Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Overview of the Organization

Aurora Innovation, Inc. (the “Company” or “Aurora”) is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and its mission is to deliver the benefits of self-driving technology safely, quickly, and broadly. The Company has launched and continues to develop the Aurora Driver, an advanced and scalable suite of self-driving hardware, software and data services designed as a platform to adapt and interoperate amongst vehicle types and applications.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and its controlled subsidiaries have been eliminated.

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue on its transportation services as goods are transported from one location to another utilizing an over time model as the services are provided.

Revenues are presented net of tax when transactions are subject to taxes, such as sales tax, that are assessed by governmental authorities.

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract and costs to fulfill a contract are not material.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue includes costs of the self-driving system hardware depreciation and maintenance expense, personnel costs, terminal related costs when required, insurance, telecommunications, and amortization of acquired intangibles. When services are provided using vehicles owned by the Company, cost of revenue also includes truck depreciation and maintenance expense, and fuel.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents are deposits and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of change including due to interest rate, quoted price, or penalty of withdrawal. U.S. Treasury securities with a maturity, when purchased, of 90 days or less are considered to be cash equivalents.

Restricted cash consists of funds that are contractually restricted as to usage or withdrawal, typically due to the Company’s operating lease agreements. Due to these restrictions, the Company has presented restricted cash separately from cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet within other current assets and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Short-term and Long-term Investments

The Company’s short-term and long-term investments in U.S. Treasury securities, commercial paper, and corporate bonds have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. The Company measures short-term and long-term investments at fair value on a recurring basis based on quoted market prices, and unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are included in other comprehensive loss. Upon sale, realized gains and losses are recognized in other income (expense), net on the statements of operations. No impairment losses have been recognized on short-term and long-term investments in the periods presented.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, management uses a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are set forth below:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs other than the quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly for the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Our primary financial instruments include cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, investments, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and derivative liabilities. For the financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, their estimated fair value approximates their carrying value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives, which istwenty years for buildings; the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful life (up toseven years) for leasehold improvements; and over three tofive years for all other asset categories.

Leases

The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at inception. The Company leases real estate and equipment which have been recognized as operating leases, except for those leases with a lease term of 12 months or less which are recognized as short-term leases and expensed on a straight-line basis.

Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate are not included in the initial measurement of operating lease liabilities. Certain lease contracts include non-lease components, such as operations and maintenance. The Company combines and accounts for lease and these non-lease components as a single lease component. Certain real estate leases includeone or more options to renew; the exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s discretion and is included in the lease term when it is determined that the options are reasonably certain to be exercised. The discount rates utilized to measure operating lease liabilities are generally based on estimates of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate, as the discount rates implicit in lease agreements cannot be readily determined.

Acquired Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets

Acquired intangible assets primarily consist of one asset class of developed technology from various business combinations. These assets were in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) until the assets were placed into service during the three months ended June 30, 2025. An estimated useful life of 10 years was assigned for the period over which the technology is expected to contribute to the future cash flows of the Company in commercial self-driving applications. These assets are amortized over the estimated useful life in proportion to the economic benefits received via revenue recognized. The acquired intangible assets had an aggregate carrying amount of $617 million as of December 31, 2025. Amortization for the year ended December 31, 2025 wasnot significant.

The Company evaluates the estimated remaining useful life of its intangible assets and whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization at each period end. Acquired intangible assets are subject to impairment considerations whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. No impairment losses were recognized on acquired intangible assets during the periods presented.

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The Company performs impairment testing at the level that represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amounts to the expected future undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets. If it is determined that an asset may not be recoverable, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. No material impairment losses were recognized on long-lived assets during the periods presented.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, and consist primarily of personnel costs, hardware and electrical engineering prototyping, cloud computing, data labeling, and third-party development services. To date, the Company has not capitalized software development costs related to the continued development and commercialization of the Aurora Driver at scale due to the remaining planning, designing, coding and testing activities necessary for technology validation and safe autonomous operation.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company measures stock-based compensation using the fair value based method on the grant date. Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are measured based on fair value of the Company’s publicly traded common stock, while stock options are measured using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with assumptions including expected term, risk-free interest rate, and expected volatility. Due to the Company’s limited historical stock option exercise experience as a public company, the expected term of stock options is determined utilizing the simplified method based on vesting and contractual terms. The expected volatility is determined based on our historical equity volatility as well as the historical volatility of comparable public companies over the expected term of the stock option. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

Stock-based compensation for awards with only service conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period, while awards with service and performance conditions is recognized on a graded-vesting basis over the requisite service period. The Company recognizes the effect of forfeitures in the period they occur.

Derivative Liabilities

The Company accounts for the public and private placement stock purchase warrants (collectively “the warrants”) as derivative liabilities. The liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis with any changes in fair value reflected in the statement of operations until the warrants are exercised, redeemed, or expire.

On November 3, 2021, the Company consummated a business combination with Legacy Aurora and RTPY Merger Sub Inc. pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated July 14, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement” and the transactions contemplated thereby, the “Merger”). The Company accounts for shares held by Reinvent Sponsor Y LLC (the “Sponsor”) not forfeited under the terms of the Merger Agreement and subject to price based vesting terms (the “Earnout Shares”) as derivative liabilities. The liability is measured at fair value on a recurring basis with any changes in fair value reflected in the statement of operations until the vesting conditions are met or the shares expire.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset-and-liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based upon the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce the deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which: (1) the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of technical merits of the position, and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the tax benefit as the largest amount that is cumulatively more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

Certain Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s operations are principally funded by available liquidity from cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Management expects to continue to incur operating losses and that the Company will need to opportunistically raise additional capital to support the continued development and commercialization of the Aurora Driver at scale. Management believes that cash on hand and short-term investments will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date of these financial statements.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. The Company primarily maintains its cash and cash equivalents at U.S. commercial banks, while its short-term investments primarily consist of U.S. Treasury securities. Cash and cash equivalents deposited with domestic commercial banks generally exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurable limit, though the Company has not experienced any credit losses on its deposits.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The updated standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal 2025 annual period. See Note 11. Income Taxes for the Company’s disclosures for this standard.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires annual and interim disclosure of disaggregated disclosures of certain costs and expenses on the income statement. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. Amendments are applied on a prospective basis with retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.

In September 2025, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2025-06, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, which modernizes and simplifies the guidance for capitalizing costs related to internal-use software by removing the stage-based approach and aligning the disclosure requirements with those for other long-lived assets. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The amendments may be applied prospectively or using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.

Note 3. Revenue

The Company generates revenue by providing transportation services for customers from an origin to a destination of the shipment. The Company and its customers enter into transportation service agreements that establish the terms, including prices, under which orders to purchase transportation services may be placed. When an agreement includes enforceable terms and conditions over a specified period, it is considered a contract, as it establishes enforceable rights and obligations.

Substantially all of the Company’s contracts with its customers are for a single performance obligation of providing self-driving and other transportation services, with the transaction price determined on a per mile rate basis. The transaction price may be defined in a transportation services agreement or negotiated with the customer prior to accepting the shipment order.

The Company recognizes revenue on its transportation services as goods are transported from the origin to the destination utilizing an over time model as the services are provided. The Company has an unconditional right to consideration from the customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of its performance, and as such the Company recognizes revenue in the amount to which the Company has a right to invoice the customer, when applicable.

Invoices are generally due 30 days after the invoice date. Receivables are recorded for the unconditional right to consideration when the related performance obligations have been fully satisfied. There are no significant financing components in our customer contracts.

Revenues are presented net of tax when transactions are subject to taxes, such as sales tax, that are assessed by governmental authorities.

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract and costs to fulfill a contract are not material.

Note 4. Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Investments

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were as follows (in millions):

(a)Included in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets

(b)Included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets

The components of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and long-term investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):

Available-for-sale debt securities classified as long-term investments mature after one year and through two years.

The amortized cost, unrealized gains, and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities were as follows (in millions):

Note 5. Stockholders' Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue 1,000 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share. There wereno shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Common Stock

The Company is authorized to issue 51,000 million shares of common stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share; of which 50,000 million shares are designated Class A common stock and 1,000 million shares are designated Class B common stock. Class A common stockholders are entitled toone vote for each share and Class B common stockholders are entitled toten votes for each share. Class A and Class B have identical liquidation and dividend rights. Class B shares are convertible into Class A upon election by the holder or upon transfer (except for certain permitted transfers).

The Company had 1,625 million and 1,383 million shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company had 318 million and 350 million shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

At-The-Market Offering

On February 14, 2025, the Company entered into a sales agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., TD Securities (USA) LLC, and Allen & Company LLC (the “Sales Agents”) pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time and at its sole discretion, up to an aggregate amount of $500 million of the Company’s Class A common stock through the Sales Agents in an “at-the-market” offering (the “ATM Program”). On July 30, 2025, the Company increased the aggregate dollar amount of the Company’s Class A common stock that it may sell under the ATM Program to $1,421 million, of which $1,000 million remained available to be sold as of the date thereof.

During the three months ended December 31, 2025, the Company offered and sold approximately 4 million shares of Class A common stock through the ATM Program at an average price of $4.42 per share, for net proceeds of $15 million after transaction costs.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, the Company offered and sold approximately 151 million shares of Class A common stock through the ATM Program at an average price of $5.96 per share, for net proceeds of $874 million after transaction costs.

Public Offerings

On August 2, 2024, the Company completed a public offering (the “2024 Public Offering”) of approximately 134 million shares of Class A common stock at a price of $3.60 per share, for proceeds of $466 million, net of transaction costs, including the full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option.

On July 21, 2023, the Company completed a public offering (the “2023 Public Offering”) of approximately 73 million shares of Class A common stock at a price of $3.00 per share, for proceeds of $212 million, net of transaction costs. Following the 2023 Public Offering, on August 2, 2023, the Company issued an additional 11 million shares of Class A common stock in connection with the exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option for proceeds of $32 million, net of transaction costs.

Private Placement

On July 21, 2023, the Company completed a private placement (the “Private Placement”), in which the Company sold approximately 222 million shares of Class A common stock at a price of $2.70 per share, for proceeds to the Company of $584 million, net of transaction costs.

Note 6. Equity Incentive Plans

The Company has outstanding awards granted under four equity compensation plans: the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), the Legacy Aurora 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), the Blackmore Sensors & Analytics, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Blackmore Plan”), and the OURS Technology Inc 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the “OURS Plan”). The Company assumed awards under the 2017 Plan, the Blackmore Plan and the OURS Plan to the extent such employees continued as employees of the Company.

The Plan includes an annual increase in class A common shares available for issuance on the first day of each fiscal year beginning in fiscal 2022 and ending in fiscal 2031 equal to the lesser of (i)121 million, (ii)5% of total shares outstanding on the last day of the preceding fiscal year, and (iii) a lesser number of shares determined by the Plans’ administrator. Any stock options, RSUs or other awards from the 2017 Plan, the Blackmore Plan, or the OURS Plan that, on or after the Closing Date, expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised or issued in full are added to the Plan up to a maximum of 121 million shares. As of December 31, 2025, there were 262 million shares available for grant under the Plan.

Under the Plan, equity-based compensation in compensation arrangements including the annual bonus program may be granted in the form of RSUs, restricted stock awards, incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, and performance units to employees, officers, directors, consultants, and others.

In the second quarter of 2025, the Company paid its 2024 employee incentive compensation in the form of restricted stock units which were granted and vested during the second quarter of 2025. Upon issuance the Company recorded a $55 million reduction to Other current liabilities which had previously been reported in the Company’s December 31, 2024 Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Restricted Stock Units

RSUs granted under the Plan generally are subject to a time-based vesting requirement. Generally, the time-based vesting requirement is quarterly overone tofour years starting on the vesting commencement date, with aone-year cliff vesting for new hire awards.

RSUs granted under the Plan and the 2017 Plan were as follows:

RSU activity under the Plan and the 2017 Plan was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):

The unrecognized stock-based compensation related to unvested RSUs was $380 million at December 31, 2025 and will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.6 years. The fair value of RSUs as of their respective vesting dates was $325 million, $187 million and $118 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock Options

The exercise price of stock options granted under the Plan and the 2017 Plan may not be less than 100% of the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. Stock options generally vest overone tofour years starting on the vesting commencement date and expire, if not exercised,10 years from the date of grant or, if earlier, three months after the option holder ceases to be a service provider of the Company. Stock options outstanding under the Blackmore Plan and the OURS Plan are not material.

Stock options granted under the Plan and the 2017 Plan were as follows:

Stock option activity under the Plan and the 2017 Plan was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):

(a)The amount of cash received from exercised stock options was $42 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025

The unrecognized stock-based compensation related to unvested stock options was $44 million as of December 31, 2025 and will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $97 million, $62 million and $20 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation is allocated on a departmental basis, based on the classification of the option holder or grant recipient. No income tax benefits have been recognized in the statement of operations for stock-based compensation arrangements andno material stock-based compensation has been capitalized as of December 31, 2025.

Total stock-based compensation expense by function was as follows (in millions):

Note 7. Derivative Liabilities

Common Stock Warrants

On the consummation of the Merger,12 million public warrants for Class A common stock at an exercise price per share of $11.50 and 9 million private placement warrants held by the Sponsor with an exercise price per share of $11.50 converted into warrants of Aurora common stock. The public and private placement warrants that remain unexercised will expire on November 3, 2026.

Public Warrants

Public warrants may be redeemed, in whole and not in part, when the last reported sales price of Class A common stock exceeds $10.00 or $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the public warrant holders (the “Reference Value”).

If the Reference Value exceeds $18.00 per share, public warrants are redeemable at $0.01 per warrant upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder.

If the Reference Value exceeds $10.00 per share, public warrants are redeemable at $0.10 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice provided that the holders will be able to exercise their public warrants on a cashless basis prior to redemption and receive that number of shares determined by reference to an agreed table based on the redemption date and the fair market value of Class A ordinary shares, which is defined as the volume-weighted average price of Class A ordinary shares for the 10 trading days following the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of public warrants. In no event will the public warrants be exercisable in connection with this redemption feature for more than 0.361 Class A ordinary shares per warrant.

Private Placement Warrants

Private placement warrants are not redeemable by the Company as long as they are held by a Sponsor or its permitted transferees. If the public warrants are redeemed by the Company when the Reference Value exceeds $18.00 per share, the Sponsor has agreed to exercise the private placement warrants for cash or on a cashless basis. If the public warrants are redeemed by the Company when the Reference Value equals or exceeds $10.00 per share, the private placement warrants are also concurrently called for redemption on the same terms as of the public warrants.

Earnout Share Liabilities

In connection with the Merger, the Sponsor was issued earnout shares which were recorded as derivative liabilities due to lock-up and price-based vesting conditions as follows:

•2 million shares vest when it has been at least 2 years since the Merger and the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the Company’s class A common stock equals or exceeds $15.00 for 20 trading days of any consecutive 30 trading day period;

•2 million shares vest when it has been at least 3 years since the Merger and the VWAP equals or exceeds $17.50 for 20 trading days of any consecutive 30 trading day period; and,

•2 million shares vest when it has been at least 4 years since the Merger and the VWAP equals or exceeds $20.00 for 20 trading days of any consecutive 30 trading day period.

No earnout shares subject to lock-up and price-based vesting have vested as of December 31, 2025. Earnout shares that remain unvested at November 3, 2031 are subject to forfeiture.

The components of derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):

(a)Included in other current liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and derivative liabilities, long term as of December 31, 2024 on the consolidated balance sheets

(b)Included in derivative liabilities, long term on the consolidated balance sheets

The public and private placement warrants are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The public warrants were valued based on the closing price of the publicly traded instrument. The private placement warrants were valued using observable inputs for similar publicly traded instruments. Public warrants outstanding were 12 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Private placement warrants outstanding were 9 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The earnout share liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The expected volatility is determined based on our historical equity volatility as well as the historical equity volatility of comparable companies over a period that matches the expected term of the instrument. The risk-free interest rate is based on relevant U.S. treasury rates for a period that matches the expected term of the instrument. Earnout shares outstanding were 5 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The valuation inputs utilized in determining the earnout share liability were as follows:

The components of change in fair value of derivative liabilities were as follows (in millions):

Note 8. Leases

The Company leases certain office facilities and warehouses under non-cancelable operating lease agreements that expire through 2035.

Rent expense under operating leases was $28 million, $28 million, and $27 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities were $3 million, $16 million, and $6 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 5.5 years and a weighted average discount rate of 7.5%.

As of December 31, 2025, future maturities of lease liabilities were as follows (in millions):

Note 9. Balance Sheet Details

Property and Equipment, Net

The components of property and equipment, net were as follows (in millions):

Other Current Liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows (in millions):

Note 10. Earnings Per Share

The Company computes earnings per share of common stock using the two-class method required for participating securities. The participating securities did not impact the computation of earnings per share in the periods presented as no dividends were declared and the participating securities are not contractually obligated to share in losses.

The Company hastwo classes of common stock with identical liquidation and dividend rights, Class A and Class B. The net loss is allocated in a proportionate basis to each class of common stock and results in the same net loss per share.

The following table presents the potential common stock outstanding excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because including them would have had an antidilutive effect (in millions):

Note 11. Income Taxes

There isno current or deferred income tax expense or benefit for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023. Income taxes paid werenot significant for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.

The reconciliations of the effective tax rate from the federal statutory rate were as follows:

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in millions):

As of December 31, 2025, federal and state net operating losses were $2,688 million and $3,142 million, respectively. If not utilized, the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire starting in 2036 and 2029, respectively. Federal and similar state provisions limit the use of net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards in certain situations where changes occur in the stock ownership of a company. Certain acquired net operating losses and tax credits are subject to limitations.

As of December 31, 2025, federal research and development credits were $248 million, which will begin to expire in 2037 and state research and development credits were $63 million, which will begin to expire in 2032.

Assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company has evaluated the criteria for realization of deferred tax assets and, as a result, has determined that certain deferred tax assets are not realizable.

The components of changes in the valuation allowance were as follows (in millions):

The components of changes in unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in millions):

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes. Amounts accrued for interest and penalties were not significant during the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

The Company files U.S. federal and state income tax returns. The Company is not currently under examination by income tax authorities in any jurisdiction. All tax returns will remain open for examination by the federal and state authorities for three and four years, respectively, from the date of utilization of any net operating losses or credits.

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Commitments

The Company has non-cancelable future minimum payments as of December 31, 2025 of (in millions):

Contingencies

From time to time the Company may be party to various claims in the normal course of business. Legal fees and other costs associated with such actions are expensed as incurred. The Company assesses the need to record a liability for litigation and loss contingencies. Reserve estimates are recorded when and if it is determined that a loss related to certain matters is both probable and reasonably estimable. No material loss contingencies were recorded in the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.

Note 13. Segment

The Company hasone reportable segment managed on a consolidated basis by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) who is the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). In identifyingone reportable segment, the Company considered the basis of organization for the continued development of the Aurora Driver, an advanced and scalable suite of self-driving hardware, software and data services designed as a platform to adapt and interoperate amongst vehicle types and applications.

The accounting policies of the segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss that is also reported on the income statement as consolidated net loss. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as consolidated total assets.

The CODM allocates resources and evaluates performance based on net loss, which is the Company’s measure of segment profit or loss. The CODM considers budget to actual and year-over-year variances for net loss when making decisions about how to utilize the company’s resources.

In the second quarter of 2025, our CODM began to regularly review revenue and cost of revenue as a result of the successful launch of the Aurora Driver for Freight product.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2025, cost of revenue and other operating expenses now include depreciation and amortization which was previously reported in other segment items. The table below has been updated to reflect these changes.

The components of segment profit or loss were as follows (in millions):

(a) Other segment items include stock-based compensation expense, change in fair value of derivative liabilities, and other income (expense), net