15. Subsequent Events

On May 13, 2025, the Company held a special meeting (the “Alumis Special Meeting”) of the Company’s stockholders, and ACELYRIN held a special meeting (the “ACELYRIN Special Meeting”) of its stockholders. At the Alumis Special Meeting, the proposal to approve the issuance of shares of the Company’s common stock to ACELYRIN stockholders in connection with the Merger contemplated by the Merger Agreement was approved. At the ACELYRIN Special Meeting, the proposal to approve the adoption of the Merger Agreement was approved.

The Merger is expected to close in the second quarter of 2025, subject to satisfaction of certain customary closing conditions.