Energy Vault Holdings Inc

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands except par value)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands except per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Continued)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Energy Vault Holdings, Inc., which together with its subsidiaries is referred to herein as “Energy Vault” or the “Company”, develops and deploys utility-scale energy storage solutions designed to aid in the global transition to a clean energy future. The Company’s mission is to provide energy storage solutions to accelerate the global transition to renewable energy.

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on an accrual basis of accounting in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2023. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023, included herein, was derived from the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of that date.

These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2024, results of operations, comprehensive loss, and stockholders’ equity activities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the Company’s cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024 or for any interim period or for any other future year.

Principles of Consolidation

These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include Energy Vault Holdings, Inc., its wholly owned subsidiaries, and a majority owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Non-controlling interest

In May 2024, the Company’s consolidated subsidiary, Cetus Energy, Inc. (“Cetus”), issued a share-based payment award to an employee of Cetus, representing a non-controlling interest. A non-controlling interest in a subsidiary is considered an ownership interest in a majority-owned subsidiary that is not attributable to the parent. The Company includes non-controlling interest as a component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Emerging Growth Company

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised, and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard.

This may make comparison of the Company’s consolidated financial statement with another public company that is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements, in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company evaluates its assumptions on an ongoing basis. The Company’s management believes that the estimates, judgment, and assumptions used are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. Significant estimates made by management include, among others, revenue recognition, warranty accruals, and stock-based compensation. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making assumptions and estimates, changes in circumstances could result in actual results differing from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the Company’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

Segment Reporting

The Company reports its operating results and financial information inone operating and reportable segment. Our chief operating decision maker, which is our chief executive officer, reviews our operating results on a consolidated basis and uses that consolidated financial information to make operating decisions, assess financial performance, and allocate resources.

Concentration of Credit and Other Risks

Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and customer financings receivable.

Risks associated with cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are mitigated by banking with creditworthy institutions. Such balances with any one institution may, at times, be in excess of federally insured amounts.

As of June 30, 2024, three customers accounted for 43%,34%, and 23% of accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 92% of accounts receivable.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 100% of the customer financing receivable.

Revenue from three customers accounted for 46%,30%, and 14% of total revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and revenue from two customers accounted for 69% and 19% of total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Revenue from one customer accounted for 90% of total revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and revenue from two customers accounted for 80% and 14% of total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2024. There have not been any significant changes to these policies during thesix months ended June 30, 2024.

NOTE 3. REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Company recognized revenue for the product and service categories as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

(1) Includes revenue from the build and transfer of energy storage systems and from the sale of spare parts for energy storage systems. Revenue from the sale of spare parts was included within “Other” in prior periods. $0.3 million in revenue from the sale of spare parts reported within the “Other” line for the three months ended March 31, 2024 has been included within “Sale of energy storage products” for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining performance obligations represent the amount of unearned transaction prices under contracts for which work is wholly or partially unperformed. As of June 30, 2024, the amount of the Company’s remaining performance obligations was $46.5 million. The Company generally expects to recognize approximately 90% of the remaining performance obligations as revenue over the next 12 months and the remainder more than 12 months from June 30, 2024.

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers (amounts in thousands):

Contract assets consist of a refundable contribution, unbilled receivables, and retainage.

Refundable contribution represents the contribution the Company made to a customer to be used during the construction of its first gravity energy storage system (“GESS”). The refundable contribution was to be refunded to the Company upon the customer’s first GESS obtaining substantial completion, subject to adjustment for potential liquidated damages if certain performance metrics were not met. During the second quarter of 2024, the Company signed a contract amendment with the customer removing the substantial completion condition for repayment. The Company expects to collect the $25.0 million refundable contribution in the second half of 2024.

Unbilled receivables represent the estimated value of unbilled work for projects with performance obligations recognized over time.

Retainage represents a portion of the contract amount that has been billed, but for which the contract allows the customer to retain a portion of the billed amount until final contract settlement. Retainage is not considered to be a significant financing component because the intent is to protect the customer.

Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue. Under certain contracts, the Company may be entitled to invoice the customer and receive payments in advance of performing the related contract work. In those instances, the Company recognizes a liability for advance billings in excess of revenue recognized, which is referred to as deferred revenue. Deferred revenue is not considered to be a significant financing component because it is generally used to meet working capital demands that can be higher in the early stages of a contract. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized revenue of $0.5 million and $1.0 million, respectively, related to amounts that were included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of the advancement of physical progress on the related projects during the period. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $6.3 million and $17.6 million respectively, related to amounts that were included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of the advancement of physical progress on the related projects during the period.

NOTE 4. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Activity in the allowance for credit losses was as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

The Company utilizes a probability-of-default (“PD”) and loss-given-default (“LGD”) methodology to calculate the allowance for expected credit losses for each customer by type of financial asset. Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of loss history, the Company derived its PD and LGD rates using average historical rates for corporate bonds as published by Moody’s. The Company uses PD and LGD rates that correspond to the customer’s credit rating and period of time in which the financial asset is expected to remain outstanding.

The Company evaluates its customer financing receivable on a periodic basis by monitoring the credit quality and financial condition of the guarantor for the customer. The amortized cost basis for the Company’s customer financing receivable was $9.6 million and $10.7 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

NOTE 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate their fair value due to their relatively short maturities and market interest rates, if applicable.

The Company categorizes assets and liabilities recorded or disclosed at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet based upon the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair value. The categories are as follows:

•Level 1—Inputs which included quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

•Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

•Level 3—Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (amounts in thousands):

(1) Refer to Note 7 -Investments for further information. The Company determined the fair value of the derivative instrument as the difference between the expected settlement value upon conversion of the convertible note, and the principal amount of the convertible note.

(2) The warrants are not publicly traded and the Company uses a Black-Scholes model to determine the fair value of the warrants.

NOTE 6. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

In May 2019, the Company received a $1.5 million deposit for a gravity-based system from a customer that was owned by one of its primary shareholders. The deposit and order were received before the owner of the customer became one of the Company’s primary shareholders and the deposit was recognized in the line item, contract liabilities, long-term portion, in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company concluded it was no longer obligated to provide a gravity-based system to the customer and that the deposit was nonrefundable. As a result, the Company derecognized the $1.5 million liability and recognized it as a gain within the line item, other income (expense), net, in the condensed consolidated statements of operations during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company paid $0.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively, in marketing and sales costs to a company owned by an immediate family member of an officer of the Company. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company paid $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively.

In May 2023, the Company signed a technology license option agreement with a company affiliated with a member of Energy Vault’s Board of Directors (“Board”). The agreement permitted the customer to exercise options to enter into licensing agreements in certain territories to use the Company’s gravity storage technology in exchange for a fee of $0.5 million. The customer exercised its option for one territory on June 30, 2023 and paid a licensing fee of $0.5 million. The customer’s options to exercise additional territories expired on June 30, 2024. Immediately prior to the expiration of the option agreement, the Company had $0.3 million in deferred revenue related to the agreement. The Company agreed to refund the customer $0.3 million of the option fee upon expiration of the option agreement in exchange for software that supports gravity storage efforts. As of June 30, 2024, the Company did not have any deferred revenue related to the option agreement. Additionally, the Company will terminate the license agreement for the territory that was exercised by the customer effective June 30, 2024, and the Company does not expect to collect any additional licensing fees from this customer.

ENERGY VAULT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 7. INVESTMENTS

The following table provides a reconciliation of investments to the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (amounts in thousands):

Investment in Equity Securities

In November 2022, the Company purchased $9.0 million of equity securities in KORE Power, Inc. (“KORE”), a U.S. manufacturer of battery cells and modules. In February 2023, the Company purchased an additional $6.0 million of equity securities, increasing the Company’s total investment in KORE to $15.0 million.

These equity securities do not have a readily determinable fair value and are recorded at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus adjustments related to observable transactions for the same or similar securities, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of these equity securities was equal to its cost basis.

Convertible Note Receivable

In October 2021, the Company entered into a convertible promissory note purchase agreement with DG Fuels, LLC (“DG Fuels”) and purchased a promissory note with a principal balance of $1.0 million (“DG Fuels Tranche 1 Note”). In April 2022, the Company purchased an additional promissory note from DG Fuels with a principal balance of $2.0 million. (“DG Fuels Tranche 2 Note”) (collectively, the “DG Fuels Note”).

The maturity date of the DG Fuels Note is the earlier of (i)30 days after a demand for payment is made by the Company at any time after the two year anniversary of the date of issuance of the note; (ii) thefour year anniversary of the date of issuance of the note; (iii)five days following a Financial Close (“Financial Close” means a project finance style closing by DG Fuels or its subsidiary of debt and equity capital to finance the construction of that certain biofuel facility currently under development by DG Fuels), or (iv) upon an event of default determined at the discretion of the Company. The DG Fuels Note has an annual interest rate of 10.0%.

The Company intends to hold and convert the DG Fuels Note into the equity securities issued by DG Fuels in its next equity financing round that is greater than $20.0 million at a 20% discount to the issuance price. The principal balance and unpaid accrued interest on the DG Fuels Note will, at the option of the Company, convert into equity securities upon the closing of such next equity financing round.

The discounted conversion rate in the DG Fuels Note is considered a redemption feature that is an embedded derivative, which requires bifurcation and separate accounting at its estimated fair value under ASC 815 –Derivative and Hedging. The embedded derivative upon the purchase of the DG Fuels Tranche 1 Note was an asset of $0.4 million and the embedded derivative upon the purchase of the DG Fuels Tranche 2 note was an asset of $0.7 million. The estimated fair value of the derivative instruments was recognized as a derivative asset on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, with an offsetting discount to the DG Fuels Note. The Company amortizes the discount on the Note into interest income using the effective interest method. The Company recognized interest income from the DG Fuels Note of $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Interest income related to the amortization of the debt discount was $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $50 thousand and $0.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

The derivative financial instrument is recorded in other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. At each reporting period, the Company remeasures this derivative financial instrument to its estimated fair value. The change in the estimated fair value is recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, there was no change in the fair value of the embedded derivative.

ENERGY VAULT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending asset balance for the embedded derivative in the DG Fuels Note is as follows (amounts in thousands):

NOTE 8. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, property and equipment, net consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment was $0.4 million and $0.6 million, respectively, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment was$0.2 million and$0.4 million, respe ctively.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, asset impairment and loss on sale of assets totaled$0.6 million, comprised of $0.5 million in asset impairments and $0.1 million in loss on sale of assets. Asset impairment relates to the write-off of leasehold improvements in the Company’s Westlake Village office due to the Company relocating its corporate office. The loss on sale of assets relates to the sale of acement plant at the Company’s R&D site in Switzerland. The Company didnot recognize any impairments or loss on sale of assets during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

The increases in machinery and equipment and construction in progress primarily relate to a commercial demonstration unit being constructed in Snyder, Texas (“Snyder CDU”), a battery energy storage system (“BESS”) being constructed in Snyder Texas (“Snyder BESS”), and a hybrid energy storage system being constructed in Calistoga, California.

In December 2023, the Company paid $6.3 million to acquire the land that the Snyder CDU will be located on and other related assets. At the time of the purchase, the Company intended to resell the land that would not be used for the Snyder CDU and all of the other related assets. As such, the Company recorded $6.1 million of the purchase price as assets held for sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. In the second quarter of 2024, the Company decided it would keep the assets that were initially classified as held for sale and instead develop a 56.9 MW/113.8 MWh BESS on the site in Snyder, Texas. As such, the Company reclassified the property and equipment from assets held for sale to construction in progress during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

NOTE 9. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

Intangible assets are stated at amortized cost and consist of the following (amounts in thousands):

Once a software application is available for general release and is placed in service, the Company amortizes the capitalized costs on a product basis by the greater of the straight-line method over the estimated economic life of the product, or the ratio that current gross revenues for a product bear to the total current and anticipated future gross revenues for that product. The useful life for our external-use software development costs isfive years. Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. There wasno amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

Future amortization expense for intangible assets is estimated as follows (amounts in thousands):

NOTE 10. DEBT

In July 2023, the Company entered into a financing agreement related to premiums under certain insurance policies. The Company is obligated to repay the lender an aggregate sum of $1.1 million through nine equal monthly payments, at an annual interest rate of 7.0%, commencing on July 15, 2023. This financing was fully repaid during the first quarter of 2024.

In September 2023, the Company entered into a financing agreement related to premiums under certain insurance policies. The Company is obligated to repay the lender an aggregate sum of $0.2 million through four equal monthly payments, at an annual interest rate of 7.0%, commencing on September 15, 2023. This financing was fully repaid during the first quarter of 2024.

In April 2024, the Company entered into two financing agreements related to premiums under certain insurance policies. For the first financing, the Company is obligated to repay the lender an aggregate sum of $1.4 million through ten equal monthly payments commencing on April 10, 2024. For the second financing, the Company is obligated to repay the lender an aggregate sum of $0.4 million through nine equal monthly payments commencing on May 10, 2024. Both financings have an annual interest rate of 7.4%.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of the Company’s insurance premium financings was $1.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, and is included in the line item, accrued expenses, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

NOTE 11. SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEETS DETAIL

NOTE 12. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

2017 Stock Incentive Plan

In 2017, the Company adopted its 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) which provided for the granting of stock options, restricted stock, and RSUs to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company. Options granted under the 2017 Plan were either Incentive Stock Options (“ISOs”) or Nonqualified Stock Options (“NSOs”). Awards under the 2017 Plan were granted for periods of up toten years. Under the terms of the 2017 Plan, awards were granted at an exercise price not less than the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant, as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. For employees holding more than 10% of the voting rights of all classes of stock, the exercise price of ISOs and NSOs was not less than 110% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant, as determined by the board of directors. Awards generally vested overone tofour years.

2020 Stock Incentive Plan

In 2020, the Company adopted its 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan provided for the granting of stock options, restricted stock, and RSUs to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company. Options granted under the 2020 Plan were either ISOs or NSOs. Awards under the 2020 Plan were granted for periods of up toten years. Under the terms of the 2020 Plan, awards were granted at an exercise price not less than the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant, as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. For employees holding more than 10% of the voting rights of all classes of stock, the exercise price of ISOs and NSOs was not less than 110% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant, as determined by the board of directors. Awards generally vested overone tofour years.

2022 Equity Incentive Plan

In 2022, the Company adopted its 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Incentive Plan”). The 2022 Incentive Plan provides for the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, and RSUs to employees, non-employee directors, and consultants of the Company. Shares of common stock underlying awards that expire or are forfeited or canceled will again be available for issuance under the 2022 Incentive Plan.

The initial number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance under the 2022 Incentive Plan was approximately 15.5 million, plus up to approximately 8.3 million shares subject to awards granted under the 2017 and 2020 Plans. Beginning on March 1, 2022 and ending on (and including) March 31, 2031, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock that may be issued under the 2022 Incentive Plan increases by a number of shares equal to the lesser of (i)4.0% of the outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately preceding month or (ii) such lesser number of shares (including zero) that the Company’s Board determines for the purposes of the annual increase for that fiscal year.

2022 Inducement Plan

In 2022, the Company adopted its 2022 Inducement Plan, which provides for the granting of stock options, SARs, restricted stock, and RSUs to individuals who were not previously employees of Energy Vault, or following a bona fide period of non-employment, as inducement material to such individuals entering into employment with Energy Vault. Shares of common stock underlying awards that expire or are forfeited or canceled will again be available for issuance under the 2022 Inducement Plan.8.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock are reserved for issuance under the 2022 Inducement Plan.

Stock Option Activity

Stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was as follows (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

As of June 30, 2024, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested awards that are expected to vest was $5.2 million. The weighted-average period over which such stock-based compensation expense will be recognized is approximately 2.08 years.

The aggregate intrinsic values of options outstanding, exercisable, vested and expected to vest were calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the options and the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE as of June 30, 2024.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The following table summarizes the assumptions used for estimating the fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

The expected term is the period of time that granted options are expected to be outstanding. The Company uses SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107 simplified method for “plain vanilla” options with the following characteristics: (i) the share options are granted at market price on the grant date; (ii) exercisability is conditional on performing service through the vesting date; (iii) if an employee terminates service prior to vesting, the employee would forfeit the share options, (iv) if an employee terminates service after vesting, the employee would have 90 days to exercise the share options; and (v) the share options are nontransferable and non-hedgeable. The volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of the Company and peer companies’ common stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. treasury rates with an equivalent remaining expected term.

Restricted Stock Units

RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was as follows (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

As of June 30, 2024, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to these RSUs was $64.5 million which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of approximately 1.89 years.

The Company issues market-based RSUs that vest upon the Company’s stock reaching certain price targets. For these RSUs, the Company determines fair value by using a Monte Carlo simulation, which involves random iterations that take different future price paths over the RSU’s contractual life based on appropriate probability distributions (which are based on commonly applied Black-Scholes inputs). The fair value of each market-based RSU is determined by taking the average grant date fair value under each Monte Carlo simulation trial. Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the derived service period and there is no ongoing adjustment or reversal based on actual achievement during the vesting period. The following table summarizes the assumptions used for estimating the fair value of market-based RSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (amounts in thousands):

NOTE 13. REORGANIZATION EXPENSES

In June 2024, the Company implemented a series of cost savings measures. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized reorganization costs of $1.7 million, consisting of personnel reduction costs, related to these cost saving measures. The Company does not expect to incur additional charges related to these cost reduction measures.

Total reorganization expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (amounts in thousands):

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability balances for reorganization expenses included in the line item, accrued expenses, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets is as follows (amounts in thousands):

NOTE 14. INCOME TAXES

The Company didnot recognize any tax provision for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and recognized a tax provision of $4 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. The Company has recorded a valuation allowance against substantially all of the Company’s net deferred tax assets. The Company provides for a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of, or all of the Company’s deferred tax assets will not be realized. Due to the Company’s history of losses, the Company determined that it is not more likely than not to realize its deferred tax assets.

NOTE 15. NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders are calculated as follows (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

There wereno common share equivalents that were dilutive for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. Due to net losses during those periods, basic and diluted net loss per common share were the same, as the effect of potentially dilutive securities would have been anti-dilutive.

The following outstanding balances of common share equivalent securities have been excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding because the effect is anti-dilutive for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

In connection with the reverse recapitalization in 2022, eligible Energy Vault stockholders immediately prior to the closing of the transaction obtained a contingent right to receive 9.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock (“Earn-Out Shares”) upon the Company’s common stock quoted on the NYSE equaling or exceeding certain specified prices for any 20 trading days within a 30 consecutive day trading period (“Earn-Out Triggering Event”).9.0 million of common stock equivalents subject to the Earn-Out Shares are excluded from the anti-dilutive table above as of June 30, 2024, as the underlying shares remain contingently issuable as the Earn-Out Triggering Events have not been satisfied.

NOTE 16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Our principal commitments as of June 30, 2024 consisted primarily of obligations under operating leases, finance leases, deferred pensions, warranty obligations, and issued purchase orders. Our non-cancelable purchase obligations as of June 30, 2024 totaled approximately $5.0 million.

Loss Contingencies:

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is regularly subject to various legal proceedings. The Company has identified certain legal matters where the Company believes an unfavorable outcome is not probable and, therefore, no reserve has been established. Although the Company currently believes that resolving claims against the Company, including claims where an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible, will not have a material impact on the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations, or cash flows, these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and the Company’s view of these matters may change in the future.

Assurance Warranty Obligations:

The Company provides a limited warranty to its BESS customers assuring that the BESSs are free from defects. The Company’s limited warranties are generally for a period of two years after the substantial completion date of a project. These warranties are considered assurance-type warranties which provide a guarantee of quality of the products. For assurance-type warranties, the Company records an estimate of future warranty costs over the period of construction. Warranty costs are recorded as a component of cost of revenue in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company accrued the below estimated warranty liabilities, respectively (amounts in thousands):

The key inputs and assumptions used in calculating the estimated warranty liability are reviewed by management each reporting period. The Company may make additional adjustments to the estimated warranty liability based on a comparison of actual warranty results to expected results for significant differences or based on performance trends or other qualitative factors. If actual failure rates or replacement costs differ from our estimates in future periods, changes to these estimates may be required, resulting in increases or decreases in the estimated warranty liability, which may be material.

Letters of Credit:

In the ordinary course of business and under certain contracts, the Company is required to post letters of credit for its customers, insurance carriers, and surety bond providers for project performance, and for its vendors for payment guarantees. Such letters of credit are generally issued by a bank or a similar financial institution. The letter of credit commits the issuer to pay specified amounts to the holder of the letter of credit under certain conditions. As of June 30, 2024, there was $10.7 million of letters of credit issued through the Company’s credit relationships. The Company is not aware of any material claims relating to its outstanding letters of credit. The Company’s restricted cash balance of $6.1 million as of June 30, 2024 primarily consists of cash held by banks as collateral for the Company’s letters of credit.

Performance and Payment Bonds:

In the ordinary course of business, Energy Vault is required by certain customers to provide performance and payment bonds for contractual commitments related to its projects. These bonds provide a guarantee that the Company will perform under the terms of a contract and that the Company will pay its subcontractors and vendors. If the Company fails to perform under a contract or to pay its subcontractors and vendors, the customer may demand that the surety make payments or provide services under the bond. The Company must reimburse the surety for expenses or outlays it incurs. As of June 30, 2024, there were $43.2 million outstanding performance and payment bonds.

Other Bonds:

In the ordinary course of business, Energy Vault is required to obtain other bonds, such as for insurance and government payments. These bonds provide a guarantee that the Company will post the necessary reserves as required by banks and tax or licensing authorities. Additionally, bonds are issued to banks as support for letters of credit provided by those banks. As of June 30, 2024, there were $13.8 million of outstanding other bonds.